Journal articles on the topic 'Non-British group'
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Heuvelman, Hein, James Nazroo, and Dheeraj Rai. "Investigating ethnic variations in reporting of psychotic symptoms: a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis of the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 16 (March 12, 2018): 2757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000399.
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AbstractBackgroundEpidemiological evidence suggests risk for psychosis varies with ethnicity in Western countries. However, there is little evidence to date on the cross-cultural validity of screening instruments used for such comparisons.MethodsCombining two existing UK population-based cohorts, we examined risk for reporting psychotic symptoms across White British (n = 3467), White Irish (n = 851), Caribbean (n = 1899), Indian (n = 2590), Pakistani (n = 1956) and Bangladeshi groups (n = 1248). We assessed the psychometric properties of the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ) with a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis, assessing the equivalence of factor loadings, response thresholds and residual variances in an analysis of measurement non-invariance.ResultsCompared with prevalence among British Whites (5.4%), the prevalence of self-reported psychotic symptoms was greater in the Caribbean group (12.7%, adjusted OR = 2.38 [95% CI 1.84–3.07]). Prevalence was also increased among Pakistani individuals (8.3%, adjusted OR = 1.36 [1.01–1.84]) although this difference was driven by a greater likelihood of reporting paranoid symptoms. PSQ items for thought interference, strange experience and hallucination were measured in equivalent ways across ethnic groups. However, our measurement models suggested that paranoid symptoms were measured less reliably among ethnic minorities than among British Whites and appeared to exaggerate latent differences between Pakistani and White British groups when measurement non-invariance was not accounted for.ConclusionsNotwithstanding evidence for measurement non-invariance, the greater risk for reporting psychotic symptoms among Caribbean individuals is unlikely to be an artefact of measurement. Greater residual variance in the recording of paranoid symptoms among ethnic minority respondents warrants caution in using this item to investigate ethnic variation in psychosis risk.
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Martin, Nicole. "Are British Muslims alienated from mainstream politics by Islamophobia and British foreign policy?" Ethnicities 17, no. 3 (July 12, 2016): 350–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796816656674.
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This paper uses the 2010 Ethnic Minority British Election Study to look at the political attitudes of Muslims in Britain. It tests the relationship between political alienation and political participation on the one hand, and Islamophobia and disapproval of British military involvement in Afghanistan on the other. The principal findings are that perceptions of Islamophobia are linked to greater political alienation, to a greater likelihood of non-electoral participation and to a lower likelihood of voting among Muslims. Likewise, disapproval of the war in Afghanistan is associated with greater political alienation and a greater likelihood of some types of non-electoral participation. There is strong evidence that British Muslims are more likely to interpret discrimination they experience as motivated by their religion and that they perceive more prejudice at the group level. These findings have two theoretical implications. First, they support the theory that non-electoral participation is motivated by dissatisfaction with the party political system. Second, they suggest that perceptions of sociotropic discrimination (for minorities) and a rare salient political issue in which all parties are in opposition to most voters can lead to negative affect towards the political system and stimulate non-electoral participation at the expense of voting.
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POOLE, ELOISE, SVETLANA SPEIGHT, MARGARET O’BRIEN, SARA CONNOLLY, and MATTHEW ALDRICH. "Who are Non-Resident Fathers?: A British Socio-Demographic Profile." Journal of Social Policy 45, no. 2 (November 17, 2015): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279415000653.
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AbstractDespite international growth of, and policy interest in, divorce and separation since the 1970s, there is still surprisingly little known about non-residential fatherhood. This paper presents a ‘father-centric’ analysis and provides one of the first profiles of non-residential fatherhood in early millennium UK. Using data from Understanding Society Wave 1, a nationally representative survey of over 30,000 households in the UK, we found 1,070 men self-identifying as having a non-resident child under 16 years old (https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk). We estimate a prevalence of 5 per cent of British men having a non-resident dependent child. Through latent class analysis, four distinct groups of non-resident fathers are identified: ‘Engaged’ fathers, ‘Less Engaged’ fathers, ‘Disengaged’ fathers and ‘Distance’ fathers. Our analysis finds that non-resident fathers form a heterogeneous group in terms of their socio-demographic profile and family behaviour. It is recommended that legislation and policy concerning fathers in post-separation families are sensitive to variation as well as commonality in socio-economic conditions and family lives and situations.
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Awolesi, T. "Is the disparity in perinatal mental health services dependent on race? A narrative review. “A race to access”." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2212.
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Introduction Today the maternal death of black women is four times than the maternal death of white women. A lot has been written about the physical health of black women during pregnancy and childbirth however the perinatal mental health of this group of women is less well researched. I wanted to investigate if black and ethnic minority women in the UK had the same access to perinatal mental health services. Objectives To explore how the access to perinatal mental health services vary between white British and non-white British women. Methods A literature review was conducted. Papers were selected based on their focus on perinatal mental health service access and differences in access based on ethnicities. Most research focused on the perinatal mental health service access of white British and non-white British groups of women. Results The literature review revealed that black African, Asian and minority white women had significantly lower access to community perinatal mental health services when compared to white British women. It was also found that that black African, Asian and minority White women had a higher percentage of involuntary admissions to psychiatric hospitals when compared to white British women. Conclusions The literature would suggest that there is less access to perinatal mental health for non-white British women. This suggested that the disparities that exist within perinatal physical health extend into perinatal maternal health. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Kizil, Maryna. "TERMS OF DESIGNATION OF PERSONS IN JURIDICAL TERMINOLOGY OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-231-235.
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The article is devoted to the research of Briitsh and American English juridical terms designating persons. This is the most numerous thematic group of juridical terms among others including terms designating different branches of law, terms denoting types of different insitutions of the sphere, types of legal documents, stages of legal procedures, procedural norms, types of crimes, offences, punishments in particular. The group of juridical terms designating persons is not homogeneous semantically. It consists of terms denoting representatives of different professions of the sphere, persons with assigned juridical rights or duties, criminals who break the law. Many of these terms have the same meanings in British and American variants of the English language. That is why they are called equivalent for both variants. Most of these terms are of Franco-Latin origin, as they were borrowed from Latin into Old French and from it into Middle and New English. So they appeared in the British English and penetrated into American one later. Some terms in the analyzed thematic group have synonymous or nearly synonymous meanings represented by different forms in British and American variants of the English language. The analyzed group also comprises other types of terms. Such terms are not equal in meanings or their shades. That is why they are called non-equivalent terms for analyzed variants of the English language. The categorial semes of their meanings are the same or practically the same in both variants. The differential semes of meanings of these terms can differ not only qualitatively, but also quantitavely. Their quality reveals in the shades of meanings or their differences. Quantitative differences reveal in widening of the denotative meaning of the term in one variant of the English language (British or American) and its narrowing in another variant correspondently. Most of non-equivalent terms from the analyzed thematic group have nationally marked semes. Such semes reveal and characterize national and cultural peculiarities of the development of British and American legal and juridical system somehow.
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Reetz, Dietrich. "In Search of the Collective Self: How Ethnic Group Concepts were Cast through Conflict in Colonial India." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 2 (May 1997): 285–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00014311.
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When the concept of Western nationalism travelled to India in the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century it was carried by British officialdom and an increasingly mobile and articulate Indian élite that was educated in English and in the tradition of British society. Not only did it inspire the all-India nationalist movement, but it encouraged regional politics as well, mainly in ethnic and religious terms. Most of today's ethnic and religious movements in South Asia could be traced back to their antecedents before independence. Looking closer at the three major regional movements of pre-independence India, the Pathans, the Sikhs and the Tamils, one finds a striking similarity in patterns of mobilization, conflict and concept irrespective of their association with the national movement (Red Shirt movement of the Pathans, Sikh movement of the Akalis) or independent existence in opposition to Congress (non-Brahmin/Tamil movement)
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Rose, Steven P., Yvonne S. Allen, and Ian M. Varndell. "A brief history of the British Neuroscience Association." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281879924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818799248.
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As the British Neuroscience Association commemorates 50 years of existence in 2018, this article recalls its founding as a discussion group, its establishment as the Brain Research Association, its transition to a professional society encompassing all aspects of neuroscience research, both clinical and non-clinical, and its re-branding as the British Neuroscience Association in the late 1990s. Neuroscience as a branch of life science has expanded hugely in the last 25 years and the British Neuroscience Association has adapted, frequently working with partner societies, to serve as an interdisciplinary hub for professionals working in this exciting and crucial field. The authors have attempted to highlight some key events in the Association’s history and acknowledge the contributions made by many people over half a century.
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SHIELDS, SARAH. "NELIDA FUCCARO, The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq, Library of Modern Middle East Studies, vol. 14 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999). Pp. 246. $55 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801293064.
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The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq offers an ambitious effort to reinterpret communal identities in Iraq during the British Mandate. Although this work focuses explicitly on Yazidis, Fuccaro engages the ongoing debate about the process of group identity formation in non-national states. In this monograph, Fuccaro argues that changing Yazidi communal identities are constructed within a broader context of government centralization, national identity formation, and British Mandatory rule. She shows that this context is crucial in understanding the reconstruction of Yazidi collective self-definitions.
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Smith, Andrew. "The Reaction of the City of London to the Quebec Resolutions, 1864-1866." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 17, no. 1 (July 23, 2007): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016100ar.
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Abstract This paper examines how British investors reacted when the Quebec Resolutions were published in the fall of 1864. Although the responses of bond markets are briefly considered, the paper is mainly based on non-quantitative sources such as newspaper editorials and correspondence. Examining why British investors generally approved of the constitutional plan contained in the Quebec Resolutions is useful because it illuminates such important themes as the place of imported capital in Canadian state formation, the role of Britain in Confederation, and the viability of interest-group explanations for the making of colonial policy. The ideas of British investors are also important because British capital helped to finance the public works that were a sine qua non of Confederation. In 1866, Joseph Howe identified pressure from the bondholders of unprofitable Canadian railways as one of the major factors driving the British government’s support of Confederation. Although Tom Naylor and other historians have made use of Howe’s insight, the role of the investors has been ignored by both Ged Martin and by those scholars who advance an ideological-origins explanation of Confederation. This paper will help remedy this oversight and is a step towards a viable materialist interpretation of why Confederation happened in the 1860s.
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Liversidge, H. M., and C. E. A. Rogers. "A Comparison of Later Stage Dental Maturation in a Small Group of Children from Chernobyl and British Children." Dental Anthropology Journal 15, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v15i1.175.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the dental radiographic development of a small group of children born in Chernobyl, Ukraine, around the time of the nuclear disaster with an age matched group of British children. The design was a cross sectional non random retrospective study consisting of five boys and five girls from Chernobyl (age range 10.03 to 12.37) and 20 age and sex matched British children of white Caucasian origin. Developing permanent mandibular teeth were assessed from rotational tomograms using criteria described by Demirjian, Goldstein and Tanner (1973). Third molar formation was also assessed. Dental age was calculated and compared to real age using a t-test. The difference in dental age (DA) and real age (RA) was not significant when the two groups were compared. Dental age in both groups of children was advanced compared to the standards. These results suggest that the Chernobyl disaster has not affected root formation of late forming permanent teeth of these children.
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FUREGATO, M., Y. CHEN, H. MOHAMMED, C. H. MERCER, E. J. SAVAGE, and G. HUGHES. "Examining the role of socioeconomic deprivation in ethnic differences in sexually transmitted infection diagnosis rates in England: evidence from surveillance data." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 15 (August 11, 2016): 3253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001679.
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SUMMARYDifferences by ethnic group in STI diagnosis rates have long been recognized in England. We investigated whether these may be explained by ethnic disparities in socioeconomic deprivation (SED). Data on all diagnoses made in sexual health clinics in England in 2013 were obtained from the mandatory STI surveillance system. Poisson regression was used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of STIs, by ethnicity, with and without adjustment for index of multiple deprivation (IMD) a measure of area-level deprivation. Unadjusted IRRs (95% confidence intervals) were highest for gonorrhoea [8·18 (7·77–8·61) and 5·76 (5·28–6·29)] and genital herpes [4·24 (3·99–4·51) and 3·58 (3·23–3·98)] for people of black Caribbean and non-Caribbean/non-African black ethnicity and IRRs were highest for syphilis [8·76 (7·97–9·63)] and genital warts [2·23 (2·17–2·29)] for people of non-British/non-Irish white ethnicity compared to white British ethnicity. After adjustment for IMD, IRRs for gonorrhoea [5·76 (5·47–6·07)] and genital herpes [3·73 (3·50–3·97)] declined but remained highest for black Caribbeans and IRRs for syphilis [7·35 (6·68–8·09)] and genital warts [2·10 (2·04–2·16)] declined but remained highest for non-British/non-Irish white compared to white British. In England, ethnic disparities in STI diagnosis rates are partially explained by SED, but behavioural and contextual factors likely contribute. Clinic and community-based interventions should involve social peer networks to ensure they are targeted and culturally sensitive.
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Lestari, Yunda. "Students’ Perceptions toward Speaking Achievement and Critical Thinking on the Use of British Parliamentary Debating System." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 1, no. 4 (December 26, 2018): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i4.5187.
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The aims of this study are to find out (1) what are the students’ perceptions toward speaking achievement on the use of British Parliamentary Debating System; (2) what are the students’ perceptions toward critical thinking on the use of British Parliamentary Debating System. The study conducted as an experimental method. Non-equivalent control group design was applied in this study. The population of this study was all semester students of English Study Program of Baturaja University in the academic year 2017/2018 with the total number of population is 118. Cluster random sampling was used in taking the sample. The total numbers of students as samples are 51 students. Students who belong to the experimental group had been taught by using British Parliamentary Debate. The questionnaire was used as the instrument in identifying the students’ perceptions of BP Debate toward speaking achievement and critical thinking. The questionnaire was distributed after the posttest in the experimental group. The result showed that most of the students thought that British Parliamentary Debating System stimulated critical thinking actively, easier students in giving argument constructively, helped students in giving the relevant argument and to find the way in making or providing good arguments. BP Debate also stimulated creative thinking and most of them thought that British Parliamentary Debating System stimulated critical thinking actively, easier students in giving argument constructively, helped students in giving the relevant argument and to find the way in making or providing good arguments. BP Debate also stimulated creative thinking.
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Lin, Yen-Liang (Eric). "Non-standard capitalisation and vocal spelling in intercultural computer-mediated communication." Corpora 11, no. 1 (April 2016): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2016.0085.
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This study reports on a corpus analysis of samples of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) on an electronic discussion board among a group of British and Taiwanese adolescents, paying specific attention to the most distinctive cues of CMC: non-standard capitalisation and vocal spelling. I evaluate a newly developed corpus of online discussion, the British and Taiwanese Teenage Intercultural Communication Corpus (BATTICC). I used Python programming to calculate all the instances of non-standard capitalisation (specifically, all upper-case words and the use of lower case instead of upper case) and vocal spelling from the corpus, and I also applied Wmatrix to identify the semantic and part-of-speech fields of all these instances. Moreover, initial quantitative analysis was employed to inform further qualitative analysis to identify the pragmatic functions of cues in this intercultural context. It was evident that the CMC cues perform important interpersonal functions, and the analysis demonstrates different preferences by the participants for different purposes.
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Easton, Sue, and Gwilym Pryce. "Not so welcome here? Modelling the impact of ethnic in-movers on the length of stay of home-owners in micro-neighbourhoods." Urban Studies 56, no. 14 (March 18, 2019): 2847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018822615.
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This paper considers the length of stay of home-owners with white British names in the 40% most-deprived census areas of Glasgow, Scotland. We estimate the impact of ethnically ‘other’ name-group inflows through property purchases at the micro-neighbourhood level. We use a novel longitudinal data set, constructed from the population of home-buyers recorded in all property transaction records from 2003 to 2014, from which we impute ethnicity using name-matching software. We estimate how the survival time (length of ownership) of home-owners with white British names is affected by in-migration of house-buyers from different ethnic name-groups into the micro-neighbourhood, defined as a 50 m radius around each home. Results suggest a complex set of associations between ethnically ‘other’ purchasers/in-movers (based on name groups) and duration of home-ownership for white-British named owners. The most consistent finding is for in-moving purchasers with Pakistani (primarily Muslim) names, which tend to have a relatively large accelerant effect on the moving propensity of home-owners who have white British names. This was true in areas of both high and low non-white ethnic population share. We also find evidence of nonlinearity in this relationship: the accelerant effect diminishes with each additional in-move from purchasers with Pakistani names. The name group with the largest overall accelerant effect was for in-movers with non-white Other names, which were also primarily Muslim in origin, though this effect was less consistent across models.
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Kitikanan, Patchanok. "The Effect of L2 Experience on the Identification of British English Monophthongs by L2 Thai Learners." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1204.07.
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This paper investigates the ability of L2 Thai learners to identify eleven British English monophthongs /iː, ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ɑː, ɔː, ʊ, uː, ʌ, ɜː/. Among these vowels, /æ/, /iː/, /uː/, /e/ and /ɔː/ are vowels that occur in both Thai and English phonological inventories (shared sounds) whereas the other six vowels occur only in English (non-shared sounds). The subjects were split into two groups of L2 Thai learners: high-experienced and low-experienced. The degree to which L2 experience influenced subjects’ ability to identify British English monophthongs was measured by their ability to match spoken L2 vowels to their written counterparts. The hypotheses of this study were generated from the results of the perceptual assimilation task in the study of Kitikanan (2020). The results showed that the low-experienced group performed poorly, with low identification scores, across all vowels. However, the high-experienced group obtained high scores identifying British English /e/, /ɔː/, /ɪ/ and /ɜː/. The scores of correct identifications for these four British English vowels of the high-experienced group were significantly higher than that of the low-experienced group, suggesting the positive effect of the L2 experience. For other vowels, the scores of both groups were not significantly different from one another. The predictions of the perceptual assimilation task failed to predict most results. These results might imply the need for other means to compare L1 and L2 sounds to understand the mechanism regarding the identification ability of the L2 sounds. They may also suggest that some vowels are easier to learn than others.
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Hutchison, Paul, Shumitha Akhtar Lubna, Isabelle Goncalves-Portelinha, Parul Kamali, and Noreen Khan. "Group-based discrimination, national identification, and British Muslims’ attitudes toward non-Muslims: the mediating role of perceived identity incompatibility." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 45, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12299.
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Ivanova, Iva, Holly Branigan, Janet McLean, Albert Costa, and Martin Pickering. "Lexical Alignment to Non-native Speakers." Dialogue & Discourse 12, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/dad.2021.205.
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Two picture-matching-game experiments investigated if lexical-referential alignment to non-native speakers is enhanced by a desire to aid communicative success (by saying something the conversation partner can certainly understand), a form of audience design. In Experiment 1, a group of native speakers of British English that was not given evidence of their conversation partners’ picture-matching performance showed more alignment to non-native than to native speakers, while another group that was given such evidence aligned equivalently to the two types of speaker. Experiment 2, conducted with speakers of Castilian Spanish, replicated the greater alignment to non-native than native speakers without feedback. However, Experiment 2 also showed that production of grammatical errors by the confederate produced no additional increase of alignment even though making errors suggests lower communicative competence. We suggest that this pattern is consistent with another collaborative strategy, the desire to model correct usage. Together, these results support a role for audience design in alignment to non-native speakers in structured task-based dialogue, but one that is strategically deployed only when deemed necessary.
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Fisher, Stephen D., Anthony F. Heath, David Sanders, and Maria Sobolewska. "Candidate Ethnicity and Vote Choice in Britain." British Journal of Political Science 45, no. 4 (April 4, 2014): 883–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123413000562.
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This article develops and tests a set of theoretical mechanisms by which candidate ethnicity may have affected the party vote choice of both white British and ethnic minority voters in the 2010 British general election. Ethnic minority candidates suffered an average electoral penalty of about 4 per cent of the three-party vote from whites, mostly because those with anti-immigrant feelings were less willing to vote for Muslims. Ethnic minority voter responses to candidate ethnicity differed by ethnic group. There were no significant effects for non-Muslim Indian and black voters, while Pakistani candidates benefited from an 8-point average electoral bonus from Pakistani voters.
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Ramji, Hasmita. "Exploring Intersections of Employment and Ethnicity Amongst British Pakistani Young Men." Sociological Research Online 10, no. 4 (December 2005): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1144.
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This article draws upon research conducted amongst young British Pakistani men in Lancashire to explore how different boundaries of British Pakistani identity are being constructed. It focuses on the significance of employment within Pakistani men's inter and intra-ethnic peer group relations and the ways in which the social dynamics that underlie those relations provide the context for understanding the particular nature and form that ethnicity takes. It does this through the narratives of professional and non-professional men. The article has two aims, firstly it seeks to contribute to the literature on understanding ethnic identity by looking at boundaries as they manifest themselves and suggesting one way in which ethnicity can be understood within a specific social context. Secondly, in so doing it hopes to extend research focus on British Pakistanis away from conventional agendas.
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Kelly, John. "In Memoriam: Richard Keith Sprigg (1922–2011)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42, no. 1 (March 12, 2012): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100311000533.
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A consequence of the 1945 Scarborough Report, which recommended an expansion of the teaching of non-European languages in British universities, was the appointment of a group of young scholars to the Department of Phonetics and Linguistics at London University's School of Oriental & African Studies. Amongst their number was Keith Sprigg, who died on September 8th 2011 at the age of 89.
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Reid, J., G. Rosenfeld, and C. Galorport. "A149 REAL WORLD OUTCOMES OF NON-MEDICAL SWITCHING OF INFLIXIMAB BIOSIMILAR IN BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 5, Supplement_1 (February 21, 2022): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab049.148.
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Abstract Background A mandated non-medical switch to the infliximab biosimilars was launched in British Columbia in 2019. British Columbia was the first province in Canada to mandate the switch from the originator infliximab (RemicadeTM) to one of the 2 approved biosimilars (InflectraTM or RenflexisTM). There is limited data for mandatory non-medical switching in IBD as was undertaken in BC. Aims This study aimed to obtain real-world evidence evaluating the clinical outcomes of nonmedical switch from Remicade to the infliximab biosimilars. Methods This is a retrospective observational study from the IBD Centre of BC (a tertiary care referral centre in Vancouver, BC). Patients on infliximab at the time of the mandated switch were identified through search of the electronic medical record. The primary outcome was drug continuation at 12 months post switch. Secondary outcomes included flare of disease, adverse events, and number of doctor visits within the first 12 months post switch. A comparison group included patients maintained on originator infliximab. Results A total of 235 patients were evaluated; 175 patients in the biosimilar switch group, and 60 patients in the control group. Baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. Discontinuation of infliximab occurred in 22 patients (17 in biosimilar switch group and 5 in the control group. There was no difference in the rate of discontinuation of infliximab between the biosimilar group (9.7%) and the originator molecule group (8.3%); chi squared (1, N=235) = 0.1004, p = .75. The most common reason for discontinuation was flare of disease in 6 patients in the biosimilar group and 4 patients in the control group. An additional 4 patients in the biosimilar group and 3 patients in the control group had a flare of symptoms but were maintained on therapy with an escalation of dosage or course of corticosteroids. Two patients had active disease at the time of switch and discontinued therapy. Adverse events accounted for discontinuation in 5 patients on biosimilar and 1 in the control group. These included joint pain, epigastric symptoms, drug intolerance, drug induced lupus, and drug induced pulmonary nodules in the biosimilar group, and drug induced vasculitis in the control group. Two patients in the biosimilar group discontinued due to antibody formation. Two patients in the biosimilar group discontinued therapy due to preference. Conclusions In this small subset of the BC IBD population undergoing a non-medical biosimilar switch of infliximab, there was no difference in the discontinuation rate between the biosimilars or the originator infliximab molecule. These findings are consistent with the existing real-world evidence. Funding Agencies None
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Nelson, Michael, Donald J. Naismith, Victoria Burley, Sue Gatenby, and Nicola Geddes. "Nutrient intakes, vitamin–mineral supplementation, and intelligence in British schoolchildren." British Journal of Nutrition 64, no. 1 (July 1990): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900005.
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Children (227), aged 7–12 years, weighed and recorded all food and drink consumed for seven consecutive days. Each child completed tests of verbal and non-verbal intelligence, and was then randomly allocated to one of two groups after matching for age, sex, IQ and height. In a double-blind trial lasting for 28 d, one group received a vitamin-mineral supplement daily and the other group a placebo. On re-testing, there were no significant differences in performance between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no consistent correlations between test scores and micronutrient intakes based on the weighed records. Thus, we found no evidence that learning ability in a cross-section of British schoolchildren was limited by the quality of their diets.
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Allen, Kevin J., Chad R. Laing, Ana Cancarevic, Yongxiang Zhang, Lili R. Mesak, Hai Xu, Ana Paccagnella, Victor P. J. Gannon, and Linda Hoang. "Characteristics of Clinical Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coliIsolated from British Columbia." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/878956.
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Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) are significant public health threats. Although STEC O157 are recognized foodborne pathogens, non-O157 STEC are also important causes of human disease. We characterized 10 O157:H7 and 15 non-O157 clinical STEC derived from British Columbia (BC).Eae, hlyA,andstxwere more frequently observed in STEC O157, and 80 and 100% of isolates possessedstx1andstx2, respectively. In contrast,stx1andstx2occurred in 80 and 40% of non-O157 STEC, respectively. Comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF) revealed three distinct clusters (C). STEC O157 was identified as lineage I (LI; LSPA-6 111111) and clustered as a single group (C1). Thecdigene previously observed only in LII was seen in two LI O157 isolates. CGF C2 strains consisted of diverse non-O157 STEC while C3 included only O103:H25, O118, and O165 serogroup isolates. With the exception of O121 and O165 isolates which were similar in virulence gene complement to STEC O157, C1 O157 STEC produced more Stx2 than non-O157 STEC. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) screening revealed resistance or reduced sensitivity in all strains, with higher levels occurring in non-O157 STEC. One STEC O157 isolate possessed a mobileblaCMY-2gene transferrable across genre via conjugation.
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Olvera-Barrios, Abraham, Michael Seltene, Tjebo F. C. Heeren, Ryan Chambers, Louis Bolter, Adnan Tufail, Christopher G. Owen, Alicja R. Rudnicka, Catherine Egan, and John Anderson. "Effect of ethnicity and other sociodemographic factors on attendance at diabetic eye screening: a 12-month retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e046264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046264.
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ObjectivesTo examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics with attendance at diabetic eye screening in a large ethnically diverse urban population.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingScreening visits in the North East London Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (NELDESP).Participants84 449 people with diabetes aged 12 years or older registered in the NELDESP and scheduled for screening between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2018.Main outcome measureAttendance at diabetic eye screening appointments.ResultsThe mean age of people with diabetes was 60 years (SD 14.2 years), 53.4% were men, 41% South Asian, 29% White British and 17% Black; 83.4% attended screening. Black people with diabetes had similar levels of attendance compared with White British people. However, South Asian, Chinese and 'Any other Asian' background ethnicities showed greater odds of attendance compared with White British. When compared with their respective reference group, high levels of deprivation, younger age, longer duration of diabetes and worse visual acuity, were all associated with non-attendance. There was a higher likelihood of attendance per quintile improvement in deprivation (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.08), with increasing age (OR per decade, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.19), with better visual acuity (OR per Bailey-Lovie chart line 1.12; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.14) and with longer time of NELDESP registration (OR per year, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03).ConclusionEthnic differences in diabetic eye screening uptake, though small, are evident. Despite preconceptions, a higher likelihood of screening attendance was observed among Asian ethnic groups when compared with the White ethnic group. Poorer socioeconomic profile was associated with higher likelihood of non-attendance for screening. Further work is needed to understand how to target individuals at risk of non-attendance and reduce inequalities.
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Cooper, K., A. Gangadharan, R. S. Arora, R. Shukla, and B. Pizer. "Burkitt Lymphoma of Thyroid Gland in an Adolescent." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/187467.
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Burkitt Lymphoma is a highly aggressive form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that in nonendemic areas has abdominal primary sites. We report a very rare case of Burkitt lymphoma of the thyroid gland presenting as a rapidly growing thyroid swelling in a 14-year-old white Caucasian British male with no preexisting thyroid or medical problems. The diagnosis was confirmed by an open wedge biopsy following a fine needle aspiration. The patient was treated according to the Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group guidelines for BL—Group B protocol and currently is in remission.
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Saeedi, Jameelah, Peter Rieckmann, Irene Yee, and Helen Tremlett. "Characteristics of multiple sclerosis in aboriginals living in British Columbia, Canada." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 18, no. 9 (March 1, 2012): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512436595.
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Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify and describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) in aboriginals in British Columbia (BC), Canada and compare these findings with non-aboriginal MS patients. Methods: This retrospective chart and database review accessed patient information from the linked BC-wide MS clinical and genetics databases. Data gathered included: demographics (age, sex and ethnicity); clinical characteristics (MS onset date, disease course and disability scores (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]). Aboriginals were identified via the database linkage augmented by physician and nurse recall. Two non-aboriginal comparator groups with definite MS were selected. Group one included all definite MS patients in the BC MS database, and group two comprised MS patients matched by sex, age at onset and initial disease course. Patient characteristics were compared using the Student’s t-test, chi-squared test, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to examine disease progression (time to sustained and confirmed EDSS 6) Results: We identified 26 aboriginals with MS, of which 19/26 (73%) were female, 23/26 (89%) had relapsing-onset MS and a mean onset age of 31.1 years. There were no significant differences between the MS aboriginals and the non-matched ( n = 5708) comparator group with respect to age, sex or disease course ( p > 0.1), However, aboriginals progressed more rapidly to EDSS 6 from disease onset ( p < 0.001) when compared with the matched and unmatched comparator groups. Conclusion: We identified a small, but important cohort of aboriginals with MS; being the largest identified to date. There was evidence of more rapid MS progression in aboriginals compared with non-aboriginals.
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Finnis, Katerina. "Creating a ‘new space’." Pragmatics and Society 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2013): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.4.2.02fin.
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This paper, located in the traditions of Interactional Sociolinguistics (Gumperz 1982) and Social Constructionism (Berger and Luckmann 1966), explores code-switching and identity practices amongst British-born Greek-Cypriots. The speakers, members of a Greek-Cypriot youth organization, are fluent in English and (with varying levels of fluency) speak the Greek-Cypriot Dialect. Qualitative analyses of recordings of natural speech during youth community meetings and a social event show how a new ‘third space’ becomes reified through code-switching practices. By skillfully manipulating languages and styles, speakers draw on Greek-Cypriot cultural resources to accomplish two inter-related things. First, by displaying knowledge of familiar Greek-Cypriot cultural frames, they establish themselves as different from mainstream British society and establish solidarity as an in-group. Secondly, by using these frames in non-serious contexts, and at times mocking cultural attitudes and stereotypes, they challenge and re-appropriate their inherited Greek-Cypriot identity, thereby constructing the identity of British-born Greek-Cypriot youth.
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Caxaj, Susana, and Luis Diaz. "Migrant workers’ (non)belonging in rural British Columbia, Canada: storied experiences of Marginal Living." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-05-2017-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of belonging and wellbeing among temporary migrant agricultural workers (TMAWs) in a rural setting in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative narrative approach informed by participatory action research principles was employed. In total, 12 migrant workers participated in two to four one-on-one interviews and/or focus group conversations. Findings The analysis revealed an over-arching theme of Marginal Living encompassing stories of always on the outside, mechanisms of isolation and exclusion; struggling for the basics, realities of worrying about daily bare necessities; and “nothing but a worker’s,” experiences of being reduced only to one’s labor. These storied experiences each impacted workers’ wellbeing and typically limited their ability to feel a sense of belonging. Yet, workers exerted agency and resilience through storied experiences of “one family and for those who come next.” Their efforts contributed to building a sense of community through mutual support and advocacy. Originality/value Very few studies have focused on the day-to-day experiences of this population and its influence on their sense of belonging and wellbeing. This study is also the first to examine this topic within this particular region (the rural BC interior). These findings can provide a starting point for improved program planning to address challenges faced by TMAWs in rural Western Canada. Further, they expand the understanding of concepts such as partial citizenship and structural exclusion as they apply in the day-to-day realities of migrant workers in rural BC.
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Crist, W., J. Pullen, J. Boyett, J. Falletta, J. van Eys, M. Borowitz, J. Jackson, B. Dowell, C. Russell, and F. Quddus. "Acute lymphoid leukemia in adolescents: clinical and biologic features predict a poor prognosis--a Pediatric Oncology Group Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 6, no. 1 (January 1988): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1988.6.1.34.
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Analysis of remission induction rates for 1,768 children (1.5 to 11 years) and 425 adolescents (greater than or equal to 11 years) with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and of event-free survival times for 570 children and 147 adolescents, disclosed that adolescents fared significantly worse by both measures of treatment outcome (P = .0001). Adolescents with either T cell or non-T cell ALL entered remission significantly less often than did children (P = less than .02 and P = less than .001, respectively). Within each of the major immunophenotypes of ALL, adolescents had shorter duration of continuous complete remission: early pre-B (non-B, non pre-B, non-T) (P = .001), pre-B (P = .05), and T (P = .027). We compared the clinical characteristics of adolescents and children, and lymphoblast characteristics present at diagnosis to account for the inferior prognosis of adolescent patients. Adolescents had a higher incidence of T cell ALL (P = .0001) and thus a higher incidence of all T cell-associated characteristics. Adolescents with non-T, non-B ALL were more likely to be male (P = .044), and to have higher leukocyte counts (P = .002) and lower levels of IgG (P = .0003), IgA (P = .0001), and IgM (P = .002). Their leukemic cells had lower PAS scores (P = .0001), a higher incidence rate of L2 morphology by French-American-British (FAB) criteria (P = .001), common ALL antigen negativity (P = .0001), and hypodiploid or pseudodiploid karyotypes (P = .004). These findings clearly indicate an increased incidence of prognostically unfavorable clinical and biologic features in adolescents with ALL, providing a biologic explanation for their poor prognosis.
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Alexander, Christopher S., Valentina Montessori, Brian Wynhoven, Winnie Dong, Keith Chan, Michael V. O'Shaughnessy, Theresa Mo, Magda Piaseczny, Julio SG Montaner, and P. Richard Harrigan. "Prevalence and Response to Antiretroviral Therapy of Non-B Subtypes of HIV in Antiretroviral-Naive Individuals in British Columbia." Antiviral Therapy 7, no. 1 (January 2002): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350200700104.
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In North America, the B subtype of the major group (M) of HIV-1 predominates. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV reverse transcriptase and protease sequences isolated from 479 therapy-naive patients, first seeking treatment in British Columbia between June 1997 and August 1998, revealed a prevalence of 4.4% non-B virus. A range of different subtypes was identified, including one subtype A, 11 C, two D, five CRF01_AE, and one sample that could not be reliably subtyped. Baseline CD4 counts were significantly lower in individuals harbouring the non-B subtypes ( P=0.02), but baseline viral loads were similar ( P=0.80). In this study, individuals infected with non-B variants did not have a significantly different virological response to therapy after up to 18 months.
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Dyball, Sarah, Sophie Collinson, Emily Sutton, Eoghan M. McCarthy, Ian N. Bruce, and Ben Parker. "Lupus clinical trial eligibility in a real-world setting: results from the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group-Biologics Register (BILAG-BR)." Lupus Science & Medicine 8, no. 1 (July 2021): e000513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2021-000513.
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ObjectiveTo quantify how well phase III randomised clinical trials in both SLE and lupus nephritis (LN) represents a real-world SLE cohort.MethodsLiterature reviews were performed of major published phase III SLE (n=12) and LN (n=6) clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov). Inclusion and exclusion criteria common across these trials were collated for non-renal SLE or LN trials, and applied to patients recruited to the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group-Biologics Register (BILAG-BR) starting either biological or standard-of-care (SOC) therapies.ResultsWe recruited 837 patients to the BILAG-BR from September 2010 to June 2018, starting either SOC (n=125, 15%) or a biological medication (n=712, 85%). Active LN, defined as a BILAG A in the renal domain occurred in 20% (n=166). Overall, 530 (63%) patients were ineligible to participate in non-renal SLE clinical trials and 72 (43%) patients with active LN would be ineligible for LN trials. The most common reasons for ineligibility from the non-renal lupus trials included active renal involvement (n=166, 20%) and low disease activity (n=114, 15%). For LN trials, the most common exclusion met was pre-existing renal impairment (n=15, 9%). Patients with fewer comorbidities were more likely to be eligible to participate in non-renal SLE trials.ConclusionsIn this national register of patients with moderate-to-severe SLE, nearly two-thirds would not be eligible for recruitment to key SLE clinical trials nor would almost half of those with active LN. Eligibility criteria may excessively constrain enrolment and thus, how we can generalise trial results in a real-world setting.
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Quah, C., G. Syme, GN Swamy, S. Nanjayan, A. Fowler, and D. Calthorpe. "Obesity and recurrent intervertebral disc prolapse after lumbar microdiscectomy." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 96, no. 2 (March 2014): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588414x13814021676873.
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Introduction The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and recurrent intervertebral disc prolapse (IDP) following lumbar microdiscectomy. Methods A retrospective review of case notes from 2008 to 2012 was conducted for all patients who underwent single level lumbar microdiscectomy performed by a single surgeon. All patients were followed up at two weeks and six weeks following surgery, and given an open appointment for a further six months. Results A total of 283 patients were available for analysis: 190 (67%) were in the non-obese group and 93 (32.9%) in the obese group. There was no statistical difference in postoperative infection, dural tear or length of stay between the non-obese and obese groups. Recurrent symptomatic IDP was seen in 27 patients (9.5%) confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Nineteen (10.0%) were in the non-obese group and eight (8.6%) in the obese group (p>0.8). Conclusions In our study, obesity was not a predictor of recurrent IDP following lumbar microdiscectomy. Our literature review confirmed that this study reports the largest series to date analysing the relationship between obesity and recurrent IDP following lumbar microdiscectomy in the British population.
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Kölbl-Ebert, Martina. "British Geology in the Early Nineteenth Century: A Conglomerate with a Female Matrix." Earth Sciences History 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.21.1.b612040xg7316614.
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During the first half of the nineteenth century—in addition to mining engineers or land surveyors, who used geological knowledge for their profession—a large group of non-professional scientists still existed in British geology. For these people with enough money, time, and leisure to study, travel, and publish, geology was more or less a private interest. In scientific circles such as the Geological Society of London serious workers and dilettantes were found together. The establishment of geology at British universities was at its beginning or still ahead in the future. Because of the informal character of this important part of early British geology, women were not excluded from participation. They were not yet opponents in the competition for jobs, but were welcomed as fellow-enthusiasts. More so, wives, daughters, and sisters or even non-related female acquaintances at that time were an integral part of the infrastructure of scientific work. As a result, there have been many female contributors to geology in the early nineteenth-century in the United Kingdom, forming a framework of assistants, secretaries, collectors, painters, and field geologists to the leading figures in the geological sciences, thereby adding to, and shaping their work.… some of the ladies were very blue1and well-informed, reading Mrs. Somerville, and frequenting the Royal Institution.2W. M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair, 1847
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Varnava, Andrekos. "European Subaltern War Asses: ‘Service’ or ‘Employment’ in the Cypriot Mule Corps during the Great War?" Britain and the World 10, no. 1 (March 2017): 6–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2017.0257.
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In summer 1916 the British Salonica Army and the Cypriot colonial government established the Cypriot Mule Corps (also known as the Macedonian Mule Corps). It was a staggering success in terms of recruitment, with over 12,000 men serving at one time or another in Salonica during the war and in Constantinople after the armistice, consisting of about 25% of the Cypriot male population aged 18–35. This article engages with three historiographical fields: British military history, British imperial history and Cypriot colonial and peasant and labouring history. All three are connected by the scope, the Great War and its immediate aftermath, and more specifically by the Cypriot Mule Corps. It brings Cyprus into the broader debate on the participation of the British non-settler empire in World War I. The main focus of the article is on the experiences of the men and their dependants. At the heart of this story is the power-imbalance in the relationship between the British coloniser, who desperately needed mule drivers, and the colonised Cypriots, mostly peasants and unskilled rural and urban labourers who enlisted because of the wages. The Cypriots had little control over the terms of their service, as the British progressively reduced their responsibilities to the men and their families, but because the British were desperate for their service they attempted to accommodate their grievances. Therefore, the article proposes to envisage the experience of Cypriot muleteers and their families through a theoretical framework borrowed from the Subaltern Studies Group. Homi Bhabha's ‘liminal space’, in which ‘negotiation’ can take place between colonised and coloniser, seems applicable here, even if dominated by the coloniser. When it suited them, such as when recruitment was at risk, the British not only listened but attempted to rectify the injustices, even showing flexibility; but when it did not they proved inflexible.
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Cheung, Lim K., John Ser Pheng Loh, and Samuel M. Y. Ho. "Psychological Profile of Chinese with Cleft Lip and Palate Deformities." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, no. 1 (January 2007): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-053.
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Objective: To assess the psychological well-being of patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Patients/setting: Ninety-four Chinese CLP subjects between 10 and 40 years of age were recruited from the Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, between June and December 2003. They were divided into two groups for comparison: adolescents (10–16 years old) and adults (17– 40 years old). A control group of 116 healthy non-CLP patients was also recruited during the same period. Interventions: All CLP and non-CLP patients were asked to complete a set of four questionnaires to assess their psychological status. The questionnaires included the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Chinese Miller Behavioral Style Scale. Results: Chinese CLP patients exhibited levels of subjective well-being and social anxiety that were similar to the published levels of a group of British CLP patients. They also had significantly lower general and social self-esteem but higher parental self-esteem than the non-CLP control group. Conclusion: CLP patients were generally satisfied with life and did not exhibit more social anxiety than the non-CLP control group. They also had a good relationship with their parents. Gender and educational level had no influence on their psychological profile. However, these CLP patients had lower self-esteem than non-CLP patients.
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Iqbal, M. Jawed, Alastair Forbes, Mark L. Wilkinson, John W. Moore, Roger Williams, and Richard D. Bulbrook. "Foetal steroid binding protein in British and Japanese women." Acta Endocrinologica 114, no. 4 (April 1987): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1140584.
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Abstract. In order to examine the newly-discovered sex-steroid binding protein, foetal steroid binding protein (FSBP) in different populations, its binding characteristics and its level were studied by two-tier column ligand binding assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. In 10 Japanese premenopausal women, analysis of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding in the Cibacron Blue 3GA-Sepharose 6B portion of the column showed a rising plateau pattern with a mean maximum binding of 31.1 ± 7.41%, whereas of 9 similar British women, 8 displayed unsaturable, non-cooperative binding of 11.6 ± 8.22% (P < 0.01). After partial purification of FSBP in these samples, the protein exhibited saturable binding kinetics, median binding 25 (interquartiles 23–34) and 19 (13–25) nmol DHT/l in Japanese and British women, respectively (P < 0.05). By analyzing FSBP by ELISA in 56 Japanese (45 premenopausal) and 59 British (25 premenopausal) women, higher levels were obtained in the whole Japanese group (P = 0.0016) and in the premenopausal Japanese women (P = 0.018) than in their British counterparts. In both nationalities, FSBP levels were higher in premenopausal women, and there was a significant negative correlation of FSBP with age in both populations, particularly in postmenopausal women. FSBP levels did not correlate with weight, parity, sex hormone binding globulin or albumin levels. The influence of FSBP on free steroid levels remains unclear, but some relationship with ovarian function seems a possibility.
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Barnes, Jacqueline, and Edward C. Melhuish. "Amount and timing of group-based childcare from birth and cognitive development at 51 months." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416635756.
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This study investigated whether the amount and timing of group-based childcare between birth and 51 months were predictive of cognitive development at 51 months, taking into account other non-parental childcare, demographic characteristics, cognitive development at 18 months, sensitive parenting and a stimulating home environment. Children’s ( N=978) cognitive development was assessed at 51 months with four subscales of the British Ability Scales: two verbal and two non-verbal. Mothers were interviewed and observed at 3, 10, 18, and 36 months and the quality of group care was assessed at 10, 18, and 36 months ( N=239) if it was used for ≥12 hours per week. Age of starting in group care and amount were highly associated ( r = -.75). Multiple regressions indicated that, controlling for other factors, higher cognitive development and particularly non-verbal ability was associated with more hours per week in group care from 0 to 51 months, or an earlier start, or group care before age 2. Nevertheless, the majority of variance was explained by other predictors: sex (girl), higher cognitive development at 18 months, older mother, first language English, mother of white ethnic background, with more qualifications, higher family social class, more maternal responsivity at 10 months and a more stimulating home learning environment (HLE) at 36 months. Hours per week in relative care or home-based care were not significant predictors of cognitive scores. For the smaller relatively advantaged sample who had group care quality information ( N=239), quality was a marginal predictor of better cognitive development but age of starting group care was not. Most variance was explained by 18 month cognitive development, maternal education, and family social class.
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Gushulak, Cale A. C., Christopher K. West, and David R. Greenwood. "Paleoclimate and precipitation seasonality of the Early Eocene McAbee megaflora, Kamloops Group, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 6 (June 2016): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0160.
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Early Eocene fossil floras from British Columbia are a rich resource for reconstructing western North American early Cenozoic climate. The best known of these floras reflect cooler (MAT ≤ 15 °C) upland forest communities in contrast to coeval (MAT ≥ 18 °C) forests in lowland western North American sites. Of particular interest is whether Early Eocene climates were monsoonal (highly seasonal precipitation). The McAbee site is a 52.9 ± 0.83 Ma 0.5 km outcrop of bedded lacustrine shale interbedded with volcanic ash. In this report two historical megaflora collections that were collected independently from different stratigraphic levels and (or) laterally separated by ∼100–200 m in the 1980s (University of Saskatchewan) and 2000s (Brandon University) are investigated to (i) assess whether they represent the same leaf population, (ii) assess whether a combined collection yields more precise climate estimates, and (iii) reconstruct paleoclimate to assess the character of regional Early Eocene precipitation seasonality. Combined, the two samples yielded 43 dicot leaf morphotypes. Analysis of leaf size distribution using ANOVA showed no difference between the two samples, and thus they were combined for climate analysis. Climate analysis using leaf physiognomy agrees with previous estimates for McAbee and other regional megafloras, indicating a warm (MAT ∼8–13 °C), mild (CMMT ∼5 °C), moist (MAP > 100 cm/year) ever-wet, non-monsoonal climate. Additionally, we recommend that climate analyses derived from leaf fossils should be based on samples collected within a stratigraphically constrained quarry area to capture a snapshot of climate in time rather than time-averaged estimates derived from multiple quarry sites representing different stratigraphic levels within a fossil site.
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Jeans, C. V. "Clay mineralogy of the Jurassic strata of the British Isles." Clay Minerals 41, no. 1 (March 2006): 187–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855064110198.
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AbstractThe nature and origin of the clay mineralogy of the Jurassic strata of the British Isles are described and discussed within their lithological and biostratigraphical framework using published and unpublished sources as well as 1800 new clay mineral analyses. Regional clay mineral variation is described systematically for the following formations or groups:England and Wales(i)Hettangian-Toarcian strata (Lias Group): Redcar Mudstone Fm.; Staithes Sandstone Fm.; Cleveland Ironstone Fm.; Whitby Mudstone Fm.; Scunthorpe Mudstone Fm.; Blue Lias Fm.; Charmouth Mudstone Fm.; Marlstone Rock Fm.; Dyrham Fm.; Beacon Limestone Fm.; Bridport Sand Fm.(ii)Aalenian-Bajocian (Inferior Oolite Group): Dogger Fm.; Saltwick Fm.; Eller Beck Fm.; Cloughton Fm.; Scarborough Fm.; Scalby Fm. (in part); Northampton Sand Fm.; Grantham Fm.; Lincolnshire Limestone Fm.; Rutland Fm. (in part); Inferior Oolite of southern England.(iii)Bathonian (Great Oolite Group): Scalby Fm. (in part); Rutland Fm. (in part); Blisworth Limestone Fm.; Great Oolite Group of southern England; Forest Marble Fm.; Cornbrash Fm. (in part).(iv)Callovian-Oxfordian: Cornbrash Fm. (in part); Kellaways Fm.; Oxford Clay Fm.; Corallian Beds and West Walton Beds; Ampthill Clay Fm.(v)Kimmeridgian-Tithonian: Kimmeridge Clay Fm.; Portland Sandstone Fm.; Portland Limestone Fm.; Lulworth Fm.; Spilsby Sandstone Fm. (in part). Scotland(vi)Hettangian-Toarcian: Broadfoot Beds, Dunrobin Bay Fm. Aalenian-Portlandian: Great Estuarine Group (Dunkulm, Kilmaluag and Studiburgh Fm.s); Staffin Shale Fm.; Brora Coal Fm.; Brora Argillaceous Fm.; Balintore Fm.; Helmsdale Boulder Beds (Kimmeridge Clay Fm.).Dominating the Jurassic successions are the great marine mudstone formations — the Lias Group, Oxford Clay, Ampthill Clay and Kimmeridge Clay. These are typically characterized by a detrital clay mineral assemblage of mica, kaolin and poorly defined mixed-layer smectite-mica-vermiculite minerals with traces of chlorite. Detailed evidence suggests that this assemblage is derived ultimately from weathered Palaeozoic sediments and metasediments either directly or by being recycled from earlier Mesozoic sediments. A potassium-bearing clay is a persistent component and formed at approximately the same time as the deposition of the host sediment, either in coeval soils or during very early diagenesis.At three periods during the deposition of the Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian, Oxfordian and late Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), the detrital clay assemblage was completely or partially replaced by authigenic clay mineral assemblages rich in kaolin, berthierine, glauconite or smectite minerals. Associated with these changes are major changes in the lithofacies, with the incoming of non-marine and proximal marine strata. The authigenic clay assemblages rich in kaolin and berthierine are generally restricted to the non-marine and very proximal marine beds, those rich in glauconite or smectite are typical of the marine lithofacies. Clay mineral assemblages containing vermiculite and mixed-layer vermiculite-chlorite sometimes occur in the non-marine and proximal marine facies. The causes of these major changes in lithofacies and clay mineralogy are discussed, and present evidence favours an important volcanogenic influence and not climatic control. It is suggested that the Bajocian-Bathonian, Oxfordian and Late Kimmeridgian-Tithonian were periods of enhanced volcanic activity, with centres probably located in the North Sea and linked to regional tectonic changes which caused major modifications of the palaeogeography of the British Isles. The most important of these changes was the development of the central North Sea Rift Dome during the Bajocian and Bathonian. Volcanic ash was widespread in both the non-marine and marine environments and its argillization under different conditions provided the wide range of authigenic clay mineral assemblages.Metre-scale clay mineral cyclicity is widespread in most of the Jurassic mudstone formations that have been examined in sufficient detail. The cyclicity is defined by systematic variations in the mica/ collapsible minerals (mixed-layer smectite-mica-vermiculite) ratio. This variation is unrelated to changes in lithology and its possible origins are discussed in detail using data from the Kimmeridge Clay provided by Reading University's contribution to the Rapid Global Geological Events (RGGE) Project.
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Lessard-Phillips, Laurence, Vikki Boliver, Maria Pampaka, and Daniel Swain. "Exploring ethnic differences in the post-university destinations of Russell Group graduates." Ethnicities 18, no. 4 (June 9, 2018): 496–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796818777543.
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The high aspirations of British ethnic minorities are evident in their high rates of participation in higher education. However, some ethnic minority groups remain strikingly under-represented in the most selective universities, and recent studies have shown that university graduates from ethnic minority backgrounds are less likely than otherwise comparable white graduates to gain employment in a higher salary, graduate-level job after their degree. This is likely to be due partly to the effects on graduate labour market outcomes of subject studied and university attended. However, no study to date has explored the graduate labour market outcomes for ethnic minority students in the UK’s most ‘prestigious’ universities, defined here as one of the 24 member institutions of the Russell Group. This article draws on data for recent graduates (2009–2013) from the Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education survey compiled by the UK’s Higher Education Statistics Agency. We explore ethnic differences in attainment in five distinct graduate destinations (employment in professional occupations; further study; employment in non-professional occupations; inactivity; and unemployment), controlling for educational and social background. Our results suggest that ethnic minority graduates of Russell Group are less likely than their white counterparts to fare well in the labour market and are more likely to adopt a compensatory strategy of further educational investment, that is a strategy of entering postgraduate education to avoid short-term unemployment or underemployment in a non-graduate job. Our findings challenge a key assumption of the government's social mobility policy agenda that graduating with a good degree from a highly selective university enables ethnic minorities to realise aspirations for upward social mobility.
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O'Brien, Maureen M., Jeffrey W. Taub, Myron N. Chang, Gita V. Massey, Kimo C. Stine, Susana C. Raimondi, David Becton, Yaddanapudi Ravindranath, and Gary V. Dahl. "Cardiomyopathy in Children With Down Syndrome Treated for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group Study POG 9421." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 3 (January 20, 2008): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.13.2209.
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Purpose To determine the outcomes, with particular attention to toxicity, of children with Down syndrome (DS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated on Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) protocol 9421. Patients and Methods Children with DS and newly diagnosed AML (n = 57) were prospectively enrolled onto the standard-therapy arm of POG 9421 and were administered five cycles of chemotherapy, which included daunorubicin 135 mg/m2 and mitoxantrone 80 mg/m2. Outcomes and toxicity were evaluated prospectively and were compared with the non-DS–AML cohort (n = 565). A retrospective chart review was performed to identify adverse cardiac events. Results In the DS-AML group, 54 patients (94.7%) entered remission. One experienced induction failure and two died. Of the 54 who entered remission, three relapsed and six died as a result of other causes. The remission induction rate was similar in the non-DS–French-American-British (FAB) M7 (91.7%) and non-DS–non-M7 (89.3%) groups. The 5-year overall survival was significantly better in the DS-AML group (78.6%) than in the non-DS–M7 (36.3%) or the non-DS–non-M7 (51.8%) groups (P < .001). No age-related difference in 5-year, event-free survival was seen between patients younger than 2 years (75.8%) and those aged 2 to 4 years (78.3%). Symptomatic cardiomyopathy developed in 10 patients (17.5%) with DS-AML during or soon after completion of treatment; three died as a result of congestive heart failure. Conclusion The POG 9421 treatment regimen was highly effective in both remission induction and disease-free survival for patients with DS-AML. However, there was a high incidence of cardiomyopathy, which supports current strategies for dose reduction of anthracyclines in this patient population.
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Nelson, Samuel J., and Eric R. Nelson. "Allochthonous Permian micro- and macrofauna, Kamloops area, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-043.
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The first waagenophyllid coral to be described from the Western Hemisphere has been found in Permian rocks of the "Harper Ranch Group," near Kamloops, southern British Columbia. It is Parawentzelella?(Miyagiella) johnstonae sp. nov., associated with the tabulate coral Multithecopora?larushi sp. nov., numerous brachiopods, and other fossils. The containing rocks are considered to be allochthonous, originating in the western part of the Paleopacific Tethyan Ocean or in an island-arc complex farther to the north.The outcrop yielding the fossils appears to be a stratigraphic misfit, both in age and origin. Fusulinids from adjacent areas are of Early Permian (Wolfcampian) age but those associated with the fossils indicate a Late Permian (Guadalupian) age. These conflicting dates cannot, at present, be reconciled. The Tethyan origin of the fauna also contrasts with that of surrounding rocks, which are "non-Tethyan."
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Knowles, Rachel L., Deborah Ridout, Sonya Crowe, Catherine Bull, Jo Wray, Jenifer Tregay, Rodney C. G. Franklin, David J. Barron, Roger C. Parslow, and Katherine Brown. "Ethnic-specific mortality of infants undergoing congenital heart surgery in England and Wales." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 9 (March 1, 2019): 844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315505.
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PurposeTo investigate ethnic differences in mortality for infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs) undergoing cardiac surgery or interventional catheterisation.DesignObservational study of survival to age 1 year using linked records from routine national paediatric cardiac surgery and intensive care audits. Mortality risk was investigated using multivariable Poisson models with multiple imputation. Predictors included sex, ethnicity, preterm birth, deprivation, comorbidities, prenatal diagnosis, age and weight at surgery, preprocedure deterioration and cardiac diagnosis.SettingAll paediatric cardiac surgery centres in England and Wales.Patients5350 infants with CHDs born from 2006 to 2009.Main outcome measureSurvival at age 1 year.ResultsMortality was 83.9 (95% CI 76.3 to 92.1) per 1000 infants, with variation by ethnic group. Compared with those of white ethnicity, infants in British Asian (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi) and ‘all other’ (Chinese, mixed and other) categories experienced significantly higher mortality by age 1 year (relative risk [RR] 1.52[95% CI 1.19 to 1.95]; 1.62[95% CI 1.20 to 2.20], respectively), specifically during index hospital admission (RR 1.55 [95% CI 1.07 to 2.26]; 1.64 [95% CI 1.05 to 2.57], respectively). Further predictors of mortality included non-cardiac comorbidities, prenatal diagnosis, older age at surgery, preprocedure deterioration and cardiac diagnosis. British Asian infants had higher mortality risk during elective hospital readmission (RR 1.86 [95% CI 1.02 to 3.39]).ConclusionsInfants of British Asian and ‘all other’ non-white ethnicity experienced higher postoperative mortality risk, which was only partly explained by socioeconomic deprivation and access to care. Further investigation of case-mix and timing of risk may provide important insights into potential mechanisms underlying ethnic disparities.
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Husain, N., F. Lunat, N. Gire, S. Bin Bilal Hafi, M. I. Husain, T. Walker, A. Syed, and N. Chaudhry. "Developing interventions for prevention of self-harm for British South Asian women: A qualitative study." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2238.
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IntroductionIt has been estimated that the global burden of suicide is a million deaths per year (WHO, 2014). Rates of self-harm in British South Asian (BSA) women are higher compared to their white counterparts. Limited evidence is available on effective preventative strategies and culturally sensitive interventions for these patients.ObjectiveTo understand common perceptions about self-harm, identify any barriers to accessing services and service improvement recommendations including appropriate interventions for BSA women.AimTo examine the views of health professionals on the culturally adapted problem solving therapy (C-MAP) in BSA women.MethodsThe design was a qualitative study using focus group discussion. This is part of a larger exploratory trial, to test a culturally adapted problem solving therapy (C-MAP) in British South Asian women who have a history of self-harm (Husain et al., 2011). Three focus groups were held with Asian lay members of the community, health professionals and service users. The data was analysed using a manual content analysis and indexing technique.ResultsResults showed lack of identification of self-harm by health professionals. Common self-harm methods reported were serious overdoses, use of household chemicals, burning and cutting. Lack of trust in GP s was one common reason for non-disclosure of self-harm behaviour. Need for increased awareness, working along with local Imams, better cultural sensitivity among health professionals and non-judgmental support were some solutions offered to address these barriers.ConclusionThe results of this study have provided insight into developing strategies to prevent and manage self-harm in British South Asian women.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Julve, M., O. Kennedy, C. Lindsay, R. Walters-Davies, M. R. Button, N. Steele, A. McGeogh, et al. "1116P United Kingdom real-world experience of sotorasib in KRAS G12C mutant non-small cell lung cancer: A British thoracic oncology group review." Annals of Oncology 33 (September 2022): S1061—S1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.1241.
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Vandenberghe, E., C. De Wolf-Peeters, G. Vaughan Hudson, B. Vaughan Hudson, S. Pittaluga, L. Anderson, and D. C. Linch. "The clinical outcome of 65 cases of mantle cell lymphoma initially treated with non-intensive therapy by the British National Lymphoma Investigation Group." British Journal of Haematology 99, no. 4 (December 1997): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.4693273.x.
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Tufail, Waqas. "Rotherham, Rochdale, and the Racialised Threat of the ‘Muslim Grooming Gang’." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 3 (October 5, 2015): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i3.249.
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For over a decade, British Muslims have been at the forefront of political, media and societal concerns in regards to terrorism, radicalisation, women’s rights, segregation and, most recently, the sexual exploitation and abuse of young women. Demonised, marginalised and criminalised due to inflammatory political rhetoric, inaccurate, irresponsible and sensationalist media reporting, discriminatory counter terrorism policies and legislation and state surveillance, British Muslims have emerged as a perceived racialised threat. This has continued apace with the onset of the Rochdale and Rotherham ‘grooming’ child sexual abuse scandals which in popular discourse have been dominated by representations focusing on race, ethnicity and the dangerous masculinities of Muslim men. This disproportionate and racist narrative served to both frame and limit the debate relating to the sexual exploitation and violence experienced by young female victims at a pivotal moment when the issue had been brought to national attention. This article compares and contrasts the representations and discourse of racialised and non-racialised reporting of child sexual abuse and situates the ‘grooming’ scandals in the context of anti-Muslim racism. It argues that the development of the British Muslim as a racialised threat is a current and on-going legacy of colonialism in which this group experiences discriminatory ‘othering’ processes resulting in their marginalisation.
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Laczko, Leslie S. "Feelings of Fraternity in Canada: An Empirical Exploration of Regional Differences." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, no. 3-4 (September 1997): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689700600305.
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How are feelings of fraternity distributed within nation-states? This paper deals with the status dimension of ethnic stratification in Canada, and specifically with the way comfort levels with a whole range of ethno-national group labels vary between Canadian regions. Previous research found that the Canadian population gives the highest status evaluations to those of British origin, with evaluations following a downward gradient through various European origins, with the lowest evaluations being reserved for “non-whites.” This article presents further analyses of data from the 1991 Canadian Multiculturalism and Citizenship attitude survey (N=3,325). Detailed breakdowns of comfort levels are presented for Canada's main regions, and special attention paid to patterns evident in Canada's three largest cities, namely Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. The lowest comfort levels with most group labels are displayed in Quebec, and the highest levels are displayed in British Columbia. Since the latter province was the setting of much anti-Asian agitation in earlier decades, and has been a major destination for Asian immigration to Canada in recent decades, this regional difference is an interesting aspect of the current Canadian scene. These findings are set against the backdrop of other research on regional differences in Canada.
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Bajwah, Sabrina, Polly Edmonds, Emel Yorganci, Rosemary Chester, Kirsty Russell, Natasha Lovell, Lynne Marsh, and Katherine E. Sleeman. "The association between ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation and receipt of hospital-based palliative care for people with Covid-19: A dual centre service evaluation." Palliative Medicine 35, no. 8 (June 8, 2021): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02692163211022959.
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Background: People from ethnic minority groups and deprived socioeconomic backgrounds have worse outcomes from COVID-19. Aim: To examine associations between ethnicity and deprivation with timing of palliative care referral for inpatients with COVID-19. Design: Service evaluation of consecutive patients with COVID-19 referred to palliative care. Sociodemographic (including age, sex, Index of Multiple Deprivation, ethnicity coded as White/non-White) and clinical variables were described. The primary outcome was timing of referral to palliative care. Associations between ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation with the primary outcome were explored using multivariable regression. Setting/participants: Patients with COVID-19 referred to a hospital palliative care service across two London hospitals February–May 2020. Results: A total of 334 patients were included. 119 (36%) were from a non-White ethnic group; most commonly Black British (77, 23%) and Asian British (26, 8%). A longer time between admission and palliative care referral was associated with male gender (IRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14–1.34) and lower levels of socioeconomic deprivation (IRR 1.61, 95% CI 1.36–1.90) but not ethnicity (IRR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.87–1.06). Conclusions: This large service evaluation showed no evidence that patients from ethnic minority or more deprived socioeconomic groups had longer time to palliative care referral. Ongoing data monitoring is essential for equitable service delivery.
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Murphy, Luke John, and Carly Ameen. "The Shifting Baselines of the British Hare Goddess." Open Archaeology 6, no. 1 (October 10, 2020): 214–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0109.
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AbstractThe rise of social zooarchaeology and the so-called ‘animal turn’ in the humanities both reflect a growing interest in the interactions of humans and non-human animals. This comparative archaeological study contributes to this interdisciplinary field by investigating the ways in which successive human cultures employed religion to conceptualise and interact with their ecological context across the longue durée. Specifically, we investigate how the Iron Age, Romano-British, early medieval English, medieval Welsh, and Information Age populations of Great Britain constructed and employed supranatural female figures – Andraste, Diana, Ēostre, St. Melangell, and the modern construct ‘Easter’ – with a common zoomorphic link: the hare. Applying theoretical concepts drawn from conservation ecology (‘shifting baselines’) and the study of religion (‘semantic centres’) to a combination of (zoo)archaeological and textual evidence, we argue that four distinct ‘hare goddesses’ were used to express their congregations’ concerns regarding the mediation of violence between the human in-group and other parties (human or animal) across two millennia.