Academic literature on the topic 'Non-British Europeans'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-British Europeans"
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Mazumder, Tanmoy. "Exploring the Eurocentric Heart: A Postcolonial Reading of Graham Greene’s The Heart of the Matter." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.8.17.
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A literary text can be a propagator of values- both explicitly and implicitly. As Edward Said claims in his book, Orientalism (1978), for centuries Eurocentrism pervades Western literary pieces; they somehow justify and/or uplift European values and perspectives as superior ones while portraying lands, people and cultures of the colonized nations elsewhere, especially in the East. Sometimes, it may become more oblique as the apparent issues dominating the text seem to be something very different, but the writing, however, in the undercurrent, portrays things in a Eurocentric way, often by “othering” the non-Europeans. Said famously terms, this process of creation of an alter ego of the West in the East as “Orientalism”. Graham Greene’s novel, The Heart of the Matter (1948), set in West Africa’s Sierra Leone, a then British colony during WWII, summons rethinking of its presentation of the non-White people and the land of Africa. This study would like to take the focus away from the dominating themes of religion, sin, pity, mercy, responsibility, love, etc. in this piece of fiction to assess its underlying colonial issues which often go unnoticed. The novel portrays a variety of characters- both the British colonizers and the colonial subjects- though the roles and space occupied by the non-British characters are mostly marginal. The “Whites” are portrayed sympathetically, whereas the “non-Whites” are presented as evil, naïve, weak and mystic. This study, thus, argues that the portrayal of Africa (Sierra Leone), the Africans, and the major “non-White” characters in the novel, in contrast to the empathetic presentation of the major “White” European characters, indicate an obvious “othering” of “non-Whites” and the marginalization of non-Europeans in the narrative of the novel. The paper further opines that this process of “othering” and marginalization underlines the operation of an underlying Eurocentric attitude in the representation of the Europeans and non-Europeans in Greene’s fiction.
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Thrasher, Michael, Galina Borisyuk, Colin Rallings, and Richard Webber. "Candidate Ethnic Origins and Voter Preferences: Examining Name Discrimination in Local Elections in Britain." British Journal of Political Science 47, no. 2 (June 2, 2015): 413–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000125.
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This article examines the relationship between candidate names as they appear on the ballot paper and voting patterns in British local elections. Specifically, it explores whether some voters favour candidates with British-sounding names over those whose names suggest either European or non-European ethnic origins. Name classification software identifies three categories of candidate: British, other European and non-European. Separate analyses of aggregate voting data are undertaken of multi-member and single-member electoral districts. Data cover the period 1973–2012, and votes for more than 400,000 candidates are examined. In multi-member districts, after comparing within-party slates and finishing order generally, candidates whose surnames suggest a British ethnic origin perform best, while non-Europeans attract fewer votes. The analysis of single-member districts focuses on a party’s vote share after taking into account the pattern of candidate recruitment across electoral cycles. It shows that vote share is adversely affected when British candidates are replaced by those with European and non-European surnames, while the opposite pattern of succession is associated with a boost in votes. It is clear that the outcome of some elections has been determined by the parties’ choice of candidates.
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Alaminos, Antonio, Clemente Penalva, Luca Raffini, and Óscar Santacreu. "Cognitive mobilisation and the dynamics of political participation among EU movers." OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales 13, no. 2 (December 23, 2018): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/obets2018.13.2.01.
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Non-conventional participation has dramatically spread because of cultural and social change, favouring a deinstitutionalisation of politics. To verify if there is a link between this spread of non-conventional participation and the mobility of Europeans living in other European countries, we have explored the data gathered by the MOVEACT European project, including data on the political behaviour of “old Europeans” (British and Germans), and “new” Europeans” (Poles and Romanians), resident in Greece, France, Italy and Spain. Our analysis has confirmed that a plurality of variables affect the relation between movers and non-conventional participation. There are three relevant dimensions to explain the unconventional political participation of EU movers: social integration, situational context and individual characteristics. On the other hand, the key aspect to understand the non-conventional participation of EU movers is the degree of Cognitive Political Mobilisation, together with other factors such as membership of associations, family socialisation, expectations of living in the country of residence in the future or the political culture in the country of origin.
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Datla, Kavita Saraswathi. "The Origins of Indirect Rule in India: Hyderabad and the British Imperial Order." Law and History Review 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 321–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248015000115.
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The main problem with the orthodox account of modern world politics is that it describes only one of these patterns of international order: the one that was dedicated to the pursuit of peaceful coexistence between equal and mutually independent sovereigns, which developed within the Westphalian system and the European society of states....Orthodox theorists have paid far too little attention to the other pattern of international order, which evolved during roughly the same period of time, but beyond rather than within Europe; not through relations between Europeans, but through relations between Europeans and non-Europeans. Instead of being based on a states-system, this pattern of order was based on colonial and imperial systems, and its characteristic practice was not the reciprocal recognition of sovereign independence between states, but rather the division of sovereignty across territorial borders and the enforcement of individuals' rights to their persons and property. The American Revolution and the “revolution” in Bengal posed new political questions for domestic British politics and inaugurated a new era for the British empire. As the British committed themselves to the administration of a vast population of non-Europeans in the Indian province of Bengal, and estimations of financial windfalls were presented to stockholders and politicians, the center of the British Empire came slowly to shift toward the East. The evolution of a system of indirect rule in India as it related to larger political questions being posed in Britain, partly because of its protracted and diverse nature, has not received the same attention. Attention to Indian states, in the scholarship on eighteenth century South Asia, has closely followed the expanding colonial frontier, focusing on those states that most engaged British military attention: Bengal, Mysore, and the Marathas. And yet, the eighteenth century should also command our attention as a crucial moment of transition from an earlier Indian Ocean world trading system, in which European powers inserted themselves as one sovereign authority among many, to that of being supreme political authorities of territories that they did not govern directly. India's native states, or “country powers,” as the British referred to them in the eighteenth century, underwrote the expansion of the East India Company in the East. The tribute paid by these states became an important financial resource at the company's disposal, as it attempted to balance its books in the late eighteenth century. Additionally, the troops maintained to protect these states were significant in Britain's late eighteenth century military calculations. These states, in other words, were absolutely central to the forging of the British imperial order, and generative of the very practices that came to characterize colonial expansion and governance.
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Pawelczak, Marek. "British Jurisdiction and Legal Protection of Non-Europeans in the Sultanate of Zanzibar, 1841–1888." Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 4, no. 1 (August 18, 2020): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v4i1.71.
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This article addresses the problem of jurisdiction and protection over certain categories of the local population by the British Consulate in the independent Sultanate of Zanzibar. The minorities in question represented various ethno-religious backgrounds and enjoyed different social and economic statuses. They included the British Indian community, whose members belonged to the economic elite of the state and many of whom were British servants: employees of the British Consulate, as well as missions and private companies. The category also included freed slaves and Christian converts. The article examines the motives and conditions that stood behind British legal policies in Zanzibar. It argues that even if the consulate did run its own policy within the limits sketched by the imperial administration, the dynamics of this policy was set by the interaction between the consuls and the groups over which the British claimed jurisdiction. Although the clash of different legal norms and systems occurred as a result of legal pluralism, the real conflicts concerned the limits of British jurisdiction. This paper is based on research in the national archives of Zanzibar, France, Germany and the United Kingdom.
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Clark, Emily. "MOVING FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTRE: THE NON-BRITISH IN COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA." Historical Journal 42, no. 3 (September 1999): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008687.
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Life and religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758. By A. J. B. Johnston. London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1996. Pp. xxxii+227. ISBN 0-7735-1525-9. £12.95.The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's first city government, 1769–1803. By Gilbert C. Din and John E. Harkins. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+330. ISBN 0-8071-2042-1. £42.75.Revolution, romanticism, and the Afro-Creole protest tradition in Louisiana, 1718–1868. By Caryn Cossé Bell. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+325. ISBN 0-8071-2096-0. £32.95.Hopeful journeys: German immigration, settlement and political culture in colonial America, 1717–1775. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. Pp. xii+257. ISBN 0-8122-1548-6. £15.95.Britannia lost the war of American independence but still reigns over the historiography of colonial North America. This is a problem now that historians of early America have embarked on an attempt to apply an Atlantic world perspective to colonial development. The complex web of human, cultural, economic, and political encounters and exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas spreads well beyond the familiar terrain of Britain and its thirteen mainland colonies. While the histories of Indians and enslaved Africans are beginning to find their way into the historical narrative of early America to challenge the British hegemony, non-British Europeans remain virtually invisible, except as opponents in the imperial wars that punctuated the colonial era. These four books illustrate obstacles that must be overcome to remedy this gap and offer glimpses of the rewards to be gained by drawing the history of continental Europeans previously treated as peripheral into the centre of the major debates currently shaping early American history.
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Quayson, Ato. "“I No Be like You”: Accra in Life and Literature." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, no. 1 (January 2007): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.1.252.
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The sociocultural forms of accra, whose population is now an estimated 2.5 million people, grew form interactions with Europeans from the fifteenth century onward. By the end of the seventeenth century, there were three major European trading outposts on the coast—Ussher Fort (Dutch), James Fort (British), and Christiansborg Castle (Danish). Each European post imparted a particular character to its neighborhood and, more importantly, triggered specific dynamics of social struggle both between the locals and the Europeans and within each local group. Traces of the European influence can also be discerned in some of the street names—Bannerman Road, Hansen Road, Bruce Road, Lokko Road, Rev Richter Road, Joel Sonne Street—which evoke the Euro-African families that formed the earliest local elites. The postmodern maxims that reality is a product of language and that language is essentially unstable and contradictory are by now standard views in critical theory. But I sometimes wonder what conclusion the postmodernists would have come to if for their reflections they had taken not the history of Western philosophy but rather the evolution of the polyglot and hybrid forms of language, ideas, society, and culture that are abundant in the non-Western societies that make up the bulk of the world's population. Accra might have provided a rich site for such reflections.
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BELL, HEATHER. "MIDWIFERY TRAINING AND FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN THE INTER-WAR ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN." Journal of African History 39, no. 2 (July 1998): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853798007221.
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Although the conventional image of the colonial medical encounter in Africa depicts a white, male, European doctor treating a black African patient, most of the actual deliverers of Western medicine in Africa during the colonial period were non-Europeans. In the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, British doctors formed only a small minority of Western medical practitioners. Most often, it was Syrian, Egyptian and Sudanese doctors, and Sudanese assistant medical officers, mosquito men, nurses, sanitary officers and midwives who delivered sanitary and medical services on behalf of the colonial state. Understanding the cultural exchanges, technology transfer and power relations involved in the operation of colonial medicine clearly requires careful study of the training, the role and the experiences of these non-European practitioners of Western medicine.In this paper, one such group of medical practitioners is examined through a study of the Midwifery Training School or MTS, opened in Omdurman, Sudan in 1921. The MTS sought to create a class of modern, trained Sudanese midwives, out of, and in rivalry to, an entrenched class of traditional midwives, known as dayas. The analysis relies heavily on the papers of Mabel E. Wolff, founding matron of the MTS and her sister, Gertrude L. Wolff, who first arrived in Sudan to train nurses. Throughout the discussion, the name ‘Wolff’ alone designates Mabel, whose voice dominates their collective papers.
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Zaini, Mohd Syafiq, Mohd Sohaimi Esa, Saifulazry Mokhtar, and Sharifah Darmia Sharif Adam. "DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN MUSEUM INSTITUTIONS IN AFFECTING THE EXISTENCE OF MUSEUMS IN MALAYSIA." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 7, no. 29 (September 29, 2022): 260–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.729018.
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Museums play an important role in preserving and conserving all artifacts related to the past history as well as the heritage and culture of a society's civilization. Malaysia as a country that consists of various races and rich in various heritages and cultures, the museum institution plays an important role in preserving the heritage of knowledge for future generations. Museum institutions have undergone changes over time in producing an excellent management in preserving knowledge of past history. The development of museums at the European level is seen to have influenced the entry of the ideology of the field of museums in Malaysia. This study uses a qualitative method by analyzing the research data on the history of the development of museums in the world until it was brought in by the British colonial to Malaysia before independence. The focus of the study focuses on how and what is the influence brought by the west in museum institutions in Malaysia. The results show that, the Renaissance philosophy practiced by Europeans around the 14th century, has urged them to sail out to the ocean and explore other regions. This indirectly led to colonization of non-European territories. In the British colonial context, their arrival to colonize Malaya was not empty handed, but brought in colonial knowledge which later became the basis for the establishment of museum institutions in Malaysia. However, the interpretation of artifacts, history, heritage and culture that is euro-centric, led to the implementation of the decolonization of museums after independence. This is so that a local history can be interpreted correctly through the point of view and knowledge of the local community.
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Gorshunova, E. Y., and Y. V. Gorshunov. "Implicit Forms of Ethnic Insult for Europeans (as Found in Rhyming Slang)." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-236-244.
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The article presents a sociocultural lingual description of ethnic labels created within rhyming slang (Rh.sl.) and used to refer to Europeans. The study and description of ethnic stereotypes and labels have attracted attention of researchers due to the practical significance in regulating, controlling and manipulating the direct contacts and interaction between different ethnic groups. The authors have focused their attention on the so-called «hidden» or «implicit» forms of Rh.sl. Along with the explicit, direct, offensive and non-politically correct ethnic labels and nicknames there are quite a few with a deceptive, innocuous shape that conceals their offensive content. That's why they should be perceived as potentially (if not indeed) offensive names. The authors put the ethnic labels produced in Rh.sl into this category. Since Rh.sl. is subject to a strong influence of the word play and its items are perceived as humorous and ironic nominations, they are not always discerned as offensive by the English speakers. The article contains a linguistic-and-socio-cultural analysis of some implicit forms of ethnic insult of the Germans, the French, the Italians, the Spaniards, the Portuguese and some other Europeans as well as the native inhabitants of the British Isles. The undertaken analysis of ethnic labels as used to name people from Europe has revealed a broad spectrum of Rh.sl. ethic labels. The description was based on extra-linguistic factors (geographical, demographic, social) comprising the settlement and resettlement, compact presence on a certain territory, statehood. In this respect, there is an ethnic group that falls out - the gypsies (or Roma), as they are scattered across the world and still have a nomadic and semi-nomadic way of life.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-British Europeans"
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Shovlin, Ian David. "Overseas violence and the Seven Years' War : alleged atrocities committed by non-Europeans as a subject for public discussion in British news commentary, 1754-1764." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12740/.
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This study re-examines British press coverage of violent overseas episodes that took place in North America and India during the Seven Years' War, 1754-1764. Focussing on news commentary relating to alleged atrocities committed by non-European forces, this research explores the complex public dialogue that emerged in the immediate aftermath of those circumstances. Acts of perceived savagery instigated by native populations against Britons living or stationed overseas, became a prominent and lucrative source of material for the mid-eighteenth century news industry. Press attention afforded to events such as the British defeat at Monongahela in 1755, the Black Hole of Calcutta in 1756, or the massacre at Patna in 1763, satisfied a growing appetite for macabre tales of suffering inflicted upon Britons on the world stage. They also served, however, as discursive platforms for commentators to promote their own, often critical, views concerning issues associated with territorial expansion overseas. Whereas existing studies have mainly approached this area from a post-Seven Years' War perspective, by focussing on the dynamic and distinctive news polemic produced during the conflict itself, this research shows the period 1754-1764 to be more than just a precursor for a later culture of public engagement.
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Castle, K. A. "An examination of the attitudes toward non-Europeans in British school history textbooks and childrens periodicals, 1890-1914 : With special reference to the Indian, the African and the Chinese." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372570.
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This s'tudy examinesthe imageof the Indian, the African, and the Chinese in British school history textbooks and childrens pericxiicals published between 1890 and 1914. This worlc both exemines the portrayal of the British in their historical and .corrtemporary relations with the three groups, and the selective information provided of the character and behaviour of the alien. These three groups were selected as representing areas of the world where the British had-particular interests in the pericxi, and illustrate the relationship between British attitudes and the particular historical experiences and contenporary concerns centred upon each of the three. The choice of textbooks and popular reading material reflected a desire to examinematerials read both for instruction and entertairnnent, and consider the relationship between the operation of the images in both. The s'tudy has deronstrated that both textbook historians and popular writers shared a concern that, Britain's youth should be secured in the prevailing attitudes toward race and nationality. The images which they presented of Britain's role in India, Africa and China, and of the nature of these countries' inhabitants, were mutually reinforcing. Entry for the foreigner into either set of materials dependeduponhis service in supporting and activating an appreciation of British national character and the maintenance of Empire. The sensi ti vity of the imageof the non-Europeanto Britain 's national concerns in this period was reflected in the era of the Boer War, whenthe textbooks and periodicals display a heightened patriotism which was reflected in the textbook's treatrrent of the Indian Mlltinyand periodical jingoism. Although the characterisation of each group differed in their particular contribution to the character formation of Britain's i.nperial sons and daughters, the study showshowclearly the historian and the popular juvenile press transrnitted images of the three which was dependent upon the controlling imperatives of Britain's national and imperial needs.
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Kirsten, Katja [Verfasser]. "I am now changing my accent to sound more African: the communication of non-European otherness in guided tours for school classes in German and British museums / Katja Kirsten." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1184197091/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Non-British Europeans"
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Andrew, Wilton, Bryant Barbara 1955-, Tate Gallery, Haus der Kunst München, and Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam, eds. The age of Rossetti, Burne-Jones, and Watts: Symbolism in Britain, 1860-1910. New York: Flammarion, 1997.
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Conway, Stephen. Inside the Empire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808701.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the different ways in which continental Europeans worked within the British Empire between about 1740 and 1800. It draws on a wide range of sources to piece together the picture, from official records to private letters, diaries, wills, inventories, and account-books. Foreign Europeans made an appearance in the empire in a variety of guises—as cartographers, scientists, technical experts, clergymen, merchants, sailors, and, perhaps most notably, in numerical terms at least, as settlers and soldiers. Some attempt is made to assess the significance of their contributions, and even measure their importance by making comparisons with inputs provided by the British and Irish, by non-European imperial subjects, and by autonomous native peoples.
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Sheehan, Glenn W., and Anne M. Jensen. Contact and Postcontact Iñupiat Ethnohistory. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.14.
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This chapter covers the contact and postcontact period of Iñupiat history in northern and northwestern Alaska, drawing on archaeological and ethnohistorical records. The period of interest saw gradually increasing interaction with Europeans—initially Russian, and eventually British and American. In terms of archaeology, though, the contact period, and in particular the nineteenth century, is under-represented. This chapter covers the radical changes impacting Iñupiat society in terms of settlement patterns, warfare, trade, architecture, social relations, mortuary practices and the history and effects of contact with Euro-Americans. Several areas that could benefit from additional research are highlighted, including continued research on early political and social organization, as well as projects aimed at understanding early non-Native sites in the region.
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Conway, Stephen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808701.003.0001.
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The introduction sets out the aims and the argument of the study. The book’s purpose is to survey the different forms of European involvement in and with the British Empire and, where possible, to assess their significance. It also considers the consequences of foreign participation for the character of the empire. The argument is that continental European involvement was in some areas important; that it helped the British to defend, consolidate, and expand their empire; that it was facilitated by a combination of transnational non-governmental networks and state action; that it usually served British ends; and that it was largely directed and willed by Britons at home or in imperial sites.
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Chaplin, Joyce E. The British Atlantic. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0013.
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The phrase ‘British Atlantic’ brings together two terms that emerged rather belatedly (and perhaps unhelpfully) in the history of English colonisation. From the late seventeenth century onward, the English colonies underwent unprecedented population growth, which inspired new faith in colonists' ability to adapt to and dominate the New World. While other European empires may also have had either a degree of colonial autonomy or rapid population growth, only English-speaking colonists gained confidence from both characteristics. But this settler confidence was challenged, from the mid-eighteenth century onward, by the creation of a British empire with Atlantic dimensions. Because settlers in the English-speaking colonies had for a long time connected a non-British identity, meaning Englishness, to being an ocean away from England itself, the newly British and Atlantic empire was less inviting to them and the temptation to define Americans' political and natural interests as separate from Great Britain was eventually overwhelming. In Parliament and beyond, Britons and British Americans discussed the problems of slavery and openly contemplated how the slave trade and forced labour might not have an indefinite future.
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Stock, Paul. Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.001.0001.
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Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760–1830 seeks to establish what literate British people understood by the word ‘Europe’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It achieves this objective through detailed analysis of nearly 350 geographical reference works, textbooks, dictionaries, and encyclopaedias. Largely neglected by historians, these materials were widely read by contemporaries and can reveal the formative ideas about Europe circulating in Britain. The book therefore traces the history of ideas in non-elite contexts; it moves away from an approach to intellectual history concerned predominantly with prominent thinkers. The opening two chapters outline the characteristics and popularity of geography books and explain how they structure geographical knowledge. The remaining chapters explore eight themes which frame how Europe is understood in British culture. A chapter each is devoted to religion; the natural environment; race and other theories of human difference; the state; borders; the identification of the ‘centre’ and ‘edges’ of Europe; commerce and empire; and ideas about the past, progress, and historical change. Each chapter shows how geographical texts use these intricate concepts to communicate and construct widely understood ideas about the European continent. Is Europe unified by shared religious heritage? Where are the edges of Europe? Is Europe primarily a commercial network or are there common political practices too? Is Britain itself a European country? By showing how these and other questions were discussed in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British culture, the book provides a thorough and much-needed historical analysis of Britain’s enduringly complex intellectual relationship with Europe.
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Kim, Diana S. Empires of Vice. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691172408.001.0001.
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During the late nineteenth century, opium was integral to European colonial rule in Southeast Asia. The taxation of opium was a major source of revenue for British and French colonizers, who also derived moral authority from imposing a tax on a peculiar vice of their non-European subjects. Yet between the 1890s and the 1940s, colonial states began to ban opium, upsetting the very foundations of overseas rule—how did this happen? This book traces the history of this dramatic reversal, revealing the colonial legacies that set the stage for the region's drug problems today. The book challenges the conventional wisdom about opium prohibition—that it came about because doctors awoke to the dangers of drug addiction or that it was a response to moral crusaders—uncovering a more complex story deep within the colonial bureaucracy. The book shows how prohibition was made possible by the pivotal contributions of seemingly weak bureaucratic officials. Comparing British and French experiences across today's Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam, the book examines how the everyday work of local administrators delegitimized the taxing of opium, which in turn made major anti-opium reforms possible. The book reveals the inner life of colonial bureaucracy, illuminating how European rulers reconfigured their opium-entangled foundations of governance and shaped Southeast Asia's political economy of illicit drugs and the punitive state.
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Young, Christopher. Sport in West and North Europe. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.26.
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This chapter examines the development of sport in one of the most significant regions in its history. It explains the institutional reasons why a truly comparative history of the continent is still lacking and presents and critiques fruitful new avenues that might lead to a more integrated picture. Its principle plaidoyer is for greater recognition of sports of non-British origin, as well as the polygenetic spread of British sports, especially in English-language scholarship. It also urges a cautious reconsideration of political and ideological narratives (of the Fascist era in particular), which have tended to reduce complex historical reality to moral truths. While the chapter places a special emphasis on the first half of the twentieth century, it outlines the three key areas of sport’s development after 1945: affluence in the West, the Cold War, and European integration. Here, too, the chapter calls on future accounts to strive for greater complexity.
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Kenny, Michael, Iain McLean, and Akash Paun, eds. Governing England. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266465.001.0001.
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England is ruled directly from Westminster by institutions and parties that are both English and British. The non-recognition of England reflects a long-standing assumption of ‘unionist statecraft’ that to draw a distinction between what is English and what is British risks destabilising the union state. The book examines evidence that this conflation of England and Britain is growing harder to sustain in view of increasing political divergence between the nations of the UK and the awakening of English national identity. These trends were reflected in the 2016 vote to leave the European Union, driven predominantly by English voters (outside London). Brexit was motivated in part by a desire to restore the primacy of the Westminster Parliament, but there are countervailing pressures for England to gain its own representative institutions and for devolution to England’s cities and regions. The book presents competing interpretations of the state of English nationhood, examining the views that little of significance has changed, that Englishness has been captured by populist nationalism, and that a more progressive, inclusive Englishness is struggling to emerge. We conclude that England’s national consciousness remains fragmented due to deep cleavages in its political culture and the absence of a reflective national conversation about England’s identity and relationship with the rest of the UK and the wider world. Brexit was a (largely) English revolt, tapping into unease about England’s place within two intersecting Unions (British and European), but it is easier to identify what the nation spoke against than what it voted for.
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Imlay, Talbot. The Practice of Socialist Internationalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641048.001.0001.
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The Practice of Socialist Internationalism examines the efforts of British, French, and German socialist parties to cooperate with one another on concrete international issues. Drawing on archival research in twelve countries, it spans the years from the First World War to the early 1960s, paying particular attention to the two post-war periods (1918 to the late 1920s and 1945 to the mid-1950s), during which national and international politics were recast. During these years, European socialists operated simultaneously in national and transnational spaces, and the book explores the ways in which these two spaces overlapped. In addition to highlighting a neglected dimension of twentieth-century European socialism, it provides novel perspectives on two related subjects: the history of internationalism and the history of international politics. Scholars of internationalism focus either on state or on non-state actors (INGOs), but socialist parties constituted something of a hybrid: rooted more firmly in national politics than most INGOs, they were also more self-consciously internationalist than state actors. Just as importantly, European socialists sought to forge a new practice of international relations, one that would emerge from their collective efforts to work out ‘socialist’ approaches to pressing issues of European politics such as post-war reconstruction, European integration, and decolonization. While the extent of their success is debatable, the efforts of European socialists to identify distinct approaches act as a spotlight, illuminating obscure yet vital aspects of an issue.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-British Europeans"
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Larsen, Henrik. "British Discourses on Europe: Sovereignty of Parliament, Instrumentality and the Non-Mythical Europe." In Reflective Approaches to European Governance, 109–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25469-9_7.
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Bertolini, Alessio, and Daniel Clegg. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in the UK." In IMISCOE Research Series, 419–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_26.
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AbstractImmigration policies and immigrants’ rights to social protection in the UK have evolved dramatically over the past few decades, due to changing immigration flows, the UK’s membership of the European Union (EU) and participation in the European Single Market, and increasing anti-immigration sentiment, which culminated with the decision to leave the EU in January 2020. In this chapter, we argue that, at present, access to social protection is hierarchically structured depending on the interplay of three key variables: benefit type, immigration status and residency status. British citizens residing in the UK and immigrants with a permanent leave to remain have access to full social protection. So do generally European Economic Area (EEA) immigrants with the right to reside, though the precise basis of the right to reside is important in determining the types of benefits the person is entitled to. Migrants with a temporary leave to remain are excluded from most non-contributory benefits, as generally are British citizens living abroad, though those residing in EEA countries and those residing in a country with which the UK has a social security agreement are still entitled to a limited range of benefits. Many changes in access to social protection, especially as regards EEA immigrants in the UK and British nationals living in the EEA, are likely to stem from the UK leaving the EU, though these changes are currently being negotiated and, at present, no definitive post-Brexit regulatory framework is available.
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Chan, Catherine S. "Horseracing, Theater and Camões." In The Macanese Diaspora in British Hong Kong. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729253_ch03.
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In 1866, Hong Kong’s middle-class Macanese founded Club Lusitano Ltd., the largest Portuguese gentlemen’s club in southern China. Modeled after British clubs yet boasting selective Portuguese characteristics, the club carved a space for the Macanese to elevate their presence in Hong Kong. It allowed Macanese men who worked as clerks and small business owners in the daytime to transcend the glass ceilings they encountered in the workplace. While showcasing the Portuguese flag, playing the Hino da Carta anthem and commemorating the legendary Portuguese poet Camões emerged as ways to legitimize Club Lusitano’s Portugueseness, inviting British government officials and prominent non-Macanese businessmen to lavish celebrations mirroring Portugal’s festivals opened new doors through which to enter the social worlds of respectable Europeans, businessmen and colonial officials.
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Van Dyke, Paul A. "Ambiguous Faces of the Canton Trade." In The Private Side of the Canton Trade, 1700-1840. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390939.003.0003.
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Because most historians of the Canton Trade have focused on Europeans and Americans, private Asian traders, as well as Armenians, Turks, and Jews, have been marginalized and left out of the conversation. As a result, the picture that has been presented, of Europeans and Americans dominating the private trade, is much distorted. It is very likely that a good percentage of the private ships were financed by persons from India, Southeast Asia and/or overseas Chinese. Given that the Chinese authorities opened the trade to non-Chinese regardless of nationality (except Japanese and Russians), and guaranteed them access to the market in Canton, this should not be surprising.In fact, many of the ships that called at Canton were actually commissioned by Muslims, Hindus, Parsees, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and Southeast Asians under cover of a European flag. A Jewish trader living in Baghdad might travel on a ship captained by an Englishman. A ship and her cargo might both be owned by Parsees or Armenians but fly a British flag. A Portuguese vessel based in Macau or a Chinese junk based in Guangzhou might actually be commissioned by the Dutch. But because of the scarcity of surviving records from these individuals and the tendency to identify vessels by their flags, the British and Americans have appeared as the dominant private traders at Canton in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Further studies will undoubtedly provide a fuller picture of their importance to the Canton Trade.
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Howard, Adam M. "Building a Nation." In Sewing the Fabric of Statehood, 24–49. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041464.003.0003.
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During the late 1920s and early 1930s, some Bundists began to identify as non-Zionists. Although they viewed Zionism as a nationalist distraction from their socialist values, they believed assisting a fellow labor movement in Histadrut a worthy cause. Additionally, they saw Palestine as a practical option for persecuted Jews to emigrate. With immigration restriction quotas passed by congress in 1921 and 1924 that several restricted Eastern and Southern Europeans from immigrating to the United States, these non-Zionists in the labor movement viewed Palestine as a reasonable alternative for persecuted Jews to go and begin new lives with a strong labor movement to help absorb them into the growing Jewish society there. To help Histadrut absorb these new immigrants, Jewish trade-union leaders expanded beyond the fundraising of the Gewerkschaften Campaign to specifically raise money for colonization. They raised money for the purchase of land in two places where housing was built for these new settlers, naming one the Leon Blum colony and the other the Louis Brandeis colony. This demonstrated the power of these non-government organizations (NGOs) operating transnationally to develop the infrastructure of burgeoning nation. However, in 1939, the British government’s McDonald White Paper would drastically reduce Jewish immigration to Palestine for the next five years and then eliminate it altogether after 1944.
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Clarke, Colin. "Kingston: A Creole Colonial City (1692–1962)." In Decolonizing the Colonial City. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269815.003.0010.
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In colonial towns—settlements founded or developed by Western, imperial powers—two or more ‘cities’ usually exist: ‘the indigenous, ‘‘tradition-orientated’’ settlement, frequently manifesting the characteristics of the ‘‘pre-industrial city’’, and on the other hand, the ‘‘new’’ or ‘‘western’’ city, established as a result of the colonial process’ (King 1976: 5–6). But Caribbean cities gainsay this duality. Caribbean societies have virtually no pre- European inhabitants, and the non-Western elements in their cultures are no more indigenous than the traits of their white elites. Caribbean cities are quintessentially colonial, products of early mercantilism. Their creole (local or American) cultural characteristics were fashioned in the Caribbean by white sugar planters, merchants, and administrators who enslaved the blacks they imported from Africa, and with them bred a hybrid group—the free coloured people (Braithwaite 1971). Caribbean colonial cities are characterized by a morphological unity imposed by Europeans, yet their social and spatial structures have been compartmentalized by these creole social divisions (Clarke 1975a; Goodenough 1976; Welch 2003) Caribbean societies have been moulded by colonialism, the sugar plantation and slavery. These historical factors have also been underpinned by insularity, which facilitated occupation, exploitation, and labour control— and implicated port cities in such seaborne activities as sugar export and slave-labour recruitment. Accordingly, four themes provide the organizational framework for this chapter on Kingston, the principal city of Jamaica, during the colonial period: the economy, population, colour-class-culture stratification, and the spatial aspects of the city’s organization. The themes relate to different scales: the urban economy expresses the global aspects of commercial transactions; population and race-class stratification refer to the juxtaposition of different populations and cultures within colonial society; these socio-economic structures give rise to distinctive spatial configurations within the urban community. By 1800 Kingston was the major city and port of the largest British colony in the Caribbean, and its multiracial population was rigidly stratified into legal estates. Since the early nineteenth century, Jamaica has experienced a sequence of clearly identified historical events—slave emancipation in 1834, equalization of the sugar duties after 1845, a workers’ riot in 1938, and a slow process of constitutional decolonization after 1944, leading up to independence in 1962. This chapter is therefore organized around three major periods in Caribbean history—slavery (1692–1838), emancipation and the postemancipation period (1838–1944), and constitutional decolonization (1944– 62).
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Wall, Stephen. "One Foot In and One Foot Out, 1990–1997." In Reluctant European, 201–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840671.003.0009.
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John Major had none of Thatcher’s reservations about German reunification and wanted to put Britain at the heart of Europe. But he faced growing Euroscepticism inside the Conservative Party. At Maastricht, Major secured for the UK the right to opt out or, later to opt in, to the proposed European single currency. The significance of this opt out for the longer term British sense of detachment from the rest of the EU was not then obvious. The ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in the UK, and the Major government, both nearly foundered, when the UK was forced out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism in 1991. Europe became a toxic issue in the Conservative Party. Mad Cow Disease triggered a policy of non-cooperation by the UK with the rest of the EU. Major championed the enlargement of the EU to include the newly freed countries of eastern and central Europe.
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Moore, Bob. "Black, North African and Indian Prisoners of War in Axis Hands." In Prisoners of War, 324–55. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840398.003.0012.
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Nazi racial policies were an established element within the Third Reich and a more general racism common among most European powers, but the use of imperial troops by British, French, and Italian states to prosecute the war meant that non-white British and French colonial troops became prisoners of the Germans and Italians. German attitudes were undoubtedly coloured by racist attitudes, but also by memories of the ‘black shame’, especially when it came to French colonial prisoners. Although there is no doubt that these men were subjected to much harsher treatment on the battlefield and sometimes subject to summary execution by their captors as well as being segregated and treated much less well than their European counterparts when taken into captivity, there were some exceptions when political considerations intervened. British Indian prisoners were subject to anti-imperialist German propaganda and French Muslim prisoners were likewise better treated at certain moments when it suited wider German diplomatic and security interests. Their exposure to German propaganda also created disquiet among the colonial powers who worried about how their imperial prestige had been undermined and how these men could be reintegrated back into colonial society.
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Bently, L., B. Sherman, D. Gangjee, and P. Johnson. "4. Criteria For Protection." In Intellectual Property Law, 98–134. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198869917.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the criteria used to determine whether a work is to be protected by copyright. More specifically, it considers the requirements for copyright protection: the work must be recorded in a material form; must be ‘original’; should be sufficiently connected to the UK to qualify for protection under UK law; and should not be excluded from protection on public policy grounds. There is discussion of the traditional British conception of originality, harmonization of ‘originality’ in Europe, analysis of differences between British and European standards on originality, and the issue of whether the UK can—and does—protect non-original works. The chapter concludes by focusing on subject matter excluded from copyright protection.
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Radušić, Edin. "Da li su bosanski muslimani Turci? Percepcija bosanskohercegovačkih muslimana 19. stoljeća u britanskom novinskom diskursu." In Kulturno-historijski tokovi u Bosni 15-19. stoljeća, 269–98. Univerzitet u Sarajevu - Orijentalni institut, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48116/zb.khb22.269.
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ARE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS TURKS? PERCEPTIONS OF 19TH CENTURY BOSNIAN MUSLIMS IN BRITISH NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE The paper analyzes the perception of Bosnian Muslims’ origin and dominant identity (as well as belonging) in the newspapers that shaped public discourse in Great Britain in the 19th century, especially in its second half. The focus is on the perception of the identity of Muslims in Ottoman Bosnia in relation to “all Turks” (as well as ethnic Turks), on the one hand, and with regard to the Christian population of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the other. In this regard, it was questioned whether Bosnian Muslims were presented as a monolithic social group, the ruling caste – according to the stereotypical model of social structures in European Turkey that all Turks were spahis, agas, and beys while peasants/tenants were only Christians – or was Bosnian Muslim community represented as a structured community made up of both upper and lower socio-economic strata. An attempt was also made to answer the question, as far as possible, of how the British newspaper discourse portrayed the attitude of Bosnian Muslims towards the modern values of 19th-century European humanism (respect for life, freedom, equality). A possible narrative of non-acceptance of these values by Bosnian Muslims would put that population group on the negative side of the insurmountable dividing line between civilization and barbarism. Indirectly, the article also offers an answer to whether humanism in 19th-century Britain reached a universal level or remained limited to only those that the British considered their own to some extent (Christians of European Turkey). Keywords:Bosnia and Herzegovina, Muslims, Christians, Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, British press
Conference papers on the topic "Non-British Europeans"
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Nanda, Anupam, Stanimira Milcheva, and Olayiwola Oladiran. "Housing Tenure Patterns for British Natives and non-Natives." In 25th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2018_166.
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Webster, Stephen. "The FITNET Fracture Module: Developments and Content." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67563.
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FITNET is a four-year European thematic network with the objective of developing and extending the use of fitness-for-service (FFS) procedures for welded and non-welded metallic structures throughout Europe. It is partly funded by the European Commission within the fifth framework programme and commenced in February 2002. The network currently consists of about 50 organisations from 17 European countries but also includes contributions from organisations in the USA, Japan and Korea. Further information can be found in the FITNET TN website: http://www.eurofitnet.org. The FITNET FFS Procedure is built up in four major analysis modules namely; Fracture, Fatigue, Creep and Corrosion and the procedure is being developed for completion in early 2006 in the form of CEN Document. The aim of this paper is to present the features, main analysis routes and major areas of technical development pertinent to the Fracture Module of the FITNET FFS Procedure. The procedure is based on previous developments carried out within the SINTAP project as well as advances in other standards such as the British Energy R6 rev 4 and the current amendments to the British Standard BS7910. In addition the work from other EU projects has been used to extend the treatment of several problem areas, such as the effect of constraint and the treatment of thin walled structures.
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Nicak, Tomas, and Elisabeth Keim. "STYLE: Project Overview." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25389.
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The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new EUROATOM project focusing on the structural integrity assessment of reactor coolant pressure boundary components (RCPB) relevant to ageing and life time management. The project started in January 2010 and will last 4 years. The project is coordinated by AREVA NP GmbH with 20 partner organizations from Europe, one collaborator from USA and one collaborator from Russia: AEKI, Hungary; AREVA NP GmbH, Germany (coordination, WP2 leader); AREVA NP SAS, France; Bay Zoltan, Hungary; British Energy Generation Ltd., UK (WP7 leader); CEA, France (WP1 leader); EDF, France; IdS, France; INR, Romania; IWM, Germany; JRC, Netherlands (WP4 leader); NRI, Czech Republik; NRG, Netherlands; SCK-CEN, Belgium; Serco Assurance Technical Services, UK (WP3 and WP5 leader); University of Bristol, UK; University of Manchester, UK; Technatom, Spain; Vattenfall, Sweden (WP6 leader); VTT, Finland. Within STYLE (Structural integrity for lifetime management – non-RPV components) realistic failure models for some of the key components will be identified. The range of assessment tools considered will include those for assessment of component failure by advanced fracture mechanics analyses validated on small and large scale experiments, quantification of weld residual stresses by numerical analysis and by measurements, stress corrosion crack initiation/ growth effects and assessment of RCPB components (excluding the reactor pressure vessel) under dynamic and seismic loading. Based on theoretical and experimental results, performance assessment and further development of simplified engineering assessment methods (EAM) will be carried out considering both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Integrity assessment case studies and large scale demonstration experiments will be performed on Mock-ups of safety-relevant components. These will include a repair weld in an aged butt-welded austenitic pipe, a dissimilar narrow gap TIG weld (following the EPR design) and a cladded ferritic pipe. Moreover experiments on specimens and feature test pieces will be carried out to support the large scale Mock-up analyses. The end product of the project (“STYLE TOOLS”) will comprise best practice guidelines on the use of advanced tools, on improvement and qualification of EAM as a part of European Leak-before-break (LBB) procedures and on life time management of the integrity of RCPB components in European nuclear power plants. The project will interact with the European Network of Excellence NULIFE.
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Cosham, Andrew, Brian N. Leis, Paul Roovers, Mures Zarèa, and Valerie Linton. "A Pressure Reduction to Prevent a Time-Delayed Failure in a Damaged Pipeline." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9440.
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Abstract A time-delayed failure due to stress-activated creep (cold-creep) is a failure that occurs under a constant load and with no growth due corrosion, fatigue or some other environmentally assisted time-dependent degradation mechanism. A time-delayed failure is prevented by reducing the pressure. ASME B31.4 and B31.8 recommend a 20 percent reduction, to 80 percent of the pressure at the time of damage or discovery. T/PM/P/11 Management Procedure for Inspection, assessment and repair of damaged (non-leaking) steel pipelines, an internal procedure used by National Grid, specifies a 15 percent reduction. The guidance in ASME B31.4 and B31.8, and in T/PM/P/11, is directly or indirectly based on the results of tests on the long term stability of defects conducted by the Battelle Memorial Institute and British Gas Corporation in the 1960s and 70s. The line pipe steels were Grades X52 or X60, and the full-size equivalent Charpy V-notch impact energy (where reported) did not exceed 35 J. The tests indicated that the threshold for a time-delayed failure was approximately 85–95% SAPF (straightaway-pressure-to-failure). The strength and toughness of line pipe steels has significantly increased over the decades due to developments in steel-making and processing. The question then is whether an empirical threshold based on tests on lower strength and lower toughness steels is applicable to higher strength and higher toughness steels. In the Tripartite Project, the Australian Pipelines and Gas Association (APGA), the European Pipeline Research Group (EPRG) and the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) collaborated in conducting full-scale six step-load-hold tests on higher strength and higher toughness steels. Companion papers present the other aspects of this multi-year project. An empirical threshold for a time-delayed failure is estimated using the results of the six step-load-hold tests. That estimate is also informed by the other published small and full-scale tests (on lower strength and lower toughness steels). The Ductile Flaw Growth Model is used to infer the effect of strength and toughness on the threshold for a time-delayed failure. A 15 percent pressure reduction, to 85 percent of the pressure at the time of damage (or of the maximum pressure that has occurred since the time of damage), is considered to be sufficient to prevent a time-delayed failure due to stress-activated creep in lower and higher toughness, in lower and higher strength, and in older and newer line pipe steels.