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Al-Dulaimi, Zaid. "Non-aqueous shale gas recovery system." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/104172/.
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gh European energy demands, the difference in prices amongst Europe and ambitious gas producers, have produced a scenario of high competition in a region that suffers a lack of fossil resources still required for energy generation. Therefore, other sources are under the scope of various countries to mitigate these issues. Shale gas is one fuel that presents a scenario that would decrease European dependence on imported gas. Although shale gas production is unlikely to give the energy security desired to the whole Europe, it would make a difference for the communities that will adopt it. However, shale gas has acquired a bad reputation with the public, mainly because of its extraction methods. This bad reputation is attributed to hydraulic fracturing, technology well-known as fracking, and its risks associated towards air and water pollution. Therefore, companies, institutions and governments are looking for other alternative methods of extraction with more environmentally friendly processes. Producing extensive high-pressure pulse waves at the base of the wellbore by using detonation is a promising potential technique for shale gas extraction. A fundamental study of deflagration to detonation transition using recirculated shale gas formation with pure oxygen as an oxidiser has been studied to design a system with lower DDT distance and higher pressure waves. Three proposed cases of UK shale gas composition were studied. Chemical equilibrium software GASEQ and chemical kinetic software CHEMKIN-PRO were used to estimate the product parameters. Results showed that the effect produced by diluents, such as carbon dioxide, are eliminated by the use of higher hydrogen content carbon-to-hydrogen species for the three cases proposed. OpenFOAM CFD was used to calculate the deflagration to detonation transition parameters in stoichiometric hydrogen air mixtures to evaluate different obstacle geometries on the transition phenomenon to improve the detonation process. The shape and layout of obstacles were found to have a significant effect on flame acceleration, and subsequent detonation propagation. The interaction of transverse pressure waves generated at the obstructions governs the propagation mechanism. The transverse waves and its frequency appear to play a pivotal role in supporting the detonation wave. H iv It was found that rectangular shape obstacles reduce the reaction time, while triangular ones achieved detonation with the minimum run-up distance. On the other hand, semicircular shape obstacles generate the highest pressure in a detonation tube. The outcome from numerical calculations and CFD were the guide to construct an experimental rig of 21.2mm diameter and 1500mm length tube with different obstacle configurations to demonstrate the concept of pulse detonation for shale rock cracking. Experimental work has been performed to determine the potential of shale gas production in the Dullais Valley, South of Wales. It was found through several tests using BS standard volatile analyses, Transmission Electron Microscopy and pyrolysis RockEval evaluation that the potential of extraction in this region is fair, with similar concentrations of pyrite but with low energy content compared to those resources located in the Midlands and Yorkshire. However, the use of controlled pulse detonation could be the ideal technology for extraction in Wales, as low sulphur (S) content will produce lower unwanted emissions, with a process that can promote opening of pores and further gasification of oil based molecular, with a subsequent increase in shale gas production, topic that requires further research. Finally, a 2-dimensional simulation was performed using ANSYS Parameter Design Language (APDL) to investigate the effect of pressure pulse generated by the detonation tube on a pre-crack. Results showed that the layer close to the applied load will be displaced, which means that it will be smashed. The maximum Von Mises stresses were found to concentrate at the perforating hole corners, while the region immediately after the crack tip is susceptible to compression stresses. The Same behaviour was found for the stress intensity factor. According to that, it is believed that the cracks will propagate diagonally from the perforating hole base. Therefore, the current work has theoretically demonstrated the technology for shale gas recovery, with an optimised geometry consistent of internal obstacles, for a region with potential for shale gas exploitation.
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Banerjee, Ashis. "Rheological and thermodynamic investigation of some properties prevailing in aqueous and non-aqueous system." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1357.
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Dakua, Vikas Kumar. "Physico-chemical studies on interactions between ion-solvent, ion-ion and solvent-solvent in aqueous and non-aqueous pure and mixed solvent systems." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/707.
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Das, Samir. "Investigation of solution behaviour and inclusion complexation of some noteworthy compounds with the manifestation of assorted interactions prevalent in aqueous and non-aqueous systems." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2022. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4788.
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Smylie, J. "Studies on the mechanism of template polymerisation in aqueous and non-aqueous systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372123.
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Jayaraman, Krithika M. "Mass transfer from non-aqueous phase liquids to the aqueous phase in groundwater systems." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01122010-020214/.
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Escalante, García Ismailia Leilani. "Fundamental and Flow Battery Studies for Non-Aqueous Redox Systems." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1425046485.
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Theaker, Ian. "A structural and thermodynamic study of non-aqueous solvent/wax systems." Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4996.
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Non-aqueous wax/solvent systems of industrial relevance for the manufacture of paste polishes have been investigated. These mixtures have been modelled using a paraffin wax of Japanese origin (Nippon Seiro 140/145°F) in a solution of pure heptane to which dopant components are added.The stability of any resulting gel has been assessed via solubility studies and measurement of the solvent vapour pressure. A new technique for the measurement of vapour pressure in these systems has been developed. The operation of the apparatus has been made almost completely automatic by the use of modern control units.Complementary analytical techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance have been used to augment the data where appropriate and the structure of these pastes has been investigated with the use of Optical Microscopy.
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Islam, Mojahedul. "The stability of foam, with special emphasis on non-aqueous systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46269.
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Voigt, Mirko [Verfasser]. "Biodegradable non-aqueous in situ forming microparticle drug delivery systems / Mirko Voigt." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1026069688/34.
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Richter, Clemens [Verfasser]. "Investigation of Local and Non-Local Autoionization in Aqueous Systems / Clemens Richter." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-refubium-31980-9.
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Hotrum, Natalie Elizabeth. "Interactions between kappa-carrageenan and beta-lactoglobulin in gelling and non-gelling aqueous systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43172.pdf.
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Das, Bijan. "Physico - chemical investigations on the ion-solvent interactions of some Tetraalkylammonium and common ions in non-aqueous and mixed binary aqueous solvent systems." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/719.
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Silva, Milene Alexandra Cirne da. "Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous effluents using ionic liquids." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15495.
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Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Industrial e AmbientalSignificant improvements in human health have been achieved through the increased consumption of pharmaceutical drugs. However, most of these active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are excreted by mammals (in a metabolized or unchanged form) into the environment. The presence of residual amounts of these contaminants was already confirmed in aqueous streams since treatment processes either wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) or sewage treatment plants (STPs) are not specifically designed for this type of pollutants. Although they are present in aqueous effluents, they are usually at very low concentrations, most of the times below the detection limits of analytical equipment used for their quantification, hindering their accurate monitoring. Therefore, the development of a pre-concentration technique in order to accurately quantify and monitor these components in aqueous streams is of major relevance. This work addresses the use of liquid-liquid equilibria, applying ionic liquids (ILs), for the extraction and concentration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from aqueous effluents. Particularly, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of ILs and potassium citrate were investigated in the extraction and concentration of naproxen, diclofenac and ketoprofen from aqueous media. Both the extraction efficiency and concentration factor achievable by these systems was determined and evaluated. Within the best conditions, extraction efficiencies of 99.4% and concentration factors up to 13 times were obtained.
As melhorias significativas alcançadas nas condições de vida dos seres humanos têm sido acompanhadas por um aumento no consumo de compostos farmacêuticos. No entanto, a maioria destes ingredientes farmacêuticos ativos (IFA) acabam por ser excretados pelos mamíferos (numa forma inalterada ou metabolizados) para o ambiente. A presença de quantidades residuais destes contaminantes já foi confirmada em correntes aquosas de abastecimento, uma vez que os processos de tratamento em estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETARs) e estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs) não são projetados especificamente para este tipo de poluentes. Estes poluentes estão presentes em baixas concentrações nos efluentes aquosos (entre μg.L-1 e ng.L-1) e, por vezes, próximo dos limites de deteção do equipamento analítico utilizado dificultando a sua monitorização. Consequentemente, o desenvolvimento de uma técnica de pré-concentração assume uma enorme relevância a fim de quantificar com precisão e exatidão estes poluentes em correntes aquosas. Este trabalho aborda a utilização de equilibrio líquidolíquido, utilizando líquidos iónicos (LIs) como solventes, para a extração e concentração de fármacos anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) a partir de correntes aquosas. Particularmente, foram estudados sistemas aquosos bifásicos (SAB) compostos por LIs e citrato de potássio na extração e concentração de naproxeno, diclofenaco e cetoprofeno. Avaliou-se quer a eficiência de extração quer o fator de concentração alcançado com este tipo de sistemas. Nas melhores condições estudadas, a eficiência de extração e o fator de concentração alcançados são de 99,4% e 13 vezes, respetivamente.
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Feng, Ling, and Ling Feng. "Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of residual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952080.
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The thesis mainly focused on the implementation of advanced oxidation processes for the elimination of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-ketoprofen, naproxen and piroxicam in waters. The three compounds are among the most used medicines, whose presence in waters poses a potential ecotoxicological risk. Due to the low pharmaceuticals removal efficiency of traditional wastwater treatement plants, worldwide concerns and calls are raised for efficient and eco-friendly technologies. Advanced oxidation processes, such as ozonation-biofiltration, electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes, which attracted a growing interest over the last two decades, could achieve almost complete destruction of the pollutants studied. Firstly, removal of selected pharmaceuticals from tap water was investigated by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes "electro-Fenton" and "anodic oxidation" with Pt or boron-doped diamond anode and carbon felt cathode at lab-scale. Removal rates and minieralization current efficencies under different operatioanl conditions were analysed. Meanwhile, intermediates produced during the mineralization were also identified, which helps to propose plausible oxidation pathway of each compound in presence of *OH. Finally, the evolution of the global toxicity of treated solutions was monitored using Microtox method, based on the fluorescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri bacteria. In the second part, the three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory molecules added in organics-free or surface water were treated under varying ozone treatment regimes with the quite well established technology ozone/biofiltration. A bench-scale biological film was employed to determine the biodegradability of chemical intermediates formed in ozonized surface water. Identification of intermediates formed during the processes and bacterial toxicity monitoring were conducted to assess the pharmaceuticals degradation pathway and potential biological effects, respectively
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Feng, Ling. "Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of residual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1109/document.
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La thèse a porté principalement sur la mise en œuvre de procédés d'oxydation avancée permettant l'élimination de trois anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens, le kétoprofène, le naproxène et le piroxicam dans l'eau. Ces trois composés sont parmi les médicaments les plus utilisés, dont la présence dans les eaux naturelles présente potentiellement un risque toxicologique. En raison de la faible efficacité d'élimination des produits pharmaceutiques par les stations traditionnels de traitement des eaux usées, les scientifiques se sont mis à la recherche de technologies de traitements efficaces et respectueuses de l'environnement. Les procédés d'oxydation avancée, comme l'ozonation-biofiltration, l'électro-Fenton et l'oxydation anodique peuvent permettre d'atteindre la destruction presque complète des polluants étudiés et de ce fait ils ont suscité un intérêt grandissant au cours des deux dernières décennies. Tout d'abord, ce travail s'intéresse à l'élimination de certains produits pharmaceutiques dans des solutions synthétiques préparées dans l'eau de robinet à l'aide des procédés électro-Fenton et oxydation anodique dans une cellule électrochimique équipée d'une anode de platine ou de diamant dopé au bore et d'une cathode de feutre de carbone. Cette étude a été menée à l'échelle du laboratoire. Les vitesses d'élimination des molécules pharmaceutiques ainsi que le degré de minéralisation des solutions étudiées ont été déterminées sous différentes conditions opératoires. Pendant ce temps, les sous-produits de l'oxidation générés au cours de la minéralisation ont également été identifiés, ce qui nous a permis de proposer les voies d'oxydation possible pour chaque composé pharmaceutique en présence du radical hydroxyl •OH. Enfin, l'évolution de la toxicité au cours des traitements a été suivie en utilisant la méthode Microtox, basée sur l'inhibition de la fluorescence des bactéries Vibrio fischeri. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse, les trois anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens ont été ajoutés dans une eau déminéralisée ou dans une eau de surface. Ces eaux ont été traitées à l'aide de différentes doses d'ozone; puis le traitement à l'ozone à été combiné à un traitement biologique par biofiltration. Un biofilm biologique déposé à la surface d'un filtre de charbon actif a été utilisé pour déterminer la biodégradabilité des sous-produits d'oxydation formés dans les eaux de surface ozonée. L'identification des intermédiaires formés lors des processus de traitement et des contrôles de toxicité bactérienne ont été menées pour évaluer la voie de dégradation des produits pharmaceutiques et des effets biologiques potentiels, respectivementThe thesis mainly focused on the implementation of advanced oxidation processes for the elimination of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-ketoprofen, naproxen and piroxicam in waters. The three compounds are among the most used medicines, whose presence in waters poses a potential ecotoxicological risk. Due to the low pharmaceuticals removal efficiency of traditional wastwater treatement plants, worldwide concerns and calls are raised for efficient and eco-friendly technologies. Advanced oxidation processes, such as ozonation-biofiltration, electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes, which attracted a growing interest over the last two decades, could achieve almost complete destruction of the pollutants studied. Firstly, removal of selected pharmaceuticals from tap water was investigated by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes “electro-Fenton” and “anodic oxidation” with Pt or boron-doped diamond anode and carbon felt cathode at lab-scale. Removal rates and minieralization current efficencies under different operatioanl conditions were analysed. Meanwhile, intermediates produced during the mineralization were also identified, which helps to propose plausible oxidation pathway of each compound in presence of •OH. Finally, the evolution of the global toxicity of treated solutions was monitored using Microtox method, based on the fluorescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri bacteria. In the second part, the three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory molecules added in organics-free or surface water were treated under varying ozone treatment regimes with the quite well established technology ozone/biofiltration. A bench-scale biological film was employed to determine the biodegradability of chemical intermediates formed in ozonized surface water. Identification of intermediates formed during the processes and bacterial toxicity monitoring were conducted to assess the pharmaceuticals degradation pathway and potential biological effects, respectively
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Murugan, Nirosha J. "PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN PLANARIAN AND NON-LIVING AQUEOUS SYSTEMS FROM EXPOSURE TO TEMPORALLY PATTERNED MAGNETIC FIELDS." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2013. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2125.
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Planarian maintained in spring water and exposed for two hours to temporally patterned, weak (1 to 5 μT) magnetic field in the dark displayed diminished mobility that simulated the effects of morphine and enhanced this effect at concentrations associated with receptor subtypes. A single (5 hr) exposure to this same pattern following several days of exposure to a very complex patterned field in darkness dissolved the planarian and was associated with an expansion of their volume. Spectral power density analyses of direct measurements of the spring water only following exposure to this field in darkness showed emission spectra that were displayed from control conditions by ~10 nm and associated with an energy increment of ~10-20 J. This value is an intrinsic solution for the physical properties of the water molecule. “Shielding” the exposed water with plastic, aluminum foil or copper foil indicated that only the latter eliminated a powerful spike in photon emission around 280 nm. Continuous measurement of pH indicated that the slow shift towards alkalinity over 12 hours of exposure was associated with enhanced transient pH shifts of .02 units with typical durations between 20 and 40 ms. These results indicate that the appropriately patterned and amplitude of magnetic field that affects water directly could mediate some of the powerful effects displayed by biological aquatic systems.
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Garcia, Claudia Pacheco. "Síntese e caracterização de nanocompósitos à base de poliuretano dispersos em água com argilas hidrofílica e organofílica." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3098.
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A área de pesquisa de materiais nanoestruturados tem recebido destacada atenção nos últimos anos por parte da comunidade científica, ressaltando-se os nanocompósitos à base de polímero e argila. Nesta Dissertação foram sintetizados nanocompósitos à base de poliuretano (NWPUs) com argilas do tipo montmorilonita (MMT), hidrofóbicas (organofílicas) e hidrofílica. Os monômeros empregados na síntese foram poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG); polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado (HTPB); ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA), diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI) e hidrazina (HYD), como extensor de cadeia. Nas formulações, foram variadas as proporções de HTPB e o teor das argilas. As argilas organofílica Cloisite 30B e hidrofílica Cloisite Na+ foram incorporadas em 1, 3 e 5 %, enquanto que a organofílica Cloisite 15A foi incorporada no teor de 1%. As dispersões foram caracterizadas quanto ao teor de sólidos totais, tamanho médio de partículas e viscosidade. Os filmes vazados a partir das dispersões foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios-x (XDR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). A resistência térmica e a transição vítrea dos materiais foram determinadas por termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), respectivamente. O teor de absorção de água e o comportamento mecânico dos filmes foram avaliados. Foi verificada, por XRD, a ausência do pico de cristalinidade, característico das argilas puras e não-deslaminadas. As micrografias obtidas por SEM confirmam uma dispersão homogênea das argilas na matriz poliuretânica. Os filmes à base de nanocompósitos (NWPUs) apresentaram propriedades mecânicas superiores às apresentadas por aqueles obtidos a partir das dispersões sem a presença de argila (WPUs). A adesão dos revestimentos formados, pela aplicação das dispersões em diversos substratos, também foi verificada visualmente. Os resultados das análises mostraram que houve a formação de nanocompósitos à base de água, formados tanto a partir da argila hidrofílica quanto das organofílicas
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Müller, Simon [Verfasser]. "Application and refinement of COSMO-RS-ES for calculating phase equilibria of electrolyte systems at high concentrations in mixed and non-aqueous solvents / Simon Müller." Hamburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222589095/34.
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Miranda, Gisele dos Santos. "Estudo da incorporação de diferentes tipos de argilas hidrofílicas em dispersões aquosas de poliuretanos para formação de nanocompósitos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2834.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorNeste trabalho foram sintetizados nanocompósitos à base de poliuretanos em dispersão aquosa (NWPUs) e argilas hidrofílicas do tipo montimorilonita (MMT) de natureza sódica e cálcica. Os monômeros empregados na síntese foram: poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG); copolímero em bloco à base de poli(glicol etilênico) e poli(glicol propilênico) (EG-b-PG), com teor de 7% de EG; ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA) e diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI). Os NWPUs tiveram as argilas, previamente deslaminadas em água e incorporadas à formulação no momento da dispersão do prepolímero. Dispersões aquosas (WPUs), sem a presença de argila, foram sintetizadas como base, nas quais foram variadas a razão NCO/OH e a proporção de copolímero em relação ao PPG. Nas formulações NWPUs, foram variados também o teor de argila em relação à massa de prepolímero e o tipo de argila sódica e cálcica. As dispersões foram avaliadas, quanto ao teor de sólidos totais, tamanho médio de partícula e viscosidade. Os filmes vazados a partir das dispersões foram caracterizados por espectrometria na região do infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios-x (XRD) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). A resistência térmica dos filmes foi determinada por termogravimetria (TG) e a resistência mecânica dos filmes foi avaliada por ensaios mecânicos em dinamômetro. O grau de absorção de água dos filmes também foi determinado. A formação de nanocompósitos à base de água foi confirmada pela ausência do pico de XRD, característico das argilas empregadas na maioria dos filmes analisados. As micrografias obtidas por SEM confirmam uma dispersão homogênea das argilas na matriz poliuretânica. Os filmes à base de nanocompósitos (NWPUs) apresentaram propriedades superiores às apresentadas por aqueles obtidos a partir das dispersões sem argilas (WPUs). Os revestimentos formados a partir da aplicação das dispersões aderiram à maioria dos substratos testados (metal, vidro, madeira e papel) formando superfícies homogêneas
In this work nanocomposites (NWPUs) based on waterborne polyurethanes and hydrophilic montimorillonite clays (MMT) were synthesized. Polypropyleneglycol (PPG), poly(ethylene glycol-b-propylene glycol) (EG-b-PG) containing 7% of ethylene glycol (EG), dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were employed in polyurethane synthesis. The NWPUs were prepared with calys previously exfoliated in water, and were added at the moment of dispersion. Different formulations were obtained from WPUs, without clays, by varying the NCO/OH ratio, and the proportions of PPG and EG-b-PG. For NWPUs formation was varied the content of clays with different cations (Na+ and Ca+2). The properties of the dispersions were evaluated in terms of their solid content, particle size and viscosity. The cast films obtained were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability of the films was evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG) and mechanical properties in a dynamometry. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy examinations were determined confirming the nanocomposite formation. NWPUs films showed improved properties in comparison with WPUs Coatings obtained by the application of the dispersions in substrates as wood, metals, paper and glass were homogeneous and showed good adherence
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Yao, N'guessan Alfred. "Contribution a l'etude des jonctions gaas-electrolyte aqueux et non aqueux : formation de l'interface et cinetique de transfert de charges." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077174.
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"Immunotoxic and immunodisruptive effects of selected dense non-aqueous phase liquids in immunocompromised cells." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2356.
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M.Sc.Dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are groups of chemicals often found beneath the water surface when chemical contamination of water occurs and they are called groundwater contaminants. Their improper storage and extensive use in industries as well as their slow degradation provide a long term source for of low level contamination of ground- and river water. Evidence from both human and animal studies suggests that volatile organic and organochlorinated compounds (specific types of DNAPLs), may increase host susceptibility to microbial infection, induce alterations in the maturation of effector immune cells and compromise immune surveillance mechanisms. These effects of DNAPLs hold special relevance for people living with HIV/AIDS. In light of this, the present study investigated the in vitro immunological effects of the two most common DNAPLs contaminants, Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Aroclor-1254 (ARO) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of immunocompromised and healthy donors. TCE and ARO were successfully dissolved in cell culture medium and added to freshly isolated PBMCs in a 1:1 ratio. Following incubation, cell functionality and cytotoxicity (or immunotoxicity) were assessed using MTT and LDH. Viability was confirmed and/or cell death analyzed by flow cytometry. Culture supernatants were used to assess NO and cytokine production as well as for quantification of viral replication. TCE and ARO induced a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cell viability/functionality in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis of cell death pathways indicated that TCE and ARO induced apoptosis. These chemicals also induced the secretion of both NO and proinflammatory cytokines suggesting that they may induce apoptosis via an inflammatory pathway, which may explain the mitochondrial dysfunction as determined by the MTT assay. ARO effects were more prominent than those of TCE, and both were more detrimental to HIV positive PBMCs compared to uninfected cells. The viral p24 levels increased in a dose-dependent fashion suggesting an effect for TCE and ARO on viral replication. This research concludes that DNAPL-contamination is detrimental to especially immuno-compromised systems.
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Xiao, Caibin. "Thermodynamics of aqueous electrolytes and hydrogen-bonded non-electrolytes over a wide range of temperature and pressure : the aqueous trivalent lanthanide cations and the methanol-water system /." 1997.
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Sarkar, Ranajoy. "Formulation and evaluation of an artificial lipoprotein gene delivery system for targeted gene delivery to glioma cells ; effect of dual surfactant systems on properties of ethyl cellulose microspheres prepared by non-aqueous emulsion-solvent evaporation method." 2005. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/sarkar%5Franajoy%5F200505%5Fphd.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Georgia, 2005.Directed by James C. Price. Chapter 2 published in Biomedical aspects of drug targeting. Includes articles submitted to Pharmaceutical research, Journal of microencapsulation, and International journal of pharmaceutics. Includes bibliographical references.
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Chowdary, Ghanta Venkaiah. "Investigations on the lipase catalyzed reactions in non-aqueous systems for ester synthesis." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/2683.
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Woo, Lee Eun, Enrico Drioli, and Raffaele Molinari. "Preparation of Organic Solvent Resistant Polymeric Membranes for Applications in Non-aqueous Systems." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10955/1076.
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Dottorato di Ricerca in Ingegneria Chimica e dei Materiali, Scuola di Dottorato "Pitagora" in Scienze Ingegneristiche, Ciclo XXIV, a.a. 2010-2011Operazioni a membrana sono oggi usate in numerosi processi di separazione e il numero di applicazioni è in rapida crescita anche grazie alla necessità di sviluppare nuovi processi sempre più eco-sostenibili. Le operazioni a membrana sono infatti caratterizzate da una più elevata efficienza energetica e minore impatto ambientale rispetto ai processi tradizionali di separazione. In particolare, è evidente un crescente interesse sia accademico che industriale verso processi di separazione a membrana in fase liquida non acquosa. Tuttavia i meccanismi di trasporto del soluto attraverso membrane polimeriche in ambiente organico, sono molto più complicati che in fase acquosa a causa delle forti interazioni fisiche e chimiche tra membrana, soluto e solvente. Nonostante i meccanismi di trasporto non siano stati completamente chiariti, sono attualmente disponibili membrane commerciali per nanofiltrazione in solventi organici (OSN). Questo lavoro ha avuto come obiettivo la preparazione e caratterizzazione di membrane polimeriche da impiegare in separazioni in solventi organici. Sono state preparate membrane polimeriche a base di polidimetilsilossano (PDMS) e un co-polimero della polimmide (P84, PI). Al fine di controllare la dimensione e distribuzione dei pori, è stato investigato l’effetto dei diversi parametri di preparazione e i dettagli sperimentali sono forniti nei capitoli seguenti Nel Capitolo 1 è presentata una introduzione generale sulle membrane e i processi a membrana. Nel Capitolo 2 è presentata una overview sullo stato dell’arte delle membrane polimeriche per separazioni in solventi organici, con particolare attenzione alle membrane da nanofiltrazione (SRNF). Nel Capitolo 3 è descritta la preparazione di membrane piane porose a base di PDMS. Due differenti metodi sono stati seguiti: nel primo, per formare i pori delle membrane, sono state usate specie chimiche quali acqua, iso-propanolo, metanolo, etanolo e glicole etilenico, che producono idrogeno gassoso in situ mediante reazione con i gruppi Si-H del crosslinker usato per preparare il PDMS (polimero formato da reazione di idrosililazione fra un pre-polimero e un crosslinker). Nel secondo metodo è stato usato l’1,4-diossano come additivo in grado di formare i pori successivamente alla sua rimozione dalla membrana. Nel Capitolo 4, è stata descritta la preparazione e caratterizzazione di membrane asimmetriche piane della co-polimmide P84®. E’ stato studiato l’effetto della concentrazione del polimero e del tipo del solvente sulla morfologia e proprietà di trasporto delle membrane. E’ stato inoltre investigato l’effetto della presenza di diverse concentrazioni di un co-solvente (1,4-diossano) o un non-solvente (acqua ed etanolo) nella soluzione polimerica. Le proprietà di trasporto delle membrane sono state valutate in test di permeazione con solventi organici e di reiezione nei medesimi solventi con molecole modello quali coloranti a diversa massa molare e carica Le membrane di P84® sono state reticolate, al fine di aumentarne la stabilità, mediante reazione con 1,5-diamino-2-metilpentano (DAMP). Le condizioni di reticolazione sono state ottimizzate variando la concentrazione del reagente e il tempo di reazione. Le membrane reticolate sono risultate completamente stabili in numerosi solventi organici inclusi solventi come DMAc, DMF e NMP, in cui il polimero di partenza era solubile. Nel Capitolo 5 è stata descritta la preparazione di fibre cave SRNF mediante inversione di fase indotta da non solvente, preceduta o meno, da una parziale evaporazione del solvente. Inoltre è stata realizzata una innovativa procedura di reticolazione in cui durante la filatura il DAMP è stato introdotto nel fluido interno. Le proprietà chimiche e meccaniche delle fibre sono state analizzate rispettivamente mediante FT-IR/ATR e test di elongazione. Inoltre sono stati condotti test di permeazione e reiezione usando la Rodamina B in acetonitrile ed etanolo.
Università della Calabria
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Sinquefield, Scott A. "A microcomputer software package for simulation of non-ideal aqueous electrolyte systems at equilibrium." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36556.
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The non-ideal aqueous electrolyte simulator (NAELS) is composed of
three major parts: a Newton-Raphson non-linear optimization program written
by Weare, et al (1987); an activity coefficient subroutine for non-ideal
electrolyte systems based on Pitzer's model; and an extensive, user expandable
database. It is robust, stable, and requires neither thermodynamic data nor
initial guesses as input. NAELS provides very good estimates of equilibrium
speciation and solubility in concentrated electrolyte systems. NAELS was
assembled as a technical utility package for use on IBM-compatable
microcomputers.Graduation date: 1992
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You, Xiaorong. "Towards an understanding of steric stabilization when using PEO-PS-PEO triblock copolymer as the stabilizer in the non-aqueous emulsion polymerization systems /." Diss., 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9935188.
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