Journal articles on the topic 'Nomotetico'

Il flusso ordinario della vita ha collocato l'autore, attraverso un processo di autocollocazione, con consapevole/inconsapevole naturalezza nella interdisciplinarità: "non sono stato io a collocarmi [..] lo ha fatto la vita nel farsi tra l'idiografico e il nomotetico" con il solo vincolo di una continua, crescente curiosità dell'autore nei confronti dell'umano e della conoscenza. Un rischio crescente è l'imperialismo cognitivo, fallace economicistico, con una concezione dei soggetti umani ridotti a "individui razionali massimizzanti" mossi da un capitalismo finanziarizzato dispiegato.

Il lavoro mostra come un possibile rinnovamento dell'approccio idiografico si fondi non più sulla classica distinzione tra il "particolare" e l'"universale" (prerogativa storica dell'approccio nomotetico), ma sulla possibilità di produrre nuova conoscenza attraverso diverse forme di generalizzazione a partire dal caso singolo. Il caso singolo conserva grande interesse nello studio e nella ricerca dei feno-meni psicologici, in virtù della costitutiva contestualità, contingenza, variabilità temporale e situatività di ogni fenomeno umano. In virtù di tali considerazioni, viene presentato l'approccio idiografico attraverso un'attenta disamina storica, la rifondazione delle sue assunzioni teoretiche, epistemologiche e metodologiche, tra cui la ri-concettualizzazione di alcune opposizioni teoriche ormai obsolete, la considerazione di alcune debolezze epistemologiche dell'uso del campione nelle discipline psicologiche, il rapporto stretto tra l'unicità e il generale, il processo di generalizzazione abduttiva, la relazione circolare tra teoria e fenomeni, la riconsiderazione del processo di validazione delle ricerche.

Vengono presentati i principali sistemi di diagnosi psichiatrica, e precisamente le ultime edizioni del Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) dell'American Psychiatric Association (il DSM-III del 1980, il DSM-III-R del 1987, il DSM-IV del 1994, il DSM-IV-TR del 2000, e il DSM-5 previsto per il 2013), la decima edizione dell'International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) proposta nel 1992 dalla Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanitŕ (OMS), e il Manuale Diagnostico Psicodinamico (PDM) prodotto dalla comunitŕ psicoanalitica internazionale nel 2006. A proposito dei DSM, vengono discussi alcuni problemi metodologici quali le dicotomie validitŕ/attendibilitŕ, categorie/dimensioni e politetico/monotetico, e anticipati alcuni dibattiti critici a proposito del futuro DSM-5, previsto per il 2013. Infine, vengono discusse le seguenti problematiche: la psicopatologia "descrittiva" e "strutturale"; la diagnosi come "difesa" del terapeuta; l'aspetto scientifico e l'aspetto filosofico della diagnosi; i tentativi di "sospensione" del giudizio e dei nostri preconcetti; la dicotomia nomotetico-idiografico.

Comprehensive System of Rorschach interpretation is considered as nomotetic system that makes possible using of projective method in research projects. However, research use of Rorschach method besides of appropriate knowledge of assign procedures and interpretation rules, means a knowledge of specific methodological issues. The Rorschach indicators are nor independent, as they are a part of specific net, so in some research it is necessary to control basic variables not to get artifacts in our research. This is basically relied on researches where we compare groups, as well as in normative studies where through cross-cultural we compare Rorschach indicators. .

The article examines the interconnections between theory, history and imagination in anthropology. Anthropology as academic discipline was established on the scholars? endeavors to raise the history above simple historiography descriptions to the level of theoretical knowledge and nomotetic science, based on the principles of rationality. Therefore, in a way, the contribution of imaginative thinking to the emergence of anthropology and its influence on the formative processes of multi-cultural exchange has been underestimated. An revised analysis of the importance of imagination in these processes makes possible revision of the history of anthropology asking for new anthropological "literacy" focused on understanding the formative aspects of imagination in constitution of knowledge.

Modern dünya-sisteminin gelişimi ve devamı ile doğrudan ilişkili gördüğü sosyal bilimi eleştiren Immanuel Wallerstein, eleştirilerini sosyal bilimin epistemolojik yapısı üzerine yoğunlaştırmaktadır. Wallerstein sosyal biliminin, idiografik-nomotetik ikiliğinden oluşan epistemolojik kamplaşmasına ve disiplinlere bölünmesine, Avrupa merkezciliğine, araçsal rasyonaliteye ve sorunlu ZamanUzay yaklaşımına dayanan modern bilgi yapılarına karşı çıkmaktadır. Yeni bilgi yapılarının inşasını sosyal bilimcilerin sorumluluğu olarak gören Wallerstein, dünya-sistemleri analizi ile alternatif bir yaklaşım geliştirmeye ya da verili hali ile sosyal bilimin sınırlarını aşmaya çalışmıştır. Yeni sosyal bilime dair ip uçları vermesi açısından, dünya-sistemleri analizinin epistemolojik özdüşünümü yapıldığında, Wallerstein’in bu amacının bir kısmını yerine getirdiği görülmektedir. Bu anlamda Wallerstein’in nomotetik olana asimetrik bir eğilimi olmasına rağmen iki epistemolojiyi ayırmadan kullandığını ve toplumsal gerçekliği disiplinlerin sınırları ile parçalamadan bütünlük içerisinde ele aldığını söylemek mümkündür. Kendi stratejisi ile tutarlı bir biçimde Avrupa merkezciliği zorlamış, benimsediği tözel rasyonaliteyle Aydınlanmanın rasyonalitesinden uzaklaşmaya çalışmış ve alternatif ZamanUzay katmanları oluşturmuştur. Böylece idealize ettiği yeni bilgi yapıları ve sosyal bilim için bir yol açmaya çalışmıştır. Bu bağlamda sosyal bilimler sosyolojisine teorik ve pratik katkılar sunmuştur. Ancak yapısal ZamanUzay boyutuna atfettiği önem ve modern dünya-sistemini determinist bir yaklaşımla ele alması analizinin amacının önüne geçmiştir.

In questo articolo l'autore puntualizza gli elementi teorici, metodologici e clinici che rendono necessaria una considerazione rigorosa della diagnosi in psicoanalisi relazionale e si sofferma sul particolare uso che di essa si puň fare nella terapia. Nella prima parte del lavoro, considerando anche i recenti contributi di Albasi, Lingiardi, Shedler e Westen, si ribadisce la specificitŕ della diagnosi psicologica, volta a cogliere l'insieme delle caratteristiche e del disagio psicologico delle persone, piuttosto che a individuare malattie come fa la diagnosi medica, e l'importanza di tenere conto di tutte le dimensioni conoscitive in gioco nel processo diagnostico: la dimensione nosografica (nomotetica), la formulazione del caso clinico (idiografica) e la dimensione relazionale (implicita). Tesi fondamentale dell'autore č che i presupposti epistemici del modello relazionale, la teoria dei sistemi e il paradigma della complessitŕ consentano una visione unitaria della personalitŕ, intesa come un sistema dotato di coerenza e capace di autoorganizzantesi all'interno del sistema sociale di cui fa parte.

Přehledová studie upozorňuje, že se od dob W. Windelbanda proměnil pohled na nomotetický a idiografický přístup ve výzkumu i diagnostice. Připomíná, že lze rozlišit užší pojem psychologické testování, jež staví na standardizovaných nástrojích, a širší pojem psychologické hodnocení, psychologická diagnostika opírající se o klinický přístup. S oporou o práci Haynese et al. (2009) pak definuje idiografickou diagnostiku a ukazuje, že jde o proud, který se promyšleně snaží o individualizovat psychologickou diagnostiku. Těžiště přehledové studie spočívá v ukázkách, jak se tyto snahy prosazují při diagnostice individuální kvality života lidí. Míru individualizace diagnostický nástrojů lze odstupňovat – podle O’Boyla et al. (2007) existuje šest stupňů. Studie na příkladu diagnostického nástroje SQLP – Subjective Quality of Life Profile (Dazord et al. 1995, 1998) ilustruje konkrétní podobu individualizace. V závěru jsou shrnuty výhody a nevýhody individualizovaných diagnostických nástrojů.

The author is undertaken attempt to characterize particularities and cognitive possibilities of diatropic approach as methodological basis of modern scientifically-pedagogical research. It is shown it essence and is revealed urgency to study the phenomena and process to pedagogical reality.Diatropic paradigm of co-ordinates, cultural and sub-cultural worlds and finally individual displays personality and its environment represents gnosiological subsoil for determination of optimum correlation of idiographу and nomotetics in scientifically-pedagogical research, statement uniqueness of each individual is not more significant, than human nature in general.We consider that diatropic and cognitive model orients the researchers of the pedagogical phenomena, processes, systems, on the search of mutually complemented tendencies of scientific cognition on eclecticism, search and establishment of original, than on providing general and universal. Diatropic approach as methodology of scientifically-pedagogical researches determines logic of search in multicultural professionally educational spacious of variety of general properties and differences in the large aggregates of objects. Such way of cognition is not eliminated by the grant of advantage the idea of variant that acquires the special actuality in the conditions of reformation of the domestic educational system.

Siden starten af 1990’erne har sundhedssystemet i stigende grad været præget af evidensbaseret medicin, dvs. nogle retningslinjer for kliniske beslutningsprocesser, der følger ganske bestemte procedurer, som skulle sikre, at behandling er up to date og i overensstemmelse med den bedst tilgængelige viden. Evidens-logikken har bredt sig langt ud over de snævert biomedicinske domæner, som den oprindeligt var tiltænkt og bliver i dag brugt som en selvfølgelig standard inden for klinisk psykologi og psykiatri. Artiklen forholder sig diskuterende til den ukritiske og ureflekterede anvendelse af evidens-logikken, som godt nok har bragt meget positivt med sig, men også skabt en række nye problemer. Disse handler især om den manglende anerkendelse af og hensyntagen til idiografisk viden, dvs. viden om det enkelte menneske med de helt særlige ønsker, motiver og behov, som det rummer. Ligeledes indfanges det unikke i kontakten mellem to individer heller ikke. Evidens-logikken prioriterer nomotetisk viden, der principielt ikke er interesseret i individuelle forskelle, og dette er specielt kritisabelt, når det handler om fag som psykologi og psykiatri, der bl.a. arbejder med individuelle meningskabende mentale sider af mennesker, som kun kan forstås i en idiografisk optik. Artiklen giver endeligt et bud på, hvordan EBM-logikken og psykologien kan relateres.

This paper examines the relation of world-system analysis to the social sciences. The world-systems analysis is skeptical about the current state of the social sciences. In his view, disciplines as such have no place in the future. This is due to the crisis in the modern prevailing liberal ideology and the division of social sciences into an infinite number of new disciplines. In these circumstances, the world-systemists, as a way of survival, propose to combine the social sciences and create a single "historical social science". The work consists of two parts and a conclusion: the first part describes the history of the emergence of social sciences from the point of view of world-system analysis, and the second part examines three fundamental pillars of the transdisciplinary nature of world-system social science. The world-system analysis challenges the idiographic and nomotetic sciences, arguing that the concept of time is often interpreted incorrectly by them. The world-systemists abandon the principles of determinism and indeterminism, and rely on a probabilistic model. Also, within the framework of this approach, the principle of reversibility of time is denied and the "arrow of time" is promoted. An unconventional approach to time in world-system analysis is the basis for the formation of the need for transdisciplinary research. World-system analysis pays special attention to the concept of longue durée, which emphasizes patterns and structures, and is not limited to events. Accordingly, there is a need to study history on the principle of integrity, which in the terminology of the school of "Annals" is designated as total history. A holistic approach leads to the application of a variety of methods from different disciplines. In conclusion, the main critics of the current state of the social sciences are listed and the "historical social science" of world-system analysis is evaluated as an alternative to the "closed" disciplines of the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.

The article is devoted to theoretical and applied research of law enforcement activities of subjects of crime prevention. The subject of scientific knowledge are the norms of criminological legislation and subordinate normative legal acts; the practice of implementing these norms by relevant subjects, as well as scientific approaches to theoretical understanding of law enforcement, factors and indicators that allow improving efficiency in the field under consideration. The aim of the work is a comprehensive empirical study of the effectiveness of law enforcement in the field of preventive criminological activity and the development of a specific mechanism for its optimization. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific methods of cognition (logical, system-structural, generalization, analysis, synthesis) and a number of private scientific methods, namely statistical, sociological, nomotetic, based on the author's methodology for calculating qualitative and quantitative indicators of the state of crime and law enforcement activities implemented in the field of crime prevention. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that on the basis of the conducted research, new empirical data were obtained regarding the effectiveness of law enforcement activities of prevention subjects. The results obtained made it possible to identify the reasons for the low productivity of this activity, which should include not only certain contradictions and shortcomings of preventive legislation, but also existing defects in legal implementation techniques, distortions towards formal law enforcement and repressive practices. The main forms and methods of work of subjects of criminological prevention, the level of interaction between various bodies and subjects of crime prevention are analyzed, which made it possible to identify gaps and shortcomings of legal regulation of this activity and to form the main directions for its improvement. The scope of application of the results obtained is the practical activity of the subjects of crime prevention, as well as the conclusions and suggestions obtained can be useful for further improvement of the norms of preventive legislation.

Med afsæt i et kort rids af de forskellige betydninger af integrativ psykoterapi og de forskellige måder, hvorpå det kan praktiseres, er det gennemgående fokus i artiklen at undersøge novicers forudsætninger for at praktisere integrativ psykoterapi. Vordende psykologer tilegner sig på studiet et bredtkendskab til anvendte og almenpsykologiske discipliner. Dersom de i overgangen til psykoterapeutisk praksis afgrænser sig til én bestemt terapiform, vil det indebære, at man må sætte parentes om en betydelig del af den tilegnede viden fra studiet. Integrativ psykoterapi fremstår som et alternativ, der er karakteriseret af en åbenhed for at kombinere forskellige teorier, teknikker og behandlingsformer med henblik på at tilpasse behandlingen efter klientens idiosynkratiske behov. Artiklen opererer med en udvidet forståelse for, hvad der kan være genstand for integration, idet der argumenteres for, at forholdetmellem teori/praksis, nomotetisk/idiografisk viden, terapeutens personlighed og måder at agere på i terapien også indgår i integrative processer. Integration hos novicer skildres som en måde, hvorpå vedkommende kan udvikle sig som terapeut, frem for en bestemt måde at praktisere psykoterapi på. På den ene side indebærer integrativ psykoterapi en mulighed for at udvælge og blande teorier og interventioner, der synes at passe bedst i mødet med den enkelte klient for at forbedre terapien. På den anden side er der en risiko for, at terapien bliver usammenhængende, uoverskuelig og baseret på et ubevidst hensyn til egne behov, frem for hvad der tjener klienten bedst. Det konkluderes, at novicer kan arbejde integrativt i det omfang, de er i stand til at regulere den kompleksitet, integrative processer indebærer, ud fra deres kognitive og emotionelle kapacitet i terapisituation.

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini dirumuskan sebagai berikut: (1) mendiskripsikan nilai-nilai nomotesis yang terdapat dalam peranti pernikahan adat masyarakat Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) dan Provinsi Jambi; (2) mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai ideosinkretis yang terdapat dalam peranti pernikahan adat masyarakat Provinsi NTT dan Provinsi Jambi? Data dikumpulkan dengan menerapkan metode simak dan metode cakap. Selain itu, data juga dikumpulkan dengan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip etnografi dalam antropolinguisitk. Data selanjutnya diklasifikasi dan ditipifikasi sehingga terwujud tipe-tipe data yang siap untuk dikenai metode dan teknik analisis data. Adapun metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitia ini adalah metode analisis padan kontekstual. Selain itu, metode analisis distribusional juga diterapkan untuk mendukung penerapan metode analisis padan kontekstual. Metode analisis padan dan metode analisis distribusional tersebut dilengkapi dengan teknik analisis yang lazim diterapkan dalam penelitian etnografi dan metode analisis ini. Manfaat teoretis penelitian ini adalah untuk menyempurnakan teori-teori ekolinguistik yang selama ini didasarkan pada teori-teori Barat. Manfaat praktisnya adalah untuk memaksimalkan perkuliahan ekolinguistik yang selama itu belum kontekstual di program-program magister. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat enam nilai kenomotetisan makna simbolis peranti pernikahan adat masyarakat NTT, dan masyarakat Jambi yang dikaji dengen perspektik ekolinguistik metaforis. Keenam nilai simbolik yang bersifat nomotetis tersebut disampaikan sebagai berikut: (1) nilai cinta kasih, (2) nilai ekonomis, (3) nilai kekeluargaan, (4) nilai keagungan, (5) nilai religius. Selanjutnya nilai-nilai simbolik pernikahan adat di kedua provinsi tersebut memiliki nilai-nilai keideosinkretisan sebagai berikut: (1) nilai keharmonisan, (2) nilai ketulusan, (3) nilai pengharapan, (4) nilai penghormatan terhadap wanita. Kata Kunci: kenomotetisan; keideosinkretisan; makna simbolik; ekolinguistik metaforis ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was formulated as follows: (1) describing the nomothetic values of traditional marriage equipments of the people of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and Jambi societies; (2) describing the ideosyncretic values contained in the traditional marriage tools of the people of NTT and Jambi societies? Data was collected by applying the listening method and the interview method. In addition, data are also collected by applying ethnographic principles in anthropology. The data collected are then classified and typified to realize the types of data that are ready to be subjected to data analysis methods and techniques. The data analysis method used in this research is the contextual equivalent analysis method. In addition, the distributional analysis method is also applied to support the application of the contextual equivalent analysis method. The equivalent analysis method and the distribution analysis method are complemented by analytical techniques commonly used in ethnographic research. The theoretical benefit of this research is to perfect ecolinguistic theories that have been based on Western theories. The practical benefit is to maximize ecolinguistic lectures which have not been contextual in the master's programs. The results of this research showed that there were six values of symbolic meaning of the traditional marriage tools of the NTT community, and that of the people of Jambi which were studied with a metaphorical ecolinguistic perspective. The six symbolic values that are nomothetic in nature are conveyed as follows: (1) the value of love, (2) economic value, (3) family value, (4) grandeur value, (5) religious value. Furthermore, the symbolic values of traditional marriage in the two communities have the following ideological ideals: (1) harmony, (2) sincerity, (3) expectation, (4) respect for women. Keywords: nomothetics; ideosyncratic; symbolic meaning; metaphorical ecolinguistics

Straipsnio tikslas yra parodyti repertuarinių gardelių technikos (RGT), kaip Aš sistemos tyrimo metodo galimybes, atlikus trijų individualių atvejų analizę. RGT, kuri yra pagrįsta G. A. Kelly’o asmenybės konstruktų teorija, leidžia suderinti nomotetinės ir ideografinės psichodiagnostikos principus, atskleisti unikalų asmenybės Aš sistemos turinį, struktūrą, savigarbos lygį. Tyrimui naudotas RGT variantas – įvertinimų gardelė. Atlikta individualių duomenų koreliacinė analizė, apskaičiuoti konstruktų intensyvumo balai ir gardelės sąryšio balas, tiriamųjų Aš sistemos pavaizduotos grafiškai. Trys pateikti atvejai atspindi skirtingą tiriamųjų Aš sistemos turinį, struktūrą ir savęs vertinimą. Savęs interpretavimui tiriamieji naudoja įvairius konstruktų rinkinius. Atsiskleidė trys skirtingos Aš sistemos struktūros – monolitinė, integruotoji ir difuzinė. Koreliacijos tarp realaus ir idealaus Aš koeficientas atskleidė tiriamųjų savigarbos lygį. Išryškėjo vienas bendras visiems tiriamiesiems bruožas – „privalomojo Aš“ reikšmingumas Aš sistemoje. Rezultatai padeda suprasti problemas, su kuriomis tiriamieji gali susidurti. THE POSSIBILITIES OF REPERTORY GRID TECHNIQUE AS A METHOD OF RESEARCH OF THE SELF-SYSTEMDalia Kujalienė SummarySelf is a topic of great interest and very widely researched problem in psychology. Nevertheless after a century of researches and discussions there is no theory and definition of the self which would agree most of scholars with. Very viable is distinction between two fundamental aspects of the self, the “I” and the “Me”, self as a subject and self as an object. I-self is the knower, the active agent responsible for constructing of the Me-self. “I” initiates and controls activity, processes information about self. “Me” represents all things known about self. “Me” came to be labeled the self-concept and has received major attention of researchers. There are many definitions of the selfconcept. Discussions about its nature, structure and influence on the functioning of a person are still continuing. One can find very little agreement in consideration of these questions. It is possible to trace out three common themes that almost all scholars recognize: knowledge about the self, evaluation of self and feelings towards self. Because of theoretical confusion there is no satisfactory method of research of self-concept. Various theoretical models of the selfconcept are in essence sets of dimensions which are invented by authors. Researches using the methods, based on these models, almost always confirm theoretical presumptions. The question arises: are these dimensions really those which exhaustively reveal true content and structure of self-concept? Some authors question the purposefulness of nomotethic investigation in this area and suggest to change the point of view to the problem from researcher’s perspective to the perspective of participants, and apply ideographic, phenomenological methods for the research of self.One of the method of the investigation of self, poorly known in Lithuania, is repertory grid technique based on G. A. Kelly’s personal construct theory.From the standpoint of personal construct theory self can be treated in three ways: 1) as an object (element) that can be evaluated by some dimensions, 2) as construct “Me – not-Me” (construct is a dimensijon used by the person for interpreting of himself and surrounding world), other objects can be evaluated as “like Me” and “not like Me”; 3) as a system of constructs – self-system, the sum of constructs related with the pole “Me” of construct “Me – not-Me”. Selfsystem is the central part of personal construct system and influences all its functioning. As every construct system self-system is just one of possible ways of interpreting of self and thus it may be not accurate and adequate. The main function of self-system is to help the person to predict his reactions to future events and to control his needs, emotions and actions.Repertory grid technique allows to reveal unique individual content, structure and evaluative aspects of the self-system and thus shows person’s view to himself from his own perspective. In order to investigate the self-system two schemes may be used. First, when various aspects of the self (Me as I am, as I would like to be, as I ought to be, etc.) are used as elements. Second, when various aspects of the self are used as constructs. In this case other people important to the person under investigation are used as elements. The content of self-system can be revealed through constructs that are related to different aspects of the self. The structure of self-system can be find out, analisying relationships of constructs. The evaluative aspect of self-system becomes clear from the relationship between real and ideal self.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the possibilities of repertory grid technique as a method of research of the self-system by presenting three individual cases. The rating grid was used. The scheme of investigation: 1. filling in of the list of elements; 2. construct elicitation using dyads of elements; one of elements always was “Me as I am”; 3. rating of elements on each construct on 5 point scale. The result of this process – an element by construct matrix of ratings that could be analysed by various methods of mathematical statistic. Correlation analysis was performed. Intensity and relation scores were computed. The graphical representation of self-systems was presented.Three given cases represent very different content and structure of the self-system and self-evaluation of participants. Each participant used different set of constructs for self-interpretation. Three types of the structure of self-system were revealed: monolithic, integrated and diffuse. Through the correlation between real and ideal self the level of self-evaluation emerged. One common feature of participants was detected – the importance of “ought self”. Results help to understand the personal problems that participants can face with.

Vengono presentati i principali sistemi di diagnosi psichiatrica, e precisamente le ultime edizioni del Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) dell'American Psychiatric Association (il DSM-III del 1980, il DSM-III-R del 1987, il DSM-IV del 1994, il DSM-IV-TR del 2000, e il DSM-V previsto per il 2013), la 10a edizione dell'International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) proposta nel 1992 dall'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanitŕ (OMS), e il Manuale Diagnostico Psicodinamico (PDM) prodotto dalla comunitŕ psicoanalitica internazionale nel 2006. A proposito dei DSM, vengono discussi alcuni problemi metodologici quali le dicotomie validitŕ/attendibilitŕ, categorie/dimensioni e politetico/monotetico, e anticipati alcuni dibattiti critici a proposito del futuro DSM-V. Infine, vengono discusse le seguenti problematiche: la psicopatologia "descrittiva" e "strutturale"; la diagnosi come "difesa" del terapeuta; l'aspetto scientifico e l'aspetto filosofico della diagnosi; i tentativi di "sospensione" del giudizio e dei nostri preconcetti; la dicotomia nomotetico-idiografico.

Perbedaan cara pandang dalam menghasilkan pengetahuan baru, dan kemampuan masing-masing pendekatan dalam menghasilkan generalisasi telah menimbulkan pertentangan (kontroversi) diantara ilmuwan dan peneliti. Masing-masing dengan paradigmanya sendiri, positivis (kuantitatif) atau interpretif (kualitatif). Observasi dengan mengandalkan sedikit sampel merupakan sumber pertentangan dalam menetapkan generalisasi hasil penelitian. Banyak penelitian konsumen telah berlangsung dan menambahknan beberapa dasar studi kualitatif dengan mulai mempelajari, menyaring, mengembangkan, dan adanya kebutuhan yang sangat kuat untuk menerapkan metode penelitian kualitatif. Perlawanan intelektual masih berlangsung diantara partisan pendekatan nomotetic (menjelaskan fenomena obyektif) dan partisan studi idiographic (menjelaskan fenomena subyektif). Artikel ini berkaitan dengan penelitian kualitatif perilaku pelanggan online yang bertujuan mengeksplorasi kualitas layanan (e-Servqual) yang menumbuhkan kepuasan (e-Satisfaction) dan membentuk loyalitas (e-Loyalty).    Kata kunci: penelitian kualitatif, logika induktif, toko online, ulasan pelanggan