Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nominal structure'

This thesis investigates the structure of DPs in Jordanian Arabic (JA) focusing on Nominal Ellipsis (NE). Cross-linguistically, research on NE has produced a number of perspectives on the mechanisms involved in the licensing of NE. I argue that most of the mainstream approaches to NE cannot capture the full set of the ellipsis facts in JA, and that the ellipsis data in JA can be best captured under the ellipsis and stranding approach of Saab and Lipt ak (2016). I show that ellipsis takes place at two levels inside the DP, and that pronominalization arises as a by-product of a stranded affix scenario due to the application of ellipsis at the lower NP level. The investigation of NE in JA has implications for the structure of DPs containing numerals and for possessive DPs. It will be shown that that two classes of numerals in JA occupy different structural positions in the extended nominal projection giving rise to different agreement patterns and affecting the possibilities of ellipsis. As concerns possessive DPs, I investigate the behaviour of the Construct State and Free State constructions under ellipsis. I argue that the two constructions behave differently under ellipsis, and that the possessor DP merges in different positions. Overall, this thesis contributes signi cantly to the debate on the necessary conditions(s) for ellipsis licensing in the DP. It also has implications for the structure of the DP in Arabic.

Cette these etudie le comportement orthographique, morphologique et syntaxique des groupes nominaux de structure nom a nom et nom a verbe, figes ou en voie de lexicalisation. Notre travail se situe dans une perspective de reconnaissance lexicale automatique et s'organise en deux parties correspondant a deux objectifs distincts : construire les fichiers nan et nav d'un dictionnaire electronique de mots composes et degager des regles de productivite qui permettent d'engendrer de nouveaux composes. La premiere partie analyse la base de donnees lexicales que nous avons construite, dans laquelle les variantes formelles des entrees (variantes orthographiques, formes flechies, variantes elliptiques et morphosyntactiques) sont decrites systematiquement. Dans la seconde partie, des classes semantiques d'objets sont definies, qui servent de cadre a l'analyse de la combinatoire interne des gn denotant des objets concrets. Trois principaux groupes de relations syntaxiques rendent compte de la productivite des structures nan et nav<br>This dissertation explores the orthographic, morphological and syntactic properties of french compound nouns with structure noun a noun and noun a verb from the perspective of automatic lexical recognition. The two main sections correspond to two seperate goals : build the nan and nav files of an electronic dictionary of compound words and elicit productivity rules that will allow the generation of new compounds. The first section analyzes the lexical data base we have built and in which the formal variants of the entries (spelling variants, inflected forms, elliptic and morphosyntactic variants) are described systematically. In the second section, semantic classes are defined that serve as a framework to study the internal syntax of free compounds denoting concrete objects. Three main groups of syntactic relations acount for the productivity of the nan and nav structures

This dissertation is a comparative study of the morphosyntax of the constituents referred to as noun phrases in traditional grammar. In line with Abney’s (1987) Determiner Phrase (DP) Hypothesis, this study investigates the syntactic structures of Sinitic nominal phrases by means of a thorough study of lexical elements, such as numerals, classifiers, possessives, adjectives, and nouns, and functional elements, such as plural/collective markers, force particles, and modification markers. It is argued that the syntactic structure of the nominal phrase is universal regardless of the presence of lexical items which realise the heads of the functional projections. This study further proposes a unified account of the articulated structure of nominal phrases, as a full-fledged DP, to explain the syntactic phenomena in both classifier and non-classifier languages. More specifically, a Probe-Goal feature-valuing model is proposed to account for parametric variation among Sinitic and other languages within the framework of Chomsky’s (2000, 2001, 2004) Phase-based Minimalist Programme. Furthermore, given the assumption of the Split-DP Hypothesis, this study proposes that the DP in Sinitic languages is also not a unitary projection but an articulated array of functional projections, including DforceP, DfocusP, DtopicP and DdefiniteP. As their counterparts in the clausal domain, these functional projections encode discourse-related properties, such as illocutionary force, topic, and focus. As far as modification structures are concerned, this study argues that the bare modifier is base-generated in the Spec of a functional or lexical projection, whereas the marked modifier is adjoined to the left of the nominal phrase by the operation Adjunction.

The present thesis aims to use novel observations as to the behaviour of anaphoric 'one' when under modification in order to explore more acutely the structure of the nominal phrase. There has been decades of disagreement as to the syntactic nature of anaphoric 'one'. This work highlights novel observations about anaphoric 'one' and offers structural analyses for them. Anaphoric 'one' behaves in a markedly distinct way when modified by a prenominal modifier versus when it is modified by a postnominal modifier. Specifically the indefinite article, numerals, and certain quantifiers are able to be introduced into the structure of the noun phrase only when anaphoric 'one' is modified prenominally. In such cases that is modified postnominally the introduction of such material is not possible. Rather than appealing to rich featural specifications on syntactic objects by way of explanation this thesis offers an account based upon the structure of the nominal. An obligatory movement operation in the nominal projection is proposed, the result of which produces a structural configuration which limits extraction from the moved constituent. It is the two of these factors working together that produces the pattern of behaviour to be captured. Finally I present phenomena that can be found in Spanish, Dutch, Turkish, and Slovenian which can be easily captured using the structural analysis offered in this work. The suggestion being that all of these languages exhibit not only the same movement operation in the nominal projection, but the same limit on what may be extracted from the moved constituent.

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 28, 2000." Also available in print.

Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T15:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-09-05<br>Interest rates are key economic variables to much of finance and macroeconomics, and an enormous amount of work is found in both fields about the topic. Curiously, in spite of their common interest, finance and macro research on the topic have seldom interacted, using different approaches to address its main issues with almost no intersection. Concerned with interest rate contingent claims, finance term structure models relate interest rates to lagged interest rates; concerned with economic relations and macro dynamics, macro models regress a few interest rates on a wide variety of economic variables. If models are true though simplified descriptions of reality, the relevant factors should be captured by both the set of bond yields and that of economic variables. Each approach should be able to address the other field concerns with equal emciency, since the economic variables are revealed by the bond yields and these by the economic variables.

Cette thèse examine les principaux problèmes liés à la structure interne des pronoms et des groupes nominaux sans nom exprimé. Elle distingue, du point de vue syntaxique, les pronoms des groupes à nom vide. Du point de vue sémantique, la distinction centrale est celle entre l'interprétation par anaphore nominale (« N-anaphorique ») et l'interprétation sans anaphore nominale (« non-N-anaphorique »). Cette distinction ne se superpose pas à la distinction syntaxique. Parmi les pronoms, nous distinguons (i) les pronoms qui admettent la modification adnominale, différant des déterminants suivis d'un nom vide par la forme et par l'interprétation toujours non-N-anaphorique ; il s'agit principalement des pronoms indéfinis ; nous les analysons comme des déterminants incorporant un nom grammatical ; (ii) les pronoms qui n'admettent pas de modification adnominale, que nous analysons comme des déterminants intransitifs. Nous incluons dans cette classe les pronoms personnels, sauf les formes transitives de 1-2 pi. Qui existent dans certaines langues. Nous présentons les principales analyses des pronoms personnels qui ont été proposées et nous offrons des arguments originaux en faveur de notre analyse. Pour les groupes à N vide, après avoir noté l'existence des deux interprétations, N-anaphorique et non-N-anaphorique, nous traitons : (i) la question de la nature de l'anaphore nominale (génération en base 01 effacement) et (ii) la question de la légitimation du N vide. Nous soutenons l'existence de conditions générale: de légitimation, mais nous montrons que plusieurs phénomènes qui ont été expliqués en termes de légitimation sont à analyser comme des alternances morphologiques<br>This dissertation investigates the main issues concerning the internal structure of pronouns and noun phrases without an overt noun. On the syntactic side, it distinguishes between pronouns and phrases with an empty noun. The main semantic distinction is between the nominal anaphora reading and the interpretation without nominal anaphora. This distinction does not coincide with the syntactic distinction between pronouns and phrases with an empty noun. Among pronouns, we distinguish (i) pronouns allowing adnominal modification, which differ from determiners followed by an empty noun by the form and by the absence of the N-anaphoric reading; these are mainly indefinite pronouns; we analyze them as determiners incorporating a grammatical noun; (ii) pronouns which do not allow adnominal modification, which we analyze as intransitive determiners; in this class we include Personal pronouns, except for the transitive instances of 1-2 person pi. Pronouns found in some languages. We present the main analyses of personal pronouns which have been proposed and we produce novel arguments in favor of our analysis. Concerning phrases with empty nouns or noun ellipsis, after having noticed the availability of both readings, with and without nominal anaphora, we discuss: (i) the issue of the nature of nominal anaphora (base generation or deletion) and (ii) the licensing of the empty noun. We show that there exist very general licensing conditions, but many phenomena which have been explained by syntactic licensing conditions are to be analyzed as morphological alternations

Si le groupe nominal non adverbial obeit aux regles generales de la relativation, qu'il soit en position de sujet, de complement ou de complement indirect, certains adverbes presentent, par rapport a ces groupes nominaux ordinaires, sujet, complements directs, des restrictions particulieres qui affectent la relation entre determinant et modifieur. Ces restrictions qui sont plus rares avec un sujet ou un objet direct de verbe ordinaire s'observent dans certaines phrases a verbe support. En reprenant l'hypothese de z. S. Harris 1976 et m. Gross 1990 selon laquelle l'adverbe est un predicat avec un verbe support sous-jacent, nous avons reduit les adverbes a des phrases simples ou phrases minimales, c'est-a-dire a des phrases ou la forme prepositionnelle correspondant a l'adverbe est indispensable : une structure adverbiale prep det n modif peut etre associee a un verbe support et cette structure predicative (ou complement supporte) prend une forme adverbiale a la suite d'une insertion dans une phrase. Nous avons emis l'hypothese selon laquelle la possibilite ou l'impossibilite d'observer certaines associations de determinants et de modifieurs dans le complement supporte se transposent a l'adverbe correspondant. Nous l'avons verifiee le plus souvent et quand ce n'etait pas le cas, nous avons suggere d'autres solutions<br>If the nominal groups when not used in an adverb comply to general rules of relative sentence derivation, when being subject, object or indirect object, somes adverbs exhibit specific limitations when compared to usual nominal groups ; these limitations affect the relationship between the article and the modifier. These restrictions which seldom occur with subjects or objects appear in some sentences with a support verb. Following z. S. Harris 1976 and m. Gross 1990 assumption, stating that the adverb is a predicate of some underlying verb, we tried to reduce many adverbs to simple or minimal sentences where a prepositional form directly derived from the adverb is syntactically mandatory ; such a structure with a preposition can be linked to some support verb ant the adverb form can be derived from the predicative form when embedded in a sentence. We assumed that the relationship between article and modifier in the predicative form directly implies a corresponding relationship in the adverbial form. This assumption has be proved in most cases, and alternative explanations have been proposed in some other cases

Cette these examine la structure phrastique et la structure du syntagme nominal en coreen. A cet effet, la theorie de l'incorporation et la theorie du cas en sont les principaux outils de travail. La structure phrastique proposee est une structure etoffee dans laquelle les constituants du complexe verbal sont des categories autonomes. L'element portant le morpheme nominatif est analyse soit comme sujet soit comme focus. La distribution des morphemes casuels est expliquee par la theorie de l'incorporation et par la contrainte sur la realisation morphologique du trait casuel. Une structure configurationnelle est proposee pour le syntagme nominal sur la base de la distribution du genitif et du liage pronominal et anaphorique<br>This thesis investigates the phrase structure and the noun phrase structure of korean. In this investigation, the theory of incorporation and the theory of case are invoked in a principled way. The phrase structure proposed for korean is a layered structure in which the constituents of a verbal complexeare automous categories. As for elements with nominative morphemes, some of them are analyzed as subjects and the others as focus elements. The distribution of case morphemes is explained by the theory of incorporation and by the constraint on the morphological realization of case features. A configurational structure is proposed for noun phrases in korean, based on the distribution of genetive elements and on the pronominal and anaphoric binding

Cette recherche démontre que la distinction absolue entre les concepts interprétatifs +argument; et +circonstant;, celle qui a été bien justifiée dans le passif, a également une portée pertinente pour l'analyse des autres données importantes, à savoir, la nominalisation (groupe nominal ayant pour tete une nominalisation) et le causatif (phrase a causatif psychologique suffixe comme exciter). Ainsi, si l'on considère une phrase et un groupe nominal coréens construits respectivement autour d'un verbe et d'une nominalisation correspondante, on constate que l'asymétrie argumentale entre le terme-objet (argument) et le terme-sujet (circonstant) de la phrase peut être aussi vérifiée dans le mode de réalisation des compléments du groupe nominal, et surtout dans le pheénomene de +paradoxe argumental;. En ce qui concerne le causatif en francais et en coréen, lui aussi justifie la pertinence de la distinction entre +argument; et +circonstant;, en mettant au jour une dimension méconnue de la causativation suffixale, à savoir, une identification entre le +circonstant non obligatoire et non discriminant; du radical verbal intransitif (ex. S 'excit(er)) et le +circonstant obligatoire et discriminant; du suffixe verbal causatif. Mettant en valeur la pertinence de l'analyse morphologique, nous apportons pour le francais un eclairage original sur les constructions a verbe intransitif (anti-causatif) tel que s'exciter ou se degouter de, ainsi que sur le statut affixal du +se; réflechi concerne. En définitive, nous montrons que les nominalisations psychologiques du type excitation ou dégoût, contrairement à l'opinion commune, n'ont rien d'étrange ou d'anormal, et qu'elles ont une organisation syntaxico-argumentale parallèle à celle des verbes intransitifs apparentes tels que s'exciter ou se dégoûter de. Au reste, nous mettons en évidence le phénomène de +distorsion catégorielle; dans la position de gn genitif du groupe nominal en coréen<br>This research demonstrates that the definitive distinction between the interpretive concepts +argument; and +circumstant;, which has been ably shown in the passive, also has a relevant bearing in the analysis of other important themes, namely, the nominalization (a noun phrase having as its head a nominalization) and the causative (a phrase having a suffixed psychological causative verb as exciter). Thus, if one considers a phrase and a noun phrase in korean constructed respectively around a verb and its corresponding nominalization, one learns that the argumental asymmetry between the term-object (argument) and the term-subject (circumstant) of the phrase can also be verified within the mode of the realization of the noun phrase's complements, and especially in the phenomenon of "argumental paradox". Insofar as the causative in french and korean is concerned, this also displays the relevance of the distinction between +argument; and +circumstant;, bringing into discussion a relatively unknown dimension of suffixal causativation, that is to say, an identification between the "non-obligatory and non-discriminant circumstant; of the radical verbal intransitive (ex. S'excit(er)) and the "obligatory and discriminant circumstant; of the causative verbal suffix. Evaluating the pertinence of morphological analysis in french, i reveal an original clarification of the constructions having an intransitive (anti-causative) verb such as s'exciter or se degouter de, as well as that of the affixal status of the reflexive +se; concerned. Finally, i show that the psychological nominalizations of the type excitation or degout, contrary to common belief, are not unusual nor anormal, and that they have a syntactical-argumental organization parallel to those of their parental intransitive verbs such as s'exciter or se degouter de. Moreover, i bring into light the "categorial distortion" phenomenon in the position of the genitive np of the noun phrase in korean

This dissertation treats two different themes. The first, addressed in Chapter 1, regards the pricing of interest rate swaps. The second, studied in the remaining two chapters, regards the implications of monetary policy for the term structure of interest rates.The pricing of interest rate swaps An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange fix for floating interest rate payments for a certain period of time. Floating rate payments are made at a floating-rate index, e.g. the three-month interbank rate, while the fixed rate payment, the swap rate, is determined on the market. The swap rate may include a compensation for credit risk depending on the counterparty's credit quality, but in the standard agreement there is no exchange of principal, only interest is transacted, and this effectively reduces concerns about credit risk. The swap spread for a given maturity is the difference between the swap rate and the risk-free rate, measured as the yield on a government bond with similar cash flows. If the standard swap agreement entails negligible credit risk one might expect swap spreads to be low and stable, but market swap spreads vary over time. There are periods when swap spreads are low in accordance with the general theory, but there are also periods when swap spreads reach levels that seem high.The first chapter of this dissertation examines a setting where a positive swap spread arises as part of an equilibrium in a perfectly competitive capital market. The model is one of insurance under adverse selection. A firm that seeks debt financing can insure itself against interest rate risk either by borrowing long-term or by borrowing short-term and entering a pay fix - receive float interest rate swap. The latter alternative allows for a partial hedge as the firm can choose to swap only a fraction of the nominal amount. In this setting, if firms' credit quality and interest rate risk tolerance are correlated creditors can use the pricing of interest rate swaps as a screening device. A low-risk firm, being a firm with favorable private information, selects short-term borrowing and partial insurance. A high-risk firm, being a firm with less favorable prospects, is by assumption also less risk tolerant. It therefore has a higher demand for insurance and the equilibrium swap spread is set such that the high-risk firm finds it more beneficial to borrow long-term at a cost that exceeds the expected cost from short-term financing, but that provides a full insurance to interest rate risk. Monetary policy and the term structure of interest rates Taken separately monetary policy and term structure modeling are two well-established research areas each comprising a substantial amount of research. But relatively few attempts have been made to integrate the two. The last two chapters of this dissertation take the view that the conduct of monetary policy is an essential element in the determination of the term structure of interest rates, and that explicitly considering the role of amonetary authority in the analysis has a potential of enhancing our understanding of term structure dynamics, and its relation to macro-economic fundamentals in particular. This approach to the term structure is supported by the fact that the analytical framework developed in the literature on optimal monetary policy translates conveniently into a setting well suited for term structure analysis. Chapter 2 makes the point in the simplest setting. A standard model of optimal monetary policy is reformulated in continuous time. Combined with a parameterized form for the market price of risk this produces a standard term structure model with well-known characteristics. This model is estimated on US data for the period 1987 - 2002, treating state variables as latent factors of the term structure. The parameters that are estimated comprise parameters describing the monetary transmission mechanism, parameters describing the monetary authority's preferences and parameters describing the market price of risk. Our estimation technique differs from comparable estimations in the monetary policy literature as these typically take state variables to be directly observable measures of macro-economic aggregates. The results using term structure data are both similar and different to previous findings. The main difference when using term structure data is that the central bank's estimated policy is more aggressive, i.e. more responsive to changes in the underlying state variables.Chapter 3 is devoted to the zero bound on nominal interest rates. While the zero bound is well recognized in the literature on term structure modeling, not much has been said about term structure dynamics under the special circumstance that the short rate is close to zero. I find the optimal monetary policy approach to be particularly well suited for this analysis. The chapter studies a continuous time reduced form version of the monetary transmission mechanism. The monetary authority's optimization problem is formed according to two specifications, interest rate stabilization and interest rate smoothing. For the former the optimization problem is solved analytically, while numerical procedures are adopted forthe latter. The chapter then turns to study implications for the term structure under risk-neutrality. Term structure equations are solved numerically and implications for the term structure are discussed. Data for a low-interest rate country like Japan for 1996 - 2003 exhibits s-shaped yield curves and yield volatility curves. This shape is found to be consistent with a smoothing objective for the short rate.<br><p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004</p>

O objetivo maior deste trabalho é argumentar em favor de que a informação sobre a estrutura argumental das nominalizações está codificada em núcleos funcionais, os quais podem possuir sabores diferentes, isto é, propriedades diversas como causatividade, eventividade, reflexividade etc., em vez de tal informação estar codificada nas raízes abstratas como assumem autores como: Marantz (1997), Embick (2004), Harley (2008), entre outros. O objetivo específico deste trabalho, por sua vez, é analisar como é formado um grupo de padrões do hebraico, o qual forma nomes de ações (cf. GLINERT, 1989), e mostrar que nem todas as nominalizações são formadas por uma camada verbal, contra Hazout (1995) e Shlonsky (2004). Utilizamos como arcabouço teórico do presente trabalho a Morfologia Distribuída (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997; SIDDIQI, 2009), uma teoria não-lexicalista, a qual propõe que tanto palavras, quanto sentenças são formadas pelas mesmas operações durante a derivação sintática. De modo especial, utilizamos a noção de fase dentro de palavras (cf. MARANTZ, 2001 e ARAD, 2003), para explicar que alguns nominais possuem padrões vocálicos que não são atômicos (contra ARAD, 2005), mas são formados em duas fases: uma fase verbal e outra nominal, enquanto outros nominais são formados em apenas uma fase: a nominal. Em nossa análise, privilegiamos quatro padrões vocálicos formadores de nominais de ação: CCiCa, CiCuC, haCCaCa, hitCCaCut, de modo que encontramos restrições diferentes para cada um dos padrões. Tais restrições dizem respeito a: (i) modificação por adjetivos e advérbios; (ii) possibilidade de alçamento dentro de DPs; (iii) obrigatoriedade de interpretação de um argumento agente e (iv) obrigatoriedade de interpretação reflexiva. Além disso, analisamos os possíveis contextos sintáticos em que são encontrados esse nominais, isto é, analisamos quais são as possibilidades de interação desses nominais com o Construct State, o Free State, a Marca Diferencial de Objeto et e com a presença de uma by phrase. Como resultado da análise, defendemos que o padrão CCiCa seja um padrão formado por apenas uma fase nominal, o que explica a sua impossibilidade de modificação por advérbios genuínos, isto é, advérbios que possuem uma morfologia típica de advérbio. Por sua vez, o padrão CiCuC é formado por duas fases: uma fase verbal, que aceita a modificação por advérbios genuínos; e uma fase nominal, que permite a modificação por adjetivos. Já o padrão haCCaCa foi analisado como formado por apenas uma fase nominal, tanto por causa da sua morfologia, que não apresenta resquícios de uma morfologia verbal, quanto pela sua semântica obrigatoriamente agentiva, que o diferencia do padrão verbal ao qual ele está relacionado. Por fim, consideramos que o padrão hitCCaCut é formado por duas fases, o que está de acordo com a presença de uma morfologia verbal que compõe o padrão e com o tipo de argumento interno que é licenciado.<br>The main goal of this work is to argue that information over argument structure of nominalizations is coded in functional heads, which can have distinct flavors, that is, distinct properties, such as causativity, eventivity, reflexivity, etc., instead of that information being coded in the abstract roots, as assumed by Marantz (1997), Embick (2004), Harley (2008), among others. The specific object of this work, on the other hand, is to analyze how a certain group of patterns that generates action nouns in Hebrew is formed, and to show that not all nominalizations are formed by a verbal layer, contra Hazout (1995) and Shlonsky (2004). We use, in this work, the theoretical framework of Distributed Morphology (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997; SIDDIQI, 2009), a non-lexicalist theory which claims that both words and sentences are formed by the same operations, within the syntactic derivation. In a special way, we use the notion of phases within words (cf. MARANTZ, 2001 e ARAD, 2003) in order to explain that some nouns possess vocal patterns that are not atomic (contra ARAD, 2005), but are formed in two separate phases: a verbal one, and a nominal one, while other nouns are formed only by the nominal phase. In our analysis, we privilege four noun formation vocal patterns: CCiCa, CiCuC, haCCaCa, hitCCaCut, each one of them bearing a distinct set of restrictions. Such restrictions concern: (i) modification by adjectives and adverbs; (ii) possibility of raising within DPs; (iii) mandatory interpretation of an agentive argument and (iv) mandatory reflexive interpretation. Furthermore, we analyzed the possible syntactic contexts in which these nouns are found, that is, we analyzed which are the possibilities of interaction between these nouns and the Construct State, the Free State, the Differential Object Marker et a the presence of a by phrase. As a result of the analysis, we defend that the pattern CCiCa is formed by only a nominal phase, which explains its impossibility of being modified by genuine adverbs, that is, adverbs that possess adverbial morphology. On the other hand, the pattern CiCuC is formed by two phases: a verbal phase, which accounts for the modification by genuine adverbs; and a nominal phase, which allows for the modification by adjectives. The pattern haCCaCa, in its turn, was analyzes as formed by a nominal phase alone, both because its morphology, which does not present traces of verbal morphology, as for its obligatory agentive semantics, which differentiates it from the verbal pattern to which it is related to. Last, we considered that the pattern hitCCaCut is formed by two phases, which is compatible to the presence of verbal morphology, that composes the pattern, and to the type of argument that is licensed by it.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Saparas.pdf: 680825 bytes, checksum: 7a65aba86161bc4131bd921e10505fbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-15<br>This research examines the structure of the nominal group (NG) found within the Rheme in distinguished discourse genres, namely academic writing, movie review and opinion article. The NG has not been the object of many studies, and besides, it has been studied within isolated sentences and, in general, in sentences inauthentically constructed. However, there is no consensus, among researchers, neither on the function, nor on the order of its constituents. There are many factors that influence the constitution of the structure of the NG, among which the influence on the type of genre, according to Bathia´s and Whitaker´s researches in 1991 and 1995, respectively. I attempt, in this research, to: (a) examine authentic texts and not just isolated sentences, as it has been done, since the literature shows us that the structure of the NG involves textual concepts as those of Theme and Rheme, which, by extension, as we will see, are overlaid with informational issues of Given and New. I attempt, therefore, to relate the NG with the communicative dynamism to examine to what extent the constitution of the structure of the NG reflect off this dynamism. This way will lead us to consider the question of ensuring effective communication flow , through the notion of communicative dynamism, that increases, in most cases, from the Theme to the Rheme, according to Firbas (1974). Nevertheless, despite the fact that this research examines the Rheme, one has to take the Theme into account, seeing that; according to Halliday, quoted by Fries (2002), Rheme is all in the clause but the Theme . Here we run into a problem: it is known that the definition of Theme has aroused polemics. I must clarify that this research is conducted on the study of the NG within the Rheme, since this position is generally taken by the information newness, fact which marks it by a higher degree of communicative dynamism, and also because, although it occupies a crucial role in the discourse, little has been researched about it. This being the case, the objective of this research is to examine, in authentic texts, in three different discourse genres, the constitution of the NG in the Rheme, to find out how this structure is characterized in order to fulfill its function within the Rheme, in other words, the function of increasing the communicative dynamism. Thus, it is basically supported by the Systemic Functional Linguistics and by the Functional Sentence Perspective. Numerical data, in terms of clauses and adjuncts, will show the lexico-grammatical elements that constitute the NGs of the Rheme. Therefore, the data seem to indicate that the communicative dynamism makes use of attributes and the simple constitution of the greater part of the NGs in this process. A noteworthy fact is the widespread occurrence of definite articles in places that serve to convey new information, the Rheme. There are rare occurrences of noun clauses and adjectives in pre-head positions within the NG. The role of the circumstances is also important in this context, for it seems to contribute to explain the way the event occur, in space and time determined by it. There are occurrences of comparisons with the preposition como ( like ), to explain through comparisons the content that is hardest to learn<br>Este trabalho examina a estrutura do grupo nominal (GN) que ocorre no Rema em gêneros discursivos distintos, a saber: escrita acadêmica, crítica de cinema e artigo de opinião. O GN não tem sido alvo de muitos estudos, e além disso, tem sido estudado em sentenças isoladas e, em geral, em sentenças artificialmente construídas. Por outro lado, não há consenso entre os pesquisadores sobre a função, nem sobre a ordem de seus constituintes. Há muitos fatores que influem na constituição da estrutura do GN, dentre os quais a influência do tipo de gênero, conforme pesquisa de Bathia (1991) e Whittaker (1995). Tento nesta pesquisa: (a) examinar textos naturais e não apenas sentenças isoladas, como tem sido feito, já que a literatura nos mostra que a estrutura do GN envolve conceitos textuais como os de Tema e Rema, os quais, por extensão, como veremos, se sobrepõem a questões informacionais de Dado e Novo. Tento, portanto, relacionar o GN com a dinâmica da comunicação para verificar em que medida a constituição da estrutura do GN reflete dessa dinâmica. Esse caminho nos levará a considerar a questão de levar a comunicação para frente , através da noção de dinamismo comunicativo, que aumenta, na maioria dos casos, do Tema para o Rema, segundo Firbas (1974). Por outro lado, embora a pesquisa examine o Rema, não se pode deixar de considerar o Tema, já que, segundo Halliday, citado por Fries (2002), Rema é tudo na oração menos o Tema . Aqui enfrentamos um problema, pois a definição de Tema tem levantado muita polêmica, como se sabe. Devo esclarecer que esta pesquisa se concentra no exame do GN do Rema, já que esta posição é em geral ocupada pela novidade da informação, o que a reveste de maior grau de dinamismo comunicativo, e também porque, embora exerça esse papel primordial no discurso, pouco se tem pesquisado a seu respeito. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é examinar, em textos naturais, em três diferentes gêneros discursivos, a constituição estrutural do GN do Rema, para verificar como se caracteriza essa estrutura para cumprir sua função no Rema, ou seja, de aumentar o dinamismo comunicativo. Para tanto, apóia-se, basicamente, na Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional e na Perspectiva Funcional da Sentença. Dados numéricos, em termos de oração e adjuntos, mostrarão os elementos léxico-gramaticais que constituem os GNs do Rema. Portanto, os dados parecem indicar que o dinamismo comunicativo, vale-se de orações subordinadas e dos atributivos (oração adjetiva, adjunto adnominal e predicativo) nesse processo, bem como da constituição simples da maior parte dos GNs. Excetuando-se a escrita acadêmica, os dois outros gêneros (artigo de opinião e crítica de cinema) apresentam GNs constituídos de dêitico + núcleo + atributo, o que me surpreendeu dado que era de se esperar que a escrita nos gêneros examinados apresentasse GNs complexos. Fato notável é a ocorrência maciça de artigos definidos em ambiente que serve para veicular informação nova, o Rema. Há ocorrência mínima de orações substantivas, bem como de adjetivos em posição pré-núcleo do GN. O papel das circunstâncias é também importante nesse contexto, pois parece concorrer para explicar o modo como os eventos se realizam, num tempo e num espaço também determinados por elas. Há ocorrência de comparações, com a ocorrência da preposição como , para explicar através de comparações o conteúdo mais difícil de apreender

In this dissertation, I investigate various aspects of object marking and how these manifest themselves in the signed modality. The main focus is on Swedish Sign Language (SSL), the national sign language of Sweden, which is the topic of investigation in all five studies. Two of the studies adopt a comparative perspective, including other sign languages as well. The studies comprise a range of data, including corpus data, elicited production, and acceptability judgments, and combine quantitative and qualitative methods in the analyses. The dissertation begins with an overview of the topics of valency, argument structure, and object marking, primarily from a spoken language perspective. Here, the interactions between semantics and morphosyntax are presented from a typological perspective, introducing differential object marking as a key concept. With regard to signed language, object marking is discussed in terms of both verbal and nominal strategies. Verbal strategies of object marking among sign languages include directional verbs, object handshape classifiers, and embodied perspective in signing. The first study investigates the use of directionality and object handshapes as object marking strategies in Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), Israeli Sign Language (ISL), and SSL. It is shown that the strategies generally display different alignments in terms of the types of objects targeted, which is uniform across languages, but that directionality is much more marginal in ABSL than in the other two languages. Also, we see that there is a connection between object marking strategies and the animacy of the object, and that the strategies, object animacy, and word order preferences interact. In the second and third studies, SSL is investigated with regard to the transitive–reflexive distinction. Here, we see that there are interactional effects between object handshapes and the perspective taken by the signer. This points to intricate iconic motivations of combining and structuring complex verb sequences, such as giving preference to agent focusing structures (e.g., agent perspective and handling handshapes). Furthermore, the use of space is identified as a crucial strategy for reference tracking, especially when expressing semantically transitive events. Nominal strategies include object pronouns and derivations of the sign PERSON. The fourth study provides a detailed account of the object pronoun OBJPRO in SSL, which is the first in-depth description of this sign. It is found that the sign is in widespread use in SSL, often corresponds closely to object pronouns of spoken Swedish, and is argued to be grammaticalized from the lexical sign PERSON. In the final study, the possible existence of object pronouns in other sign languages is investigated by using a sample of 24 languages. This analysis reveals that the feature is found mostly in the Nordic countries, suggesting areal contact phenomena. However, the study also shows that there are a number of derivations of PERSON, such as reflexive pronouns, agreement auxiliaries, and case markers. The use of PERSON as a source of grammaticalization for these functions is attributed to both semantic and phonological properties of the sign. This dissertation is unique in that it is dedicated to the topic of object marking in the signed modality. It brings a variety of perspectives and methods together in order to investigate the domain of object marking, cross-linguistically and cross-modally.

This thesis presents a descriptive empirical study of deverbal nominalizations. Very often what can be expressed by means of a deverbal noun can also be expressed by means of a verbal construction and vice-versa. Deverbal nouns are hybrid categories that have a mixture of verbal and nominal features. These nouns can denote either the action named by the base verb, being, in this case, a paraphrase of a verbal construction, or the result of that action. If nouns denoting processes are closer to verbs, nouns denoting a result, that is, a concrete or an abstract entity resulting from the action, are closer to nouns. Both result and event nouns inherit the argument structure of the base verb. These analyses of the lexical denotation of deverbal nouns and their argument structure are two of the main aims of this thesis. The third goal is the descriptive and comparative study of translation mismatches between Russian and Spanish deverbal noun constructions. The thesis is structured in the following way in order to cover these three points. In the first chapter, we present a brief introduction of the whole thesis, we highlight the main goals and motivations for carrying out this threefold study. In the second chapter, we describe the linguistic resources used in the development of this project. We first introduce the monolingual and bilingual corpora, and then, the lexicons. In the third chapter, we discuss the relationship between the morphological and lexical aspects of the base verb and the lexical denotation of the deverbal noun. We also study other factors that may influence the lexical denotation of the deverbal noun. In the fourth chapter, we present the study of the argument structure of deverbal nouns focusing on the type of constituent that can be an argument, how the arguments are realized and their possible combinations, which ends in the obtention of the more freqüent syntactico-semantic patterns. In chapter five, we present the descriptive and comparative study of translation mismatches of deverbal nouns between Russian and Spanish. We provide our classification of the translation mismatches depending on the interrelation and number of linguistic changes (morphologic, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic) involved. Finally, in the last chapter we present our conclusions and ideas for further research.<br>Aquesta tesi presenta un estudi descriptiu empíric sobre les nominalitzacions deverbals del rus. Molt sovint, allò que es pot expressar a través d’un nom deverbal es pot expressar també a través d’una construcció verbal. Els noms deverbals són categories mixtes que barregen trets verbals amb trets nominals. Aquests noms poden expressar l’acció denotada pel verb base, en aquest cas es poden considerar paràfrasis d’una construcció verbal, o bé el resultat de l’acció. Així doncs, els noms deverbals que denoten l’acció del verb estan més a prop del verb, mentre que els noms deverbals que denoten el resultat de l’acció, és a dir, una entitat concreta o abstracta, estan més a prop del nom. Partim de la hipòtesi que ambdós tipus de nom hereten l’estructura argumental del verb base. Aquestes dues anàlisis, és a dir, l’estudi de la denotació lèxica del nom deverbal i de l’estructura argumental dels noms deverbals són dos dels tres objectius principals de la tesi. El tercer objectiu és l’estudi descriptiu i comparatiu dels desajustos de traducció entre les construccions amb noms deverbals en rus i castellà. La tesi s’estructura de la manera següent: En el primer capítol, presentem una breu introducció a la tesi on descrivim els objectius i les motivacions principals d’aquest estudi. En el segon capítol, es descriuen els recursos lingüístics que hem utilitzat en el transcurs del treball. Primer, introduïm els corpora monolingües i bilingües i, finalment, els lexicons. En el tercer capítol, analitzem la relació entre l’aspecte morfològic i lèxic del verb base. També estudiem altres factors que poden influir en la denotació lèxica del nom deverbal. En el quart capítol, presentem l’estudi de l’estructura argumental dels noms deverbals centrant-nos en el tipus de constituent que pot ser argumental, com es realitzen els arguments i les seves possibles combinacions. D’aquesta anàlisi, en resulta l’obtenció dels patrons sintàctico-semàntics dels noms deverbals més freqüents. En el cinquè capítol, presentem l’estudi descriptiu i comparatiu dels desajustos de traducció entre el rus i el castellà. En aquest capítol proposem una classificació de desajustos de traducció en funció de la interrelació i el nombre de canvis lingüístics (morfològics, sintàctics, semàntics i pragmàtics). Finalment, en el darrer capítol presentem les nostres conclusions i idees per a una futura recerca.

Analisa-se e compara-se o desempenho Nominal e Robusto de Estruturas de Controle e projetados buscando a ordem mínima. A análise é realizada através das figuras de Mérito tradicionais e testes de Robustez. Discute-se a viabilidade de aplicações práticas destes controladores.<br>In this work Nominal and Robust Performance of projected Control Structures are analysis is made with the traditional specifications and robustness tests. The viability of practical appliance of these controllers are discussed.

La información de clase semántica de los nombres es fundamental para una amplia variedad de tareas del procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN), como la traducción automática, la discriminación de referentes en tareas como la detección y el seguimiento de eventos, la búsqueda de respuestas, el reconocimiento y la clasificación de nombres de entidades, la construcción y ampliación automática de ontologías, la inferencia textual, etc. Una aproximación para resolver la construcción y el mantenimiento de los léxicos de gran cobertura que alimentan los sistemas de PNL, una tarea muy costosa y lenta, es la adquisición automática de información léxica, que consiste en la inducción de una clase semántica relacionada con una palabra en concreto a partir de datos de su distribución obtenidos de un corpus. Precisamente, por esta razón, se espera que la investigación actual sobre los métodos para la producción automática de léxicos de alta calidad, con gran cantidad de información y con anotación de clase como el trabajo que aquí presentamos, tenga un gran impacto en el rendimiento de la mayoría de las aplicaciones de PNL. En esta tesis, tratamos la adquisición automática de información léxica como un problema de clasificación. Con este propósito, adoptamos métodos de aprendizaje automático para generar un modelo que represente los datos de distribución vectorial que, basados en ejemplos conocidos, permitan hacer predicciones de otras palabras desconocidas. Las principales preguntas de investigación que planteamos en esta tesis son: (i) si los datos de corpus proporcionan suficiente información para construir representaciones de palabras de forma eficiente y que resulten en decisiones de clasificación precisas y sólidas, y (ii) si la adquisición automática puede gestionar, también, los nombres polisémicos. Para hacer frente a estos problemas, realizamos una serie de validaciones empíricas sobre nombres en inglés. Nuestros resultados confirman que la información obtenida a partir de la distribución de los datos de corpus es suficiente para adquirir automáticamente clases semánticas, como lo demuestra un valor-F global promedio de 0,80 aproximadamente utilizando varios modelos de recuento de contextos y en datos de corpus de distintos tamaños. No obstante, tanto el estado de la cuestión como los experimentos que realizamos destacaron una serie de retos para este tipo de modelos, que son reducir la escasez de datos del vector y dar cuenta de la polisemia nominal en las representaciones distribucionales de las palabras. En este contexto, los modelos de word embedding (WE) mantienen la “semántica” subyacente en las ocurrencias de un nombre en los datos de corpus asignándole un vector. Con esta elección, hemos sido capaces de superar el problema de la escasez de datos, como lo demuestra un valor-F general promedio de 0,91 para las clases semánticas de nombres de sentido único, a través de una combinación de la reducción de la dimensionalidad y de números reales. Además, las representaciones de WE obtuvieron un rendimiento superior en la gestión de las ocurrencias asimétricas de cada sentido de los nombres de tipo complejo polisémicos regulares en datos de corpus. Como resultado, hemos podido clasificar directamente esos nombres en su propia clase semántica con un valor-F global promedio de 0,85. La principal aportación de esta tesis consiste en una validación empírica de diferentes representaciones de distribución utilizadas para la clasificación semántica de nombres junto con una posterior expansión del trabajo anterior, lo que se traduce en recursos léxicos y conjuntos de datos innovadores que están disponibles de forma gratuita para su descarga y uso.<br>La información de clase semántica de los nombres es fundamental para una amplia variedad de tareas del procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN), como la traducción automática, la discriminación de referentes en tareas como la detección y el seguimiento de eventos, la búsqueda de respuestas, el reconocimiento y la clasificación de nombres de entidades, la construcción y ampliación automática de ontologías, la inferencia textual, etc. Una aproximación para resolver la construcción y el mantenimiento de los léxicos de gran cobertura que alimentan los sistemas de PNL, una tarea muy costosa y lenta, es la adquisición automática de información léxica, que consiste en la inducción de una clase semántica relacionada con una palabra en concreto a partir de datos de su distribución obtenidos de un corpus. Precisamente, por esta razón, se espera que la investigación actual sobre los métodos para la producción automática de léxicos de alta calidad, con gran cantidad de información y con anotación de clase como el trabajo que aquí presentamos, tenga un gran impacto en el rendimiento de la mayoría de las aplicaciones de PNL. En esta tesis, tratamos la adquisición automática de información léxica como un problema de clasificación. Con este propósito, adoptamos métodos de aprendizaje automático para generar un modelo que represente los datos de distribución vectorial que, basados en ejemplos conocidos, permitan hacer predicciones de otras palabras desconocidas. Las principales preguntas de investigación que planteamos en esta tesis son: (i) si los datos de corpus proporcionan suficiente información para construir representaciones de palabras de forma eficiente y que resulten en decisiones de clasificación precisas y sólidas, y (ii) si la adquisición automática puede gestionar, también, los nombres polisémicos. Para hacer frente a estos problemas, realizamos una serie de validaciones empíricas sobre nombres en inglés. Nuestros resultados confirman que la información obtenida a partir de la distribución de los datos de corpus es suficiente para adquirir automáticamente clases semánticas, como lo demuestra un valor-F global promedio de 0,80 aproximadamente utilizando varios modelos de recuento de contextos y en datos de corpus de distintos tamaños. No obstante, tanto el estado de la cuestión como los experimentos que realizamos destacaron una serie de retos para este tipo de modelos, que son reducir la escasez de datos del vector y dar cuenta de la polisemia nominal en las representaciones distribucionales de las palabras. En este contexto, los modelos de word embedding (WE) mantienen la “semántica” subyacente en las ocurrencias de un nombre en los datos de corpus asignándole un vector. Con esta elección, hemos sido capaces de superar el problema de la escasez de datos, como lo demuestra un valor-F general promedio de 0,91 para las clases semánticas de nombres de sentido único, a través de una combinación de la reducción de la dimensionalidad y de números reales. Además, las representaciones de WE obtuvieron un rendimiento superior en la gestión de las ocurrencias asimétricas de cada sentido de los nombres de tipo complejo polisémicos regulares en datos de corpus. Como resultado, hemos podido clasificar directamente esos nombres en su propia clase semántica con un valor-F global promedio de 0,85. La principal aportación de esta tesis consiste en una validación empírica de diferentes representaciones de distribución utilizadas para la clasificación semántica de nombres junto con una posterior expansión del trabajo anterior, lo que se traduce en recursos léxicos y conjuntos de datos innovadores que están disponibles de forma gratuita para su descarga y uso.<br>Lexical semantic class information for nouns is critical for a broad variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks including, but not limited to, machine translation, discrimination of referents in tasks such as event detection and tracking, question answering, named entity recognition and classification, automatic construction and extension of ontologies, textual inference, etc. One approach to solve the costly and time-consuming manual construction and maintenance of large-coverage lexica to feed NLP systems is the Automatic Acquisition of Lexical Information, which involves the induction of a semantic class related to a particular word from distributional data gathered within a corpus. This is precisely why current research on methods for the automatic production of high- quality information-rich class-annotated lexica, such as the work presented here, is expected to have a high impact on the performance of most NLP applications. In this thesis, we address the automatic acquisition of lexical information as a classification problem. For this reason, we adopt machine learning methods to generate a model representing vectorial distributional data which, grounded on known examples, allows for the predictions of other unknown words. The main research questions we investigate in this thesis are: (i) whether corpus data provides sufficient distributional information to build efficient word representations that result in accurate and robust classification decisions and (ii) whether automatic acquisition can handle also polysemous nouns. To tackle these problems, we conducted a number of empirical validations on English nouns. Our results confirmed that the distributional information obtained from corpus data is indeed sufficient to automatically acquire lexical semantic classes, demonstrated by an average overall F1-Score of almost 0.80 using diverse count-context models and on different sized corpus data. Nonetheless, both the State of the Art and the experiments we conducted highlighted a number of challenges of this type of model such as reducing vector sparsity and accounting for nominal polysemy in distributional word representations. In this context, Word Embeddings (WE) models maintain the “semantics” underlying the occurrences of a noun in corpus data by mapping it to a feature vector. With this choice, we were able to overcome the sparse data problem, demonstrated by an average overall F1-Score of 0.91 for single-sense lexical semantic noun classes, through a combination of reduced dimensionality and “real” numbers. In addition, the WE representations obtained a higher performance in handling the asymmetrical occurrences of each sense of regular polysemous complex-type nouns in corpus data. As a result, we were able to directly classify such nouns into their own lexical-semantic class with an average overall F1-Score of 0.85. The main contribution of this dissertation consists of an empirical validation of different distributional representations used for nominal lexical semantic classification along with a subsequent expansion of previous work, which results in novel lexical resources and data sets that have been made freely available for download and use.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux relations qui peuvent exister entre des prédicats verbaux(ex : to regulate) et des prédicats nominaux (ex : regulation) dont les structures argumentales mettent enjeu des informations communes. Nous nous livrons à une formalisation des conditions dans lesquelles se réalisent des relations d’équivalence entre les constructions verbales et nominales. La mise en évidence de l’équivalence des structures argumentales de ces deux types de constructions est fondamentale pour pouvoir réaliser, par exemple, des systèmes d’extraction automatique d’informations très performants. En se basant sur les données du lexique The Specialist Lexicon, nous proposons une prédiction raisonnable du comportement syntaxique des arguments nominaux, de différents groupes nominaux prédicatifs(GNpréd), lorsqu’ils sont en position de postmodifieur. Cette étude nous a conduit à concevoir un ensemble d’algorithmes et à développer une plate-forme, Predicate DB, qui nous a permis de produire un lexique de nominalisations. Pour chaque entrée appartenant à ce lexique, nous avons caractérisé ses structures argumentales et ses réalisations dans des GNpréd dont les arguments sont marqués par des prépositions spécifiques<br>In this thesis, we focus on the relation that may exist between verbal predicates (e.g., regulate)and nominal predicates (e.g., regulation) whose argument structures involve common information.We make a formalization of the conditions in which equivalent relations between verbal and nominalconstructions are carried out. Bringing out the equivalence of argument structures between these twotypes of constructions is fundamental for achieving, for example, very efficient Information Extractionsystems. Based on data from the Specialist Lexicon, we propose a reasonable prediction of the syntacticbehavior of nominal arguments, which belong to different predicate noun phrases (PNPs), when theyare in postmodifier position. This study has led us to design a set of algorithms and develop a platform,PredicateDB, to produce a lexicon of nominalizations. For each entry belonging to this lexicon, we havedefined its argument structures and achievements in PNPs whose arguments are marked by specificprepositions

Le travail de cette thèse se situe dans le domaine de la sémantique nominale et porte sur un échantillon de noms dénotant les humains (NH) pendant les différentes phases de vie : bébé, enfant, adolescent, adulte, vieillard (N-[âge]). Elle poursuit un triple objectif. D'abord, il s'agit d'offrir une description linguistique fine d'un ensemble de N-[âge] dont le fonctionnement est resté méconnu jusqu'à présent. En démontrant leur caractère hybride - les N-[âge] dénotent à la fois des propriétés référentiellement essentielles et intrinsèquement transitoires - nous mettons en évidence des paramètres inédits pour la description des NH en général. Enfin, notre thèse explore la possibilité d'un élargissement notionnel du domaine aspectuel vers la sémantique nominale en interrogeant la notion de phase et en démontrant que l'ensemble des N-[âge] bénéficie d'une structure phasale.

The main contribution of this work is to introduce analytical models able to create simple design charts that would allow designers to quickly determine the strength of quasi-brittle structures containing circular holes. Cohesive Zone Models are an excellent tool to model quasi-brittle structures with holes in which a large failure process zone is confined in a plane. Also, the CZM is able to predict the effect of the structure size on its strength. Moreover, it is one of the few models (or the only model) that takes into account the material cohesive law explicitly. Therefore, most of the presented models in this work are based on the cohesive zone model.<br>La principal contribució d'aquest treball és la dʼintroduïr un model analític capaç de generar diagrames de disseny que permeten obtenir la resistència nominal dʼestructures quasi-fràgils que continguin forats. Els models de zona cohesiva permeten predir la resistencia dʼestructures amb forats formades de materials quasi-fràgils amb una gran zona de procés de fallada confinada en un pla. Aquests models també són capaços de predir lʼefecte de la mida de lʼestructura en la resistència nominal. A mès els models de zona cohesiva són un dels pocs (o els únics) que consideren dʼuna manera explítica la llei cohesiva en la seva formulació. Per aquestes raons, la majoria de resultats presentats es basen en els models de zona cohesiva.

This dissertation explores the argument-typing system of Blackfoot, a Plains Algonquian language spoken in Southern Alberta and Northwestern Montana. It develops a classification of the phrases, words, and morphemes in Blackfoot that are associated with arguments of the predicate (nominal expressions and argument-indexing verbal morphology) according to their internal and external syntax. The analysis sheds light on how and why Blackfoot displays properties of a non-configurational language. The main thesis is that non-configurationality in Blackfoot is a conspiracy resulting from properties of Blackfoot’s argument-typing system, and in particular the PROXIMATE/OBVIATIVE contrast, a type of reference-tracking morphology that disambiguates between multiple 3rd persons in a clause. The dissertation begins with a discussion of the theoretical assumptions, methodology, and the main proposal (Chapter 1) as well as a background on the relevant properties of Blackfoot morphosyntax (Chapter 2). Following that is a detailed discussion of the internal and external syntax of inflected nouns (Chapter 3), demonstratives (Chapter 4), person prefixes (Chapter 5) and number suffixes (6). Chapter 7 discusses the implications of Blackfoot’s argument-typing system for non-configurationality. Blackfoot is shown to be a partially non-configurational language, in which proximate nominal expressions are not subject to the same distributional constraints as obviative ones (i.e., proximate nominal expressions display non-configurational properties such as free word order and extensive use of null anaphora). Finally, Chapter 8 considers the proximate/obviative contrast in a broader cross-Algonquian context. The data and generalizations presented in this dissertation are largely from the author’s own fieldwork with two native speakers over a ten year period, and these are supplemented with data from text materials glossed and annotated by the author. As such, a key contribution of this research is empirical; it contributes to the documentation and analysis of this endangered First Nations language.

In this thesis we analyse a problem of the real economic adjustment between two countries, one of which is an emerging market and the other is a developed economy. When they form a monetary union the only possible adjustment to asymmetric shocks transmitted internationally is through the real variables. We take into account existing asymmetries in the foreign direct investment (FDI) intensity and FDI relations. The issues of FDI and differences in the FDI intensity are real aspects of functioning of economies and relations between them. They reveal some problem from the macroeconomic perspective. However, the problem relates also to microeconomic foundations. The given trade and FDI relations between countries depend on decisions of firms that are heterogeneous. To study the effect of plant delocalization and FDI on output fluctuations between two countries we use a framework that accounts for all this issues, that means dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models with heterogeneity in firm productivity. We add a new dimension to the existing literature on DSGE models with heterogeneous firms. First, we complete goods market with a new segment of production, namely products offered by multinationals which produce abroad and export back to their economy of origin. Second, we account for asymmetries in the FDI intensity and differences in production structures that occur between two economies forming a monetary union. Summing things up, the analysis allows us to state that the real aspects of economy functioning, such as trade connections between countries and differences in production structures, determine economic performance and behaviour of economies in terms of output fluctuations.

La categorisation des items lexicaux isoles d'une langue incorpores au discours d'une autre est souvent ambigue. Ces incorporations, qui representent la portion la plus riche du discours bilingue, sont-elles des emprunts, des alternances de langues d'un seul mot, ou des manifestations d'un autre type de phenomene de contact entre langues? Leur statut exact est important car il se trouve que les contraintes regissant les differentes manifestations de contact linguistique ne sont pas les memes d'une manifestation a une autre. Cette etude est consacree a la desambiguisation des noms isoles d'origine anglaise incorpores au discours bilingue francais/anglais de Moncton (Nouveau-Brunswick). La methode comparative (Poplack et Meechan 1995) rend possible la tache de faire la distinction entre les differents phenomenes de contact. Nous nous sommes servies de cette methode, qui consiste en la comparaison du patterning grammatical. L'examen de tous les niveaux grammaticaux du syntagme nominal a permis d'isoler des sites ou les systemes du francais et de l'anglais sont en contraste. A ces endroits, il a ete possible de mesurer empiriquement le degre d'integration des noms anglais isoles et de determiner s'ils se comportent comme des noms anglais ou comme des noms francais. Il s'est avere qu'entre autres, les patterns de balisage, l'emploi du determinant O la position des adjectifs et l'attribution du genre indiquent tous que les items jusqu'ici "ambigus" se comportent en fait comme de legitimes items de la langue receptrice, le francais. D'apres ce resultat, nous avons reussi a etablir que les noms anglais isoles de notre corpus sont en fait des emprunts lexicaux. Nous avons aussi demontre que la methode comparative, qui jusqu'a date n'a ete exploitee qu'en des etudes de couples de langues typologiquement distinctes, peut s'appliquer a une situation de contact entre langues typologiquement similaires, en l'occurrence, dans le discours bilingue francais/anglais. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

In this research, monotonic and cyclic tests on cold-formed steel shear walls sheathed with steel sheets on one side were conducted to (1) verify the published nominal shear strength for 18-mil and 27-mil steel sheets; and (2) investigate the behavior of 6-ft. wide shear walls with multiple steel sheets. In objective 1: this research confirms the discrepancy existed in the published nominal strength of 27-mil sheets discovered by the previous project and verified the published nominal strength of 18 mil sheet for the wind design in AISI S213. The project also finds disagreement on the nominal strength of 18-mil sheets for seismic design, which is 29.0% higher than the published values. The research investigated 6-ft. wide shear wall with four framing and sheathing configurations. Configuration C, which used detailing, could provide the highest shear strength, compared to Configurations A and B. Meanwhile, the shear strength and stiffness of 2-ft. wide and 4-ft. wide wall can be improved by using the seismic detailing.

Le but du travail est de decouvrir des regularites statistiques dans la repartition des structures du syntagme nominal francais, et, par-dela, de poser quelques jalons en vue de cerner les zones de pertinence des faits statistiques en syntaxe. Le syntagme nominal a ete defini de la maniere la plus extensive, comme tout mot ou tout syntagme apparaissant en fonction de sujet ou de complement d'un verbe ou apres une preposition. Le corpus se compose d'echantillons representatifs de 1 vin de champagne de p. Hamp, 2e les deux premiers tomes de gaspard des montagnes d'h. Pourrat, et 3e la jument verte de m. Ayme. Les syntagmes nominaux ont ete delimites a la main. Un analyseur syntaxique rassemble l'information grammaticale livree par le syntagme ; ses deux fichiers de sortie, relies par un systeme d'identifieurs, conservent cette information et les textes des syntagmes. L'analyse statistique passe en revue successivement l'aspect directement quantitatif (longueur des syntagmes et de leurs parties constitutives), les differentes classes de syntagmes, les categories du genre, du nombre et de la personne grammaticale, les determinants du nom, les epithetes, le role des prepositions en tete des syntagmes et en leur sein, le role des "subordonnees". La comparaison des echantillons revele des facteurs "stylistiques" dans les structures syntaxiques; leur origine semantique est souvent aisee a trouver, et en tout cas la coherence logique des indications quantitatives est totale. Il en est de meme a propos des points de syntaxe independants du texte analyse, comme les liens entre les determinants et les epithetes, ou entre les differentes classes de syntagmes nominaux, le role de determinant joue par de ainsi que d'autres points de taxinomie. Les resultats statistiques sont souvent fortement dependants de l'ensemble de reference a l'interieur duquel les totalisations sont faites. Mais, paradoxalement, ceux qu'on obtient a partir d'ensembles de reference distincts sont generalement complementaires, et risquent rarement de conduire a des conclusions contradictoires<br>The purpose of the work was to discover regularities in the statistical distribution of french noun phrase structures. Furthermore, i sought to point out some landmarks within the field of relevance of syntactic statistics. The noun phrase has been defined most extensively, as any word or phrase occurring in a verb subject or object function, or after a preposition. The corpus consists of samples of the following three novels : 1. Vin de champagne, by pierre hamp, 2. Parts 1&amp; 2 of gaspard des montagnes, by henri pourrat, and 3. La jument verte, by marcel ayme. Noun phrases were manually delimited and coded, with special coding of nouns and proper nouns. A syntactic analyzer, using a grammatical lexicon, collects information and stores it in mass memory, thus constituting the corpus for statistical analysis; another output file receives the np texts, with identifiers permitting the switch from one file to the other. The statistical analysis goes through all aspects of the corpus : np length and length of np parts, types of nps (pronouns, nouns, proper nouns, etc. ), the categories of gender, number, and person, the noun determiners, attributives, prepositions before and within nps, embedded sentences functioning as nps or members of nps. Comparisons between the samples show the effect of "style" factors, whose semantic source is often easy to find; in any case, the logical consistency of the quantitative results obtained is without contradiction. The same can be observed about syntax questions that are independent of the sample, such as correlations between determiners and attributives, or between np types, or as de used as a determiner, as well as about other taxonomic questions. The statistical results are often very dependent upon the particular reference set to which the calculus has been applied. Paradoxically, nevertheless, similar tests made using different reference sets usually lead to complementary conclusions, and rarely seem contradictory

This diploma thesis has an ambition to evaluate the nominal, real and structural convergence process of the Visegrad group (also known as V4) countries to the euro area. It also discusses theoretical and methodological issues relating to this process. The first part of this paper deals with some theories which has just started to work with the concept of convergence and were imaginary springboard for the development of other theories. It analyses the Solow growth model that assume convergence between developed and developing countries. This chapter offers a general overview of real convergence measurement, which will be used by evaluation of convergence or divergence process in the V4 countries. We will not observe only the progress of real convergence. In the second part of this thesis we will also examine the nominal convergence trough the price level growth and development of inflation in comparison to the euro area. Next part focuses on identifying relationship between real and nominal convergence due to Balassa-Samuelson effect. The optimum currency area and selected structural parameters of the convergence process will be subject of the final part of this thesis, which will complete our observations of the real, nominal and structural convergence in the V4 countries.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de caractériser la relation entre la substance phonologique et les propriétés morpho¬syntaxiques lors du processus de formation des mots. Plus particulièrement, il est question de comprendre comment le signifiant est organisé, à l'intérieur d'un système morphologique donné, par rapport aux propriétés morpho-syntaxiques exprimées par ce même système. J'explore donc la façon dont trois langues non apparentées - l'italien, le bosnien et le somali - organisent leurs systèmes nominaux. Je propose une forme phonologique pour chacune des propriétés morpho-syntaxiques retrouvées dans les systèmes nominaux des trois langues mentionnées. En prenant le point de vue de la Morphologie Distribuée (Halle et Marantz 1993), je considère que la formation des mots est de type syntaxique et je suis l'hypothèse selon laquelle la forme audible des morphèmes est séparée, à la fois, de leur structure et de leur sens. Je propose donc une interprétation du processus reliant une séquence sonore donnée à une ou plusieurs propriétés morpho-syntaxiques particulières, exprimées à l'aide de matrices de traits. Plus précisément, mon hypothèse principale prévoit que chaque catégorie ne peut être associée qu'à une seule séquence phonologique donnée, de manière bi-univoque. Ensuite, en suivant Bendjaballah (2003) et Lowenstamm (2008), je montre que la substance phonologique associée aux catégories morpho-syntaxiques doit être représentée au moyen de l'approche CV (Lowenstamm 1996). En conclusion, cette thèse montre que chaque propriété morphologique correspond à la même substance phonologique dans un système donné<br>In this dissertation, I characterize the relation between the phonological substance and the morpho-syntactical properties during the word-formation process. More precisely, I try to understand how the saussurian "signifiant" is organized with respect to the morpho-syntactic properties within a given morphological System. Therefore, I explore the way three non-related languages - Italian, Bosnian and Somali - organize their nominal Systems. Then, I propose a phonological form corresponding to each morpho-syntactic property found in the above-mentioned languages. Assuming the point of view of the Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993), I consider that word-formation is strictly syntactic and I follow the hypothesis according to which the audible form of morphemes is separated from both their structure and their meaning. Therefore, I propose an interpretation of the realizational process that creates the relation between a given phonological sequence and one or more morpho-syntactic properties. These are expressed by feature-matrices. More precisely, I argue for a one-to-one correspondence between a given morpho-syntactic category and a phonological sequence. Subsequently, I follow Bendjaballah (2003) and Lowenstamm (2008) and show that the phonological substance which is associated to morpho-syntactic categories must be represented within the CV approach (Lowenstamm 1996). Finally, this dissertation shows that each morphological property corresponds to the same phonological materia within a given System

Compte tenu de la complexité des circuits intégrés de nos jours et des nœuds technologiques qui ne cessent pas de diminuer, être au rendez-vous avec les demandes de design, test et fabrication des dispositifs de haute qualité est devenu un des plus grands défis. Avoir des circuits intégrés de plus en plus performants devrait être atteint tout en respectant les contraintes de basse consommation, de niveaux de fiabilité demandés, de taux de défauts acceptables ainsi que du bas coût. Avec ce fascinant progrès de l’industrie des semi-conducteurs, les processus de fabrication sont devenus de plus en plus difficile à contrôler, ce qui rend les puces électroniques de nos jours plus disposés aux défauts physiques. Le test était et restera l’unique solution pour lutter contre l’occurrence des défauts de fabrication ; même il est devenu un facteur prédominant dans le coût totale de fabrication des circuits intégrés. Même si des solutions de test, qui existent déjà, étaient capables de satisfaire ce fameux compromis coût-qualité ces dernières années, il arrive d’observer encore des mécanismes de défauts malheureusement incontrôlables. Certains sont intrinsèquement reliés au processus de fabrication en lui-même. D’autres reviennent sans doute aux pratiques de test et surtout quand on analyse le taux de défauts détectés et le niveau de fiabilité atteint.L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’implémenter des stratégies de test robustes et efficaces qui répondent aux lacunes des techniques de tests classiques et qui proposent des modèles de fautes plus réalistes et répondent au mieux aux attentes des fournisseurs. Dans l’objectif d’améliorer l’efficacité de test en termes de coût, capacité de couverture de faute, nous présentons divers contributions significatives qui touchent différents domaines entre-autres le test sur le terrain, les tests à hautes fréquences sous contraintes de puissance et finalement le test des chaines de scan.La partie majeure de cette thèse était consacrée pour le développement de nouvelles techniques de tests fonctionnels ciblant les systèmes à processeurs.Les méthodologies appliquées couvrent les problèmes de test sur terrain aussi bien que les problèmes de test de fabrication. Dans le premier cas, la techniques adoptée consiste à fusionner et compacter un ensemble initial de programmes fonctionnels afin d’atteindre une couverture de faute satisfaisante tout en respectant les contraintes du test sur terrain (temps de test réduit et ressource mémoire limitée). Cependant dans le deuxième cas, comme nous avons assez d’informations sur la structure du design, nous proposons un nouveau protocole de test qui va exploiter l’architecture de test existante. Dans ce contexte, nous avons validé et confirmé la relation complémentaire qui joint le test fonctionnel avec le test structurel. D’autres part, cette prometteuse approche assure un test qui respecte les limites de la consommation fonctionnelle et donc une fiabilité meilleure.La dernière contribution de cette thèse accorde toute l’attention à l’amélioration de test de la structure DFT « Design For Test » la plus utilisée qui est la chaîne de scan. Nous présentons dans cette contribution une approche de test qui cible les défauts physiques au sein de la cellule en elle-même.Cette approche représente une couverture de défauts meilleure et une longueur de test plus réduit si nous la comparons avec l’ATPG classique ciblant les mêmes défauts « Intra-cell defect ATPG ».Comme résultat majeur de cette efficace solution de test, nous avons observé une amélioration de 7.22% de couverture de défaut accompagné d’une réduction de 33.5% du temps de test en comparaison avec la couverture et le temps du test atteints par le « Cell-awer ATPG »<br>In light of the aggressive scaling and increasing complexity of digital circuits, meeting the demands for designing, testing and fabricating high quality devices is extremely challenging.Higher performance of integrated circuits needs to be achieved while respecting the constraints of low power consumption, required reliability levels, acceptable defect rates and low cost. With these advances in the SC industry, the manufacturing process are becoming more and more difficult to control, making chips more prone to defects.Test was and still is the unique solution to cover manufacturing defects; it is becoming a dominant factor in overall manufacturing cost.Even if existing test solutions were able to satisfy the cost-reliability trade-off in the last decade, there are still uncontrolled failure mechanisms. Some of them are intrinsically related to the manufacturing process and some others belong to the test practices especially when we consider the amount of detected defects and achieved reliability.The main goal of this thesis is to implement robust and effective test strategies to complement the existing test techniques and cope with the issues of test practices and fault models. With the objective to further improve the test efficiency in terms of cost and fault coverage capability, we present significant contributions in the diverse areas of in-field test, power-aware at-speed test and finally scan-chain testing.A big part of this thesis was devoted to develop new functional test techniques for processor-based systems. The applied methodologies cover both in-field and end-of manufacturing test issues. In the farmer, the implemented test technique is based on merging and compacting an initial functional program set in order to achieve higher fault coverage while reducing the test time and the memory occupation. However in the latter, since we already have the structure information of the design, we propose to develop a new test scheme by exploiting the existing scan chain. In this case we validate the complementary relationship between functional and structural testing while avoiding over as well under-testing issues.The last contribution of this thesis deals with the test improvement of the most used DFT structure that is the scan chain. We present in this contribution an intra-cell aware testing approach showing higher intra-cell defect coverage and lower test length when compared to conventional cell-aware ATPG. As major results of this effective test solution, we show that an intra-cell defect coverage increase of up to 7.22% and test time decrease of up to 33.5 % can be achieved in comparison with cell-aware ATPG

Notre travail a pour objectif de proposer un modèle unifié pour la recherche d'information multilingue. Nous proposons un modèle d'indexation structurée basée sur des syntagmes nominaux dans le but d'augmenter la précision du système. Ce modèle a été étendu pour le multilinguisme. Nous avons utilisé un analyseur morpho-syntaxique pour extraire et structurer des syntagmes nominaux des documents et des requêtes, sous la forme [Tête, modifieurs]. Cette structure permet de pondérer l'importance d'un terme selon son rôle dans le syntagme. De plus, nous proposons un ensemble de règles de décomposition de syntagmes en ensemble de sous syntagmes plus petits, qui sont organisés sous la forme de réseau Bayésiens qui servent de base pour la phase d'interrogation. La fonction de correspondance est calculée en se basant sur les probabilités de déduire les syntagmes de requête, à partir leurs sous syntagmes présents dans un document donné. Pour le multilinguisme, le réseau de la requête est transformé d'une langue source vers une autre langue cible en se basant sur les nœuds qui composent deux termes, en utilisant un dictionnaire bilingue et un thésaurus de co-occurrences de termes<br>The purpose of our work is to propose a unified model for cross-language information retrieva. We propose a noun phrase-based structured indexing model, in order to inscrease the precision of system. This model is extended for cross-language information retrieval. We used a morpho-syntactic analyzer to extract and structure the noun phrases od documents and queries, in the form [head, arguments]. This structure makes it possible to weight the importance of a term according to its role in the noun phrase. Moreover, we propose a set of decompostion rules, that are used to break up a noun phrase inot a set of sub noun phrases,organized in a Bayesian network, which is used at query time. The matching fuction is calculated based on the probabilities od deducing the noun phrases of the query from the ierms existing in a give document. The cross-language extension consists in a transformation of the query network from a source language to a target language, based on nodes composing the two termes, by using a bilingual dictionary and a terms co-occurences thesaurus

Menee dans le cadre methodologique de l'approche pronominale, la these propose une analyse syntaxique des structures nominales integrant une forme verbale de type une etude a faire. Ces structures sont generalement analysees comme de simples complements du nom (ou du verbe ou de l'adjectif). Notre analyse distingue au moyen de criteres syntaxiques plusieurs types et sous-types. La valence de certains verbes, noms ou adjectifs est constitutee non pas seulemebt par un complement infinitif autonome, mais par la relation meme qui unit l'infinitif et un autre element 'c'est-a-dire diverses sortes de "nexus"). Derriere ces structures "superficielles" en apparence simples se revele une grande complexite relationnelle, comme par exemple dans les structures suivantes : - un etudiant long a comprendre les problemes - une etude longue a faire - un spectacle triste a mourir cette description est fondee sur un corpus de plus de 15 000 exemples oraux et ecrits. Une etude contrastive des strucutres de ce type dans trois autres langues romanes a permis de montrer que la frequence et l'extension des structures a v-er est specifique au francais et que les autres langues. . .

Ce memoire est consacre a l'epitaxie par jets moleculaires et aux proprietes des couches minces de semiconducteurs iii-v orientees (111)b. Cette orientation ouvre un nouveau champ d'application a ces materiaux par la presence d'un champ piezoelectrique interne et une valeur elevee de l'epaisseur critique de relaxation des couches contraintes : elle devrait en effet permettre l'obtention de lasers a des longueurs d'onde non accessibles a l'orientation standard (100) : 1-1,3m. Nous sommes parvenus a optimiser les conditions d'homoepitaxie dans une large gamme de temperatures, 520, 600 et 680, sur des substrats de gaas (111)b vicinaux et nominaux, comme nous l'ont confirme des observations a. F. M. . Cette etude comparative nous a permis de preciser les mecanismes de croissance particuliers pour cette orientation. La croissance des alliages (ga,a1)as a ete etudiee a 610 et 680 pour les deux types de substrat. Le probleme de maclage rencontre lors de cette epitaxie a ete resolu. Des structures a puits quantiques contraints ont ete elaborees. Une etude par spectroscopie de photoluminescence, soutenue par des observations de m. E. T. , a confirme que l'epaisseur critique de relaxation plastique est plus grande que pour (100) : pour nos conditions de croissance, des puits, a 30% d'in et 10nm d'epaisseur, sont encore uniformes (2d) et contraints. Le developpement d'un logiciel de calcul des energies de transition dans un puits contraint piezoelectrique a permis une analyse critique de nos resultats experimentaux obtenus en spectroscopie de luminescence et de photocourant, et la mise en evidence de l'effet du champ interne sur les caracteristiques des puits. Enfin, une etude sur les miroirs de bragg, elements indispensables aux composants a microcavite, a ete effectuee. Des miroirs de bragg standard gaas-(ga,a1)as (111)b ont ete elabores, de reflectivite comparable a celle obtenue suivant (100), et la conception de miroirs a large plateau de reflectivite a ete menee.

Hamad Medical Corporation, the main healthcare provider in the state of Qatar, sponsored this study to investigate the use of electronic records management as the basis for a novel information management system in its Nursing Department. To assess the viability of an electronic records management system a questionnaire survey of a representative sample of the staff and interviews with key post holders were under taken. Results obtained indicated a wide spread dissatisfaction with the existing manual system. However, introduction of any computer-based technology requires great care. To assist with identifying any issues with this technological change, Soft System Methodology (SSM) was employed to discern what changes could be made to improve the current problematic situation found in the Nursing Department. In fact the change archetypes uncovered (procedural, attitudinal, structural and cultural) formed an innovative input into obtaining a roadmap for development of the electronic staff records system. This roadmap was facilitated by the use of Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM): In fact the roadmap was an ISM intent structure. The roadmap suggested that change could be affected by having written policy documents and the top goal to be achieved reflected an improvement in manpower placing and budgetary forecasts. The use of a multi-methods approach meant that as well as this study's main objectives being reached, the process encompassed some methodological innovations. This study is the first to use the output of SSM to facilitate the NGT and ISM interactions. Equally, it is the first study of its sort to be applied to the Nursing Department at HMC, Qatar, which is an example of a cross-cultural eastern philosophical tradition. The methods used here revealed some significant findings, and have helped in the development of an electronic records management system for use at HMC, Qatar.

Nesta tese, discutem-se, dentre outros, os conceitos de \"auditório universal\", de Perelman (2000); o de \"contrato de comunicação\", de Charaudeau (1992); os conceitos de duplo vínculo e enquadres, propostos por Bateson (1972), e abre-se também espaço para os principais tipos de paradoxos. Nela apresentase ainda a teoria dos semas e de sua combinatória, segundo Langendoen (1971), e, finalmente, analisa-se o sermão pelo Bom sucesso das armas de Portugal contra as de Holanda. O trabalho tem por objetivo evidenciar que o discurso religioso do Padre Antônio Vieira, no Sermão Pelo bom sucesso das armas de Portugal contra as de Holanda, é um discurso paradoxal porque desconstrói a si próprio. Para atingir tal propósito, confrontam-se os argumentos de que Vieira faz uso para dirigir-se a Deus, no referido sermão, com os textos das Sagradas Escrituras; analisa-se a argumentatividade das formas nominais do verbo, com ênfase particular na estrutura do gerúndio, enquanto ato ilocucional, a partir do Sermão da Sexagésima, e descreve-se um tipo de paradoxo pragmático: a roda argumentativa.<br>In this thesis, among others, the concepts of \"universal auditorium\", from Perelman (2000); \"communication contract\", from Charaudeau (1992); the concepts of double bind and frames, proposed by Bateson (1972) are discussed, and room is opened for the main types of paradox. In this one, the theory of semantic traits and its combinatory, according to Langedoen (1971) is also presented and, finally, the sermon For the good success of Portugal\'s weapons against Holland\'s is analyzed. The work has as a scope to evidence that the religious speech from Father Antônio Vieira, at the sermon For the good success of Portugal\'s weapons against Holland\'s, is a paradoxal speech for it unbuilds itself. To reach such purpose, the arguments Vieira uses to address God are confronted, at the referred sermon, with the Holy Scriptures\' texts; the argumentativity of the nominal forms of the verbs is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the structure of the gerund, as an illocutionary act, starting from Sermon of the Sixtieth, and a kind of pragmatic paradox is created: the argumentative round.

Le but de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle classe de GLMs pour une variable réponse catégorielle structurée hiérarchiquement, comme une variable partiellement ordonnée par exemple. Une première étape a été de mettre en évidence les différences et les point communs entre les GLMs pour variables réponses nominale et ordinale. Sur cette base nous avons introduit une nouvelle spécification des GLMs pour variable réponse catégorielle, qu'elle soit ordinale ou nominale, basée sur trois composantes : le ratio de probabilitées r, la fonction de répartition F et la matrice de design Z. Ce cadre de travail nous a permis de définir une nouvelle famille de modèles pour données nominales, comparable aux familles de modèles cumulatifs, séquentiels et adjacents pour données ordinales. Puis nous avons défini la classe des modèles linéaires généralisés partitionnés conditionnels (PCGLMs) en utilisant des arbres orientés et la specification (r,F,Z). Dans notre contexte biologique, les données sont des séquences multivariées composées d'une variable réponse catégorielle (le type de production axillaire) et de variables explicatives (longueur de l'entre-noeud par exemple). Dans les combinaisons semi-markoviennes de modèles linéaires généralisés partitionnés conditionnés (SMS-PCGLM) estimées sur la base de ces séquences, la semi-chaîne de Markov sous-jacente représente la succession et les longueurs des zones de ramification, tandis que les PCGLMs représentent, l'influence des variables explicatives de croissance sur les productions axillaires dans chaque zone de ramification. En utilisant ces modèles statistiques intégratifs, nous avons montré que la croissance de la pousse influençait des événements de ramification particuliers.

Différentes contributions théoriques ont enrichi de façon importante, pour la détermination du taux de change d’équilibre en économie sous-développée, le critère naturel de la balance des paiements. Les auteurs post-kynésiens ont notamment souligné la nécessité d’adjoindre à la lecture des soldes extérieurs un certain nombre d’observations relatives aux revenus, à la protection aux frontières et à la croissance réelle des échanges. L’application de ce critère en Afrique centrale suscite une présomption de surévaluation plus ou moins sensible du F. C. F. A parmi les pays membres de la B. E. A. C (sauf au Cameroun) et d’inadéquation du zaïre-monnaie, ainsi que dans une moindre mesure des francs du Rwanda et du Burundi. Mais l’objectif poursuivi implique l’adoption d’un critère plus étroitement associé à la valeur externe de la monnaie et traduisant la situation de compétitivité de l’économie. Le taux de change est alors évalué à long terme au regard des conditions de l’équilibre externe en économie de production primaire ; ceci à travers une appréciation de la structure interne des prix intéressant les secteurs de biens internationaux et des effets des politiques d’accroissement des parts de marché à l’exportation et de substitution à l’importation. En Afrique centrale, l’application de ce critère confirme la possibilité d’une surévaluation du F. C. F. A ai Gabon et au Congo, tempère la présomption d’une inadéquation du taux de change en Centafrique, au Rwanda et au Burundi, et permet de douter de l’équilibre externe du zaïre-monnaie à long terme.

This master thesis deals primarily with the prediction of fatigue life of welded ribbed shaft. Recommendations taken from the International Institute of Welding (IIW) are used to express the stress values and the fatigue life. The stress values of examined place are expressed by approach of nominal stress, structural hot spot stress and effective notch stress. Results from stress-strain analysis are combined together with fatigue strength curves for prediction of the fatigue life. At the end of the analysis, the predicted fatigue life is compared with design life of welded ribbed shaft.

Diese Dissertation untersucht das variable Verhalten von sogenannten „bare nouns“ (Nominale ohne Artikel) im Persischen. Dieses Verhalten kann jedoch nicht verstanden werden ohne eine Reihe von entscheidenden Eigenschaften der persischen Satzstruktur zu betrachten. Dazu gehören Informationsstruktur, Prosodie und Wortstellung, sowie die semantischen und syntaktischen Funktionen verschiedener morphologischer Markierungen im Persischen. Die vorliegende Dissertation kann daher zum besseren Verständnis von satzinterner Syntax, Semantik und Prosodie des Persischen beitragen. Ich beginne meine Untersuchung mit dem Vergleich der BNs in verschiedenen Positionen mit Nominalen, die mit verschiedenen Morphemen gekennzeichnet sind. Die quasi-inkorporierten Nominale im Persischen scheinen zur Klasse der diskursintransparenten inkorporierenden Sprachen zu gehören. Doch dies scheint nicht immer zu stimmen, unter bestimmten Umständen zeigen persische BNs Diskurstransparenz. In Kapitel 3 untersuche ich daher, unter welchen Umständen BNs Diskurstransparenz zeigen und warum. In Kapitel 3 präsentiere ich einen Alternativvorschlag zu Farkas & de Swart, in dem ich darlege, dass ein BN tatsächlich einen neuen Diskursreferenten einführt. Aber der Numerus von BNs ist neutral (numerusneutralen Diskursreferenten).In der zweiten Hälfte der Dissertation wird die Interpretation von BNs in verschiedenen Positionen und mit unterschiedlichen grammatischen Funktionen diskutiert. Kapitel 4 konzentriert sich auf BNs in Objektposition. Wir stellen einen direkten Vergleich an zwischen BNs als tatsächliche BNs, d.h. Nominale, die nicht mit einem Morphem markiert sind, und Kontexten, in denen sie mit dem Morphem -ra auftreten. Ich werde argumentieren, dass -ra lediglich markiert, dass ein BN oder auch ein anderes Nominal nicht in seiner VP-internen Position interpretiert, sondern in eine VP-externe Domäne bewegt wird. Das bedeutet, das Morphem -ra ist ein syntaktisches Morphem auf Phrasenebene.<br>This thesis explores the variable behavior of bare nouns in Persian. Bare singular nouns realize different grammatical functions, including subject, object and indirect object. They receive different interpretations, including generic, definite and existential readings. However, the task of understanding the reasons for, and limits on, this variation cannot be achieved without understanding a number of pivotal features of Persian sentential architecture, including Information Structure, prosody, word order, and the functions of various morphological markers in Persian. With respect to the discourse transparency of Incorporated Nominals, under certain circumstances, Persian bare nouns show discourse transparency. These circumstances are examined in chapter 3, and it is proposed that bare nouns do introduce a number neutral discourse referent. This proposal is phrased within Discourse Representation Theory. In the second half of the dissertation, the interpretation of bare nouns in different positions and with different grammatical functions are discussed. Under the independently supported hypothesis of position>interpretation mapping developed by Diesing (1992), we will see the role of the suffix -ra in indicating that an object has been moved out of VP. For subjects, there is no morphological marking corresponding to –ra on objects, and we have to rely on prosody and word order to determine how a VP is interpreted using theories of the interaction of accent and syntactic structure. It is proposed that both subject and object originate within the VP, and can move out to the VP-external domain. The motivation for these movements are informational-structural in nature, relating in particular to the distinctions between given and new information, and default and non-default information structure.