Journal articles: 'Nomarski'

1

Haidar, Riad. "Georges (Jerzy) Nomarski." Photoniques, no. 62 (November 2012): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/20126224.

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Sauer, Hervé, and Joëlle Surrel. "Le contraste interférentiel différentiel Nomarski en microscopie." Photoniques, no. 86 (May 2017): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/20178640.

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Silk, Ely. "Reflected/Transmitted Nomarsky DIC Lighting." Microscopy Today 6, no. 4 (May 1998): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500067195.

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What could be better than reflected or transmitted Nomarski differential interference contrast? Why, combining the best features of both and for very little cost. My intended use of the technique was for Nomarski reflection DIC microscopy. It will work, of course, with other types of reflection microscopy.What this embarrassingly simple artifice accomplishes is to simultaneously add transmission capabilities to reflection observations with the result being improved viewing of delicate details, And, yes, because of the reflective front surface layer, the observer can study details on the bottom side of the specimen which is usually hidden from view. This requires focusing through the specimen and below the point of normal focus.

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Fairclough, Andrew, Peter Loxley, Dennis Johnson, and John Mills. "An improved fungal mounting technique for Nomarski microscopy." Journal of Biological Education 19, no. 3 (September 1985): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1985.9654723.

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Stemmer, A. "Individual Actin Filaments Visualized by DIC (Nomarski) Microscopy." Biological Bulletin 183, no. 2 (October 1992): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv183n2p360.

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Gleyzes, P., A. C. Boccara, and H. Saint-Jalmes. "Multichannel Nomarski microscope with polarization modulation: performance and applications." Optics Letters 22, no. 20 (October 15, 1997): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.22.001529.

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Chatterjee, Sanjib. "Design considerations and fabrication techniques of Nomarski reflection microscope." Optical Engineering 42, no. 8 (2003): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1590320.

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Hough, P., C. McLoughlin, T. J. Kelly, S. S. Harilal, J. P. Mosnier, and J. T. Costello. "Time resolved Nomarski interferometery of laser produced plasma plumes." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 10 (March 2009): 5167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.08.050.

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Buccellato, R., P. F. Cunningham, M. M. Michaelis, and A. Prause. "Comparative electron density measurements for the refractive fringe diagnostic and Nomarski interferometry." Laser and Particle Beams 10, no. 4 (December 1992): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004638.

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Massive carbon targets were irradiated with a pulsed ruby laser and the laser-produced plasma electron densities were simultaneously evaluated using Nomarski interferometry and the refractive fringe diagnostic. An agreement of half an order of magnitude between the two diagnostics was obtained.

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Pinho, M., and E. Gharakhanian. "Characterization of Novel Yeast Endosome to Vacuole Mutants by Electron and Fluorescent Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 750–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029822.

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The vacuole of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae, is equivalent to the mammalian lysosome. Several genes and gene products have been identified in the vesicular transport of soluble hydrolases to the vacuole via an endosomal compartment. This postendosomal stage of vacuolar trafficking delivering biosynthetic, endocytosed, and autophagic/Cvt cargo specifically to the vacuole remains one of the least defined stages of vesicular transport. We have previously developed an immunological screen for mutants that internally accumulate a pre-vacuolar intermediate of the vacuolar protease, Carboxypeptidase Y (CPY), in a PEP4-independent manner while exhibiting normal secretion phenotypes. We hypothesize that such mutants would be defective at endosome to vacuole step of delivery, hence env mutants. in order to morphologically characterize our novel set of mutants we performed electron, fluorescent and Nomarski microscopy analysis.Preliminary studies revealed pleiotrophic phenotypes with respect to vacuole structure by Nomarski and fluorescent microscopy. FM-464 uptake and staining assays shows punctate staining throughout the cell in mut79 and mut72.

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Barty, A., K. A. Nugent, D. Paganin, and A. Roberts. "Quantitative Visible-Light and Electron Phase Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600022169.

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At the University of Melbourne we have been pursuing an ongoing program of investigation into the recovery of phase information from intensity measurements [1-9]. In this paper we consider the implications of this work in optical and electron microscopy.Many objects of interest to biologists are phase objects which means that light is slowed and refracted in the object but not absorbed. Techniques such as phase-contrast microscopy and Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy are traditionally used to render the phase structure visible but do not directly map the phase distribution and are unable to produce quantitative data. These techniques also entangle the phase and amplitude information and so have limitations where both phase and amplitude information is required. In this paper, we demonstrate quantitative non-interferometric recovery of microscopic phase structure using incoherent illumination of the type commonly found in optical microscopes, and show that our results correlate with structure observed using Nomarski DIC techniques.

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Pearce, T. H., and A. H. Clark. "Nomarski interference contrast observations of textural details in volcanic rocks." Geology 17, no. 8 (1989): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0757:nicoot>2.3.co;2.

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Foskett, J. K. "Simultaneous Nomarski and fluorescence imaging during video microscopy of cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 255, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): C566—C571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.255.4.c566.

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A video microscope designed to allow low light level fluorescence imaging of cells during simultaneous high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging, without the fluorescence light losses of 60-90% normally associated with this contrast-enhancement technique, is described. Transmitted light for DIC imaging, filtered at greater than 620 nm, passes through standard DIC optical components, (1/4 lambda-plate, polarizer, and Wollaston prism) before illuminating the cells. Transmitted light and fluorescence emission pass through a second Wollaston prism but not through the analyzer, which is repositioned more distally in the optical path. Prisms designed to reflect light out a side port of the microscope to a video camera have been replaced with a dichroic mirror. This mirror reflects fluorescence emission out the side port to a low light-sensitive video camera. The spectrally distinct transmitted light continues through the dichroic mirror to an overhead camera through a polarizer (analyzer), which completes the DIC optical path. The fluorescence and DIC images can be viewed simultaneously on side-by-side video monitors, examined sequentially by an image-processing computer, or examined simultaneously using a video splitter/inserter. The ability to image cells with high resolution simultaneously with low light level fluorescence imaging should find wide applicability whenever it is necessary or desirable to correlate fluorescence intensity or distribution with specific cell structure or function.

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Nakatsuji, N., M. H. L. Snow, and C. C. Wylie. "Cinemicrographic study of the cell movement in the primitive-streak-stage mouse embryo." Development 96, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.96.1.99.

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Migration of the mesoderm cells in the primitive-streak-stage mouse embryo was directly studied by cinemicrography using whole embryo culture and Nomarski differential interference contrast optics. Relative transparency and small size of the early mouse embryos enabled direct observation of the individual cells and their cell processes. Seven-day-old mouse embryos were isolated and cultured in a small chamber in a medium consisting of 50% rat serum and 50 % Dulbecco's modified minimum essential medium. The mesoderm cells move away from the primitive streak in both anterior and antimesometrial (distal) directions at a mean velocity of 46 μm h−1. They extend cell processes and constantly change cell shape. They do not translocate extensively as isolated single cells, but usually maintain attachment to other mesoderm cells. They show frequent cell division preceded by rounding up of the cell bodies, and accompanied by vigorous blebbing before and after cytokinesis. This study shows that it is possible to examine the motility of embryonic cells inside the mammalian embryo by direct observation if the embryo is small and transparent enough for the use of the Nomarski optics.

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Liu, Qiushi, Mingjiang Ma, Xiaohua Zhang, Baozhen Zhao, Chong Lv, Xianghao Meng, Zhao Wang, et al. "Application of Nomarski interference system in supersonic gas-jet target diagnosis." AIP Advances 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 015145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0027317.

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Oh, Seong Y., Changhwan Lim, Sung Yong Ha, Sungmo Nam, and Jaemin Han. "Experimental study of laser-induced air plasma using a Nomarski interferometer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 54, no. 7 (June 23, 2015): 076101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.54.076101.

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Jabr, S. N. "Surface-roughness measurement by digital processing of Nomarski phase-contrast images." Optics Letters 10, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.10.000526.

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Götze, J. "Application of Nomarski DIC and cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy to building materials." Materials Characterization 60, no. 7 (July 2009): 594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.09.006.

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Niermann-Kerkenberg, Eva, and Dietrich Kurt Hofmann. "Fertilization and normal development inAscidiella aspersa (Tunicata) studied with Nomarski-optics." Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 43, no. 2 (June 1989): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02367902.

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Schmitt, Dirk-Roger. "Characterization of high-quality surfaces by Nomarski microscopy and light scattering." Precision Engineering 13, no. 4 (October 1991): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-6359(91)90004-3.

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21

Zhou, Ren Wei, Xue Chao Liu, Hui Jun Guo, H. K. Kong, and Er Wei Shi. "Study of Triangle-Shaped Defects on Nearly On-Axis 4H-SiC Substrates." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.225.

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Triangle-shaped defects are one of the most common surface defects on epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC epilayer on nearly on-axis SiC substrate. In this paper, we investigate the feature and structure of such defects using Nomarski optical microscopy (NOM), micro-Raman spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). It is found that triangle-shaped defects were composed of a thick 3C-SiC polytype, as well as 4H-SiC epilayer.

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Senzaki, Junji, Kazutoshi Kojima, Tomohisa Kato, Atsushi Shimozato, and Kenji Fukuda. "Effects of Dislocations on Reliability of Thermal Oxides Grown on n-Type 4H-SiC Wafer." Materials Science Forum 483-485 (May 2005): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.483-485.661.

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The effects of dislocations in n-type 4H-SiC(0001) epitaxial wafers on the reliability of thermal oxides have been investigated. Charge-to-breakdown (QBD) values of thermal oxides decrease with increase in the dislocations under a gate-oxide area. Nomarski microscope observations show that dielectric breakdown of thermal oxides occurs at the position of dislocation in epitaxial layer. It is reavealed that basal plane dislocation is the most common cause of the dielectric breakdown.

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Yu, Haiwu. "Wollaston prism design and working parameters in the Nomarski polarized light interferometer." Optical Engineering 35, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 2310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.600805.

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24

Prahl, Scott A., Amanda Dayton, Kyle Juedes, Erik J. Sánchez, Rafael Páez López, and Donald D. Duncan. "Experimental validation of phase using Nomarski microscopy with an extended Fried algorithm." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 29, no. 10 (September 12, 2012): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.29.002104.

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25

Bathel, Brett F., Joshua M. Weisberger, Gregory C. Herring, Rudolph A. King, Stephen B. Jones, Richard E. Kennedy, and Stuart J. Laurence. "Two-point, parallel-beam focused laser differential interferometry with a Nomarski prism." Applied Optics 59, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.59.000244.

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Martinkova, Michaela, Milan Kalal, and Yong Joo Rhee. "Coulomb explosions of deuterium clusters studied by compact design of Nomarski interferometer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 244, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 032053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/244/3/032053.

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Szakal, A. K., R. L. Gieringer, M. H. Kosco, and J. G. Tew. "Isolated follicular dendritic cells: cytochemical antigen localization, Nomarski, SEM, and TEM morphology." Journal of Immunology 134, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 1349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.3.1349.

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Abstract The objectives of the present study were to determine the cytological features of isolated follicular dendritic cells (FDC), which distinguish them from other leukocytes or dendritic cell types. Consequently, we have developed methods for the fixation, peroxidase cytochemistry, and visualization of FDC, which are applicable to cytological evaluations by Nomarski optics, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. A functionally supported identification of FDC in vitro was made possible by utilizing, in conjunction with the dendritic morphology, the cytochemically identifiable antigen, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the known capacity of FDC to sequester immune complexes (i.e. HRP-anti-HRP) on their plasma membranes. The observations showed that FDC constitute a relatively pleomorphic, nonphagocytic group, distinct from other dendritic type cells such as lymphoid dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and interdigitating cells (LDC, LC, and IDC), as well as typical leukocytes. Morphologically distinct FDC were identified as cells either with filiform dendrites or with "beaded" dendrites. FDC possessed a single or sometimes a double, lymphocyte-size cell body, which contained an irregular, lobated nucleus, Golgi apparatus, numerous small vesicles, and some mitochondria. Mitochondria were not abundant in the dendritic processes. Filiform dendrites tended to branch and anastomose near the cell body and form a radiating "sunburst"-like pattern. On the average, dendrites measured 15-20 microns in length and 0.1-0.3 micron in diameter. Occasional dendrites were extremely elongated, reached several hundred microns in length, and terminated in an enlargement measuring nearly a micron in diameter. Other filiform dendrites usually had a club-shaped terminal enlargement. The microspheres of "beaded" dendrites ranged between 0.3 and 0.6 micron in diameter. The dendritic processes were also shown to have a highly ordered pattern of immune complex attachment on their surface, suggestive of a periodic arrangement of receptor sites.

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Haušild, Petr, and Michal Landa. "Characterization of Sputter-Deposited NiTi Thin Film by Nanoindentation." Key Engineering Materials 662 (September 2015): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.662.87.

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NiTi shape memory alloy thin film sputter-deposited on a large scale silicon wafer was characterized by means of instrumented (depth-sensing) indentation technique. Thickness of deposited thin film was measured by calotest device. Microstructure of thin film was observed using differential interference (Nomarski) contrast. It was shown that the local mechanical properties are different in areas containing different phases (austenite and martensite) according to different deposition conditions (kinetic energy of deposited atoms when impacting the substrate surface).

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Cass, D. D., D. J. Peteya, and B. L. Robertson. "Megagametophyte development in Hordeum vulgare. 1. Early megagametogenesis and the nature of cell wall formation." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-306.

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Megagametophyte development in barley (Hordeum vulgare 'Atsel') was studied using Nomarski-interference optics and transmission electron microscopy. Stages described include the functional megaspore to cell wall formation. Aspects of the transition from the free nuclear stage of the embryo sac to the cellular embryo sac indicate involvement of elongate cell plates associated with clusters of microtubules. Initial cell walls among micropylar and chalazal nuclei are composed of beads derived from dictyosome vesicles. Fusion of growing cell plates occurs, especially within the antipodal apparatus.

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Balmer, J. E., R. Weber, P. F. Cunningham, and P. Lädrach. "Plasma evolution in laser-irradiated hollow microcylinders." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600008077.

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Hollow microcylinder targets, 200–300 μm in diameter, have been internally irradiated at up to 5 · 1014 W/cm2 with Nd:glass laser pulses directed through an axial entrance slit. The plasma evolution in the interior of the cavities was diagnosed with a pinhole imaging X-ray streak camera and a Nomarski-type interferometer. Plasma collision near the center of the cylinder is observed about 300 ps after the irradiating laser pulse. The experimental results are confirmed by a one-dimensional Eulerian fluid code.

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Reimer, L. G., and A. Kepas. "Comparison of Gram stain and Nomarski optics for screening sputum specimens before culture." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 23, no. 2 (1986): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.23.2.377-378.1986.

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Amiot, Fabien, and Jean Paul Roger. "Nomarski imaging interferometry to measure the displacement field of micro-electro-mechanical systems." Applied Optics 45, no. 30 (October 20, 2006): 7800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.007800.

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Castro, Antonio, and Jesús D. De La Rosa. "Nomarski study of zoned plagioclases from granitoids of the Seville Range batholith, SW Spain. Petrogenetic implications." European Journal of Mineralogy 6, no. 5 (September 28, 1994): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/6/5/0647.

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Tsuchiya, H., C. Iwatani, J. Okahara-Narita, J. Yamasaki, and R. Torii. "60 INFLUENCE OF HOECHST STAINING FOR NUCLEAR TRANSFER ON PARTHENOGENETIC EMBRYOS IN CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS (MACACA FASCICULARIS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab60.

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Nonhuman primates are valuable animal models for the study of human diseases, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an important method for establishing tailor-made embryonic stem (ES) cells and transgenic animals in these model species. However, there have been few reports on SCNT in nonhuman primates. Moreover, the development of cloned blastocysts could be influenced by any chemical reagents and manipulations used in this technique. In this study we compared blastocyst developmental rates with and without Hoechst staining. Metaphase II (MII) oocytes were collected from hormone-treated adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) under laparoscopic observation (Torii et al. 2000 Primates 41, 39–47). A pseudo-SCNT procedure, which consisted of cytochalasin B treatment, cytoplasm removal, and dissection of the oocyte membrane, was performed on MII oocytes either in the presence of (Experiment 1; Ex1) or in the absence of Hoechst 33342 (Experiment 2; Ex2). Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy was used in Ex1 and Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) was used in Ex2. In Ex1, cumulus-free MII oocytes were treated with Hoechst 33342 (5 mg mL–1; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 min and the following pseudo-SCNT procedure was carried out: cytochalasin B (CB, 5 µg mL–1; Sigma) for 20 min, removal of a small amount of cytoplasm (pseudo-EN), and then dissection of the oocyte cytoplasmic membrane (pseudo-IN) under Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy. In Ex2, CB treatment, pseudo-EN, and pseudo-IN were performed under Nomarski DIC microscopy. After treatment, these oocytes were activated by parthenogenetic stimulation. Parthenogenesis was induced by 5-m ionomycin (Sigma) for 2 min and 2 mm 6-dimethylaminopurine (Sigma) for 4 h. As a control, cumulus-free MII oocytes were activated by only parthenogenetic stimulation, without the above manipulations. These activated oocytes were cultured in CMRL-1066 medium containing 20% calf serum at 38�C in 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 for 7–8 days. The rates of development to blastocyst stage were 14% (1/7) in Ex1, 30% (3/10) in Ex2, and 29% (2/7) in the control. The developmental rate of parthenotes to the blastocyst stage in Ex2 was greater than that in Ex1 and similar to the control. These results suggest that treatment of cynomolgus monkey oocytes with Hoechst staining possibily decreases development to the blastocyst stage. Therefore, enucleation under Nomarski DIC will be a good alternative to Hoechst staining and could improve the potential development of nonhuman primate SCNT embryos.

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Barthel, L. K., and P. A. Raymond. "Improved method for obtaining 3-microns cryosections for immunocytochemistry." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 9 (September 1990): 1383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.9.2201738.

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The following describes a modified technique for obtaining 3-microns sections for light microscopic level immunocytochemistry. By combining 20% sucrose with Tissue-Tek OCT embedding compound in a ratio of 2:1, we produced a block that was suitable for cutting 3-microns sections on a conventional cryostat. The 3-microns sections were dramatically improved compared with 10-microns sections cut from tissue embedded in OCT alone, when viewed with both differential interference contrast microscopy (Nomarski optics) and indirect immunofluorescence. The method is simple, uses materials already available, and does not require training in a new technique.

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Gouveia, C. J. "Supravital Morphology of Small Branches of Lateral Striate Arteries as Observed with Nomarski Optics." Cells Tissues Organs 156, no. 1 (1996): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147826.

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Garigan, Delia, Ao-Lin Hsu, Andrew G. Fraser, Ravi S. Kamath, Julie Ahringer, and Cynthia Kenyon. "Genetic Analysis of Tissue Aging in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Role for Heat-Shock Factor and Bacterial Proliferation." Genetics 161, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.3.1101.

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Abstract The genetic analysis of life span has revealed many interesting genes and pathways; however, our understanding of aging has been limited by the lack of a way to assay the aging process itself. Here we show that the tissues of aging worms have a characteristic appearance that is easy to recognize and quantify using Nomarski optics. We have used this assay to determine whether life-span mutations affect the rate of aging, to identify animals that age more rapidly than normal, and to infer the cause of death in C. elegans. Mutations that reduce insulin/IGF-1 signaling double the life span of C. elegans, and we find that tissue decline is slowed in these mutants. Thus this endocrine system appears to influence the rate at which tissues age. This effect extends even to the germline, which is the only mitotically active tissue in the adult. We find that Nomarski microscopy also allows a ready distinction between short-lived mutants that age more rapidly than normal and those that are simply sick, and we have identified an RNAi clone that confers a dramatic rapid-aging phenotype. This clone encodes the C. elegans heat-shock factor (HSF), a transcription factor that regulates the response to heat and oxidative stress. This suggests that heat-shock proteins, many of which act as chaperones, may function in normal animals to slow the rate of aging. Finally, we have identified a cause of death of C. elegans: namely, proliferating bacteria. This suggests that increased susceptibility to bacterial infections contributes to mortality in these animals, just as it does in humans.

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Schmid, A., A. Chiba, and C. Q. Doe. "Clonal analysis of Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts: neural cell types, axon projections and muscle targets." Development 126, no. 21 (November 1, 1999): 4653–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.21.4653.

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An experimental analysis of neurogenesis requires a detailed understanding of wild-type neural development. Recent DiI cell lineage studies have begun to elucidate the family of neurons and glia produced by each Drosophila embryonic neural precursor (neuroblast). Here we use DiI labeling to extend and clarify previous studies, but our analysis differs from previous studies in four major features: we analyze and compare lineages of every known embryonic neuroblast; we use an in vivo landmark (engrailed-GFP) to increase the accuracy of neuroblast identification; we use confocal fluorescence and Nomarski microscopy to collect three-dimensional data in living embryos simultaneously for each DiI-labeled clone, the engrailed-GFP landmark, and the entire CNS and muscle target field (Nomarski images); and finally, we analyze clones very late in embryonic development, which reveals novel cell types and axon/dendrite complexity. We identify the parental neuroblasts for all the cell types of the embryonic CNS: motoneurons, intersegmental interneurons, local interneurons, glia and neurosecretory cells (whose origins had never been determined). We identify muscle contacts for every thoracic and abdominal motoneuron at stage 17. We define the parental neuroblasts for neurons or glia expressing well-known molecular markers or neurotransmitters. We correlate Drosophila cell lineage data with information derived from other insects. In addition, we make the following novel conclusions: (1) neuroblasts at similar dorsoventral positions, but not anteroposterior positions, often generate similar cell lineages, and (2) neuroblasts at similar dorsoventral positions often produce the same motoneuron subtype: ventral neuroblasts typically generate motoneurons with dorsal muscle targets, while dorsal neuroblasts produce motoneurons with ventral muscle targets. Lineage data and movies can be found at http://www.biologists.com/Development/movies/dev8623.htmlhttp://www.neuro.uoregon.edu/doelab/lineages/

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Li, Xun, Jawad ul Hassan, Olof Kordina, Erik Janzén, and Anne Henry. "Surface Preparation of 4° Off-Axis 4H-SiC Substrate for Epitaxial Growth." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.225.

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Results of surface preparation on Si-face 4° off-cut 4H-SiC substrates are presented in this paper. The influences of two types of etchants, i.e. hydrogen chloride (HCl) and only hydrogen (H2), were investigated by Nomarski microscopy and AFM. The experiments were performed in a hot wall CVD reactor using a TaC coated susceptor. Four etching temperatures, including 1580 °C, 1600 °C, 1620 °C and 1640 °C, were studied. In-situ etching with only H2 as ambient atmosphere is found to be the optimal way for the SiC surface preparation. Using HCl at temperature higher than 1620 °C could degrade the substrates surface quality.

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Berry, A. D., R. T. Holm, M. Fatemi, and D. K. Gaskill. "OMCVD of thin films from metal diketonates and triphenylbismuth." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 6 (June 1990): 1169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1169.

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Films containing the metals copper, yttrium, calcium, strontium, barium, and bismuth were grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). Depositions were carried out at atmospheric pressure in an oxygen-rich environment using metal beta-diketonates and triphenylbismuth. The films were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy, Nomarski and scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The results show that films containing yttrium consisted of Y2O3 with a small amount of carbidic carbon, those with copper and bismuth were mixtures of oxides with no detectable carbon, and those with calcium, strontium, and barium contained carbonates. Use of a partially fluorinated barium beta-diketonate gave films of BaF2 with small amounts of BaCO3.

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ARANGO, CLAUDIA P., and AMY MAXMEN. "Proboscis ornamentation as a diagnostic character for the Anoplodactylus californicus-digitatus complex (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) with an example from the Anoplodactylus eroticus female." Zootaxa 1311, no. 1 (September 11, 2006): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1311.1.3.

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Females of the Indo-Pacific species Anoplodactylus eroticus (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida: Phoxichilidiidae) are described for the first time. The presence of peculiar ventral outgrowths or protuberances on the female proboscis of A. eroticus and 13 other Anoplodactylus species motivates an evaluation of a californicus-digitatus complex, based on external morphology and species distribution. The anatomy and development of proboscis protuberances is assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Nomarski optics, and flourescence microscopy. External morphology of A. eroticus is compared to that of apparently related species. An identification key for the 14 species of Anoplodactylus with females bearing a proboscis with ventral protuberances is provided here as an identification tool.

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Kubota, Akihisa, Yuya Ichimori, and Mutsumi Touge. "Surface Polishing of 2-Inch 4H-SiC Wafer Using Fe Abrasive Particles." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.487.

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Ultra smooth and defect-free 4H-SiC wafers are strongly demanded in the next-generation power semiconductor devices. However, such SiC substrates are relatively difficult to machine because of their mechanical hardness and marked chemical inertness. In this study, we attempt to polish 2-inch 4H-SiC wafers by our proposed method, which utilizes Fe particles and a hydrogen peroxide solution. The processed surface was observed by phase shift interferometric microscopy, Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These observational results show that the surface roughness was improved over the entire 2-inch wafer by our proposed method. These results offer useful information for preparing a smooth SiC wafer.

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Kalal, Milan, Ondrej Slezak, Michaela Martinkova, and Yong Joo Rhee. "Compact Design of Nomarski Interferometer and its Applicationin Diagnostics of Coulomb Explosions of Deuterium Clusters." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 56, no. 1(1) (January 15, 2010): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.56.287.

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Fard, Ali M., Ata Mahjoubfar, Keisuke Goda, Daniel R. Gossett, Dino Di Carlo, and Bahram Jalali. "Nomarski serial time-encoded amplified microscopy for high-speed contrast-enhanced imaging of transparent media." Biomedical Optics Express 2, no. 12 (November 29, 2011): 3387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.2.003387.

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Kościewicz, Kinga, Wlodek Strupiński, and Andrzej Roman Olszyna. "Comparison between Polishing Etching of On and Off-Axis C and Si-Faces of 4H-SiC Wafers." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.597.

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Crystallographic quality of the epitaxial layers depends on the process temperature, partial pressures of active components and the surface polarity and also on the crystallographic quality of the subsurface layer resulting from the preparation of the substrate. The polishing etching in hydrogen-propane atmosphere of 4H-SiC substrate of different orientations and polarity was studied. The optimization of the polishing etching has been achieved with respect to the flow of C3H8, the duration and the temperature of the process. The investigation of the surface of SiC substrate before and after in situ polishing-etching in H2+C3H8 atmosphere was carried out by Nomarski interference contrast microscopy (DIC) and atomic force microscope (AFM).

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Tague, Thomas J., and Lisa M. Miller. "Novel Use of Fluorescence Illumination with an Infrared Microscope." Microscopy Today 8, no. 2 (March 2000): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500057473.

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It has become increasingly obvious that infrared microspectroscopy can be the analysis tool of choice when determining the chemical composition of biological and biomedical samples. Frequently, fluorescence illumination is required for sample characterization, which previously required the use of a separate optical microscope. There has also been a need in the semiconductor manufacturing industry for a single tool for visualizing particle contaminants on integrated wafers as well as the ability to chemically determine their nature. There is now a single microscope platform for conducting rapid Nomarski differential interference contrast and fluorescence illumination sample visualization as well as infrared analysis. This novel infrared microscope has applicability to many fields of investigation, including pharmacology, forensics, cell biology, histology, gemology, and geology.

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Barry Piekos, W. "Diffracted Light Contrast: Improving the Resolution of a Basic Light Microscope by an Order of Magnitude." Microscopy Today 14, no. 6 (November 2006): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005882x.

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The discovery that the diffracted light from a convex edge can be used to form a very high-quality, shadowcast image on any light microscope has led to a device and method, diffracted-light contrast (DLC), which will allow shadowcast imaging to be routinely performed on student/laboratory microscopes (Piekos, 1999, 2003). The surface lattice of Surirella gema was easily resolved, and micrographs comparing the subcellular details of buccal epithelial cells viewed with DLC vs. Nomarski DIC showed that, on the microscopes used, DLC was superior in both the detail it rendered and depth of field. Although the images presented revealed DLC to be an excellent technique, the full capabilities of the technique were not known at the time.

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Fazeli, F., Warren J. Poole, and Chad W. Sinclair. "Work Hardening Behaviour of an Al-2.8Mg-0.16Sc Alloy." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.961.

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Despite extensive studies on the aging behaviour of Al3Sc containing alloys, the underlying mechanism of the precipitation strengthening is still not well understood. In particular, the transition radius at which particles become non-shearable is not known. In this work, the work hardening behaviour of an Al-2.8Mg-0.16Sc (wt%) alloy has been characterized for different stages of aging and the corresponding slip line features at the surface of strained specimens have been examined using Nomarski interference contrast. Moreover, the work hardening behaviour is discussed in the framework proposed by Kocks, Mecking and Estrin. It is proposed that changes in macroscopic work hardening behaviour can be used as a signature of the shearable/non-shearable transition.

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Dhanaraj, Govindhan, Yi Chen, Michael Dudley, and Hui Zhang. "Growth and Surface Morphologies of 6H SiC Bulk and Epitaxial Crystals." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.67.

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Bulk crystals and epitaxial layers of 6H SiC have been grown and their surface morphologies have been investigated. Seeded sublimation has been employed to obtain bulk 6H SiC crystals whereas a silicon tetrachloride-propane based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was used for growing epitaxial layers. The hot-zones were designed using numerical simulation. Growth rates up to 200 μm/hr could be achieved in the CVD process. A new growth-assisted hydrogen etching was developed to reveal the distribution of the micropipes present in the substrate. Morphological features were studied using Nomarski, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the structural quality was evaluated using synchrotron X-ray topography.

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Liu, Xing Fang, Guo Sheng Sun, Yong Mei Zhao, Jin Ning, J. Y. Li, Lei Wang, Wan Shun Zhao, M. C. Luo, and Jin Min Li. "Homoepitaxial Growth of 4H-SiC Multi-Epilayers and its Application to UV Detection." Materials Science Forum 556-557 (September 2007): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.556-557.109.

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Homoepitaxial growth of 4H-SiC p+/π/n- multi-epilayer on n+ substrate and in-situ doping of p+ and π-epilayer have been achieved in the LPCVD system with SiH4+C2H4+H2. The surface morphologies, homogeneities and doping concentrations of the n--single-epilayers and the p+/π/n- multi-epilayers were investigated by Nomarski, AFM, Raman and SIMS, respectively. AFM and Raman investigation showed that both single- and multi-epilayers have good surface morphologies and homogeneities, and the SIMS analyses indicated the boron concentration in p+ layer was at least 100 times higher than that in π layer. The UV photodetectors fabricated on 4H-SiC p+/π/n- multi-epilayers showed low dark current and high detectivity in the UV range.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nomarski'

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