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Journal articles on the topic 'Nodularin'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Koskenniemi, Kerttu, Christina Lyra, Pirjo Rajaniemi-Wacklin, Jouni Jokela, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Quantitative Real-Time PCR Detection of Toxic Nodularia Cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 7 (February 2, 2007): 2173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02746-06.

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ABSTRACT A specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method was developed for the quantification of hepatotoxin nodularin-producing Nodularia, one of the main bloom-forming cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Specific PCR primers were designed for subunit F of the nodularin synthetase gene (ndaF), which encodes the NdaF subunit of the nodularin synthetase gene complex needed for nodularin production. The qPCR method was applied to water samples (a total of 120 samples) collected from the Baltic Sea in July 2004. As few as 30 ndaF gene copies ml−1 of seawater could be detected, and thus, the method was very sensitive. The ndaF gene copy numbers and nodularin concentrations were shown to correlate in the Baltic seawater, indicating the constant production of nodularin by Nodularia. This qPCR method for the ndaF gene can be used for detailed studies of Nodularia blooms and their formation. ndaF gene copies and nodularin were detected mostly in the surface water but also in deeper water layers (down to 30 m). Toxic Nodularia blooms are not only horizontally but also vertically widely distributed, and thus, the Baltic fauna is extensively exposed to nodularin.

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2

Shoeb, Mohammad. "Chemical and Biological studies of Cyanobacteria." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v13i2.21888.

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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic microalgae which are found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments and in soils. Cyanotoxins including hepatotoxins and neurotoxins are produced by cyanobacteria commonly found in surface water. The most widely studied hepatotoxins are microcystins and nodularin which were first isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena, respectively. M. aeruginosa and N. spumigena were cultured and extracted with methanol. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of microcystins and nodularin in cultured cyanobacterial fractions were performed by HPLC. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality assay were carried out to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and general toxicity of these fractions, respectively. An unusual metabolite named as nodularinol was isolated for the first time from N. spumigena. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v13i2.21888 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 13(2): 119-124, 2014 (December)

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3

Lyra, Christina, Maria Laamanen, Jaana M. Lehtimäki, Anu Surakka, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Benthic cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia are non-toxic, without gas vacuoles, able to glide and genetically more diverse than planktonic Nodularia." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63288-0.

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Diversity and ecological features of cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia from benthic, periphytic and soil habitats are less well known than those of Nodularia from planktonic habitats. Novel benthic Nodularia strains were isolated from the Baltic Sea and their morphology, the presence of gas vacuoles, nodularin production, gliding, 16S rRNA gene sequences, rpoB, rbcLX and ndaF genes, and gvpA-IGS regions were examined, as well as short tandemly repeated repetitive sequence fingerprints. Strains were identified as Nodularia spumigena, Nodularia sphaerocarpa or Nodularia harveyana on the basis of the size and shape of the different types of cells and the presence or absence of gas vacuoles. The planktonic strains of N. spumigena mostly had gas vacuoles and produced nodularin, whereas the benthic strains of N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana lacked gas vacuoles and did not produce nodularin (except for strain PCC 7804). The benthic strains were also able to glide on surfaces. In the genetic analyses, the planktonic N. spumigena and benthic N. sphaerocarpa formed monophyletic clusters, but the clusters were very closely related. Benthic strains determined as N. harveyana formed the most diverse and distant group of strains. In addition to phylogenetic analyses, the lack of the gvpA-IGS region and ndaF in N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana distinguished these species from the planktonic N. spumigena. Therefore, ndaF can be considered as a potential diagnostic tool for detecting and quantifying Baltic Sea bloom-forming, nodularin-producing N. spumigena strains. The data confirm that only one morphologically and genetically distinct planktonic species of Nodularia, N. spumigena, and at least two benthic species, N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana, exist in the Baltic Sea.

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4

Jones, GJ, SI Blackburn, and NS Parker. "A toxic bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 5 (1994): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940787.

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A bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens occurred in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania, a shallow, eutrophic coastal embayment, between December 1992 and March 1993. The N. spumigena bloom was preceded by a eustigmatophyte bloom and was followed in March-April 1993 by a bloom of the diatoms Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenb.) Smith and Chaetoceros socialis Lauder. The Nodularia spumigena bloom may have been stimulated by low salinity (15-20 g kg-1) in the lagoon during December and January. Culture experiments with N. spumigena strains isolated from the lagoon showed best growth at salinities between 0 and 24 g kg-1 and less optimal growth at a salinity of 35 g kg-1. Akinete production in culture was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with increasing salinity of growth media. The collapse of the N. spumigena population may have been triggered by decreasing water temperature in March, although this cannot be conclusively proven with the limited physico-chemical data available. High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of bloom samples showed high concentrations (2000-3500 �g g-1 dry weight) of the cyclic pentapeptide hepatotoxin nodularin in samples collected during the peak of the N. spumigena bloom in January and February. Nodularin content of the bloom decreased as the population declined, owing to the decrease in abundance of N. spumigena and the release of nodularin by dying cells. A culture of N. spumigena isolated from Orielton Lagoon produced nodularin at concentrations comparable to those observed in field samples. A second HPLC peak, eluting very close to nodularin and with a similar ultraviolet spectrum, was observed in some field samples. This compound may be the ADDA-C8 stereoisomer of nodularin.

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5

Saito, Kazunori, Aya Konno, Hiroshi Ishii, Hiroshi Saito, Fumiko Nishida, Toshihiko Abe, and Choryu Chen. "Nodularin-Har: A New Nodularin fromNodularia." Journal of Natural Products 64, no. 1 (January 2001): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np000299z.

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6

Laamanen, Maria J., Muriel F. Gugger, Jaana M. Lehtimäki, Kaisa Haukka, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Diversity of Toxic and Nontoxic Nodularia Isolates (Cyanobacteria) and Filaments from the Baltic Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4638-4647.2001.

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ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia form toxic blooms in brackish waters worldwide. In addition,Nodularia spp. are found in benthic, periphytic, and soil habitats. The majority of the planktic isolates produce a pentapeptide hepatotoxin nodularin. We examined the morphologic, toxicologic, and molecular characters of 18 nodularin-producing and nontoxic Nodularia strains to find appropriate markers for distinguishing the toxic strains from the nontoxic ones in field samples. After classical taxonomy, the examined strains were identified as Nodularia sp., Nodularia spumigena,N. baltica, N. harveyana, and N. sphaerocarpa. Morphologic characters were ambiguous in terms of distinguishing between the toxic and the nontoxic strains. DNA sequences from the short 16S-23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS1-S) and from the phycocyanin operon intergenic spacer and its flanking regions (PC-IGS) were different for the toxic and the nontoxic strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences from strains identified as N. spumigena, and N. baltica, and N. litorea indicated that the division of the planktic Nodularia into the three species is not supported by the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences. However, the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences supported the separation of strains designated N. harveyana and N. sphaerocarpa from one another and the planktic strains.HaeIII digestion of PCR amplified PC-IGS regions of all examined 186 Nodularia filaments collected from the Baltic Sea produced a digestion pattern similar to that found in toxic isolates. Our results suggest that only one plankticNodularia species is present in the Baltic Sea plankton and that it is nodularin producing.

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7

Akter, Sultana, Teemu Kustila, Janne Leivo, Gangatharan Muralitharan, Markus Vehniäinen, and Urpo Lamminmäki. "Noncompetitive Chromogenic Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Microcystins and Nodularin." Biosensors 9, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9020079.

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Cyanobacterial blooms cause local and global health issues by contaminating surface waters. Microcystins and nodularins are cyclic cyanobacterial peptide toxins comprising numerous natural variants. Most of them are potent hepatotoxins, tumor promoters, and at least microcystin-LR is possibly carcinogenic. In drinking water, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the provisional guideline value of 1 µg/L for microcystin-LR. For water used for recreational activity, the guidance values for microcystin concentration varies mostly between 4–25 µg/L in different countries. Current immunoassays or lateral flow strips for microcystin/nodularin are based on indirect competitive method, which are generally more prone to sample interference and sometimes hard to interpret compared to two-site immunoassays. Simple, sensitive, and easy to interpret user-friendly methods for first line screening of microcystin/nodularin near water sources are needed for assessment of water quality and safety. We describe the development of a two-site sandwich format lateral-flow assay for the rapid detection of microcystins and nodularin-R. A unique antibody fragment capable of broadly recognizing immunocomplexes consisting of a capture antibody bound to microcystins/nodularin-R was used to develop the simple lateral flow immunoassay. The assay can visually detect the major hepatotoxins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF -LW, and nodularin-R) at and below the concentration of 4 µg/L. The signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the respective toxin, and the use of alkaline phosphatase activity offers a cost efficient alternative by eliminating the need of toxin conjugates or other labeling system. The easy to interpret assay has the potential to serve as a microcystins/nodularin screening tool for those involved in water quality monitoring such as municipal authorities, researchers, as well as general public concerned of bathing water quality.

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8

Santos, Paulina V. F., Ilanna C. Lopes, Victor C. Diculescu, Mário César U. de Araújo, and Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett. "Redox Mechanisms of Nodularin and Chemically Degraded Nodularin." Electroanalysis 23, no. 10 (September 21, 2011): 2310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100246.

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9

Řeháková, Klára, Jan Mareš, Alena Lukešová, Eliška Zapomělová, Kateřina Bernardová, and Pavel Hrouzek. "Nodularia (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae): a phylogenetically uniform genus with variable phenotypes." Phytotaxa 172, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.172.3.4.

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The taxonomy of cyanobacteria currently faces the challenge of overhauling the traditional system to better reflect the results of phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, we assessed the phylogenetic position, morphological variability, ability to produce the toxin nodularin, and source habitat of 17 benthic and soil isolates of Nodularia. A combined analysis of two loci (partial 16S rRNA gene and rbcLX region) confirmed the genus as a monophyletic unit and the close relationship of its members. However, the taxonomic resolution at the subgeneric level was extremely problematic. The phylogenetic clustering did not show any reasonable congruence with either morphological or ecological features commonly used to separate taxa in heterocytous cyanobacteria. Despite the near phylogenetic similarity of planktonic, benthic and soil Nodularia strains, we did not find any new nodularin-producing strains among the non-planktonic isolates. The relatively low variability in conserved molecular markers within the genus Nodularia exemplifies the limitations of the currently accepted taxonomic workflow and polyphasic approach. Elucidation of mechanisms that drive the phenotypic variability in such groups presents a major challenge in cyanobacterial research.

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10

Metcalf, James S., Steven G. Bell, and Geoffrey A. Codd. "Colorimetric Immuno-Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay for Specific Detection of Microcystins and Nodularins of Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.2.904-909.2001.

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ABSTRACT A novel immunoassay was developed for specific detection of cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxins which inhibit protein phosphatases. Immunoassay methods currently used for microcystin and nodularin detection and analysis do not provide information on the toxicity of microcystin and/or nodularin variants. Furthermore, protein phosphatase inhibition-based assays for these toxins are not specific and respond to other environmental protein phosphatase inhibitors, such as okadaic acid, calyculin A, and tautomycin. We addressed the problem of specificity in the analysis of protein phosphatase inhibitors by combining immunoassay-based detection of the toxins with a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition system in a single assay, designated the colorimetric immuno-protein phosphatase inhibition assay (CIPPIA). Polyclonal antibodies against microcystin-LR were used in conjunction with protein phosphatase inhibition, which enabled seven purified microcystin variants (microcystin-LR, -D-Asp3-RR, -LA, -LF, -LY, -LW, and -YR) and nodularin to be distinguished from okadaic acid, calyculin A, and tautomycin. A range of microcystin- and nodularin-containing laboratory strains and environmental samples of cyanobacteria were assayed by CIPPIA, and the results showed good correlation (R 2 = 0.94, P< 0.00001) with the results of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection for toxin analysis. The CIPPIA procedure combines ease of use and detection of low concentrations with toxicity assessment and specificity for analysis of microcystins and nodularins.

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11

Konkel, Robert, Anna Toruńska-Sitarz, Marta Cegłowska, Žilvinas Ežerinskis, Justina Šapolaitė, Jonas Mažeika, and Hanna Mazur-Marzec. "Blooms of Toxic Cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in Norwegian Fjords During Holocene Warm Periods." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040257.

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In paleoecological studies, molecular markers are being used increasingly often to reconstruct community structures, environmental conditions and ecosystem changes. In this work, nodularin, anabaenopeptins and selected DNA sequences were applied as Nodularia spumigena markers to reconstruct the history of the cyanobacterium in the Norwegian fjords. For the purpose of this study, three sediment cores collected in Oslofjorden, Trondheimsfjorden and Balsfjorden were analyzed. The lack of nodularin in most recent sediments is consistent with the fact that only one report on the sporadic occurrence and low amounts of the cyanobacterium in Norwegian Fjords in 1976 has been published. However, analyses of species-specific chemical markers in deep sediments showed that thousands of years ago, N. spumigena constituted an important component of the phytoplankton community. The content of the markers in the cores indicated that the biomass of the cyanobacterium increased during the warmer Holocene periods. The analyses of genetic markers were less conclusive; they showed the occurrence of microcystin/nodularin producing cyanobacteria of Nostocales order, but they did not allow for the identification of the organisms at a species level.

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12

Simola, O., M. Wiberg, J. Jokela, M. Wahlsten, K. Sivonen, and P. Syrjä. "Pathologic Findings and Toxin Identification in Cyanobacterial (Nodularia spumigena) Intoxication in a Dog." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 5 (August 8, 2011): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811415703.

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A 3-year-old Cairn Terrier dog that had been in contact with sea water containing cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) was euthanized because of acute hepatic failure and anuria after a 5-day illness. Histologic findings included lytic and hemorrhagic centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis and renal tubular necrosis. The cyanotoxin nodularin was detected in liver and kidney by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Nodularin is a potent hepatotoxin produced by the algal species Nodularia spumigena. The intensity of algal blooms has increased during the past decades in the Baltic Sea region, thus increasing the risk for intoxications in domestic and wild animals. The authors describe the pathologic findings of cyanobacterial toxicosis in a dog with direct identification of the toxin from organ samples.

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13

Moffitt, Michelle C., and Brett A. Neilan. "Characterization of the Nodularin Synthetase Gene Cluster and Proposed Theory of the Evolution of Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6353-6362.2004.

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ABSTRACT Nodularia spumigena is a bloom-forming cyanobacterium which produces the hepatotoxin nodularin. The complete gene cluster encoding the enzymatic machinery required for the biosynthesis of nodularin in N. spumigena strain NSOR10 was sequenced and characterized. The 48-kb gene cluster consists of nine open reading frames (ORFs), ndaA to ndaI, which are transcribed from a bidirectional regulatory promoter region and encode nonribosomal peptide synthetase modules, polyketide synthase modules, and tailoring enzymes. The ORFs flanking the nda gene cluster in the genome of N. spumigena strain NSOR10 were identified, and one of them was found to encode a protein with homology to previously characterized transposases. Putative transposases are also associated with the structurally related microcystin synthetase (mcy) gene clusters derived from three cyanobacterial strains, indicating a possible mechanism for the distribution of these biosynthetic gene clusters between various cyanobacterial genera. We propose an alternative hypothesis for hepatotoxin evolution in cyanobacteria based on the results of comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the nda and mcy gene clusters. These analyses suggested that nodularin synthetase evolved from a microcystin synthetase progenitor. The identification of the nodularin biosynthetic gene cluster and evolution of hepatotoxicity in cyanobacteria reported in this study may be valuable for future studies on toxic cyanobacterial bloom formation. In addition, an appreciation of the natural evolution of nonribosomal biosynthetic pathways will be vital for future combinatorial engineering and rational design of novel metabolites and pharmaceuticals.

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14

Annila, Arto, Jaana Lehtimäki, Kimmo Mattila, John E. Eriksson, Kaarina Sivonen, Tapio T. Rantala, and Torbjörn Drakenberg. "Solution Structure of Nodularin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, no. 28 (July 12, 1996): 16695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.28.16695.

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15

Beattie, Kenneth A., Kunimitsu Kaya, and Geoffrey A. Codd. "The cyanobacterium Nodularia PCC 7804, of freshwater origin, produces [L-Har2]nodularin." Phytochemistry 54, no. 1 (May 2000): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00045-5.

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16

da Silveira, Savênia Bonoto, Wilson Wasielesky, Ana Paula Dini Andreote, Marli Fatima Fiore, and Clarisse Odebrecht. "Morphology, phylogeny, growth rate and nodularin production of Nodularia spumigena from Brazil." Marine Biology Research 13, no. 10 (August 11, 2017): 1095–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1336587.

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17

Repka, S., J. Mehtonen, J. Vaitomaa, L. Saari, and K. Sivonen. "Effects of Nutrients on Growth and Nodularin Production of Nodularia Strain GR8b." Microbial Ecology 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-001-0026-8.

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18

Ufelmann, Helena, Thomas Krüger, Bernd Luckas, and Dieter Schrenk. "Cytotoxicity of microcystins and nodularin." Toxicology Letters 189 (September 2009): S101—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.331.

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19

Akter, Sultana, and Urpo Lamminmäki. "A 15-min non-competitive homogeneous assay for microcystin and nodularin based on time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET)." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, no. 24 (June 3, 2021): 6159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03375-8.

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AbstractSimple and rapid methods are required for screening and analysis of water samples to detect cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxins: microcystin/nodularin. Previously, we reported a highly sensitive non-competitive heterogeneous assay for microcystin/nodularin utilizing a generic anti-immunocomplex (anti-IC) single-chain fragment of antibody variable domains (scFv) isolated from a synthetic antibody library together with a generic adda ((2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid)-specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) recognizing the common adda part of the microcystin/nodularin. Using the same antibody pair, here we report a homogeneous non-competitive assay for microcystin/nodularin based on TR-FRET (time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer) measurement. The anti-IC scFv labeled with Alexa Fluor 680 and the Mab labeled with europium enabled the FRET process to occur in the presence of microcystin/nodularin. The TR-FRET signal is proportional to the toxin concentration in the sample. The rapid (15 min) homogeneous assay without requiring any washing step detected all the tested nine toxin variants (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF -LW, and nodularin-R). Very good signal to blank ratio (~13) was achieved using microcystin-LR and the sample detection limit (blank+3SD of blank) for microcystin-LR was ~0.3 μg/L (~0.08 μg/L in 80-μL reaction well). The practical application of the TR-FRET assay was demonstrated with water samples spiked with microcystin-LR as well as with environmental water. The average recoveries of microcystin-LR from spiked water ranged from 65 to 123%. Good correlation (r2 = 0.73 to 0.99) with other methods (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and previously reported heterogeneous assay) was found when environmental samples were analyzed. The developed wash-free assay has the potential to play as a quick screening tool to detect microcystin/nodularin from water below the World Health Organization’s guideline limit (1 μg/L of microcystin-LR). Graphical abstract

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20

Bauer, Shawn M., and Robert W. Armstrong. "Total Synthesis of Motuporin (Nodularin-V)." Journal of the American Chemical Society 121, no. 27 (July 1999): 6355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9811243.

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21

Imanishi, Susumu, Hajime Kato, Masayoshi Mizuno, Kiyomi Tsuji, and Ken-ichi Harada. "Bacterial Degradation of Microcystins and Nodularin." Chemical Research in Toxicology 18, no. 3 (March 2005): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx049677g.

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22

Miller, Megge J., John Hutson, and Howard J. Fallowfield. "The adsorption of cyanobacterial hepatoxins as a function of soil properties." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.049.

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Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins present a risk to public health when present in drinking water supplies. Existing removal strategies, although efficient, are not economically viable or practical for remote Australian communities and developing nations. Bank filtration is a natural process and a potential low cost, toxin removal strategy. Batch studies were conducted in 12 texturally diverse soils to examine the soil properties influencing the adsorption of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystin-LR and nodularin. Sorption isotherms were measured. Freundlich and linear isotherms were observed for both toxins with adsorption coefficients not exceeding 2.75 l kg−1 for nodularin and 3.8 l kg−1 for microcystin. Significant positive correlations were identified between hepatotoxin sorption and clay and silt contents of the soils. Desorption of toxins was also measured in three different soils. Pure nodularin and microcystin-LR readily desorbed from all soils.

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23

Šulčius, Sigitas, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Irma Vitonytė, Kotryna Kvederavičiūtė, Jolita Kuznecova, Eugenijus Šimoliūnas, and Karin Holmfeldt. "Insights into cyanophage-mediated dynamics of nodularin and other non-ribosomal peptides in Nodularia spumigena." Harmful Algae 78 (September 2018): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.07.004.

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24

Rinehart, Kenneth L., Kenichi Harada, Michio Namikoshi, Choryu Chen, Carl A. Harvis, Murray H. G. Munro, John W. Blunt, Paul E. Mulligan, Val R. Beasley, and et al. "Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda." Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, no. 25 (December 1988): 8557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00233a049.

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25

Edwards, Christine, Douglas Graham, Nicholas Fowler, and Linda A. Lawton. "Biodegradation of microcystins and nodularin in freshwaters." Chemosphere 73, no. 8 (November 2008): 1315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.015.

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26

Karlson, Agnes M. L., and Raimondas Mozūraitis. "Deposit-feeders accumulate the cyanobacterial toxin nodularin." Harmful Algae 12 (December 2011): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.09.003.

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27

Ouyang, Shengqun, Bo Hu, Rong Zhou, Dejing Liu, Dingfa Peng, Zhengang Li, Zhen Li, Binghua Jiao, and Lianghua Wang. "Rapid and sensitive detection of nodularin-R in water by a label-free BLI aptasensor." Analyst 143, no. 18 (2018): 4316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an00567b.

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28

Jonasson, Sara, Simina Vintila, Kaarina Sivonen, and Rehab El-Shehawy. "Expression of the nodularin synthetase genes in the Baltic Sea bloom-former cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena strain AV1." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65, no. 1 (July 2008): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00499.x.

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29

Algermissen, D., R. Mischke, F. Seehusen, J. Gobel, and A. Beineke. "Lymphoid depletion in two dogs with nodularin intoxication." Veterinary Record 169, no. 1 (June 7, 2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d1019.

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30

Van Buynder, P. G., T. Oughtred, B. Kirkby, S. Phillips, G. Eaglesham, K. Thomas, and M. Burch. "Nodularin uptake by seafood during a cyanobacterial bloom." Environmental Toxicology 16, no. 6 (2001): 468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.10004.

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31

Bauer, Shawn M., and Robert W. Armstrong. "ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Motuporin (Nodularin-V)." ChemInform 30, no. 44 (June 13, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199944219.

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32

Pattanaik, Bagmi, Angela Wulff, Michael Y. Roleda, Kristine Garde, and Malin Mohlin. "Production of the cyanotoxin nodularin—A multifactorial approach." Harmful Algae 10, no. 1 (November 2010): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2010.06.001.

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33

Reichelt, M., C. Hummert, and B. Luckas. "Hydrolysis of microcystins and nodularin by microwave radiation." Chromatographia 49, no. 11-12 (June 1999): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02466910.

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34

Persson, Karl-Johan, Catherine Legrand, and Thomas Olsson. "Detection of nodularin in European flounder (Platichthys flesus) in the west coast of Sweden: Evidence of nodularin mediated oxidative stress." Harmful Algae 8, no. 6 (September 2009): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.03.003.

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35

Aranda-Rodriguez, Rocio, Cariton Kubwabo, and Frank M. Benoit. "Extraction of 15 microcystins and nodularin using immunoaffinity columns." Toxicon 42, no. 6 (November 2003): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.08.001.

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36

Svirčev, Zorica, Jelena Lujić, Zoran Marinović, Damjana Drobac, Nada Tokodi, Bratislav Stojiljković, and Jussi Meriluoto. "Toxicopathology Induced by Microcystins and Nodularin: A Histopathological Review." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 33, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 125–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2015.1003000.

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37

Yu, HongXia, Ben Kwok-Wai Man, Lily Lee-Ni Chan, Michael Hon-Wah Lam, Paul K. S. Lam, Liansheng Wang, Hongjun Jin, and Rudolf S. S. Wu. "Cloud-point extraction of nodularin-R from natural waters." Analytica Chimica Acta 509, no. 1 (April 2004): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.019.

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38

Liu, Iain, Linda A. Lawton, Detlef W. Bahnemann, and Peter K. J. Robertson. "The photocatalytic destruction of the cyanotoxin, nodularin using TiO2." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 60, no. 3-4 (October 2005): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.03.006.

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39

Stolte, Willem, Chatarina Karlsson, Per Carlsson, and Edna GranÃ©li. "Modeling the increase of nodularin content in Baltic Sea Nodularia spumigena during stationary phase in phosphorus-limited batch cultures." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 41, no. 3 (September 2002): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00982.x.

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40

Scholz, Bettina, and Gerd Liebezeit. "Biochemical composition, biological activities and toxicological effects of two non-nodularin producing strains of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Jürgens." Journal of Applied Phycology 25, no. 2 (September 29, 2012): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9899-9.

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41

Martin, Cornel, Kaarina Sivonen, Ulrich Matern, Roland Dierstein, and Jürgen Weckesser. "Rapid purification of the peptide toxins microcystin-LR and nodularin." FEMS Microbiology Letters 68, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04112.x.

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42

Feng, Nan, Fan Yang, Hai Yan, Chunhua Yin, Xiaolu Liu, Haiyang Zhang, Qianqian Xu, Le Lv, and Huasheng Wang. "Pathway for Biodegrading Nodularin (NOD) by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05." Toxins 8, no. 5 (May 4, 2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins8050116.

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43

Foss, Amanda J., Jeffery Butt, Sarah Fuller, Kamil Cieslik, Mark T. Aubel, and Tim Wertz. "Nodularin from benthic freshwater periphyton and implications for trophic transfer." Toxicon 140 (December 2017): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.023.

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44

Fugang, Xiao, Sun Juntao, Wang Deguo, Dang Yali, and Luo Songming. "Determination of nodularin using immunoaffinity cartridge-high performance liquid chromatography." Analytical Methods 6, no. 11 (2014): 3834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00379a.

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45

Santos, Paulina V. F., Ilanna C. Lopes, Victor C. Diculescu, and Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett. "DNA - Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins Microcystin-LR and Nodularin Interaction: Electrochemical Evaluation." Electroanalysis 24, no. 3 (January 16, 2012): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100516.

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46

Štern, A., A. Rotter, M. Novak, M. Filipič, and B. Žegura. "Genotoxic effects of the cyanobacterial pentapeptide nodularin in HepG2 cells." Food and Chemical Toxicology 124 (February 2019): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.019.

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47

Toruńska, Anna, Jerzy Bolałek, Marcin Pliński, and Hanna Mazur-Marzec. "Biodegradation and sorption of nodularin (NOD) in fine-grained sediments." Chemosphere 70, no. 11 (February 2008): 2039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.015.

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48

Sotton, Benoît, Isabelle Domaizon, Orlane Anneville, Franck Cattanéo, and Jean Guillard. "Nodularin and cylindrospermopsin: a review of their effects on fish." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 25, no. 1 (August 6, 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-014-9366-6.

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49

Karjalainen, Miina, Betina Kozlowsky-Suzuki, Maiju Lehtiniemi, Jonna Engström-Öst, Harri Kankaanpää, and Markku Viitasalo. "Nodularin accumulation during cyanobacterial blooms and experimental depuration in zooplankton." Marine Biology 148, no. 4 (October 21, 2005): 683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0126-y.

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50

Lawton, L. A., A. Welgamage, P. M. Manage, and C. Edwards. "Novel bacterial strains for the removal of microcystins from drinking water." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.352.

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Abstract:

Microcystins (MC) and nodularin (NOD) are common contaminants of drinking water around the world and due to their significant health impact it is important to explore suitable approaches for their removal. Unfortunately, these toxins are not always removed by conventional water treatments. One of the most exciting areas that hold promise for a successful and cost effective solution is bioremediation of microcystins. Recent work resulted in successful isolation and characterisation of 10 novel bacterial strains (Rhodococcus sp., Arthrobacter spp. and Brevibacterium sp.) capable of metabolizing microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in a Biolog MT2 assay. The work presented here aims to further investigate and evaluate the metabolism and the degradation of multiple microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-RR) and nodularin by the bacterial isolates. A total of five bacterial isolates representing the three genera were evaluated using Biolog MT2 assay with a range of MCs where they all demonstrated an overall metabolism on all MCs and NOD. Subsequently, the results were confirmed by observing the degradation of the range of toxins in a separate batch experiment.

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