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Academic literature on the topic 'Nodularin'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Nodularin"

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Koskenniemi, Kerttu, Christina Lyra, Pirjo Rajaniemi-Wacklin, Jouni Jokela, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Quantitative Real-Time PCR Detection of Toxic Nodularia Cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 7 (February 2, 2007): 2173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02746-06.

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ABSTRACT A specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method was developed for the quantification of hepatotoxin nodularin-producing Nodularia, one of the main bloom-forming cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Specific PCR primers were designed for subunit F of the nodularin synthetase gene (ndaF), which encodes the NdaF subunit of the nodularin synthetase gene complex needed for nodularin production. The qPCR method was applied to water samples (a total of 120 samples) collected from the Baltic Sea in July 2004. As few as 30 ndaF gene copies ml−1 of seawater could be detected, and thus, the method was very sensitive. The ndaF gene copy numbers and nodularin concentrations were shown to correlate in the Baltic seawater, indicating the constant production of nodularin by Nodularia. This qPCR method for the ndaF gene can be used for detailed studies of Nodularia blooms and their formation. ndaF gene copies and nodularin were detected mostly in the surface water but also in deeper water layers (down to 30 m). Toxic Nodularia blooms are not only horizontally but also vertically widely distributed, and thus, the Baltic fauna is extensively exposed to nodularin.
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Shoeb, Mohammad. "Chemical and Biological studies of Cyanobacteria." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v13i2.21888.

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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic microalgae which are found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments and in soils. Cyanotoxins including hepatotoxins and neurotoxins are produced by cyanobacteria commonly found in surface water. The most widely studied hepatotoxins are microcystins and nodularin which were first isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena, respectively. M. aeruginosa and N. spumigena were cultured and extracted with methanol. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of microcystins and nodularin in cultured cyanobacterial fractions were performed by HPLC. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality assay were carried out to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and general toxicity of these fractions, respectively. An unusual metabolite named as nodularinol was isolated for the first time from N. spumigena. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v13i2.21888 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 13(2): 119-124, 2014 (December)
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Lyra, Christina, Maria Laamanen, Jaana M. Lehtimäki, Anu Surakka, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Benthic cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia are non-toxic, without gas vacuoles, able to glide and genetically more diverse than planktonic Nodularia." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63288-0.

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Diversity and ecological features of cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia from benthic, periphytic and soil habitats are less well known than those of Nodularia from planktonic habitats. Novel benthic Nodularia strains were isolated from the Baltic Sea and their morphology, the presence of gas vacuoles, nodularin production, gliding, 16S rRNA gene sequences, rpoB, rbcLX and ndaF genes, and gvpA-IGS regions were examined, as well as short tandemly repeated repetitive sequence fingerprints. Strains were identified as Nodularia spumigena, Nodularia sphaerocarpa or Nodularia harveyana on the basis of the size and shape of the different types of cells and the presence or absence of gas vacuoles. The planktonic strains of N. spumigena mostly had gas vacuoles and produced nodularin, whereas the benthic strains of N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana lacked gas vacuoles and did not produce nodularin (except for strain PCC 7804). The benthic strains were also able to glide on surfaces. In the genetic analyses, the planktonic N. spumigena and benthic N. sphaerocarpa formed monophyletic clusters, but the clusters were very closely related. Benthic strains determined as N. harveyana formed the most diverse and distant group of strains. In addition to phylogenetic analyses, the lack of the gvpA-IGS region and ndaF in N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana distinguished these species from the planktonic N. spumigena. Therefore, ndaF can be considered as a potential diagnostic tool for detecting and quantifying Baltic Sea bloom-forming, nodularin-producing N. spumigena strains. The data confirm that only one morphologically and genetically distinct planktonic species of Nodularia, N. spumigena, and at least two benthic species, N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana, exist in the Baltic Sea.
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Jones, GJ, SI Blackburn, and NS Parker. "A toxic bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 5 (1994): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940787.

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A bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens occurred in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania, a shallow, eutrophic coastal embayment, between December 1992 and March 1993. The N. spumigena bloom was preceded by a eustigmatophyte bloom and was followed in March-April 1993 by a bloom of the diatoms Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenb.) Smith and Chaetoceros socialis Lauder. The Nodularia spumigena bloom may have been stimulated by low salinity (15-20 g kg-1) in the lagoon during December and January. Culture experiments with N. spumigena strains isolated from the lagoon showed best growth at salinities between 0 and 24 g kg-1 and less optimal growth at a salinity of 35 g kg-1. Akinete production in culture was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with increasing salinity of growth media. The collapse of the N. spumigena population may have been triggered by decreasing water temperature in March, although this cannot be conclusively proven with the limited physico-chemical data available. High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of bloom samples showed high concentrations (2000-3500 �g g-1 dry weight) of the cyclic pentapeptide hepatotoxin nodularin in samples collected during the peak of the N. spumigena bloom in January and February. Nodularin content of the bloom decreased as the population declined, owing to the decrease in abundance of N. spumigena and the release of nodularin by dying cells. A culture of N. spumigena isolated from Orielton Lagoon produced nodularin at concentrations comparable to those observed in field samples. A second HPLC peak, eluting very close to nodularin and with a similar ultraviolet spectrum, was observed in some field samples. This compound may be the ADDA-C8 stereoisomer of nodularin.
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Saito, Kazunori, Aya Konno, Hiroshi Ishii, Hiroshi Saito, Fumiko Nishida, Toshihiko Abe, and Choryu Chen. "Nodularin-Har: A New Nodularin fromNodularia." Journal of Natural Products 64, no. 1 (January 2001): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np000299z.

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Laamanen, Maria J., Muriel F. Gugger, Jaana M. Lehtimäki, Kaisa Haukka, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Diversity of Toxic and Nontoxic Nodularia Isolates (Cyanobacteria) and Filaments from the Baltic Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4638-4647.2001.

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ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia form toxic blooms in brackish waters worldwide. In addition,Nodularia spp. are found in benthic, periphytic, and soil habitats. The majority of the planktic isolates produce a pentapeptide hepatotoxin nodularin. We examined the morphologic, toxicologic, and molecular characters of 18 nodularin-producing and nontoxic Nodularia strains to find appropriate markers for distinguishing the toxic strains from the nontoxic ones in field samples. After classical taxonomy, the examined strains were identified as Nodularia sp., Nodularia spumigena,N. baltica, N. harveyana, and N. sphaerocarpa. Morphologic characters were ambiguous in terms of distinguishing between the toxic and the nontoxic strains. DNA sequences from the short 16S-23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS1-S) and from the phycocyanin operon intergenic spacer and its flanking regions (PC-IGS) were different for the toxic and the nontoxic strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences from strains identified as N. spumigena, and N. baltica, and N. litorea indicated that the division of the planktic Nodularia into the three species is not supported by the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences. However, the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences supported the separation of strains designated N. harveyana and N. sphaerocarpa from one another and the planktic strains.HaeIII digestion of PCR amplified PC-IGS regions of all examined 186 Nodularia filaments collected from the Baltic Sea produced a digestion pattern similar to that found in toxic isolates. Our results suggest that only one plankticNodularia species is present in the Baltic Sea plankton and that it is nodularin producing.
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Akter, Sultana, Teemu Kustila, Janne Leivo, Gangatharan Muralitharan, Markus Vehniäinen, and Urpo Lamminmäki. "Noncompetitive Chromogenic Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Microcystins and Nodularin." Biosensors 9, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9020079.

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Cyanobacterial blooms cause local and global health issues by contaminating surface waters. Microcystins and nodularins are cyclic cyanobacterial peptide toxins comprising numerous natural variants. Most of them are potent hepatotoxins, tumor promoters, and at least microcystin-LR is possibly carcinogenic. In drinking water, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the provisional guideline value of 1 µg/L for microcystin-LR. For water used for recreational activity, the guidance values for microcystin concentration varies mostly between 4–25 µg/L in different countries. Current immunoassays or lateral flow strips for microcystin/nodularin are based on indirect competitive method, which are generally more prone to sample interference and sometimes hard to interpret compared to two-site immunoassays. Simple, sensitive, and easy to interpret user-friendly methods for first line screening of microcystin/nodularin near water sources are needed for assessment of water quality and safety. We describe the development of a two-site sandwich format lateral-flow assay for the rapid detection of microcystins and nodularin-R. A unique antibody fragment capable of broadly recognizing immunocomplexes consisting of a capture antibody bound to microcystins/nodularin-R was used to develop the simple lateral flow immunoassay. The assay can visually detect the major hepatotoxins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF -LW, and nodularin-R) at and below the concentration of 4 µg/L. The signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the respective toxin, and the use of alkaline phosphatase activity offers a cost efficient alternative by eliminating the need of toxin conjugates or other labeling system. The easy to interpret assay has the potential to serve as a microcystins/nodularin screening tool for those involved in water quality monitoring such as municipal authorities, researchers, as well as general public concerned of bathing water quality.
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Santos, Paulina V. F., Ilanna C. Lopes, Victor C. Diculescu, Mário César U. de Araújo, and Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett. "Redox Mechanisms of Nodularin and Chemically Degraded Nodularin." Electroanalysis 23, no. 10 (September 21, 2011): 2310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100246.

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Řeháková, Klára, Jan Mareš, Alena Lukešová, Eliška Zapomělová, Kateřina Bernardová, and Pavel Hrouzek. "Nodularia (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae): a phylogenetically uniform genus with variable phenotypes." Phytotaxa 172, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.172.3.4.

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The taxonomy of cyanobacteria currently faces the challenge of overhauling the traditional system to better reflect the results of phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, we assessed the phylogenetic position, morphological variability, ability to produce the toxin nodularin, and source habitat of 17 benthic and soil isolates of Nodularia. A combined analysis of two loci (partial 16S rRNA gene and rbcLX region) confirmed the genus as a monophyletic unit and the close relationship of its members. However, the taxonomic resolution at the subgeneric level was extremely problematic. The phylogenetic clustering did not show any reasonable congruence with either morphological or ecological features commonly used to separate taxa in heterocytous cyanobacteria. Despite the near phylogenetic similarity of planktonic, benthic and soil Nodularia strains, we did not find any new nodularin-producing strains among the non-planktonic isolates. The relatively low variability in conserved molecular markers within the genus Nodularia exemplifies the limitations of the currently accepted taxonomic workflow and polyphasic approach. Elucidation of mechanisms that drive the phenotypic variability in such groups presents a major challenge in cyanobacterial research.
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Metcalf, James S., Steven G. Bell, and Geoffrey A. Codd. "Colorimetric Immuno-Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay for Specific Detection of Microcystins and Nodularins of Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.2.904-909.2001.

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ABSTRACT A novel immunoassay was developed for specific detection of cyanobacterial cyclic peptide hepatotoxins which inhibit protein phosphatases. Immunoassay methods currently used for microcystin and nodularin detection and analysis do not provide information on the toxicity of microcystin and/or nodularin variants. Furthermore, protein phosphatase inhibition-based assays for these toxins are not specific and respond to other environmental protein phosphatase inhibitors, such as okadaic acid, calyculin A, and tautomycin. We addressed the problem of specificity in the analysis of protein phosphatase inhibitors by combining immunoassay-based detection of the toxins with a colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition system in a single assay, designated the colorimetric immuno-protein phosphatase inhibition assay (CIPPIA). Polyclonal antibodies against microcystin-LR were used in conjunction with protein phosphatase inhibition, which enabled seven purified microcystin variants (microcystin-LR, -D-Asp3-RR, -LA, -LF, -LY, -LW, and -YR) and nodularin to be distinguished from okadaic acid, calyculin A, and tautomycin. A range of microcystin- and nodularin-containing laboratory strains and environmental samples of cyanobacteria were assayed by CIPPIA, and the results showed good correlation (R 2 = 0.94, P< 0.00001) with the results of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection for toxin analysis. The CIPPIA procedure combines ease of use and detection of low concentrations with toxicity assessment and specificity for analysis of microcystins and nodularins.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nodularin"

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Olofsson, Martin. "The influence of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena on the growth of perch (Perca fluviatilis)." Thesis, Högskolan i Kalmar, Naturvetenskapliga institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2318.

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Nodularin (NODLN) is a pentapeptide produced by the filamentous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena that is a bloom-forming species in the Baltic Sea. NODLN is an intracellular hepatotoxin, which can have a negative effect on aquatic life including fish. Toxins are released into the water when cells are lysing, e.g. during a decaying bloom. N. spumigena filaments have previously been shown to have a negative effect on perch egg development and perch larval survival. Coastal fish such as perch (Perca fluviatilis) have suffered from recruitment problems in the Baltic Sea the last decades. However, little is known about the impact of toxic cyanobacteria on juvenile perch. In the autumn of 2007, 1+ perch were exposed, during 29 days to either whole live cells (WC) or a crude extract (CE) of broken N. spumigena cells. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the aquaria were 50 µg L -1. Perch were fed chironomidae larvae twice a day. Unexposed perch either fed (CoF) or without food (Co) served as controls. Length and weight of perch were measured at onset and termination of experiment. NODLN content was measured in N. spumigena filaments, crude extract and perch liver samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Total lipids (TL) were extracted and quantified from whole-body lyophilised perch excluding livers. No significant differences for length and weight of perch were found between treatments and fed control. NODLN was detected in the crude extract samples, while no NODLN was detected in the perch livers. Moreover TL determination revealed no significant differences between treatments and fed control. Nodularia spumigena did not affect perch in this experiment, probably due to that the critical period of the first year for the perch was exceeded. Therefore, 1+ perch was not as susceptible to the cyanobacterium as eggs, larvae and younger juveniles of fish found in the literature. Perch liver did not contain NODLN, thus either the toxin was detoxicated with no recorded energetic cost or it was not ingested. The variables studied here did not show any effects of NODLN. However, other chemical methods such as enzymatic activity may disclose effects of NODLN.
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Lehtimäki, Jaana. "Characterisation of cyanobacterial strains originating from the Baltic Sea with emphasis on nodularia and its toxin, nodularin." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/maa/skemi/vk/lehtimaki/.

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Waack, Julia. "Uptake and depuration of cyanotoxins in the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2447.

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Cyanobacteria produce a variety of secondary metabolites which possess amongst others antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Being primary producers they are also a vital component within the food web. However, certain strains also produce toxic metabolites such as the hepatotoxins microcystin (MC) and nodularin (NOD). Their toxicity in combination with the increasing global occurrence has resulted in a drinking water guideline limit of 1 μg L-1 being issued by the World Health Organisation (WHO). However, these toxins are not only present in water, but can be accumulated by fish and shellfish. Currently, no regulations regarding cyanotoxin contaminated seafood has been established despite similar toxicity to routinely monitored marine toxins such as domoic acid (DA). To facilitate regular monitoring, a high performance liquid chromatography photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) analysis method for the detection of DA was optimised to enable the simultaneous detection of DA and nine cyanotoxins. This method was then utilised to determine cyanotoxin concentration in laboratory cyanobacteria strains. To assess the accumulation and depuration of cyanotoxins in the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis, three feeding trials were performed. During these, mussels were exposed to two cyanobacteria strains, Nodularia spumigena KAC66, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7813, both individually and simultaneously. A rapid dose dependent accumulation of cyanotoxins was observed with maximum concentration of 3.4 -17 μg g-1 ww accumulated by M. edulis, which was followed by a much slower depuration observed. During the final feeding trial, with N. spumigena KAC 66 and M. aeruginosa PCC7813, cyanotoxins were still detectable following 27 days of depuration. Mortality in all studies was 7% or less indicating that most mussels were unaffected by the maximum dose of 480 μg L-1 NOD (feeding study 1), 390 μg L-1 MC (feeding study 2), or 130 μg L-1 total cyanotoxins (feeding trial 3), respectively. Mortality in negative control tanks was lower throughout all three feeding trials ( < 1 - 2.6%). Consumption of a typical portion size (20 mussels) would result in ingestion of cyanotoxins at levels significantly higher than the WHO recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2.4 μg NOD and/or MCs for a 60 kg adult. This value was exceeded not only during the exposure period (maximum levels 270 - 1370 μg cyanotoxins per 20 mussels), but also at the end of the depuration period 39-600 μg cyanotoxins per 20 mussels. These results illustrated that cyanotoxin monitoring of seafood should be considered not only during, but also following bloom events. In an attempt to investigate the cyanotoxin budget of the experimental system, not only mussels, but cyanobacteria cultures, the tank water, and the mussel faeces were also analysed for their cyanotoxin content. Results showed that large quantities of MCs and NOD were unaccounted for during all exposure trials. The combined effect of cyanotoxin metabolism in M. edulis, biotic and/or abiotic degradation, protein binding, and losses during the extraction and analysis were thought to have contributed to the unaccounted cyanotoxin fraction. Mussel flesh was analysed for the presence of glutathione or cysteine conjugates, however, there was no evidence of their occurrence in the samples tested. Due to these discrepancies in the toxin budget of the system, the introduction of correction factors for the analysis of cyanotoxins in M. edulis was suggested in order to protect the general public.
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Cross, David Michael. "Analytical methods for cyanobacterial toxins." Thesis, University of Bath, 1997. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390310.

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Root, Hannah Patricia Biotechnology &amp Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Transcription regulation of hepatotoxins microcystin and nodularin from cyanobacteria." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43351.

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The role and function of hepatotoxins microcystin and nodularin produced by M.aeruginosa PCC 7806 and N. spumigena NSORlO respectively have yet to be elucidated. The mode of transcriptional regulation of these toxins, incorporating DNA binding proteins, was investigated, as an attempt to further understand the key control mechanisms acting on the toxins. The DNA binding proteins that control nitrogen and iron responsive transcription, NtcA and Fur, were identified from M. aeruginosa PCC7806 and N. spumigena NSOR10. Cloning and over-expression in E. coli was followed by mobility shift assays to determine binding characteristics of NtcA and Fur to the promoters, mcyA/D and ndaA/C, those regions that control the toxin encoding gene clusters in M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 and N. spumigena NSOR10, respectively. The results from these studies suggested a role for iron and nitrogen in the transcriptional control of microcystin and nodularin. biosynthesis. As NtcA and Fur classically act to regulate nitrogen and iron dependent genes, a link may be made to the putative function and control of microcystin and nodularin. By identifying the transcription factors NtcA and Fur in these genera, a greater understanding of the link between nutrient levels in the environment and hepatotoxin production in cyanobacteria may be possible.
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Webster, Kerri Lesley. "Synthesis of nodularin analogues as potential protein phosphatases inhibitors." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14322.

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Reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues, is now widely accepted to be the principal mechanism for the control of intracellular events in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The nodularins are known to be potent inhibitors of serine/threonine protein phosphatases, PPlc and PP2Ac, with sub-nanomolar inhibition constants. They have been shown to form covalent adducts with the enzymes and are known to be potent hepatotoxins and liver promoters. Nodularin has the general structure: cyclo [(R)-eryphro-beta-methyl-iso-Asp-(S)-X-Adda-(R)-iso- Glu-N-methyldehydrobutyric acid)], where (S)-X is a variable S-amino acid and Adda is the unique beta-amino acid, (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amiao-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6- dienoic acid. In order to investigate the mode of inhibition and also to probe the active-site binding interactions, we decided to synthesis new analogues of nodularin. Specific inhibitors for either PP1 or PP2A are not presently available, but would be useful biochemical tools in delineating the individual physiological roles of these enzymes. We decided to syntliesise, the potential inhibitor cyclo [betaAla-(2R)-Glu-alpha-OMe-gamma-Pro-(2R)-Asp-alpha-OMe-gamma-(25)-Phe], a stripped-down nodularin macrocycle, and also an analogue which is suitable for synthetic elaboration at the "Adda position". Using solution phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), four such nodularin analogues (both (25)- and (2R)-proline) were synthesised in seventeen steps. The cyclisation between the Phe and Asp residues were carried out using DIPEA under conditions of high dilution. NMR studies (TOCSY, ROESY) have elucidated the three dimensional structures which have been shown to be similar to the natural product, nodularin. A shorter synthesis of these nodularin analogues was developed using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Two solid phase synthesise of the nodularin macrocycles, cyclo-[betaAla-(2R)- Glu-alpha-OMe-gamma-Pro-(2R)-Asp-beta-(25)-Phe]; one in which Fmoc-(2S)-Phe-betaAla-(2R)-Glu-alpha-OMe-gamma-Pro-(2R)-Asp(alphaO-Wang Resin)-beta-OAllyl is deprotected and then cyclised on the resin prior to cyclisation were found to be successful. Even though the resin-bound synthesis gave low yields for the cyclisation step, compared to the situation in solution, it offered advantages in the construction of the linear isopentapeptide precursor. Initial studies have shown that the nodualrin analogues 130 and 131 are moderate inhibitors (IC50 2.8 mmol) of PP1 when tested using the malachite green system. Studies towards the synthesis of incorporating more suitable Adda functionalities, and the development of a radiolabelled protein phosphatase assay are currently being investigated within the group.
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Davies, Warren Raymond, and warren davies@optusnet com au. "Effects of the Cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena on Selected Estuarine Fauna." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080415.164533.

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Nodularia spumigena is an estuarine cyanobacteria that produces the toxin nodularin. This toxic cyanobacteria is known to have caused death to domestic and wild animals and is recognised as dangerous to human health. N. spumigena causes harmful algal blooms in many parts of the world including Australia. The toxic solutes of N. spumigena are potentially dangerous when contact is made to contaminated water bodies or is ingested by primary consumers. In Australia blooms of N. spumigena are common in the Gippsland Lakes in South-eastern Victoria and cause socio - economic hardships to the local communities. This PhD investigates the toxic effects of N. spumigena and its solutes to a range of aquatic life. A method known as SPME - HPLC showed promise in environmental monitoring of N. spumigena toxins by measuring nodularin from water samples. Other research presented study into the lethal and sublethal effects of on an extract from N. spumigena to aquatic fauna. Resu lts showed the N. spumigena extract was not lethal to many aquatic fauna although zooplankton from the Gippsland Lakes showed mortality at environmental relevant levels. Biochemical studies focusing on animal detoxification and antioxidation enzymes and DNA integrity showed sublethal effects to the N. spumigena extract. Results presented in this thesis show that an extract of N. spumigena elicited detoxification and antioxidation responses in animals tested. Furthermore, the use of the COMET assay showed increased damage to DNA of animals tested. Results also showed that different organs in animals tested responded differently to the aqueous extract, suggesting mode of uptake maybe important in toxicosis. Further, feeding studies with N. spumigena help elucidate mode of uptake using enzyme response biomarkers. The overall results of this research provided an assessment of the toxic affects of N. spumigena on aquatic fauna with special reference to the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia.
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Welgamage, Don Aakash Channa Dharshan. "An investigation into the biodegradation of peptide cyanotoxins (microcystins and nodularin) by novel gram-positive bacteria." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/738.

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Cyanobacterial secondary metabolites, microcystins (MC) and nodularin (NOD) have become common contaminants in most aquatic ecosystems over recent years presenting a hazard to animal and human health. Unfortunately, these chemically diverse peptide hepatotoxins remain a challenge to most conventional water treatments due to their stable cyclic structures. Over recent years, bioremediation of MC and NOD has become one of the most exciting areas that holds promise for a successful and cost effective solution for water treatment process. The current work presents the biodegradation of MCs and NOD by bacterial isolates from three different bacteria genus Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium and Rhodococcus belonging to Actinobacteria. A total of five isolates representing the three genera have demonstrated an overall metabolism of MC-LR, -LF, -LY, -LW, -RR and NOD in a Biolog MT2 assay. Subsequently, these bacteria were reported to degrade the range of toxins in a separate batch experiment. The bacterial degradation rate of the above cyanobacterial peptides were found to decrease with the multiple subculturing of the bacteria. However, a rapid degradation was discovered when the bacteria were re-exposed to MC or other prokaryotic peptides demonstrating an inducible bacterial biodegradation. Utilising latest molecular biology techniques, the gene responsible for production of MC degrading enzymes was successfully elucidated and its activity was evaluated. Analysis of the degradation products of MC-LR revealed a glutathione conjugate detoxification mechanism involved during the degradation of MC-LR by Rhodococcus sp. (C1). A novel MC degradation pathway was proposed. Further studies were suggested to fully characterise the degradation pathway and to evaluate the MC detoxification mechanism in bacteria.
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Anjos, Fabyana Maria dos. "Desenvolvimento de técnicas de imunoensaio para detecção de microcistina em amostras ambientais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-22122009-103848/.

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A contaminação da água para consumo humano por toxinas produzidas por cianobactérias é um problema de saúde pública e das autoridades em todo o mundo. Microcistina-LR (MCLR) é uma cianotoxina heptapeptídica cíclica que inibe as proteínas fosfatases PP1 E PP2A nos hepatócitos. Microcistinas são produzidas por diversos gêneros de cianobactérias e mais de 70 variações estruturais têm sido caracterizadas em florações naturais. Por serem haptenos, as microcistinas são incapazes de induzir uma resposta imune em animais. Conseqüentemente, foi necessário aplicar métodos de conjugação envolvendo a adição de uma proteína carreadora, mcKLH (cationized Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin). Portanto, o objetivo inicial desta tese foi o de obter anticorpos monoclonal (em camundongos) e policlonal (em coelho) anti- MCLR. Com relação ao anticorpo monoclonal foram obtidos 9 hibridomas (k29, k210, k317, k248, k284, k290, k2161, k2226, k2232), sendo que apenas 5 se mostraram estáveis (k29, k317, k248, k284, k2232). Estes foram selecionados para serem isotipados, expandidos em líquido ascítico, purificados em coluna cromatográfica de proteína-A e titulados. Dentre estes cinco hibridomas secretores de anticorpos, o clone k317 foi o que melhor reconheceu (mais específico) a toxina MCLR. Os anticorpos do sobrenadante de meio de cultura do hibridoma e o fluido ascítico purificado foram identificados pelo ensaio ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) previamente padronizado. Mesmo sensibilizando a placa de ELISA com diferentes antígenos, tais como MCLR-cBSA, MCLR, MCLR, MCRR, MCYR e MCLA, o clone 17 foi o que apresentou melhor linearidade frente às variantes de microcistina. Portanto, o clone 17 (isótipo IgG1) obtido é muito promissor e será usado para detecção de MCLR na água para consumo humano através do desenvolvimento de um kit de ELISA competição. Com relação ao anticorpo policlonal, o antígeno de imunização foi MCLR-mcKLH, enquanto que o antígeno de sensibilização foi MCLR-cBSA para o ensaio de titulação de anticorpos de classe IgG por ELISA indireto. Na seqüencia, foi padronizado um ensaio ELISA competição utilizando somente a toxina MCLR como antígeno de sensibilização. Este método Caseína foi padronizado, validado e comparado com o kit comercial Abraxis®. O kit ELISA competição que utiliza anticorpo policlonal, nomeado como método Caseína, foi avaliado quanto Limite Inferior de Quantificação, Especificidade, Seletividade, influência do metanol no ensaio, Recuperação, Linearidade, Precisão, Exatidão e Robustez. Este método de triagem apresentou excelente resultado quando comparado ao kit comercial Abraxis®, pois foi capaz de detectar tanto variantes de microcistinas como nodularinas no ambiente aquático. O ensaio ELISA competição utilizando anticorpo policlonal anti-MCLR foi submetido à patente pela Agência USP de Inovação (I.N.P.I. 018090046230).
The contamination of drinking water by cyanobacterial toxins is a public health issue and a concern for water authorities throughout the world. Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a hazardous cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin, which inhibits protein phosphatase PP1 and PP2A in hepatocytes. Microcystins are produced by several genera of cyanobacteria and presents more than 70 structural variations characterized in natural blooms. As haptens, microcystins are unable to invoke an immune response in animals. Consequently, the application of conjugation methods with an additional carrier protein, the KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) was necessary. The main objective of this study was to obtain monoclonal (in mice) and polyclonal (in rabbits) antibodies for reacting against MCLR. In what refers to monoclonal antibodies, 9 hybridomas (k29, k210, k317, k248, k284, k290, k2161, k2226, k2232) were obtained; however only 5 were stables (k29, k317, k248, k284, k2232). These were selected to be isotyped, expanded in ascitic fluid, purified by protein-A column chromatography and then, they were titrated. Out of these five antibody-secretor hybridomas, clone k317 was the best to recognize (more specific) the MCLR toxins. Antibodies in hybridoma cell culture supernatant and purified ascites fluid were identified by ELISA assay (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) as prior standardized. Even when sensitizing ELISA plate with different antigens, as MCLR-cBSA, MCLR, MCLR, MCRR, MCYR and MCLA, clone 17 presented the best linearity against microcystin variants. Therefore, the obtained clone 17 (isotype IgG1) is a promising clone and shall be used for detecting MCLR in drinking water through the development of a competitive ELISA immunoassay kit. In what refers to the polyclonal antibody, MCLR-mcKLH was used as immunization antigen, while MCLR-cBSA was used as sensitizing antigen for the IgG titration assay by indirect ELISA. In the sequence, a competition ELISA assay was standardized using the MCLR toxin as sensitizing antigen. This Casein method was standardized, validated and compared to the commercial kit Abraxis®. The competition ELISA kit using polyclonal antibody, known as Casein method, was analyzed concerning its Quantification Inferior Limit, Specificity, Selectivity, methanol influence of the assay, Recuperation, Linearity, Precision, Accuracy and Robustness. This screening method reached excellent results if compared to the commercial kit Abraxis®, for being able to detect both the microcystins variants and the nodularins in aquatic environmental. The competition ELISA assay using anti-MCLR polyclonal antibody was submitted to the grant of a patent by USP Innovation Agency (INPI 018090046230).
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Nxusani, Ezo. "Novel 3-mercaptopropionic acid capped iridium selenide quantum dots modified electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of fish toxin, nodularin." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4616.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
A novel 3-mercaptopropionic acid capped iridium selenide quantum dots based label free impedimetric immunosensor was successfully constructed. The 3-mercaptopropionic acid capped iridium selenide quantum dots synthesized were studied using HRTEM, revealing the formation of very small sizes, of about 3 nm. The optical Uv-Vis absorption wavelength of the quantum dots is blue-shifted, a phenomenon explained by the effective mass approximation (EMA) for semiconducting materials with sizes below 10 nm. Using cyclic voltammetry it is noted that the quantum dots have interesting electro-catalytical properties. The immunosensor proved to be sensitive towards nodularin, with a very low detection limit of 0.009 ng/mL and is significantly lower than the recent anti-nodularin ELISA kit developed by (Zhou et al., 2011) which has a detection limit of 0.16 ng/mL.Also the dection limit of the immunosensor is below the South African guideline value for microcystin-LR (0-0.8) μg/L (DWAF; 1996). The calibration curve of the 3MPA-GaSe nanocrystal based biosensor was successfully constructed, which exhibited a trend described by Michaelis-Menten, a typical behaviour of enzymatic biosensors. The detection limit of the biosensor is 0.004 nM and is significantly lower than the action limit of 17beta-estradiol, (1.47 x 10-10 M).
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Books on the topic "Nodularin"

1

Sprent, Janet I. Nodulation in legumes. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2001.

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Legume nodulation: A global perspective. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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International Conference on Austempered Ductile Iron. (2nd 1986 Ann Arbor, Mich.). 2nd International Conference on Austempered Ductile Iron: Your means to improved performance, productivity and cost, 17-19 March 1986, Rackham School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [New York, N.Y.]: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986.

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Dorazil, Eduard. Vysokopevná bainitická tvárná litina. Praha: Academia nakl. Československé akademie věd, 1985.

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Dorazil, Eduard. High strength austempered ductile cast iron. 2nd ed. Prague: Academia, 1991.

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Blackman, T. N. Graphite flotation in ductile iron castings: AFS sponsored research. Des Plaines, Ill: American Foundrymen's Society, 1988.

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Rossen, Lone. Molecular analysis of the nodulation genes of "Rhizobium leguminosarum". Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1985.

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Lerner, Yury S. Modern casting of ductile iron. Schaumburg, Ill: American Foundry Society, 2006.

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Burn, Joanne Elizabeth. Analysis of the regulatory nodulation gene nodD of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Norwich: Universityof East Anglia, 1989.

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Klotz, Oskar. Nodular endarteritis of the aorta about the intercostal arteries. Boston: [s.n., 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nodularin"

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Fujiki, Hirota. "Nodularin." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_7070-6.

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Fujiki, Hirota. "Nodularin." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 3113–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46875-3_7070.

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Triantis, Theodoros M., Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, and Anastasia Hiskia. "Solid-Phase Extraction of Microcystins and Nodularin from Drinking Water." In Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis, 354–57. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119068761.ch39.

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Triantis, Theodoros M., Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, and Anastasia Hiskia. "Determination of Microcystins and Nodularin in Filtered and Drinking Water by LC-MS/MS." In Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis, 372–78. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119068761.ch42.

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Cerasino, Leonardo. "Analysis of Microcystins and Nodularin by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry." In Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis, 379–84. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119068761.ch43.

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Kaloudis, Triantafyllos, Theodoros M. Triantis, and Anastasia Hiskia. "Quantitative Screening of Microcystins and Nodularin in Water Samples with Commercially Available ELISA Kits." In Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis, 390–92. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119068761.ch45.

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Kaloudis, Triantafyllos, Theodoros M. Triantis, and Anastasia Hiskia. "Quantitative Screening of Microcystins and Nodularin in Water Samples with Commercially Available PPIA Kits." In Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis, 393–95. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119068761.ch46.

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Lie, T. A., G. J. Nijland, and S. H. Waluyo. "Competition between Nodulating and Non-Nodulating Rhizobium Strains: Delay of Nodulation." In Physiological Limitations and the Genetic Improvement of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 127–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1401-8_14.

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Strumia, Renata. "Prurigo Nodularis." In Dermatological Cryosurgery and Cryotherapy, 563–65. London: Springer London, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6765-5_107.

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Selk, Amanda. "Prurigo Nodularis." In Vulvar Disease, 227–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61621-6_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nodularin"

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Moschny, J., P. Schneider, W. Lorenzen, S. Jahns, H. Enke, D. Kramer, and HJ Niedermeyer Timo. "New approaches to handle old compounds – the generation of microcystin and nodularin derivatives with “clickable” features." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608362.

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Patel, Dhruv, Devendra Parmar, and Siddharthsinh Jadeja. "Influence of Ca-Ba and Sr Base Inoculants on Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Grey and Ductile Cast Irons." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86448.

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Microstructural adaptation of cast iron alloys by inoculation is a well-known practice to swell their mechanical properties. In foundries, several inoculants have been used to refine grain structure, and to obtain uniform distribution of graphite flakes. Inoculation is one of the most critical steps in cast iron production. The effectiveness of inoculants depends on melt temperature, method of addition, type of inoculants, and holding time. In this paper, the effect of Ca-based, Ba-based, Ca-Ba based and Sr-based inoculants on microstructure and tensile properties of grey cast iron IS-210 and spheroidal graphite iron IS-1862 is reported. Results showed both Ca and Ba based inoculants were effective in obtaining uniform distribution of flaky and nodular graphite in IS-210, and IS-1862 cast irons, respectively. But in a case of Sr-based inoculant were highly effective for increase the nodularity of SG cast iron as well as succeed supreme yield strength for both grey and ductile cast iron. The amounts of ferrite in the as-cast matrix are excess with controlled granulometry for elimination of primary carbide in Sr-based inoculant.
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Lewis, Keith L., Gilbert W. Smith, and Alan J. Pidduck. "Nodular defects in sputtered coatings." In XXXIV Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers: Boulder Damage Symposium, edited by Gregory J. Exarhos, Arthur H. Guenther, Norbert Kaiser, Keith L. Lewis, M. J. Soileau, Christopher J. Stolz, Adolf Giesen, and Horst Weber. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.472405.

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Mrabet, S., I. Akkari, and EB Jazia. "HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NODULAR GASTROPATHY." In ESGE Days. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1704851.

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Gligorijevic, R., J. Jevtic, G. Vidanovic, and N. Radojevic. "Fatigue Strength of Nodular Iron Crankshafts." In Automotive and Transportation Technology Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3412.

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Stadlhofer, R., and A. Böttcher. "First description of laryngeal nodular fasciitis." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710821.

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Cheema, A., C. Benkli, L. Green, and D. R. Lazarus. "Nodular Opportunity - Complication of Ibrutinib Therapy." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a5476.

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Phanthok, T., C. Duran, and V. S. Taskar. "Amiodarone in Nodular Interstitial Lung Disease." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a1493.

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Ali, A., M. M. Malik, A. M. Aung, and H. Assallum. "Nodular Sarcoidosis; A Lung Cancer Mimic!" In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a2339.

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Stadlhofer, R., A. Böttcher, and A. Lübke. "First report of laryngeal nodular fasciitis." In 100 JAHRE DGHNO-KHC: WO KOMMEN WIR HER? WO STEHEN WIR? WO GEHEN WIR HIN? Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727950.

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Reports on the topic "Nodularin"

1

Springer, H. Microstructural Characterization of Nodular Ductile Iron. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1034481.

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Springer, H. Mechanical Characterization of Nodular Ductile Iron. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1034483.

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Taylor, D. F. Microstructural aspects of zircaloy nodular corrosion in steam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/754941.

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L’taief, Boulbaba, Sihem Smari, Neila Abdi, and Bouaziz Sifi. Biochemical and Physiological Characterization of Rhizobia Nodulating Vicia faba L. Genotypes. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.06.06.

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Daniel Gage. Molecular characterization of catabolite repression by succinate in the nodulating bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/891983.

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Handelsman, Jo. Determinants of nodulation competitiveness in Rhizobium etli. Final report for period September 30, 1996--September 29, 1999. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/765240.

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Molau, N. E., H. R. Brand, M. R. Kozlowski, and C. C. Shang. 2-1/2-D electromagnetic modeling of nodular defects in high-power multilayer optical coatings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/392718.

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Donald R. Fosnacht, Richard F. Kiesel, David W. Hendrickson, David J. Englund, Iwao Iwasaki, Rodney L. Bleifuss, and Mathew A. Mlinar. Solid Fuel - Oxygen Fired Combustion for Production of Nodular Reduced Iron to Reduce CO2 Emissions and Improve Energy Efficiencies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1031915.

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He, Yuhao, Yujia Yan, and Sunfu Zhang. Quantitative liver surface nodularity score based on imaging for assessment of early cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.10.0096.

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