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Published: 4 June 2021
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1

Lyra, Christina, Maria Laamanen, Jaana M. Lehtimäki, Anu Surakka, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Benthic cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia are non-toxic, without gas vacuoles, able to glide and genetically more diverse than planktonic Nodularia." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63288-0.

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Diversity and ecological features of cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia from benthic, periphytic and soil habitats are less well known than those of Nodularia from planktonic habitats. Novel benthic Nodularia strains were isolated from the Baltic Sea and their morphology, the presence of gas vacuoles, nodularin production, gliding, 16S rRNA gene sequences, rpoB, rbcLX and ndaF genes, and gvpA-IGS regions were examined, as well as short tandemly repeated repetitive sequence fingerprints. Strains were identified as Nodularia spumigena, Nodularia sphaerocarpa or Nodularia harveyana on the basis of the size and shape of the different types of cells and the presence or absence of gas vacuoles. The planktonic strains of N. spumigena mostly had gas vacuoles and produced nodularin, whereas the benthic strains of N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana lacked gas vacuoles and did not produce nodularin (except for strain PCC 7804). The benthic strains were also able to glide on surfaces. In the genetic analyses, the planktonic N. spumigena and benthic N. sphaerocarpa formed monophyletic clusters, but the clusters were very closely related. Benthic strains determined as N. harveyana formed the most diverse and distant group of strains. In addition to phylogenetic analyses, the lack of the gvpA-IGS region and ndaF in N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana distinguished these species from the planktonic N. spumigena. Therefore, ndaF can be considered as a potential diagnostic tool for detecting and quantifying Baltic Sea bloom-forming, nodularin-producing N. spumigena strains. The data confirm that only one morphologically and genetically distinct planktonic species of Nodularia, N. spumigena, and at least two benthic species, N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana, exist in the Baltic Sea.
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2

Popin, Rafael Vicentini, Endrews Delbaje, Vinicius Augusto Carvalho de Abreu, Janaina Rigonato, Felipe Augusto Dörr, Ernani Pinto, Kaarina Sivonen, and Marli Fatima Fiore. "Genomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Natural Products in Nodularia spumigena Isolated from a Shrimp Culture Pond." Toxins 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030141.

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The bloom-forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena CENA596 encodes the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of the known natural products nodularins, spumigins, anabaenopeptins/namalides, aeruginosins, mycosporin-like amino acids, and scytonemin, along with the terpenoid geosmin. Targeted metabolomics confirmed the production of these metabolic compounds, except for the alkaloid scytonemin. Genome mining of N. spumigena CENA596 and its three closely related Nodularia strains—two planktonic strains from the Baltic Sea and one benthic strain from Japanese marine sediment—revealed that the number of BGCs in planktonic strains was higher than in benthic one. Geosmin—a volatile compound with unpleasant taste and odor—was unique to the Brazilian strain CENA596. Automatic annotation of the genomes using subsystems technology revealed a related number of coding sequences and functional roles. Orthologs from the Nodularia genomes are involved in the primary and secondary metabolisms. Phylogenomic analysis of N. spumigena CENA596 based on 120 conserved protein sequences positioned this strain close to the Baltic Nodularia. Phylogeny of the 16S rRNA genes separated the Brazilian CENA596 strain from those of the Baltic Sea, despite their high sequence identities (99% identity, 100% coverage). The comparative analysis among planktic Nodularia strains showed that their genomes were considerably similar despite their geographically distant origin.
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3

Jones, GJ, SI Blackburn, and NS Parker. "A toxic bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 5 (1994): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940787.

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A bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens occurred in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania, a shallow, eutrophic coastal embayment, between December 1992 and March 1993. The N. spumigena bloom was preceded by a eustigmatophyte bloom and was followed in March-April 1993 by a bloom of the diatoms Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenb.) Smith and Chaetoceros socialis Lauder. The Nodularia spumigena bloom may have been stimulated by low salinity (15-20 g kg-1) in the lagoon during December and January. Culture experiments with N. spumigena strains isolated from the lagoon showed best growth at salinities between 0 and 24 g kg-1 and less optimal growth at a salinity of 35 g kg-1. Akinete production in culture was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with increasing salinity of growth media. The collapse of the N. spumigena population may have been triggered by decreasing water temperature in March, although this cannot be conclusively proven with the limited physico-chemical data available. High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of bloom samples showed high concentrations (2000-3500 �g g-1 dry weight) of the cyclic pentapeptide hepatotoxin nodularin in samples collected during the peak of the N. spumigena bloom in January and February. Nodularin content of the bloom decreased as the population declined, owing to the decrease in abundance of N. spumigena and the release of nodularin by dying cells. A culture of N. spumigena isolated from Orielton Lagoon produced nodularin at concentrations comparable to those observed in field samples. A second HPLC peak, eluting very close to nodularin and with a similar ultraviolet spectrum, was observed in some field samples. This compound may be the ADDA-C8 stereoisomer of nodularin.
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4

Laamanen, Maria J., Muriel F. Gugger, Jaana M. Lehtimäki, Kaisa Haukka, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Diversity of Toxic and Nontoxic Nodularia Isolates (Cyanobacteria) and Filaments from the Baltic Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4638–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4638-4647.2001.

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ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia form toxic blooms in brackish waters worldwide. In addition,Nodularia spp. are found in benthic, periphytic, and soil habitats. The majority of the planktic isolates produce a pentapeptide hepatotoxin nodularin. We examined the morphologic, toxicologic, and molecular characters of 18 nodularin-producing and nontoxic Nodularia strains to find appropriate markers for distinguishing the toxic strains from the nontoxic ones in field samples. After classical taxonomy, the examined strains were identified as Nodularia sp., Nodularia spumigena,N. baltica, N. harveyana, and N. sphaerocarpa. Morphologic characters were ambiguous in terms of distinguishing between the toxic and the nontoxic strains. DNA sequences from the short 16S-23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS1-S) and from the phycocyanin operon intergenic spacer and its flanking regions (PC-IGS) were different for the toxic and the nontoxic strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences from strains identified as N. spumigena, and N. baltica, and N. litorea indicated that the division of the planktic Nodularia into the three species is not supported by the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences. However, the ITS1-S and PC-IGS sequences supported the separation of strains designated N. harveyana and N. sphaerocarpa from one another and the planktic strains.HaeIII digestion of PCR amplified PC-IGS regions of all examined 186 Nodularia filaments collected from the Baltic Sea produced a digestion pattern similar to that found in toxic isolates. Our results suggest that only one plankticNodularia species is present in the Baltic Sea plankton and that it is nodularin producing.
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5

Shoeb, Mohammad. "Chemical and Biological studies of Cyanobacteria." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v13i2.21888.

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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic microalgae which are found in marine, brackish and freshwater environments and in soils. Cyanotoxins including hepatotoxins and neurotoxins are produced by cyanobacteria commonly found in surface water. The most widely studied hepatotoxins are microcystins and nodularin which were first isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena, respectively. M. aeruginosa and N. spumigena were cultured and extracted with methanol. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of microcystins and nodularin in cultured cyanobacterial fractions were performed by HPLC. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality assay were carried out to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and general toxicity of these fractions, respectively. An unusual metabolite named as nodularinol was isolated for the first time from N. spumigena. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v13i2.21888 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 13(2): 119-124, 2014 (December)
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6

Krüger, Thomas, S. Mundt, D. Bröker, and B. Luckas. "Dog poisonings caused by Nodularia spumigena." Toxicology Letters 189 (September 2009): S207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.856.

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7

Endres, S., J. Unger, N. Wannicke, M. Nausch, M. Voss, and A. Engel. "Response of <i>Nodularia spumigena</i> to <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> – Part 2: Exudation and extracellular enzyme activities." Biogeosciences 10, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-567-2013.

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Abstract. The filamentous and diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena plays a major role in the productivity of the Baltic Sea as it forms extensive blooms regularly. Under phosphorus limiting conditions Nodularia spumigena have a high enzyme affinity for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by production and release of alkaline phosphatase. Additionally, they are able to degrade proteinaceous compounds by expressing the extracellular enzyme leucine aminopeptidase. As atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing, we expect marine phytoplankton to experience changes in several environmental parameters, including pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry and of phosphate deficiency on the exudation of organic matter, and its subsequent recycling by extracellular enzymes in a Nodularia spumigena culture. Batch cultures of Nodularia spumigena were grown for 15 days under aeration with low (180 μatm), medium (380 μatm), and high (780 μatm) CO2 concentrations. Obtained pCO2 levels in the treatments were on median 315, 353, and 548 μatm CO2, respectively. Extracellular enzyme activities as well as changes in organic and inorganic compound concentrations were monitored. CO2 treatment–related effects were identified for cyanobacterial growth, which in turn influenced the concentration of mucinous substances and the recycling of organic matter by extracellular enzymes. Biomass production was increased by 56.5% and 90.7% in the medium and high pCO2 treatment, respectively, compared to the low pCO2 treatment. In total, significantly more mucinous substances accumulated in the high pCO2 treatment, reaching 363 μg Xeq L−1 compared to 269 μg Xeq L−1 in the low pCO2 treatment. However, cell-specific rates did not change. After phosphate depletion, the acquisition of P from DOP by alkaline phosphatase was significantly enhanced. Alkaline phosphatase activities were increased by factor 1.64 and 2.25, respectively, in the medium and high compared to the low pCO2 treatment. We hypothesise from our results that Nodularia spumigena can grow faster under elevated pCO2 by enhancing the recycling of organic matter to acquire nutrients.
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8

Endres, S., J. Unger, N. Wannicke, M. Nausch, M. Voss, and A. Engel. "Response of <i>Nodularia spumigena</i> to <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> – Part 2: Exudation and extracellular enzyme activities." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 4 (April 26, 2012): 5109–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-5109-2012.

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Abstract. The filamentous and diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena plays a major role in the productivity of the Baltic Sea as it forms extensive blooms regularly. Under phosphorus limiting conditions Nodularia spumigena has a high enzyme affinity for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by production and release of alkaline phosphatase. Additionally, it is able to degrade proteinaceous compounds by expressing the extracellular enzyme leucine aminopeptidase. As atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing, we expect marine phytoplankton to experience changes in several environmental parameters including pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry and of phosphate deficiency on the exudation of organic matter, and its subsequent recycling by extracellular enzymes in a Nodularia spumigena culture. Batch cultures of Nodularia spumigena were grown for 15 days aerated with three different pCO2 levels corresponding to values from glacial periods to future values projected for the year 2100. Extracellular enzyme activities as well as changes in organic and inorganic compound concentrations were monitored. CO2 treatment–related effects were identified for cyanobacterial growth, which in turn was influencing exudation and recycling of organic matter by extracellular enzymes. Biomass production was increased by 56.5% and 90.7% in the medium and high pCO2 treatment, respectively, compared to the low pCO2 treatment and simultaneously increasing exudation. During the growth phase significantly more mucinous substances accumulated in the high pCO2 treatment reaching 363 μg Gum Xanthan eq l−1 compared to 269 μg Gum Xanthan eq l−1 in the low pCO2 treatment. However, cell-specific rates did not change. After phosphate depletion, the acquisition of P from DOP by alkaline phosphatase was significantly enhanced. Alkaline phosphatase activities were increased by factor 1.64 and 2.25, respectively, in the medium and high compared to the low pCO2 treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that Nodularia spumigena can grow faster under elevated pCO2 by enhancing the recycling of organic matter to acquire nutrients.
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9

Jenkins, C. A., and P. K. Hayes. "Diversity of cyanophages infecting the heterocystous filamentous cyanobacterium Nodularia isolated from the brackish Baltic Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 3 (April 10, 2006): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406013439.

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A collection of 17 cyanophage isolates able to infect the heterocystous, filamentous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena has been established from the Baltic Sea. These cyanophages have been characterized based on their morphology, cross infectivity and genetic structure. Short fragments (450 bp) of the gene encoding the major capsid protein (g23) were amplified and sequenced from several isolates, and the encoded protein was found to be 99% identical across all the N. spumigena-specific cyanophages tested. These results suggest that the Nodularia-specific cyanophages are very closely related. However, these cyanophages were found to be diverse in terms of their morphology and host range. Cyanophages belonging to two families within the order Caudovirales, Myoviridae and Siphoviridae, were included in the collection of isolates. The cyanophage particles are large in comparison with cyanophages previously isolated from the marine environment, with the largest capsid measuring 127×122×888 nm. Host ranges of the cyanophage isolates varied, some being able to infect up to five genotypically distinct strains of Nodularia spumigena, while others were very specific, infecting only one strain. We conclude that Nodularia-specific cyanophages form a diverse community in surface waters during summer and autumn months and that they may play a role both in the transfer of genetic information between Nodularia lineages and in promoting changes in the genetic structure of the host population.
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10

Žula, Aleš, Izabela Będziak, Danijel Kikelj, and Janez Ilaš. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Spumigin Analogues Library with Thrombin Inhibitory Activity." Marine Drugs 16, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16110413.

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Spumigins are marine natural products derived from cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena, which mimics the structure of the d-Phe-Pro-Arg sequence and is crucial for binding to the active site of serine proteases thrombin and factor Xa. Biological evaluation of spumigins showed that spumigins with a (2S,4S)-4-methylproline central core represent potential lead compounds for the development of a new structural type of direct thrombin inhibitors. Herein, we represent synthesis and thrombin inhibitory activity of a focused library of spumigins analogues with indoline ring or l-proline as a central core. Novel compounds show additional insight into the structure and biological effects of spumigins. The most active analogue was found to be a derivative containing l-proline central core with low micromolar thrombin inhibitory activity.
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11

Konkel, Robert, Anna Toruńska-Sitarz, Marta Cegłowska, Žilvinas Ežerinskis, Justina Šapolaitė, Jonas Mažeika, and Hanna Mazur-Marzec. "Blooms of Toxic Cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in Norwegian Fjords During Holocene Warm Periods." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040257.

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In paleoecological studies, molecular markers are being used increasingly often to reconstruct community structures, environmental conditions and ecosystem changes. In this work, nodularin, anabaenopeptins and selected DNA sequences were applied as Nodularia spumigena markers to reconstruct the history of the cyanobacterium in the Norwegian fjords. For the purpose of this study, three sediment cores collected in Oslofjorden, Trondheimsfjorden and Balsfjorden were analyzed. The lack of nodularin in most recent sediments is consistent with the fact that only one report on the sporadic occurrence and low amounts of the cyanobacterium in Norwegian Fjords in 1976 has been published. However, analyses of species-specific chemical markers in deep sediments showed that thousands of years ago, N. spumigena constituted an important component of the phytoplankton community. The content of the markers in the cores indicated that the biomass of the cyanobacterium increased during the warmer Holocene periods. The analyses of genetic markers were less conclusive; they showed the occurrence of microcystin/nodularin producing cyanobacteria of Nostocales order, but they did not allow for the identification of the organisms at a species level.
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12

Schumacher, Marc, Neil Wilson, Jioji N. Tabudravu, Christine Edwards, Linda A. Lawton, Cherie Motti, Anthony D. Wright, Marc Diederich, and Marcel Jaspars. "New nodulopeptins from Nodularia spumigena KAC 66." Tetrahedron 68, no. 5 (February 2012): 1622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.056.

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13

Runnegar, Maria T. C., Alan R. B. Jackson, and Ian R. Falconer. "Toxicity of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens." Toxicon 26, no. 2 (January 1988): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(88)90166-3.

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14

da Silveira, Savênia Bonoto, Wilson Wasielesky, Ana Paula Dini Andreote, Marli Fatima Fiore, and Clarisse Odebrecht. "Morphology, phylogeny, growth rate and nodularin production of Nodularia spumigena from Brazil." Marine Biology Research 13, no. 10 (August 11, 2017): 1095–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1336587.

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15

Moffitt, Michelle C., and Brett A. Neilan. "Characterization of the Nodularin Synthetase Gene Cluster and Proposed Theory of the Evolution of Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6353-6362.2004.

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ABSTRACT Nodularia spumigena is a bloom-forming cyanobacterium which produces the hepatotoxin nodularin. The complete gene cluster encoding the enzymatic machinery required for the biosynthesis of nodularin in N. spumigena strain NSOR10 was sequenced and characterized. The 48-kb gene cluster consists of nine open reading frames (ORFs), ndaA to ndaI, which are transcribed from a bidirectional regulatory promoter region and encode nonribosomal peptide synthetase modules, polyketide synthase modules, and tailoring enzymes. The ORFs flanking the nda gene cluster in the genome of N. spumigena strain NSOR10 were identified, and one of them was found to encode a protein with homology to previously characterized transposases. Putative transposases are also associated with the structurally related microcystin synthetase (mcy) gene clusters derived from three cyanobacterial strains, indicating a possible mechanism for the distribution of these biosynthetic gene clusters between various cyanobacterial genera. We propose an alternative hypothesis for hepatotoxin evolution in cyanobacteria based on the results of comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the nda and mcy gene clusters. These analyses suggested that nodularin synthetase evolved from a microcystin synthetase progenitor. The identification of the nodularin biosynthetic gene cluster and evolution of hepatotoxicity in cyanobacteria reported in this study may be valuable for future studies on toxic cyanobacterial bloom formation. In addition, an appreciation of the natural evolution of nonribosomal biosynthetic pathways will be vital for future combinatorial engineering and rational design of novel metabolites and pharmaceuticals.
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16

Simola, O., M. Wiberg, J. Jokela, M. Wahlsten, K. Sivonen, and P. Syrjä. "Pathologic Findings and Toxin Identification in Cyanobacterial (Nodularia spumigena) Intoxication in a Dog." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 5 (August 8, 2011): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811415703.

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A 3-year-old Cairn Terrier dog that had been in contact with sea water containing cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) was euthanized because of acute hepatic failure and anuria after a 5-day illness. Histologic findings included lytic and hemorrhagic centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis and renal tubular necrosis. The cyanotoxin nodularin was detected in liver and kidney by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Nodularin is a potent hepatotoxin produced by the algal species Nodularia spumigena. The intensity of algal blooms has increased during the past decades in the Baltic Sea region, thus increasing the risk for intoxications in domestic and wild animals. The authors describe the pathologic findings of cyanobacterial toxicosis in a dog with direct identification of the toxin from organ samples.
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17

Czerny, J., J. Barcelos e Ramos, and U. Riebesell. "Influence of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations on cell division and nitrogen fixation rates in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium <i>Nodularia spumigena</i>." Biogeosciences 6, no. 9 (September 4, 2009): 1865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1865-2009.

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Abstract. The surface ocean absorbs large quantities of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere from human activities. As this CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts to form carbonic acid. While this phenomenon, called ocean acidification, has been found to adversely affect many calcifying organisms, some photosynthetic organisms appear to benefit from increasing [CO2]. Among these is the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, a predominant diazotroph (nitrogen-fixing) in large parts of the oligotrophic oceans, which responded with increased carbon and nitrogen fixation at elevated pCO2. With the mechanism underlying this CO2 stimulation still unknown, the question arises whether this is a common response of diazotrophic cyanobacteria. In this study we therefore investigate the physiological response of Nodularia spumigena, a heterocystous bloom-forming diazotroph of the Baltic Sea, to CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. N. spumigena reacted to seawater acidification/carbonation with reduced cell division rates and nitrogen fixation rates, accompanied by significant changes in carbon and phosphorus quota and elemental composition of the formed biomass. Possible explanations for the contrasting physiological responses of Nodularia compared to Trichodesmium may be found in the different ecological strategies of non-heterocystous (Trichodesmium) and heterocystous (Nodularia) cyanobacteria.
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18

Mazur-Marzec, Hanna, Katarzyna Sutryk, Agnieszka Hebel, Natalia Hohlfeld, Anna Pietrasik, and Agata Błaszczyk. "Nodularia spumigena Peptides—Accumulation and Effect on Aquatic Invertebrates." Toxins 7, no. 11 (October 30, 2015): 4404–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114404.

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19

Śliwińska, Sylwia, and Adam Latała. "Allelopathic Effects of Cyanobacterial Filtrates on Baltic Diatom." Contemporary Trends in Geoscience 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ctg-2012-0016.

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Abstract Allelopathy may be one of the factors affecting the formation of massive and harmful algal blooms in aquatic environments. Recent studies indicate that blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea has grown significantly in last decades, so it is important to determine the allelopathic interactions between the dominant species of cyanobacteria and microalgae. In this work we investigated the influence of allelopathic compounds on the growth of Skeletonema marinoi by addition of cell-free filtrate of the Baltic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena cultures grown under different temperature (15-25°C). Additionally the effects of filtrates of both an exponential and a stationary growing culture of N. spumigena were tested on diatom. These studies indicate that high temperature affected the donor species by increasing its production of allelochemicals. The highest drop of growth of analyzed diatom were observed after the addition of cell-free filtrate obtained from N. spumigena grown at 25°C and constituted 70% of their control. N. spumigena was only allelopathic in exponential growth phase, whereas the cyanobacteria filtrate from stationary phase have any effect on S. marinoi. These findings suggest that N. spumigena may reveal allelopathic activity and that the production of allelopathic substances is influenced by the temperature and growth phase of cyanobacteria.
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20

Czerny, J., J. Barcelos e Ramos, and U. Riebesell. "Influence of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations on cell division and nitrogen fixation rates in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium <i>Nodularia spumigena</i>." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 17, 2009): 4279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-4279-2009.

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Abstract. The surface ocean currently absorbs about one-fourth of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere from human activities. As this CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid, increasing ocean acidity and shifting the partitioning of inorganic carbon species towards increased CO2 at the expense of CO32− concentrations. While the decrease in [CO32−] and/or increase in [H+] has been found to adversely affect many calcifying organisms, some photosynthetic organisms appear to benefit from increasing [CO2]. Among these is the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, a predominant diazotroph (nitrogen-fixing) in large parts of the oligotrophic oceans, which responded with increased carbon and nitrogen fixation at elevated pCO2. With the mechanism underlying this CO2 stimulation still unknown, the question arises whether this is a common response of diazotrophic cyanobacteria. In this study we therefore investigate the physiological response of Nodularia spumigena, a heterocystous bloom-forming diazotroph of the Baltic Sea, to CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. N. spumigena reacted to seawater acidification/carbonation with reduced cell division rates and nitrogen fixation rates, accompanied by significant changes in carbon and phosphorus quota and elemental composition of the formed biomass. Possible explanations for the contrasting physiological responses of Nodularia compared to Trichodesmium may be found in the different ecological strategies of non-heterocystous (Trichodesmium) and heterocystous (Nodularia) cyanobacteria.
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21

Copp, J. N., A. A. Roberts, M. A. Marahiel, and B. A. Neilan. "Characterization of PPTNs, a Cyanobacterial Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase from Nodularia spumigena NSOR10." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 8 (February 16, 2007): 3133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01850-06.

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ABSTRACT The phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTs) are a superfamily of essential enzymes required for the synthesis of a wide range of compounds, including fatty acids, polyketides, and nonribosomal peptide metabolites. These enzymes activate carrier proteins in specific biosynthetic pathways by transfer of a phosphopantetheinyl moiety. The diverse PPT superfamily can be divided into two families based on specificity and conserved sequence motifs. The first family is typified by the Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein synthase (AcpS), which is involved in fatty acid synthesis. The prototype of the second family is the broad-substrate-range PPT Sfp, which is required for surfactin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Most cyanobacteria do not encode an AcpS-like PPT, and furthermore, some of their Sfp-like PPTs belong to a unique phylogenetic subgroup defined by the PPTs involved in heterocyst differentiation. Here, we describe the first functional characterization of a cyanobacterial PPT based on a structural analysis and subsequent functional analysis of the Nodularia spumigena NSOR10 PPT. Southern hybridizations suggested that this enzyme may be the only PPT encoded in the N. spumigena NSOR10 genome. Expression and enzyme characterization showed that this PPT was capable of modifying carrier proteins resulting from both heterocyst glycoplipid synthesis and nodularin toxin synthesis. Cyanobacteria are a unique and vast source of bioactive metabolites; therefore, an understanding of cyanobacterial PPTs is important in order to harness the biotechnological potential of cyanobacterial natural products.
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22

Gorokhova, E., and J. Engstrom-Ost. "Toxin concentration in Nodularia spumigena is modulated by mesozooplankton grazers." Journal of Plankton Research 31, no. 10 (July 22, 2009): 1235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp060.

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23

Huber, Ann L. "Factors Affecting the Germination of Akinetes of Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49, no. 1 (1985): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.49.1.73-78.1985.

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24

Huber, A. L. "Nitrogen fixation by Nodularia spumigena Mertens (Cyanobacteriaceae). 2: Laboratory studies." Hydrobiologia 133, no. 3 (March 1986): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005590.

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25

Sandström, A., C. Glemarec, J. A. O. Meriluoto, J. E. Eriksson, and J. Chattopadhyaya. "Structure of a hepatotoxic pentapeptide from the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena." Toxicon 28, no. 5 (January 1990): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(90)90297-k.

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26

Šulčius, Sigitas, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Irma Vitonytė, Kotryna Kvederavičiūtė, Jolita Kuznecova, Eugenijus Šimoliūnas, and Karin Holmfeldt. "Insights into cyanophage-mediated dynamics of nodularin and other non-ribosomal peptides in Nodularia spumigena." Harmful Algae 78 (September 2018): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.07.004.

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27

Galat, David L., and James P. Verdin. "Magnitude of Blue-Green Algal Blooms in a Saline Desert Lake Evaluated by Remote Sensing: Evidence for Nitrogen Control." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1959–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-228.

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Seventy-six percent of the 1972–86 variability in remotely sensed maximum surface water biomass of Nodularia spumigena blooms in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, was explained by concentrations of surface water total nitrogen (TN) during the preceding winter circulation. Very large summer–autumn Nodularia blooms were recorded by Landsat subsequent to low early winter surface water TN concentrations, very low fluvial discharge, and fluvial TN loads as predicted, but contrary to predictions, also when fluvial discharge and TN loads were very high. The observed cause of large Nodularia blooms following high fluvial nitrogen influx was temporary meromixis produced by the large volume of freshwater transporting this nitrogen. Incomplete winter lake circulation reduced internal transport of hypolimnetic nitrogen to surface waters. Meromixis resulted in early stable summer thermal stratification and early depletion of epilimnetic inorganic nitrogen, followed by early and large Nodularia blooms. Variations in magnitude of historic Nodularia blooms in a saline desert lake support the generality of blue-green algal dominance in lakes with low nitrogen and high phosphorus concentrations (i.e. low N:P ratios). However, climatic forcing of fluvial discharge and lake mixing patterns were also shown to be important determinants of seasonal succession of phytoplankton to blue-greens.
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Śliwińska-Wilczewska, Sylwia, Aldo Barreiro Felpeto, Katarzyna Możdżeń, Vitor Vasconcelos, and Adam Latała. "Physiological Effects on Coexisting Microalgae of the Allelochemicals Produced by the Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. and Nodularia Spumigena." Toxins 11, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120712.

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Only a few studies have documented the physiological effects of allelopathy from cyanobacteria against coexisting microalgae. We investigated the allelopathic ability of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. and Nodularia spumigena filtrates on several aspects related to the physiology of the target species: population growth, cell morphology, and several indexes of photosynthesis rate and respiration. The target species were the following: two species of green algae (Oocystis submarina, Chlorella vulgaris) and two species of diatoms (Bacillaria paxillifer, Skeletonema marinoi). These four species coexist in the natural environment with the employed strains of Synechococcus sp. and N. spumigena employed. The tests were performed with single and repeated addition of cyanobacterial cell-free filtrate. We also tested the importance of the growth phase in the strength of the allelopathic effect. The negative effects of both cyanobacteria were the strongest with repeated exudates addition, and generally, Synechococcus sp. and N. spumigena were allelopathic only in the exponential growth phase. O. submarina was not negatively affected by Synechococcus filtrates in any of the parameters studied, while C. vulgaris, B. paxillifer, and S. marinoi were affected in several ways. N. spumigena was characterized by a stronger allelopathic activity than Synechococcus sp., showing a negative effect on all target species. The highest decline in growth, as well as the most apparent cell physical damage, was observed for the diatom S. marinoi. Our findings suggest that cyanobacterial allelochemicals are associated with the cell physical damage, as well as a reduced performance in respiration and photosynthesis system in the studied microalgae which cause the inhibition of the population growth. Moreover, our study has shown that some biotic factors that increase the intensity of allelopathic effects may also alter the ratio between bloom-forming cyanobacteria and some phytoplankton species that occur in the same aquatic ecosystem.
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Mazur-Marzec, Hanna, Monika Kaczkowska, Agata Blaszczyk, Reyhan Akcaalan, Lisa Spoof, and Jussi Meriluoto. "Diversity of Peptides Produced by Nodularia spumigena from Various Geographical Regions." Marine Drugs 11, no. 12 (December 21, 2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md11010001.

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30

Mazur-Marzec, Hanna, Mireia Bertos-Fortis, Anna Toruńska-Sitarz, Anna Fidor, and Catherine Legrand. "Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea." Marine Drugs 14, no. 11 (November 10, 2016): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md14110209.

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31

Dahlmann, J., A. Rühl, C. Hummert, G. Liebezeit, P. Carlsson, and E. Granéli. "Different methods for toxin analysis in the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena (Cyanophyceae)." Toxicon 39, no. 8 (August 2001): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00256-7.

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32

Eigemann, F., and HN Schulz-Vogt. "Stable and labile associations of microorganisms with the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 83, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01918.

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33

Huber, A. L., and K. S. Hamel. "Phosphatase activities in relation to phosphorus nutrition in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae)." Hydrobiologia 123, no. 1 (April 1985): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00006617.

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34

Huber, A. L., and K. S. Hamel. "Phosphatase activities in relation to phosphorus nutrition in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae)." Hydrobiologia 123, no. 2 (April 1985): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00018976.

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35

Eriksson, J. E., J. A. O. Meriluoto, H. P. Kujari, K. Österlund, K. Fagerlund, and L. HÄllbom. "Preliminary characterization of a toxin isolated from the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena." Toxicon 26, no. 2 (January 1988): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(88)90168-7.

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36

Złoch, Ilona, Agnieszka Hebel, and Hanna Mazur-Marzec. "Effect of crude extracts from Nodularia spumigena on round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)." Marine Environmental Research 140 (September 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.019.

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37

Möke, F., N. Wasmund, H. Bauwe, and M. Hagemann. "Salt acclimation of Nodularia spumigena CCY9414—a cyanobacterium adapted to brackish water." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 70, no. 3 (September 18, 2013): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01656.

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38

Vintila, Simina, and Rehab El-Shehawy. "Variability in the response of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena to nitrogen supplementation." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12, no. 10 (2010): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c002863k.

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39

N ASROLLAHZADEH, H. S. "THE STUDY OF NODULARIA SPUMIGENA BLOOM EVENT IN THE SOUTHERN CASPIAN SEA." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/0902_141155.

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40

Karlson, Agnes M. L., Francisco J. A. Nascimento, Sanna Suikkanen, and Ragnar Elmgren. "Benthic fauna affects recruitment from sediments of the harmful cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena." Harmful Algae 20 (December 2012): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.09.001.

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41

Myers, Jackie H., John Beardall, Graeme Allinson, Scott Salzman, Simon Robertson, and Leanne Gunthorpe. "Potential triggers of akinete differentiation in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae) isolated from Australia." Hydrobiologia 671, no. 1 (May 12, 2011): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0714-4.

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42

Jonasson, Sara, Simina Vintila, Kaarina Sivonen, and Rehab El-Shehawy. "Expression of the nodularin synthetase genes in the Baltic Sea bloom-former cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena strain AV1." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65, no. 1 (July 2008): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00499.x.

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43

Staal, Marc, Sacco te Lintel Hekkert, Peter Herman, and Lucas J. Stal. "Comparison of Models Describing Light Dependence of N2 Fixation in Heterocystous Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 9 (September 2002): 4679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.9.4679-4683.2002.

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ABSTRACT The abilities of four models to describe nitrogenase light-response curves were compared, using the heterocystous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena and a cyanobacterial bloom from the Baltic Sea as examples. All tested models gave a good fit of the data, and the rectangular hyperbola model is recommended for fitting nitrogenase-light response curves. This model describes an enzymatic process, while the others are empirical. It was possible to convert the process parameters between the four models and compare N2 fixation with photosynthesis. The physiological meanings of the process parameters are discussed and compared to those of photosynthesis.
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44

Hagemann, M., F. Möke, A. Springer, L. Westermann, M. Frank, N. Wasmund, and H. Bauwe. "Cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena strain CCY9414 accumulates polyphosphate under long-term P-limiting conditions." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 82, no. 3 (January 21, 2019): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01896.

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45

Vintila, Simina, Tiago Selao, Agneta Norén, Birgitta Bergman, and Rehab El-Shehawy. "Characterization of nifH gene expression, modification and rearrangement in Nodularia spumigena strain AV1." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 77, no. 2 (June 6, 2011): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01127.x.

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46

Unger, J., S. Endres, N. Wannicke, A. Engel, M. Voss, G. Nausch, and M. Nausch. "Response of <i>Nodularia spumigena</i> to <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> – Part 3: Turnover of phosphorus compounds." Biogeosciences 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2013): 1483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1483-2013.

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Abstract. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria form extensive summer blooms in the Baltic Sea driving the surrounding surface waters into phosphate limitation. One of the main bloom-forming species is the heterocystous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. N. spumigena exhibits accelerated uptake of phosphate through the release of the extracellular enzyme alkaline phosphatase whose activity also serves as an indicator of the hydrolysis of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). The present study investigated the utilisation of DOP and its compounds (e.g., ATP) by N. spumigena during growth under different CO2 concentrations, in order to estimate potential consequences of ocean acidification on the cell's supply with phosphorus (P). Cell growth, the phosphorus pool, and four DOP compounds (ATP, DNA, RNA, and phospholipids) were determined in three setups with different CO2 concentrations (average 341 μatm, 399 μatm, and 508 μatm) during a 15-day batch experiment. The results showed stimulated growth of N. spumigena and a rapid depletion of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in all pCO2 treatments. DOP uptake was enhanced by a factor of 1.32 at 399 μatm and of 2.25 at 508 μatm compared to the lowest CO2 concentration. Among the measured DOP compounds, none was found to accumulate preferentially during the incubation or in response to a specific pCO2 treatment. However, at the beginning 61.9 &amp;pm; 4.3% of total DOP were not characterised but comprised the most utilised fraction. This is demonstrated by the decrement of this fraction to 27.4 &amp;pm; 9.9% of total DOP during the growth phase with a preference at high pCO2. Our results indicate a stimulated growth of diazotrophic cyanobacteria at increasing CO2 concentrations which is accompanied by increasing utilisation of DOP as an alternative P source.
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47

Unger, J., S. Endres, N. Wannicke, A. Engel, M. Voss, G. Nausch, and M. Nausch. "Response of <i>Nodularia spumigena</i> to <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> – Part 3: Turnover of phosphorus compounds." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2012): 14709–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-14709-2012.

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Abstract. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria often form extensive summer blooms in the Baltic Sea driving their environment into phosphate limitation. One of the main species is the heterocystous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. N. spumigena exhibits accelerated uptake of phosphate through the release of the exoenzyme alkaline phosphatase that also serves as an indicator of the hydrolysis of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). The present study investigated the utilization of DOP and its compounds (e.g. ATP) by N. spumigena during growth under varying CO2 concentrations, in order to estimate potential consequences of ocean acidification on the cell's supply with phosphorus. Cell growth, phosphorus pool fractions, and four DOP-compounds (ATP, DNA, RNA, and phospholipids) were determined in three set-ups with different CO2 concentrations (341, 399, and 508 μatm) during a 15-day batch experiment. The results showed rapid depletion of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in all pCO2 treatments while DOP utilization increased with elevated pCO2, in parallel with the growth stimulation of N. spumigena. During the growth phase, DOP uptake was enhanced by a factor of 1.32 at 399 μatm and of 2.25 at 508 μatm compared to the lowest pCO2 concentration. Among the measured DOP compounds, none was found to accumulate preferentially during the incubation or in response to a specific pCO2 treatment. However, at the beginning 61.9 ± 4.3% of the DOP were not characterized but comprised the most highly utilized fraction. This is demonstrated by the decrement of this fraction to 27.4 ± 9.9% of total DOP during the growth phase, especially in response to the medium and high pCO2 treatment. Our results indicate a stimulated growth of diazotrophic cyanobacteria at increasing CO2 concentrations that is accompanied by increasing utilization of DOP as an alternative P source.
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48

Pérez, María Del Carmen, Sylvia Bonilla, Lizet De León, Jan Šmarda, and Jiří Komárek. "A bloom of Nodularia baltica-spumigena group (Cyanobacteria) in a shallow coastal lagoon of Uruguay, South America." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 93 (June 16, 1999): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/93/1999/91.

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49

Pawelec, Anna J., Mariusz R. Sapota, and Justyna Kobos. "The effect of algal blooms on fish in their inshore nursery grounds in the Gulf of Gdańsk." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417001606.

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Studies of cyanobacterial bloom dynamics show that the highest biomass accumulation of Nodularia spumigena is observed in the shallowest area of the Gulf of Gdańsk in summer. In the same region and time, the highest fish abundance is observed. Mostly young individuals of gobies, small sandeel, flounder, three-spine stickleback and young herring occur. In this work we compare how toxic blooms of cyanobacteria influence the number and structure of fish communities in a coastal zone. The results obtained in our study were rather unexpected. More fish species were caught and the biomass of fish was higher during a bloom than in a month following the sampling (no bloom).
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Stolte, Willem, Chatarina Karlsson, Per Carlsson, and Edna Granéli. "Modeling the increase of nodularin content in Baltic Sea Nodularia spumigena during stationary phase in phosphorus-limited batch cultures." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 41, no. 3 (September 2002): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00982.x.

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