Journal articles on the topic 'Nobility – Italy'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Nobility – Italy.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Nobility – Italy.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Papagna, Elena. "La nobiltÀ nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia durante il Decennio francese." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 123 (June 2009): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-123003.
Full textAbstract:
- In the first part of the essay the author examines the law on nobility enacted in southern Italy under French domination by linking it to measures taken by the Bourbon government in the second half of the Eighteenth Century. Two stages have been identified in Napoleonic legislation: the first deprives the ancient nobility of the Kingdom of its legal privileges maintaining only an honorary distinction; the second establishes a new nobility, intended to confer symbolic and material rewards on those who distinguished themselves in the service of the State and the Dynasty. An advisory board – the Consiglio de' majoraschi – was created and charged with carrying out the bureaucratic procedures provided for the establishment of entails. These were an essential requirement for the titles conferred upon the new nobles to become hereditary. In the second part the author performs a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the new nobility, involving the timing and social distribution of the new titles. Te relations between old and new Neapolitan aristocracy nobles are also investigated. The case of Southern Italy is set in the broader context of Napoleonic Europe, and the similarities and differences between the new nobilities of the French Empire and of the Kingdom of Italy are duly underlined.Keywords: Napoleonic Era; Southern Italy; Nobility; legislation on nobilityParole chiave: etÀ napoleonica; Mezzogiorno d'Italia; nobiltÀ; legislazione nobiliare
2
Rolle, Andrew. "Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmont Nobility, 1861–1930." History: Reviews of New Books 27, no. 3 (January 1999): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528420.
Full text
3
Bell, Rudolph M., and Anthony L. Cardoza. "Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861-1930." American Historical Review 104, no. 3 (June 1999): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651172.
Full text
4
Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane. "Nobles or Pariahs? The Exclusion of Florentine Magnates from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Centuries." Comparative Studies in Society and History 39, no. 2 (April 1997): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500020594.
Full textAbstract:
“It is one thing to be one of the Great; it is another to be noble.” The first are perhaps nobles as defined by locality, but they are not loved nor recognized by the People or by the Prince; the others are “well regarded and appreciated,” their nobility being linked not only to their birth but also to the recognition of their titles and merits. According to Bartolo, the Florentine jurist Lap da Castiglionchio attempted, around 1370, the difficult exercise of combining the rival definitions of nobility that circulated in the Italy of his times, and the justification of his own nobility. He wanted very much to be noble, but not “great”. Who then are these great people from whom these nobles mean to distinguish themselves?
5
Vaillancourt, Pierre-Louis. "La noblesse hors d’elle-même." Renaissance and Reformation 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2000): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v36i4.8666.
Full textAbstract:
In sixteenth-century France, the nobility held an unchallenged and unanimous view concerning its own superior status and quality. A more critical assessment had been expressed in Italy by several Quattrocento and Cinquecento humanists, namely Poggio, Machiavelli, Nenna, Guazzo and Tasso. The arguments against the superiority of the nobility were often simply based on some ironical survey of a handful of European aristocratic groups. But, when attacking the claims to excellence of some national aristocracy, more reasoned arguments could rely on Aristotle’s Politics and its notion of arete.
6
Rose, Colin. "Plague and Violence in Early Modern Italy." Renaissance Quarterly 71, no. 3 (2018): 1000–1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/699602.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFollowing the plague of 1630, which struck Northern Italy particularly hard, the erosion of social norms and hierarchies led to an outbreak of homicidal violence in the city and province of Bologna. In particular, urban nobility resumed practices of vendetta and revenge as politics that had lain dormant for some decades; while in the countryside, the heightened stresses of endemic rural poverty led to homicides over resources such as land, food, and employment. This article examines that outbreak of violence in the context of natural disaster, employing a selection of seventy-seven homicide trials prosecuted by the Tribunale del Torrone, the criminal court of Bologna, in 1632.
7
Hills, Helen. "“Enamelled with the Blood of a Noble Lineage”: Tracing Noble Blood and Female Holiness in Early Modern Neapolitan Convents and Their Architecture." Church History 73, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070009781x.
Full textAbstract:
The stark antithesis between the secular and the religious has been effectively challenged by scholarship of early modern Italy, which has shown the degree to which these fields necessarily overlapped. Nevertheless, studies of early modern female devotion, especially within convents, often present women as caught between competing claims of kinship and clerical authority, a conflict between family and convent, an opposition between the secular and the divine. This paper argues that within Neapolitan conventual circles, at least, nuns' noble blood was regarded as enhancing the spiritual value of their convents, and that, on the whole, the way in which the Decrees of the Council of Trent were interpreted served to “aristocratize” convents. Something of a fusion occurred between nobility and spirituality in women. This paper relates this fusion to discourses on nobility and to the aristocratization of convent culture after enclosure at Trent, examining how it marked post-Tridentine Neapolitan convent architecture and urbanism. In short, I argue that nuns' nobility enhanced the spiritual value of Neapolitan convents after Trent, and that such status was communicated discursively, architecturally, and urbanistically.
8
Prelipcean, Laura. "Dialogic Construction and Interaction in Lodovico Domenichi’s La nobiltà delle donne." Renaissance and Reformation 39, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v39i2.26854.
Full textAbstract:
Lodovico Domenichi (1515–64), one of the major polymaths of sixteenth-century Italy, is currently enjoying a marked revival in the critical literature. Although he has been studied in the context of his contemporary printing and publishing activities, the dissemination of works in the vernacular, the promotion of women’s writings, and the religious crisis of that time, little attention has been devoted to him as a writer. In 1549 Domenichi published a dialogue on and for women, La nobiltà delle donne (The nobility of women). This work allowed him to contribute to the advancement of the women’s cause in Italy. This article investigates how Domenichi modelled the speakers, facilitated their dialogic interaction, and delivered his defence of women. Finally, it sheds light on the role that the female moderator, Violante Bentivoglia, played during the five-day conversations and how she influenced the intellectual and cultural environment dominated by men.
Lodovico Domenichi (1515–1564), un des plus grands humanistes italiens et reçoit actuellement un intérêt renouvelé parmi la littérature critique. Bien que son œuvre ait été étudiée dans le contexte de ses activités simultanées d’impression et d’édition, de la circulation de ses ouvrages en langue vernaculaire, de la promotion des écrits féminins et de la crise religieuse de l’époque, très peu de chercheurs se sont penchés sur son travail d’écrivain. En 1549, Domenichi a publié un dialogue sur les femmes et à leur intention, intitulé La nobilità delle donne (La Noblesse des Femmes). Cet ouvrage lui a permis de faire avancer la cause de femmes en Italie. Cet article explore comment Domenichi a construit ses protagonistes et facilité leur dialogue, tout en présentant sa défense des femmes. Enfin, on y met en lumière le rôle modérateur que tient Violante Bentivoglia pendant ces cinq jours de conversation et comment elle influence un environnement intellectuel et culturel dominé par les hommes.
9
Cameron, Alan. "Anician Myths." Journal of Roman Studies 102 (August 22, 2012): 133–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007543581200007x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper discusses the widely held view that politics in fifth- and sixth-century Italy were largely driven by rivalry between the two great families of the Anicii and the Decii, supposedly following distinctive policies (pro- or anti-eastern, philo- or anti-barbarian, etc.). It is probable that individual members of these (and other) families had feuds and disagreements from time to time, but there is absolutely no evidence for continuing rivalry between Decii and Anicii as families, let alone on specific issues of public policy. Indeed by the mid-fifth century the Anicii fell into a rapid decline. The nobility continued to play a central rôle in the social and (especially) religious life of late fifth- and early sixth-century Italy. Their wealth gave them great power, but it was power that they exercised in relatively restricted, essentially traditional fields, mainly on their estates and in the city of Rome. The quite extraordinary sums they spent on games right down into the sixth century illustrate their overriding concern for popular favour at a purely local level. In this context there was continuing competition between all noble families rich enough to compete. Indeed, the barbarian kings encouraged the nobility to spend their fortunes competing with each other to the benefit of the city and population of Rome.
10
Britnell, R. H. "England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century: the Economic Contrasts." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (December 1989): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3678983.
Full textAbstract:
We know almost as much about the operations of big Italian companies in England as about those in Italy itself during the early fourteenth century. Tuscan trade here engaged some of Europe's most celebrated businesses, attracted by the kingdom's fine wool and the credit-worthiness of her crown and nobility. Historians have some-times drawn an analogy with international lending from richer to poorer countries in the modern world, both to create a point of contact with their readers and to meet the need for deep-lying explanations. The analogy usually carries the implication that Italy had a more advanced economy than England, and there are authors who say so explicitly. Some use terms designed to describe international economic growth during the last two hundred years, and represent medieval Italy as a pole of development, or a core economy. Others, borrowing the language of power, describe Italy as a dominant economy. Professor Cipolla uses a number of these ideas at once in his observation that ‘in the early years of the fourteenth century Florence represented a dominant and developed economy, while England and the kingdom of Naples were two decidedly underdeveloped countries: the periphery, to use Wallerstein's expression’.
11
Serwański, Maciej. "THE FRENCH ASPECTS IN THE EDUCATION PATTERN OF THE POLISH NOBILITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 19 (June 15, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2019.19.3.
Full textAbstract:
The pattern of education of the Polish noble youth in the seventeenth century changed in comparison with the preceding century. In the latter, the mul-tinational, multicultural and multidenominational nature of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nurtured attitudes of widely understood tolerance both in terms of ideology and in practice. Poland was receptive to strong Re-naissance influence, while numerous sons of the Polish nobles studied abroad, mainly in Italy but also in Germany and France. The education system in the Jagiellonian monarchy of reflected the trends and the ideals of contemporary European education. The seventeenth century saw increased influence of the Counter-Reformation in the Nobles’ Commonwealth.
The ideas of Sarmatism, embracing xenophobia, religiosity and self-glorification of the existing, petrified political system, became more pro-nounced. These tendencies were broadly present in the pattern of the educa-tion of nobility, a pattern that was prone to strong Jesuit influence in the spirit of the doctrine laid down by the Council of Trent.
12
Sokolova, Alla V. "influence of the culture of France and Italy on the genre of masque in England." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (July 17, 2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1336.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the ways of interaction of the French court ballet, the Italian carnival, Italian dance and the English court Masque. The features of royal entertainment in France, known since the reign of Henry II, are revealed. The origin of the French court ballet was determined, its socio-political functions aimed at the hierarchical structuring of the royal court, strengthening the authority of the monarch, the unification of the aristocratic nobility and the removal of hotbeds of tension in society were revealed, which were characteristic features for the functional features of the English court Masque. The stages of the origin, formation, heyday, and decline of the French court ballet are described. A parallel is drawn between the burlesque roles of the king in the court ballet and the birth of an antimasque, the founder of which was was B. Johnson, a poet and playwright. It was established that the Italian style coexisted in England with other European styles during the period of the Stuart reign, and Italian dances, costumes, librettos and stage designs were used in the performances of English Masques.
13
Spremic, Momcilo. "Despot Lazar Brankovic." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 50-2 (2013): 899–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1350899s.
Full textAbstract:
Despot Lazar Brankovic was a son of despot Djuradj Brankovic and despoina Jerina (Irina), born Cantacuzenus. He was in exile with his parents in 1439-1444, in Hungary, Italy, Ragusa, Zeta. He married Helen, the daughter of Thomas Paleologus, despot of Morea in 1446. At that occasion he was crowned with the crown of despots, because his older brothers, Grgur and Stephen, had been blinded. Thus he became the heir to the Serbian throne and his father?s co-ruler. When despot Djuradj died, on December 24th, 1456, he became a Serbian ruler. In the extremely difficult political conditions, he maneuvered between Turkey and Hungary. He entered a hard dispute with his mother, who was supporting the blind Grgur in his attempts to seize the power. He was poisoned by the nobility, which blamed him for alleged matricide.
14
Zaslaw, Neal. "Scylla et Glaucus: A case study." Cambridge Opera Journal 4, no. 3 (November 1992): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586700003773.
Full textAbstract:
The policies of centralisation pursued by Louis XIV and his ministers affected most aspects of French life and culture. From 1645 opera had been imported from Italy by Louis' minister Cardinal Mazarin, originally out of political motives. When it had become ‘naturalised’, assuming its characteristic French guise under the despotic direction of Lully's Académie Royale de Musique, it continued to serve political purposes. In return for a monopoly on theatre music, Lully saw to it that opera served not only as entertainment for the nobility and bourgeoisie, but also as propaganda for the state and for the divine right of the King. An incidental effect of these policies was that the number of French operas produced was small compared to the number in Italy. This was due to the monopoly; to the centralisation, which meant that with few exceptions ‘French’ opera really meant ‘Parisian’ opera; and to the lavishness of the productions, which made frequent changes of repertory impractical even with subsidies. Each première was an event of note, chronicled in official and unofficial sources – the archival documents, mémoires, correspondence, periodicals, pamphlets and books of the day. This profusion of documentation frequently makes possible a degree of precision about the history of early French opera that can rarely be attained for other national schools.
15
Vigilante, Serenella Nonnis. "Antony L. Cardoza Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy. The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861-1930 Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997, 248 p." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 57, no. 5 (October 2002): 1247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900032200.
Full text
16
Miguel Briongos, Jeroni. "Curial e Güelfa, un nou món per a un nou cavaller: espais literaris en un entorn humanístic." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 12 (December 21, 2018): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.12.13671.
Full textAbstract:
Resum: El Curial e Güelfa és una novel·la que sorprèn per la seva modernitat. Tot i que conserva certes reminiscències medievals, com a resultat del gènere cavalleresc que la caracteritza, hem de situar-la dins de l’ambient humanista de la Itàlia del Quatttocento: tant les fonts literàries, com molts dels temes que hi apareixen, parlen d’un context social e intel·lectual que es viu en aquests moment a Itàlia. El protagonista, Curial, amb el seu propòsit d’harmonitzar armes i lletres, n’és el millor exemple. El jove cavaller ha de concloure un procés de maduració personal –de crisi existencial, també– per poder assolir l’objectiu que persegueix: casar-se amb la Güelfa. Per aquesta raó, a banda de les seves gestes cavalleresques, es dedicarà a l’estudi i comprendrà que només mitjançant l’esforç que duu a la virtus podrà obtenir la necessària nobilitas que, gràcies a un procés de reconeixement del seu homo interior, farà d’ell una persona íntegra.
Paraules clau: Humanisme, Curial, prosa acurada, armes i lletres, bivium, virtut, noblesa.
Abstract: Curial e Güelfa shocks by its own modernity. In spite of some medieval reminiscences as a result of the atmosphere of chivalry it depicts, it belongs within the humanistic influence of the Italian Quattrocento. The author’s mindful prose and his selection of literary sources or the variety of themes, correspond to the social and intellectual context of the day in Italy. Curial, as the main character in the novel, is a true example in his endeavour to blend arms and letters. The young knight must undergo a process towards adulthood which will also entail a personal crisis in the quest to achieve his goal: wedding Güelfa. With this aim in mind, and along with his chivalry frays, he will bow down on study, in the understanding that virtus itself will only be achieved through exertion in order to achieve the necessary nobilitas, which will on its own turn him into an integral being after acknowledging his own homo interior.
Keywords: Humanism, Curial, mindful prose, arms and letters, bivium, virtue, nobility.
17
Battente, Saverio. "Anthony Cardoza, Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility 1861–1930, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, 248 pp., ISBN 0521522293 hbk." Modern Italy 8, no. 2 (November 2003): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1353294400013430.
Full text
18
Grew, R. "Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861-1930. By Anthony L. Cardoza (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. xiv plus 248pp. $59.95)." Journal of Social History 33, no. 2 (December 1, 1999): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.1999.0054.
Full text
19
Gagné, John. "Barons and Castellans: The Military Nobility of Renaissance Italy. Christine Shaw. History of Warfare 102. Leiden: Brill, 2015. viii + 284 pp. $149." Renaissance Quarterly 69, no. 1 (2016): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686370.
Full text
20
Ribot, Luis. "El IX conde de Santisteban (1645-1716). Poder y ascenso de una Casa noble a través del servicio a la Corona = The IX Count of Santisteban (1645-1716). Power and Promotion of a Noble House through Royal Service." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna, no. 31 (December 14, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.31.2018.21141.
Full textAbstract:
El IX conde de Santisteban fue un personaje clave en la historia de su familia, pues consiguió situarla entre las principales de la nobleza española. En ello, junto a las alianzas que supo trazar con otras importantes familias, en las que tuvieron una enorme importancia las estrategias matrimoniales, fueron decisivos los servicios que prestó a Carlos II, sobre todo en su larga experiencia como virrey en Italia. Su gran obsesión fue acceder con su Casa a la categoría nobiliaria suprema de los grandes de España, que conseguiría al final de su experiencia italiana. El consejo de Estado y su nombramiento como mayordomo mayor de la reina Mariana de Neoburgo le sirvieron para consolidar su poder y el de su Casa. Ya en el Consejo, apostó claramente por la sucesión francesa y, tras la muerte del rey, renunció a su cargo al servicio de la reina para ponerse claramente al del nuevo monarca francés.The 9th count of Santisteban was a key figure in the history of his family, since he succeeded in placing it among the leading families of the Spanish nobility. In doing so, besides the connections which he succeeded in establishing with other important families, and in which marriage alliances played a key role, decisive were the services rendered to Carlos II, and above all his long experience as viceroy in Italy. His great obsession was to attain for himself and his house the supreme rank of Spanish grandees, which he finally achieved at the end of his period of service in Italy. Membership of the council of Italy and his appointment as mayordomo mayor of queen Mariana of Neuburg enabled him to consolidate both his own power and his house. Once in the council, he opted clearly for the French succession and, after the king’s death, he renounced his post in the queen’s service to enter that of the new French monarch.
21
Menz, Mariusz. "Podróże kulturowe krakowskich stańczyków ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem relacji Stanisława Koźmiana." Galicja. Studia i materiały 6 (2020): 218–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2020.6.11.
Full textAbstract:
The 19th century brought a rapid development of tourism, which caused an enormous development of descriptions of journeys, i.e. travel literature. Travels the aim of which was to visit important cultural places (e.g. Greece, Italy, the Holy Land) were an essential element of the upbringing of sons of aristocracy and rich nobility. Such travels could be called cultural ones. The article describes selected accounts from the travels of two members of the “Stańczycy” faction from Cracow, i.e. Stanisław Tarnowski and Stanisław Koźmian in their early lives. The first part presents the journey of twenty-year-old Tarnowski to the Holy Land, together with another subsequent “Stańczycy” member, Ludwik Wodzicki. The journey lasted five months – from November 1857 to April of the following year. The second part of the article is dedicated to the accounts of Koźmian, where he describes his student journey to the Tatra Mountains in 1853 (he was 17 at that time) and another three journeys to the Netherlands, Pest and Prague (in the years 1869–1871). Koźmian’s last accounts conform to the Austro-Polish idea promoted by himself and other “Stańczycy” members.
22
Larson, Orville K. "Portrait of a Seventeenth Century Playhouse: Il Teatro Dei Comici, Mantova." Theatre Survey 28, no. 2 (November 1987): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400000466.
Full textAbstract:
The third quarter of the seventeenth century brought considerable changes in the social composition of theatre audiences in Italy. Gone was the exclusiveness of the ducal and academy theatres whose audiences of royalty and nobility attended by invitation only. These were replaced by an audience of a growing bourgeoisie with an ability to pay. As soon as this audience appeared entrepreneurs, quick to recognize the possibilities, opened public playhouses. Theatrical activities became a commercial rather than an artistic, intellectual or political enterprise. Although some vestiges of the past, such as the royal box for important dignitaries, were retained, public theatres soon assumed a more democratic aspect, patronized by audiences who had earned the right to attend by means of personal enterprise rather than by accident or privilege of birth. Foremost in this phenomenon was the city of Venice whose theatrical activities soon became the model. Mercantile families like the Tron, Grimani, Giustinian and Vendramini opened the first public playhouses in the 1630s. Audiences of courtiers and courtesans, Dukes and Doges, Princes and panderers, merchants and magistrates soon became involved in a social mix that would have amazed and scandalised the more formal audiences of earlier times.
23
Luiten, Loek. "‘LIKE A LILY AMONGST THE THORNS’: PATTERNS OF NOBLE POWER AND VIOLENCE BETWEEN FARNESE AND ORSINI, 1378–1447." Papers of the British School at Rome 87 (March 19, 2019): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246218000387.
Full textAbstract:
Violence and peace-making in medieval Italy have often been analysed in urban environments. But what happened if two powerful baronial families clashed in the countryside? This paper, by looking at the feud between the Farnese and Orsini di Pitigliano during the Western Schism, illuminates various patterns of conflict and conciliation. Such conflicts witnessed the participation of relatives, allies, and subjects who shared in the sense of community and honour of their lords. The various motivations for actors to become involved on behalf of or in opposition to barons are analysed here in detail. The events of the Farnese–Orsini feud on the micro-level are linked to wider developments on the Italian peninsula and European politics. In the second part of this paper the successful conclusion of the feud is analysed in light of the return of the papacy to Rome. The meticulous detail in which the peace agreement was hammered out then provides further insight into the strategies employed by baronial families to maintain the peace. In all, this paper therefore contributes to the study of violence and peace-making as well as of the Italian nobility during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
24
Voigt, Jörg. "Römische Kurie und Karriere." Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 100, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qufiab-2020-0014.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper discusses the cleric Nikolaus Graurock († 1493), who came to Rome at a young age to embark upon a remarkable career. His connection to the Hospital and Fraternity of Santa Maria dellʼAnima was the first important support used by this man of legal and diplomatic talents, who thus became acquainted with the customs of the Curia and of Rome and was able to quickly build up a personal network. His membership of the familia of cardinal Latinus Orsini, who came from a family of the high nobility with influence in Rome and Italy, was also fundamental. In the 1450 s, Graurock was one of the key figures – especially in the „Lüneburg Prelate War“ – in the exchange between the Curia and representatives from northern Germany. Thanks to his position, however, Nikolaus Graurock also promoted the careers of others, including relatives. During his long stay in Rome he came into closer contact with those humanists who played an increasingly important role at the papal court from the second half of the 15th century onwards and whose works he later disseminated in Germany. This example of a mid-level cleric thus offers fundamental insights into the career opportunities that Rome and the Curia offered in the 15th century.
25
Marinozzi, Silvia. "The Embalming Art in the Modern Age: The Mummies of Caroline, Letizia and Joachim-Napoleon Agar as Examples of Funerary Rites in the Napoleonic Empire." Nuncius 27, no. 2 (2012): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-02702005.
Full textAbstract:
In the early 1980s a systematic investigation was begun by G. Fornaciari and his staff of a series of mummies from central and southern Italy, and in particular of important Renaissance remains. The study of a substantial number of artificial mummies has shed light on the human embalming techniques connected with the methods and procedures described by medical and non-medical authors in the early modern period. This has made it possible to reconstruct the history of the art of mummification, from the ‘clyster’ techniques to the partial or total evisceration of the corpse, to the intravascular injection of drying and preserving liquors. In addition to the bodies of Aragonese princes and members of the Neapolitan nobility, interred in the Basilica of San Domenico in Naples are the remains of important French personages dating to the modern age. Among the tombs arranged in two parallel rows to the right of the balcony are four sarcophagi containing the bodies of the wife and three children of Jean Antoine Michel Agar, who served as the Minister of Finance of the Kingdom of Naples from 1809 to 1815. The type of wrapping used for the corpses of the children presents strong analogies to those of ancient Egyptian mummies.
26
Bradley, Guy. "Mobility and Secession in the Early Roman Republic." Antichthon 51 (2017): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2017.10.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOne consequence of the globalisation of the modern world in recent years has been to focus historical interest on human migration and movement. Sociologists and historians have argued that mobility is much more characteristic of past historical eras than we might expect given our modern nationalistic perspectives. This paper aims to contribute to this subject by surveying some of the evidence for mobility in central Italy and by examining its implications for early Rome. I will focus primarily on the plebeian movement, which is normally seen in terms of an internal political dispute. Our understanding of the ‘Struggle of the Orders’ is conditioned by the idealising view of our literary sources, which look back on the early Republic from a period when the plebeians provided many of the key members of the nobility. However, if we see the plebeian movement in its contemporary central Italian context, it emerges as much more threatening and potentially subversive. The key plebeian tactic – secession from the state – is often regarded as little more than a military strike. Instead, I argue that it was a genuine threat to abandon the community, and secessions can be seen as ‘paused migrations’. This paper also considers two other episodes that support this picture, the migration to Rome of Attus Clausus and the Claudiangensand the proposed move to Veii by the plebs.
27
Pilipenko, Gleb. "Multilingualism in Enlightenment Europe." Slovene 9, no. 1 (2019): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.1.21.
Full textAbstract:
[Rev. of: Rjéoutski V., Frijhoff W., eds., Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe: Education, Sociability, and Governance, Amsterdam, 2018, 233 pp.] The book under review is an English-language collective monograph called “Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe: Education, Sociability, and Governance”, written by authors from the Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Estonia, and Croatia (edited by Vladislav Rjéoutski and Willem Frijhoff). The subject of the monograph is the language choice in the European countries of the 18th century. This is the sixth book in the Languages and Cultures in History series, and it includes an introduction, eight articles by the international team of authors, and an alphabetical index of names and places mentioned. The Enlightenment was marked in Europe by the gradual abandonment of Latin in education and public administration and its replacement by vernaculars. At the same time, there are peculiarities in every country, particularly in the Russian Empire and Croatia. Archival materials (private letters, memoirs, official questionnaires, statistics) make this book extremely valuable. The authors analyse the linguistic situation in France, the Netherlands, Central Germany, the Estonian Governorate, Croatia, the Hungarian Kingdom, and the Russian Empire. Language choice is discussed at the micro-level (e.g. within one family) as well as at the macro-level (e.g., in education, public administration, among the nobility or clergy). The book will be of great interest to historians, linguists, sociologists, anthropologists, as well as to specialists in international relations.
28
Müßig, Ulrike. "“Each one brings with his faith and thought – even in chains – thrones to the highs and down” – on the European significance of the Polish republican heritage." Studia Iuridica Toruniensia 28 (October 16, 2021): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/sit.2021.010.
Full textAbstract:
Constitutional history may be done on national or on comparative scale. If approached comparatively, it requires an external look to a historical legal system. This look, though, is the more accurate the more one considers the legal cultural spirit. As a German legal historian, it is decisive to distance myself from any Hegelian Volksgeist-thinking. Rather, my interest in the Polish republican tradition forging the national memory in the years of statelessness and imposed authoritarianism is guided by a Burckhardtian way. As he read the Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) in terms of the rise of the individual, there seems to be a Polish legal culture in terms of a republican stimulus of “non-domination”. If this paper argues that Polish republicanism has a share in Poland’s vital and leading role in the fall of communism from 1989 onwards, it is not so naïve to assume a direct line from the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when nobility was acquiring real power at the expense of royal prerogatives, to the twentieth century. It is more like a visit to Monet’s Bassin aux nymphéas in the Parisian Musée Marmottan: Blossoms are placed on the canvas in thick strokes, merging colours into another. The water lilies are only recognizable, if you stand ba ck from the painting and admire the wholepicture. It is in this way that Polish Republicanism matters, not only forPoland, but also for Europe.
29
Mori, Pierluigi. "Brevi cenni sul rapporto tra turismo e letteratura italiana." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 65, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2020.2.08.
Full textAbstract:
"Brief notes on the relationship between tourism and Italian literature. Using literary sources, the essay covers three points in the relationship between Italians and holidays: the first is the transition from vacation to tourism; the second from summer vacation as a moment of rest (mainly in the countryside) to vacation as an opportunity for fun (mostly at the seaside). In addition to these two, we have a third point: in the second half of the Twentieth century, holidays become a mass phenomenon, no longer elitist as they had been until the first half of the same century. They become something possible for most Italians who, especially in August, leave the cities empty. This historical-sociological parable is revisited through literary testimonies that go back to the roots of the mother literature, the Latin one and then it resumes its path, interrupted in the High Middle Ages, around 1300 in conjunction with the first literary testimonies (the triad Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio). The vacation phenomenon, intended as staying for the summer months in a villa more or less outside the city walls, finds its maximum expression starting from the 16th century with the Renaissance villas of the aristocracy, until it meets the aspirations of the small nobility and of the upper middle class in the 18th and 19th centuries. Crucial testimony is Carlo Goldoni's “Vacation Trilogy”, a triptych of three comedies that actually constitute a single text portraying the vacation phenomenon as a status symbol far from the motivations of previous centuries (vacation as a moment of peace, ‘’otium’’, rest). During the Nineteenth century, holidays are associated with tourism (especially in the thermal baths and in the mountains), while from the Twentieth century, the favourite option is the seaside. However, another change will characterize the use of leisure in the Twentieth century: the birth of mass tourism. With brief literary notes, we try to explain how in Italy holidays have now turned into something with anxiety-inducing traits, especially among young people and not only, in an almost spasmodic search for fun (with Dionysian and Bacchic traits) at the expense of original motivations (rest, leisure, “otium”) in a relationship in which the “horror vacui” seems to have ousted the “horror pleni”. Keywords: vacation, tourism, holidays, literature, Italy. "
30
Spārītis, Ojārs. "Three Sources of Michael Johann von der Borch’s Poem “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace”." Baltic Journal of Art History 20 (December 27, 2020): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2020.20.04.
Full textAbstract:
History permits us to trace so-called Polish Inflanty, in the territoryof the former Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, to the contemporaryRepublic of Latvia. In this case we are particularly interested in theestate of Warkland (Warklany, Varakļāni). The ensemble of manorand park is typical for large estates in Eastern Europe, including avillage and its infrastructure and a separate manor and park as aspatial, architectural, botanical and social entity.Originating from Baltic-German nobility, ‘Polonised’ countMichael Johann von der Borch-Lubeschitz und Borchhoff (1753–1810) was the son of a Chancellor of Poland and Lithuania. He wasa member of several academies of science, in Siena, Dijon and Lion,and penfriend of Voltaire and academicians in Russia and France.After researching the mineralogy of Italy, Sicily, France, Germany,England, the Netherlands and Switzerland M. J. von der Borch leftfor his estate in Varakļāni, the Polonised part of eastern Livonia,called Polish Inflanty. At this time he also composed literary worksand poems, among which is one remarkable piece of didactic andemblematic content “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace” (Jardinsentimental du château de Warkland dans le Comté de Borch en RussieBlanche, 1795). This poem illustrates in a passionate and classicalway an emblematic approach to contemporary political structures,and the goals of education in general. In Jardin sentimental, whichis a theoretical and didactic manual, Borsch describes, through themetaphor of the estate park of Warkland, the route of an imaginativehero, full of expectation and temptation.The main subject of the report is an analysis of the text of thepoem contextualised by history and contrasted with evidence fromcontemporary Warkland.
31
Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Dorota. "„Wychowanie dobre dziecięciu szlacheckiemu” – Hieronim Baliński o edukacji." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 39 (December 15, 2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.39.1.
Full textAbstract:
Hieronim Baliński’s treatise on upbringing a noble boy, written in 1598, commissioned by Jan Łączyński for his son Kasper, has been used in literature for a long time. It is among the best known educational instructions the Old Polish period. Providing his guidance, Baliński showed exemplary education of a nobility boy. Baliński divided it into stages, taking into account the most important elements: religious and moral, physical and mental education. He also showed how to deal with a child and not discourage him from learning. In his opinion, religious education was of greatest importance as it was necessary for a young child to know God, His goodness, patience, mercy and love of human beings. The first stage of education was home schooling after which Baliński recommended a country school, followed by a trip abroad. A boy should take his first trip to Germany at the age of 12 and stay abroad for 2–3 years. According to Baliński, it was a prelude to the main journey which was to take place after a short stay at home. During the break, a young nobleman should be acquainted with the local law, operations of the court and the Parliament. Around the age of fifteen, a young man with a guardian appointed by his father should go abroad once again, this time to Italy, to develop his education and skills. Upon return from the trip, the young man continued education by transition to the adult life. Baliński recommended a court chancellery and military service. In the treatise he points out how a boy should behave towards other people; he also raised issues related to child nutrition and clothing. What is more, Baliński provided tips on physical development and exercises appropriate for children. The major source of Baliński’s treatise was religious literature although he probably referred to Quintilian’s and Mikołaj Rej’s works. According to his own account, Baliński drew on his experience and numerous conversations. The ideal man, as presented by him, bears resemblance to Rej’s faithful and mediocre “kind-hearted man”.
32
Laven, David. "Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861–1930. By Anthony L. Cardoza. Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture. Edited by, Gigliola Fragnito et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xiv+248. $59.95." Journal of Modern History 72, no. 2 (June 2000): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/316022.
Full text
33
Bertrand, Charles L. "Railways and the Formation of the Italian State in the Nineteenth Century, by Albert Schram and, Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861-1930, by Anthony L. Cardoza.Railways and the Formation of the Italian State in the Nineteenth Century, by Albert Schram. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997. xvi, 180 pp. $59.95.Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861-1930, by Anthony L. Cardoza. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997. xiv, 248 pp. $59.95." Canadian Journal of History 34, no. 1 (April 1999): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.34.1.112.
Full text
34
Sturrock, Peter, and Kathleen E. Erickson. "Behind the Mask – An Inquiry into the Shakespeare Authorship Question." Journal of Scientific Exploration 34, no. 2 (June 7, 2020): 268–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20201671.
Full textAbstract:
There is at present no consensus concerning the true authorship of the monumental literature that we ascribe to “Shakespeare”. Orthodox scholarship attributes this corpus to a man who was born and who died in Stratford-Upon-Avon, who spelled his name William Shakspere (or variants thereof, almost all with a short “a”), who could not write his own name consistently, and who may have been illiterate – as were his parents and as were, essentially, his children. For these and other reasons, many alternative candidates have been proposed. At this date, the leading such candidate is Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. We approach the Authorship issue from a scientific perspective. We frame the key question as that of Secrecy or No Secrecy. According to orthodox scholarship, the Authorship Issue does not involve considerations of secrecy. According to independent scholarship, considerations of secrecy are fundamental to the Authorship Issue. We follow the initiatives of Jonathan Bond, John Rollett, and David Roper, who all brought their considerable mathematical expertise to the challenge of identifying and deciphering cryptograms embodied in the Dedication of the Sonnets and in the Inscription on the “Shakespeare” Monument. We show that the combined statistical significance of the cryptograms is overwhelming: The probability that the evidence contained in the cryptograms has occurred by chance rather than by intent is less than one part in one million-billion. Hence the messages must be accepted as the intentional creations of the authors – Oxford (not Thomas Thorpe, as usually assumed) for the Dedication, and Ben Jonson for the Inscription. The cryptograms confirm the orthodox suspicion that the intended recipient of the Sonnets was Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (so also confirming the orthodox belief that Southampton was the “Fair Youth” of the Sonnets). These discoveries resolve some of the well-known outstanding puzzles concerning the Authorship Issue such as the Author’s familiarity with Europe and its languages (especially Italy), his intricate knowledge of the lives of monarchs and nobility, his detailed and highly accurate knowledge of the law, etc. (see Table 1). However, this change in perspective necessarily raises new questions that will call for new research.Keywords: Shakespeare, Edward de Vere, William Shakspere, cryptograms, Cardano Grille
35
Galera Hernàndez, Rubén. "Estudi de les fonts d’una Epistula de amore d’Antonio Beccadelli adreçada al valencià Francesc de Centelles (1437-1442) sobre la «vis, aut potestas» de l’amor." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 12 (December 21, 2018): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.12.13673.
Full textAbstract:
Resum: La política expansionista de la Corona d’Aragó vers el Mezzogiorno italià, encapçalada per Alfons el Magnànim durant la primera meitat del segle XV, va suposar que el monarca formara al seu voltant una cort d’humanistes italians perquè deixaren constància escrita de la seua empresa i transmeteren a la seua cort els coneixements dels grans autors clàssics llatins i grecs. Aquesta nòmina de lletraferits en estudis grecollatins, en què trobem Lorenzo Valla, Guiniforte Barzizza, Bartolomeo Facio i Antonio Beccadelli (el Panormita), entre d’altres, mantingueren assíduament contacte amb membres de la cancelleria reial i de la noblesa. Un d’aquests nobles va ser el cavaller valencià, camarlenc, conseller i mariscal, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles i Queralt, altrament dit Ramon de Riu-sec, senyor de Nules i comte d’Oliva (1449), qui va mantenir correspondència epistolar amb Barzizza i Beccadelli, per demanar-los consell sobre la naturalesa de l’amor. En aquest article, doncs, hem estudiat les fonts de consulta a què va recórrer el Panormita quan va redactar l’epístola i el contextualitzem amb la realitat amorosa del cavaller valencià.
Paraules clau: segle XV, Itàlia, Corona d’Aragó, Antonio Beccadelli, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles.
Abstract: The expansionist policy of the Crown of Aragon towards the Italian Mezzogiorno, headed by Alfons el Magnànim during the first half of the fifteenth century, supposed that the monarch would form around him a court of Italian humanists for the written testimony of his enterprise and the transmition to the court of the knowledge of the great Latin and Greek classical authors. This list of letters written in Greco-Latin studies, in which we find Lorenzo Valla, Guiniforte Barzizza, Bartolomeo Facio and Antonio Beccadelli (Panormita), among others, were always in contact with members of the Royal Chancery and the nobility. One of these nobles was the Valencian knight, chamberlain, counselor and marshal, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles i Queralt, otherwise known as Ramon de Riu-sec, lord of Nules and Count of Oliva (1449), who corresponded with Barzizza and Beccadelli, to ask for advice about the nature of love. In this article, we have studied the sources of reference that Panormita consulted when writing the epistle and we contextualize it with the loving reality of the Valencian knight.
Keywords: 15th century, Italy, Crown of Aragon, Antonio Beccadelli, Francesc-Gilabert de Centelles.
36
Dobrolyubska, Y. "The Life path of the Italian Doctor, Anatomist, Surgeon and Theoretician of Medicine Guido Guidi." Problems of World History, no. 18 (November 8, 2022): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-18-9.
Full textAbstract:
The name of Guido Guidi appears in the histories of medicine as that of the author of a beautifully illustrated book on surgery and as one of the innumerable anatomical eponyms. Guido Guidi practiced medicine and surgery in his native city Florence and made such a reputation that he was in 1542 invited by Francis I, King of France, to come to Paris. The King appointed him one of his personal physicians and permitted him to give public lectures in medicine and surgery at the newly founded College de France. Guidi was about to publish a surgical treatise, based on a Greek manuscript of the tenth century preserved in the Laurenzian Library at Florence. Among the notable features of this manuscript were thirty full-sized plates illustrating the commentary of Apollonius of Kitium on the Hippocratic treatise on dislocations and other pictures accompanying a copy of Galen's treatise on bandaging. These illustrations represented the genuine Hippocratic traditions of surgical practice as transmitted through later Greek channels to Byzantium. In Paris, Guidi lived with Benvenuto Cellini, who became his friend and who has many laudatory references to him in his autobiography. In 1544 Guidi's book on surgery appeared. It is a splendid folio volume, beautifully printed and containing remarkable woodcut copies, or rather adaptations, of the original tenth-century drawings. Guidi's Chirurgia was the best illustrated work on surgery that had appeared up to its date. It comprises translations of six works by Hippocrates, one by Galen and two by Oribasius, together with commentaries by Galen and by Guidi himself. The treatment of all varieties of fractures and dislocations is described in great detail and is very clearly illustrated. Some three years after the publication of his Chirurgia Guidi was recalled to Italy to become chief personal physician to Cosimo de Medici. He practiced and taught medicine at Pisa, took Holy Orders, received high' ecclesiastical preferment, and was in 1557 raised to the nobility. He died at the height of his renown on 26 May 1569 and was buried in the tomb of his ancestors in Florence. For some years before his death he had been occupied in writing a comprehensive work on medicine. This great work was completed and published by his nephew in three huge volumes between 1596 and 1611. This study is based on original research and it corrects many errors that have been perpetuated in standard reference books.
37
Matulionienė, Elena. "Prototypes and Change of the Ornamental Motifs Decorating the Textile Pockets from the Lithuania Minor." Tautosakos darbai 57 (June 1, 2019): 127–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2019.28430.
Full textAbstract:
The historical attire of women from the Lithuania Minor (Klaipėda Region) has a characteristic practical detail: a textile pocket tied at the waist, which functionally corresponds to the modern handbag or pocket. Such textile pockets are called delmonai (pl.) and are usually decorated with colorful ornaments. The purpose of this article is introducing the prototypes of the ornamental motifs in terms of intercultural comparison, employing the visual materials collected by the author and historically formed intercultural contacts. While introducing her hypothesis of possible long-term influences, the author presents décor samples from identical or related textile pockets (from the 17th century until the middle of the 20th century), discussing the possibilities of their finding way to the Lithuania Minor. Researching the change occurring in the décor motifs, the author employs comparative analysis of the traditional (from the beginning of the 19th century until 1930s) and modern (from the beginning of the 21st century) textile pockets, still used as part of the national costume of the Lithuania Minor. The origins of several decorative motifs, e.g. the wreath, the crowned musical instrument, and the flower bouquet, are analyzed in more detail. The vegetal ornaments predominate in the décor of the textile pockets from the Lithuania Minor, including blossoms, branches, bouquets, leafs, wreaths and stylized trees. Certain modes of representation have been appropriated by the folk art from professional art or textiles. The most important centers of high fashion emerging in France, Italy, and Germany, exercised certain impact on tendencies occurring in the folk handicraft. Examples of textile pockets worn by the nobility were widely promoted by the periodicals. The surviving samples of embroidery patterns indicate one of the possible sources for the textile pockets’ décor in the Lithuania Minor: namely, the printed sheets with ornamental patterns, used by the nobility and lower social classes alike. Another likely source would be functionally similar needlework by women from the neighboring countries, since textile pockets make part of the national costume there as well. Sea trade created favorable conditions for commercial and cultural interchange between neighbors. The motif of wreath, rather frequently used in the Lithuania Minor, and the occasional motif of the flower bouquet also occur on textile pockets from Pomerania (the border region between Poland and Germany). Ornamentation of the pockets from Bavaria (in Germany) is also rather close in character to the décor of the Lithuania Minor. Such congruities may be determined by several reasons. Firstly, the producers of these textile works could have had interconnections (after the onslaught of devastating plague in Europe, numerous people from Salzburg moved to the fertile but rather wasted out territories of the Lithuania Minor). Secondly, the producers could have used the same original pattern, e.g. the printed sheet. However, although the mutual influence in the needlework décor of the neighboring countries determined by their economic and cultural connections is obvious, the décor of the textile pockets from the Lithuania Minor stands out in terms of its peculiar features (particular colors, modes of décor, etc.).In terms of spreading the regional ethnic culture, the problem of preserving the regional character of the folk art acquires special significance. Although separate parts of the national costumes inevitably change as result of the technical innovations increasingly applied to their production, these costumes should still remain recognizable as a continuation of the folk attire characteristic to the particular region. The patterns of décor used while making the textile pockets nowadays follow to some extent the traditional motifs of floral compositions. Although individual authors tend to create their original compositions, the majority of the textile pockets produced as part of the national costume of the Lithuania Minor still are easily recognizable as belonging to this particular region. The ornamental motifs are not especially distanced from the original ones as well, with embroidered flower bouquets and wreaths still making the majority. However, the motifs of the bouquet placed in a bag and the crowned musical instrument have lost their popularity. Rather than just making part of the national costume of the Lithuania Minor, the textile pockets increasingly appear as part of the modern clothing characterizing its regional peculiarity.
38
Sultana, Zakia. "Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p189-197.
Full textAbstract:
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially in legal reform and the abolition of serfdom. After the fall of Napoleon, not only was the Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies. The social structure of France changed little under the First Empire. It remained roughly what the Revolution had made it: a great mass of peasants comprising three-fourths of the population—about half of them works owners of their farms or sharecroppers and the other half with too little land for their own subsistence and hiring themselves out as laborers. Industry, stimulated by the war and the blockade of English goods, made remarkable progress in northern and eastern France, whence exports could be sent to central Europe; but it declined in the south and west because of the closing of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The great migrations from rural areas toward industry in the towns began only after 1815. The nobility would probably have declined more swiftly if Napoleon had not restored it, but it could never recover its former privileges. Finally we can say that many of the territories occupied by Napoleon during his Empire began to feel a new sense of nationalism.
39
Alessi, Nicola, Camilla Wellstein, Francesco Spada, and Stefan Zerbe. "Population structure of Laurus nobilis L. in Central Italian forests: evidence for its ongoing expansion." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 32, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-021-00981-7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDuring the last decades, an ongoing spread of broad-leaved evergreen laurophyllous species has been reported for forests of Southern Europe. Several factors were suggested as the main drivers of the phenomenon, namely global warming, land-use change, evolutionary history, and increase in atmospheric CO2. Among laurophylls, Laurus nobilis L. is considered one of the most prominent from the morphological, evolutionary, and ecological point of view. We studied the population structure of L. nobilis in Central Italy in its natural habitat to investigate its regeneration and potential expansion along with the influence biotic and abiotic factors. To define types of population structures, we collected proportions of six growth classes of L. nobilis in 16 sites. We obtained three types of population structure, i.e., (1) stable, (2) dynamic, and (3) regressive. The first two types are the most frequent, suggesting a potential increase of L. nobilis abundance within forests of Central Italy. The regressive population type occurs mainly in sites with heavy ungulate impact. High propagule pressure along with shaded and moist environmental conditions favor L. nobilis regeneration. Accordingly, we found evidence of a recent L. nobilis spread in Central Italian forests. We suggest the increase of forest cover and age, due to the abandonment of traditional rural practices, as key factors for the regeneration of this apparently late-successional laurophyll. In conclusion, the recent expansion of L. nobilis that we observed in the Italian forest stands can therefore be ascribed to a process of natural recover of a potential niche following land-use change.
40
Negri, Martino. "Children and poetry in Italy since the Nineteenth Century. Historical reconstructions and interpretative hypotheses." Rivista di Storia dell’Educazione 7, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rse-10093.
Full textAbstract:
[…] credo che oggi il più insidioso e temibile nemico della poesia sia la poesia stessa, o meglio la sua idea, il suo mito, la sua nobiltà tradizionale: un valore che appare tuttora, immotivatamente, garantito di per sé come eccellente. Meglio ancora: credo che oggi i veri nemici della poesia siano diventati i poeti, che scrivono quello che scrivono mettendosi al riparo, sotto la protezione della nobiltà del genere letterario. (Berardinelli 2008, 25)
41
Filibeck, Goffredo. "Notes on the distribution ofLaurus nobilis L.(Lauraceae) in Italy." Webbia 61, no. 1 (January 2006): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2006.10670794.
Full text
42
FRANCARDI, VALERIA, SALVATORE VITALE, AGOSTINO STRANGI, FRANCESCO BINAZZI, CLAUDIA BENVENUTI, GIANPAOLO BARZANTI, LAURA LUONGO, SILVIA LANDI, and FABRIZIO PENNACCHIO. "LIPARTHRUM COLCHICUMSEMENOV (COLEOPTERA CURCULIONIDAE SCOLYTINAE) IN ITALY: INTRODUCED, ESTABLISHED OR NATIVE SPECIES?" Redia 104 (April 22, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/redia-104.21.06.
Full textAbstract:
Liparthrum colchicumSemenov (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae) is a relatively unknown monophagous insect species primarily associated with thin dried twigs (about 0.5-1cm in diameter) of Laurel (Laurus nobilis). After being caught in traps located at Italian ports, it was initially considered an intercepted species alien to the country. However, recent findings, suggest that this beetle may have a different origin. Several records from different sites of Tuscany and Latium showed that it could be relatively widespread in Italy. These observations strengthened the hypothesis that this scolytid, harmless to L. nobilis, might be already established or even native to the country. Therefore, we argue that it could have been easily overlooked thus far, as it thrives only in twigs already wilted due to different environmental factors. Moreover, field observations, carried out in the two Italian Regions, evidenced high frequencies of its infestations in Laurel twigs previously colonized by Xylosandrus compactus. Notes on the taxonomy and biology of this species are also reported in the present wo
43
VITALE, SALVATORE, LAURA LUONGO, GIAN PAOLO BARZANTI, FRANCESCO BINAZZI, MARIANGELA PETRUCCI, MASSIMO GALLI, FABRIZIO PENNACCHIO, and VALERIA FRANCARDI. "FIRST REPORT OF GEOSMITHIA PALLIDA AND G. LANGDONII ASSOCIATED WITH LIPARTHRUM COLCHICUM IN CENTRAL ITALY." Redia 104 (October 14, 2021): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/redia-104.21.18.
Full textAbstract:
Bark and wood-boring beetles feeding on coniferous and deciduous trees in different forest ecosystems are often associated with various species of fungi. In 2019, widespread attacks of Liparthrum colchicum Semenov (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae) were observed on Laurus nobilis L. in Tuscany (Italy). Samples of colonized terminal twigs were collected to investigate the presence of phytopathogenic fungi associated with the scolytid. Two different colonies of the Geosmithia genus were identified as Geosmithia pallida and Geosmithia langdonii. To our knowledge this is the first report of G.pallida and G. langdonii associated with L. colchicum on Bay tree, in Italy.
44
Alessi, Nicola, Camilla Wellstein, Francesco Spada, and Stefan Zerbe. "Phytocoenological approach to the ecology of Laurus nobilis L. in Italy." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 29, no. 2 (February 10, 2018): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-018-0677-8.
Full text
45
Garnett, Jane, and Gervase Rosser. "The Virgin Mary and the People of Liguria: Image and Cult." Studies in Church History 39 (2004): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400015163.
Full textAbstract:
We begin with an image, and a story. Explanation will emerge from what follows. Figure 1 depicts a huge wooden statue of the Virgin Mary, once the figurehead on the prow of a ship, but now on the high altar of the church of Saints Vittore and Carlo in Genoa, and venerated as Nostra Signora della Fortuna. On the night of 16-17 January 1636 a violent storm struck the port of Genoa. Many ships were wrecked. Among them was one called the Madonna della Pieta, which had the Virgin as its figurehead. A group of Genoese sailors bought this image as part of the salvage washed up from the sea. First setting it up under a votive painting of the Virgin in the harbour, they repaired it, had it repainted, and on the eve of Corpus Christi brought it to the church of San Vittore, close by the port. A famous blind song-writer was commissioned to write a song in honour of the image. Sailors and groups of young girls went through the streets of the city singing and collecting gifts. The statue became at once the focus of an extraordinary popular cult, thousands of people arriving day and night with candles, silver crowns, necklaces, and crosses in gratitude for the graces which had immediately begun to be granted. Volleys of mortars were let off in celebration. The affair was managed by the sailors who, in the face of mounting criticism and anxiety from local church leaders, directed devotions and even conducted exorcisms before the image. To stem the gathering tide of visitors and claims of miracles, and to try to establish control, the higher clergy first questioned the identity of the statue (some held it to represent, not the Virgin, but the Queen of England); then the statue was walled up; finally the church was closed altogether. Still, devotees climbed into the church, and large-scale demonstrations of protest were held. The archbishop instituted a process of investigation, in the course of which many eye-witnesses and people who claimed to have experienced miracles were interviewed (giving, in the surviving manuscript, rich detail of their responses to the image). Eventually the prohibition was lifted, and from 1637 until well into the twentieth century devotion to Nostra Signora della Fortuna remained strong, with frequent miracles or graces being recorded. So here we have a cult focused on an image of secular origin, transformed by the promotion of the sailors into a devotional object which roused the enthusiasm of thousands of lay people. It was a cult which, significantly, sprang up at a time of unrest in the city of Genoa, and which thus focused pressing issues of authority. The late 163os witnessed growing tension between factions of ‘old’ and ‘new’ nobility, the latter being marked by their hostility to the traditional Genoese Spanish alliance. Hostilities were played out both within the Senate and in clashes in the streets of the city. The cult of Nostra Signora della Fortuna grew up in this context, but survived and developed in subsequent centuries, attracting devotion from all over Italy.
46
Coppa, S., I. Guala, G. A. de Lucia, G. Massaro, and M. Bressan. "Density and distribution patterns of the endangered species Pinna nobilis within a Posidonia oceanica meadow in the Gulf of Oristano (Italy)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 5 (February 10, 2010): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540999141x.
Full textAbstract:
Pinna nobilis is an endemic bivalve of the Mediterranean Sea. In the last decades P. nobilis populations have declined drastically due to increasing anthropogenic pressure and it has been declared a protected species since 1992. Despite the need for conservation, knowledge of the ecology and monitoring of the main populations of P. nobilis are limited. This study considered a population living within a Posidonia oceanica meadow in the Gulf of Oristano (western Mediterranean, Italy). The study area, about 150 hectares, part of which is included within a Marine Protected Area and a Site of Community Importance, was subdivided in 3 sub-areas. The percentage cover of different habitat types (P. oceanica, dead matte and sand) in each sub-area was measured and meadow features (substrate coverage, matte compactness and shoot density) characterized. The hypotheses of differences in density, percentage of dead individuals, population structure, shell burial level and orientation of P. nobilis, were investigated according to sub-areas and to habitat type. The spatial distribution was patchy, and the habitat type resulted a key factor in determining both density and distribution. A strong edge effect was demonstrated: more than half of the observed individuals colonized the P. oceanica border. Matte compactness and shoot density were found to affect the density and distribution of P. nobilis. Shell burial level and percentage of dead individuals varied with sub-areas and habitat types. Size distribution was bimodal and common shell orientation was observed in two sub-areas. These results contribute to increase the knowledge of population ecology of this species and to provide useful information for implementing conservation policies.
47
RIBA-FLINCH, JOSEP M., MAR LEZA, and DIEGO GALLEGO. "First records of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Iberian Peninsula: an expanding alien species?" Zootaxa 4970, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.8.
Full textAbstract:
Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is an ambrosia beetle species native to subtropical Eastern Asia, with great concern due to its high invasive ability. This species has invaded 54 countries worldwide, including 4 European countries (Italy, France, Greece, and Spain); it was detected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) in October 2019. In the present work, X. compactus is recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula (Girona province, NE Spain); specimens were collected in Banyoles (August 2020, attacking twigs of Laurus nobilis and Liquidambar styraciflua) and Platja d’Aro (October 2020, attacking twigs of L. nobilis). Up-to-date information is presented about its geographical distribution, host plants, biology, symptoms, associate damages, and the possible origin of this species in Europe.
48
Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Flavia Bartoli, Emanuela Cicinelli, Fernando Lucchese, and Giulia Caneva. "Linking Man and Nature: Relictual Forest Coenosis with Laurus nobilis L. and Celtis australis L. in Antica Lavinium, Italy." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010056.
Full textAbstract:
The Mediterranean basin has been a refugium for relict plant taxa and native laurophyllic forests. The Latium coasts and, especially, the Antica Lavinium site, host relict forest communities, whose natural importance is enriched by their cultural value. Here, we aim at investigating the ecological framework, cultural and historical values, and management over time, of relict communities that have Laurus nobilis and Celtis australis as their priority habitats. To achieve this, we performed vegetation surveys and we conducted statistical analyses (PCA, NMDS). Among the 45 vegetation surveys, 25 were characterized by the two target species. The PCA analysis highlighted how the L. nobilis formations and the mixed formations with C. australis present some differences but are not sufficient to describe different coenosis. The comparison among similar forests in central and southern Italy confirmed the wide coenological amplitude of L. nobilis with respect to other laurophyllic species. Antica Lavinium has an overall good preservation of laurel forest formations, but also of mixed formation with C. australis. In the area, historical, cultural, and natural characteristics mutually contributed to the development of human civilizations and plant communities, highlighting their deep linkage.
49
Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, A. Poli, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Saponaria officinalis Caused by Alternaria nobilis in Italy." Plant Disease 97, no. 3 (March 2013): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-12-0839-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Saponaria officinalis (Vize) Simmons (common name bouncingbet) is a low maintenance perennial plant belonging to the Caryophyllaceae family, typically grown in parks and gardens. During the summers of 2011 and 2012, extensive necrosis were observed on leaves of plants grown in private gardens, near Biella (northern Italy). The disease affected 90% of 1- to 2-year-old plants. The first symptoms were usually pale brown lesions 1 to 5 mm in diameter and sometimes coalesced. Lesions were circular to irregular with a dark purple halo, with infected leaves eventually turning chlorotic. The conidia observed on infected leaves were olivaceous brown and obclavate, with a beak. Conidia showed 8 to 15 (average 12) transverse and 4 to 14 (average 11) longitudinal septa, with slight constrictions connected with septa, and were 78.3 to 177.7 (average 135.5) × 19.0 to 34.3 (average 26.5) μm. The beak was 20.0 to 62.2 (average 33.7) μm in length, with 0 to 6 (average 3) transverse septa and no longitudinal septa. The fungus was consistently isolated from infected leaves on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The isolate, grown for 14 days at 20 to 24°C with 10 h of darkness and 14 h of light on sterilized host leaves plated on PDA, produced conidiophores single, unbranched, flexuous, septate with conidia in short chains, similar to those observed on the leaves and previously described. On the basis of its morphological characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria sp. (3). DNA was extracted using Nucleospin Plant Kit (Macherey Nagel) and PCR carried out using ITS 1/ITS 4 primer (4). A 542-bp PCR product was sequenced and a BLASTn search confirmed that the sequence corresponded to A. dianthi (AY154702), recently renamed A. nobilis (2). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. JX647848. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 3-month-old plants of S. officinalis with an aqueous 2 × 105 spore/ml suspension. The inoculum was obtained from cultures of the fungus grown on PDA amended with host leaves for 14 days, in light-dark, at 22 ± 1°C. Plants sprayed only with water served as controls. Four pots (1 plant/pot) were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 4 days after inoculation and maintained in a glasshouse at 21 ± 1 °C. Lesions developed on leaves 9 days after inoculation with the spore suspension, whereas control plants remained healthy. A. nobilis was consistently reisolated from these lesions. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The presence of A. dianthi was reported on S. officinalis in Denmark (1) and Turkey. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of A. nobilis on S. officinalis in Italy. The presence and importance of this disease is, at present, limited. References: (1) P. Neergaard. Danish species of Alternaria and Stemphylium. Oxford University Press, 1945. (2) E. G. Simmons. Mycotaxon 82:7, 2002. (3) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Biodiversity Series 6, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2007. (4) T. J. White et al. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
50
Montecchiari, Silvia, Marina Allegrezza, Veronica Pelliccia, and Giulio Tesei. "First syntaxonomical contribution to the invasive Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle forest communities at its southern limit in Europe." Plant Sociology 57, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pls2020572/06.
Full textAbstract:
Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven), an invasive alien tree native to China, has become invasive all over the world and in Italy is present in all the administrative regions where it can form dense forest communities. Although there are several ecological studies on this species there is a lack of floristic-vegetational data for southern-Europe. The study presents the results of a floristic vegetational study on A. altissima forest communities of central Italy that aims to highlight the possible floristic-vegetational autonomy of these coenoses. The results have allowed the characterization of A. altissima coenoses at the ecological, biogeographic, syntaxonomic and landscape levels. These represent first A. altissima syntaxa described for the Italian peninsula and for southern-Europe. We propose two new sub-Mediterranean and Mediterranean associations comprised in the recently described alliance Lauro nobilis-Robinion pseudoaciae, in the Chelidonio-Robinietalia order and the Robinietea class: Asparago acutifolii-Ailanthetum altissimae: forest community with stratified structure and high canopy density on the warmer slopes of the hills in dry soil conditions and low anthropic disturbance and Aro italici-Ailanthetum altissimae: paucispecific forest communities with a monolayered structure typically found in agricultural, and peri-urban areas on pelitic, alluvial silty-sandy substrates, in conditions of edaphic humidity and high anthropogenic disturbance. The comparison with literature data highlights the autonomy of these associations of the sub-Mediterranean and Mediterranean alliance Lauro nobilis-Robinion pseudoacaciae alliance from the Balloto nigrae-Ailanthetum altissimae association of the Central and SE-European Balloto nigrae-Robinion pseudoacaciae alliance.