Journal articles: 'NO and SO2 elimination'

1

Cui, Yin, Yiyong Zhao, Junjie Shen, Guofu Zhang, and Chengrong Ding. "The stable “F–SO₂⁺” donor provides a mild and efficient approach to nitriles and amides." RSC Advances 12, no. 51 (2022): 33064–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05890a.

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In this update, we developed a mild, efficient and practical method using stable “F–SO2+” donor A as an environment friendly promoter for conversion of oximes to nitriles or amides via β-elimination or Beckmann rearrangement in excellent yields.

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Xiang, Zhang. "Mechanism of SO2 elimination from the aromatic sulfonamide anions: A theoretical study." Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 991 (July 2012): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2012.03.023.

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Liu, Guofu, Wenjie Zhang, Pengfei He, Shipian Guan, Bing Yuan, Rui Li, Yu Sun, and Dekui Shen. "H2O and/or SO2 Tolerance of Cu-Mn/SAPO-34 Catalyst for NO Reduction with NH3 at Low Temperature." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030289.

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A series of molecular sieve catalysts (Cu–Mn/SAPO-34) with different loadings of Cu and Mn components were prepared by the impregnation method. The deNOx activity of the catalyst was investigated during the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3 in the temperature range of 120 °C to 330 °C, including the effects of H2O vapors and SO2. In order to understand the poisoning mechanism by the injection of H2O and/or SO2 into the feeding gas, the characteristics of the fresh and spent catalyst were identified by means of Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Thermal Gravity- Differential Thermal Gravity (TG-DTG). The conversion of NO by the catalyst can achieve at 72% under the reaction temperature of 120 °C, while the value reached more than 90% under the temperature between 180 °C and 330 °C. The deNOx activity test shows that the H2O has a reversible negative effect on NO conversion, which is mainly due to the competitive adsorption of H2O and NH3 on Lewis acid sites. When the reaction temperature increases to 300 °C, the poisoning effect of H2O can be negligible. The poisoning effect of SO2 on deNOx activity is dependent on the reaction temperature. At low temperature, the poisoning effect of SO2 is permanent with no recovery of deNOx activity after the elimination of SO2. The formation of (NH4)2SO4, which results in the plug of active sites and a decrease of surface area, and the competitive adsorption of SO2 and NO should be responsible for the loss of deNOx activity over Cu/SAPO-34.

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Sun, Mingjiang, Wenning Dai, and David Q. Liu. "Fragmentation of aromatic sulfonamides in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: elimination of SO2 via rearrangement." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 43, no. 3 (2008): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.1335.

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Shirmohammadi-Bahadoran, Mohammad Mehdi, Majid Montazer, Mehdi Kamali Dolatabadi, and Abbas Bahador. "Bacteria Elimination and SO2 Filtration Using Spacer Fabric Loaded With Natural Zeolite-Nanosilver Composites." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 46, no. 9 (August 19, 2018): 1700240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201700240.

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Sun, Qiu, Ling He, Jiaxin Cheng, Ze Yang, Yuansheng Li, and Yulan Xi. "Synthesis of Isoxazolines and Isoxazoles via Metal-Free Desulfitative Cyclization." Synthesis 50, no. 12 (May 14, 2018): 2385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1609480.

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A novel, one-pot reaction for the synthesis of isoxazolines and isoxazoles is developed via a cascade process under metal-free conditions. The approach involves the formation of intramolecular C–N and C–O bonds and intermolecular C–C bonds from aromatic alkenes or alkynes and N-hydroxysulfonamides using hypervalent iodine(VII) and iodine as the oxidant. Activation of C–H and C–C bonds/construction of C–O bonds/elimination of SO2/C–N bond formation is achieved in sequence in the reaction system.

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Yamaguchi, K., M. Mori, A. Kawai, K. Asano, T. Takasugi, A. Umeda, T. Kawashiro, and T. Yokoyama. "Effects of pH and SO2 on solubility coefficients of inert gases in human whole blood." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.643.

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We systematically investigated the quantitative importance of pH and O2 saturation (SO2) of hemoglobin on the solubility coefficients (alpha) for six inert gases: sulfur hexafluoride, N2, ethane, cyclopropane, halothane, and diethyl ether. Measurements of alpha were made at 37 degrees C with SO2 of 0–1.0 and pH of 7.2–7.7 by use of whole blood obtained from three healthy subjects. No significant dependence of alpha on pH was demonstrated for sulfur hexafluoride, N2, halothane, or diethyl ether, but an appreciable augmentation of alpha with increasing pH was found for ethane and cyclopropane. No alpha value obtained for oxygenated blood differed statistically from that for deoxygenated blood. In addition to the basic findings on the effects of pH on alpha values of ethane and cyclopropane with the multiple inert gas elimination technique (data obtained from 22 patients with either interstitial pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), we also found that dependence of alpha on blood pH exerted no significant influence on the recovery of ventilation-perfusion distribution in the lung. We concluded that: 1) pH plays an appreciable role in determining gas solubilities in blood, 2) SO2 is not a decisive factor for gas solubilities in blood, and 3) the influence of various pH values in pulmonary capillaries on inert gas exchange is negligible.

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Aitken, R. Alan, Clémence Hauduc, M. Selim Hossain, Emily McHale, Adrian L. Schwan, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin, and Colin A. Stewart. "Unexpected Pyrolytic Behaviour of Substituted Benzo[c]thiopyran and Thieno[2,3-c]thiopyran S,S-dioxides." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 9 (2014): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14155.

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Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of benzo[c]thiopyran S,S-dioxide (1) results in formation of indene and 2-vinylbenzaldehyde as previously described. A range of eight analogues with various substitution patterns are found to behave differently. In general, there is no extrusion of SO2 to give products analogous to indene, but unsaturated carbonyl products analogous to 2-vinylbenzaldehyde are formed in most cases by way of ring expansion to a 7-membered ring sultine, extrusion of SO, and intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer. Other processes observed include formation of anthracene via an isomeric 7-membered sultine with loss of SO, CO and methane or butane, and formation of 4-ethylidene-4,5-dihydrocyclobuta[b]thiophenes by way of SO loss, a radical rearrangement, and extrusion of acetone. The analogues with a halogen substituent at position 8 on the benzene ring require a higher temperature to react and give naphthalene resulting from net elimination of HX and SO2. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 is also reported.

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Hernández-Alonso, María D., Silvia Suárez, Fernando Fresno, Juan M. Coronado, and Benigno Sánchez. "Simultaneous Photocatalytic Abatement of NO and SO2: Influence of the TiO2 Nature and Mechanistic Insights." Journal of Photocatalysis 2, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2665976x02666210303124330.

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Background: TiO2 is currently being incorporated into several construction materials, such as cement and asphalt because this photocatalyst can act as a passive system to reduce the concentration of typical urban pollutants like NOx and SO2 under solar illumination. Objective: In order to get further insights on the possible influence of the interaction between common pollutants, the present work investigates the mechanism of NOx photo-oxidation in the presence of SO2 traces over TiO2 samples of different textural and morphological characteristics. Methods: The performance for the photo-oxidation of NOx and SO2 in a dry air stream over TiO2 samples, both commercial and lab-prepared by hydrothermal and thermal methods, was evaluated by means of FTIR analyses of the gas phase. These materials were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption isotherms, and DR UV-vis spectroscopy. Mechanistic studies were performed by in situ DRIFT under UV irradiation. Results: Photocatalytic tests showed a very efficient removal of the two selected pollutants using most of the TiO2 samples. In the case of SO2, elimination of these molecules is due not only to photocatalytic oxidation but also to a significant extent, to adsorption. Although in shorter periods, no byproducts are generated, following irradiation for several hours, the production of NO2 progressively increases and reaches 100 % selectivity over some photocatalyst. In situ DRIFTS analyses show the evolution of the surface composition and reveal the formation of the different types of surface nitrates with different symmetry. Under these operating conditions, a minor amount of sulfates are also formed. Conclusions: The presence of a low concentration of SO2 does not appear to be detrimental for NO removal. NO2 formation is delayed on the TiO2 samples with high specific surface area, which also tend to be more active. The spectroscopic results confirm the involvement of surface hydroxyls in the formation of adsorbed nitrate species.

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Qian, Hai, Wenhao Lu, Xiaoxing Wei, Wei Chen, and Jun Deng. "H2S and SO2 adsorption on Pt-MoS2 adsorbent for partial discharge elimination: A DFT study." Results in Physics 12 (March 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.11.035.

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Guin, Soumitra, Raman Gupta, Debashis Majee, and Sampak Samanta. "DABCO- and DBU-promoted one-pot reaction of N-sulfonyl ketimines with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates: a sequential approach to (2-hydroxyaryl)nicotinate derivatives." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (November 2, 2018): 2771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.254.

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An intriguing DABCO-catalyzed and DBU-promoted one-pot synthesis of an important class of (2-hydroxyaryl)pyridine derivatives bearing a carboxylate or a nitrile group suitably placed at C3 position of the aza-ring has been achieved in acceptable chemical yields with a broad functional group tolerance. This sequential C–C/C–N bond making process proceeds through a regioselective allylic alkylation/aza-Michael reaction between MBH carbonates derived from an acrylate/acrylonitrile and N-sulfonyl ketimines as C,N-binucleophiles catalyzed by DABCO, followed by elimination of SO2 under the influence of base and subsequent aromatization in an open atmosphere.

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Suter, M. J. F., R. Lauber, R. Steinauer, and U. P. Schlunegger. "Formation of a new CC bond in a sulfonenamide upon SO2 elimination induced by electron impact ionization." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 86 (December 1988): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(88)80064-8.

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13

Liu, Yutong, Wenju Jiang, Lu Yao, Lin Yang, and Xia Jiang. "Manganese Ore-based Wet Flue-Gas Desulfurization: A Review." Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) 13, no. 3 (June 21, 2020): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405520413666200122092300.

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The removal of SO2 from flue gases is necessary for eliminating haze and controlling acid rain. However, developing the traditional wet and dry flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is challenging due to the disposal issue of several byproducts. Manganese (Mn) orebased wet FGD possesses many advantages, including good desulfurization property, low cost, and high economic benefit. The environment friendliness and reusability of MnSO4 provide new ideas and methods in the future research direction of FGD. This review summarizes the background information of Mn ore slurry desulfurization, the desulfurization mechanism, the technological process, and the desulfurization devices. The role of operating parameters, such as temperature, liquid/solid ratio, pH, SO2 concentration, and particle size, in the desulfurization efficiency and manganese leaching rate are also discussed. The temperature (20°C-80°C) has exerted little effect on the desulfurization efficiency, whereas a low pH value is beneficial for SO2 removal. Moreover, a low inlet SO2 concentration and small particle size are beneficial for SO2 removal. The control and digestion techniques related to the byproduct (manganese dithionate) are also presented, along with the future development direction of Mn ore-based wet FGD in different industries.

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Marrufo-Curtido, Almudena, Arancha de-la-Fuente-Blanco, María-Pilar Sáenz-Navajas, Vicente Ferreira, Mónica Bueno, and Ana Escudero. "Sensory Relevance of Strecker Aldehydes in Wines. Preliminary Studies of Its Removal with Different Type of Resins." Foods 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081711.

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The orthonasal quality of two synthetic contexts of wine (young wine and oaked wine) spiked with six different levels of the Strecker aldehydes (isobutyraldehyde, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, methional and phenylacetaldehyde) was evaluated by a panel of wine experts. The aldehyde levels simulated the concentrations present in wines protected from oxidation during production and storage and after severe oxidation. Significant quality detriments were observed at concentrations of 13 µg/L of methional, 49 µg/L of phenylacetaldehyde, 17 µg/L of isobutyraldehyde, 12 µg/L of 2-methylbutanal and 24 µg/L of 3-methylbutanal. The presence of these levels of aldehyde concentrations induced the reduction of fruitiness in young wines and of woody notes in oaked wines as well as the appearance of the typical attributes that define wine oxidation. More than 75% of recently opened commercial wines contain total levels of Strecker aldehydes higher than those, however their effect is not always noticeable as they are forming inodorous adducts with SO2. Nevertheless, this content is a potential risk for the shelf life of the wine, as once SO2 is depleted, these aldehydes could release back into their odour-active forms. Thus, in order to reduce the presence of Strecker aldehydes, eight different resins were studied (two scavengers, four mixed-mode anion exchange and two pure anion exchange) in white wine at two levels of SO2. After 24-h contact, the mixed mode Strata X-A resin was able to significantly reduce aldehydes’ percentages: between 11% for isobutyraldehyde and 86% for phenylacetaldehyde. On the other hand, wine colour was affected and therefore the applicability of the treatment should be further studied. However, this work can be considered a starting point to solve the technological challenge involved in the elimination of aldehydes from wine.

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Fink, Jurgen. "SO2 Emission Reduction through the use of the “Humid Oxidation Process”." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0382.

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BAYER A.G. in Germany developed the “HUMID OXIDATION PROCESS” to reduce SO2 emissions which was first implanted industrially in their factory at Uerdingen in 1981. From that time the plant has operated successfully complying to German environmental law requirements. The unit to be installed in TIBRÁS consists of six reactors supplied with activated carbon beds which will remove the SO2 (0.11 volume percent) contained in the residual gases (150,000 cubic meters per hour) produced in three rotary calciner kilns. The SO2 reacts with water in the carbon pores forming diluted sulfuric acid. The activated carbon is fabricated from coke from peat. The “Weak Acid” of approximately 10 to 15 per-cent H2SO4 concentration is reused in the titanium dioxide pigment process. The project will be concluded by December 1993 and will start up in January 1994. The realization of this investment of approximately US$8,500,000 (eight and one half million dollars) will reduce TIBRÁS SO2 emissions by 50 (fifty) to 85 (eighty-five) per-cent in addition to eliminating two stacks.

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Jiang, Weiyu, Yulei Yu, Feng Bi, Pengfei Sun, Xiaole Weng, and Zhongbiao Wu. "Synergistic Elimination of NOx and Chloroaromatics on a Commercial V2O5–WO3/TiO2 Catalyst: Byproduct Analyses and the SO2 Effect." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 21 (September 24, 2019): 12657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04155.

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Ngoc Binh, Vo, Sabrina Adorisio, Domenico V. Delfino, and Quoc Anh Ngo. "New 1,4-Dihydropyrazolo[4,3-b]indoles Induce Antiproliferation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells and Inhibition of Selective Inflammatory Cytokines." Natural Product Communications 17, no. 6 (June 2022): 1934578X2211056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x221105692.

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Research on multitargeting drugs is emerging, focusing on the discovery of agents that simultaneously act on more than one biological target. Here, a novel synthetic route to access the fused-heterocycles 1,4-dihydropyrazolo[4,3- b]indoles (4) from pyrazolo[4,3- c][2,1]benzothiazine 4,4-dioxide (3) via [H2O–SO2] elimination and an intramolecular ring-closing reaction is reported. Two lead compounds 3b and 4b were found to show significant inhibition of cell growth by suppressing cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phases and inducing apoptosis of the acute myeloid leukemia OCI-AML3 cell line. Both compounds also significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β (at all tested concentrations), whereas no effect was seen on other cytokines (interleukin-4, interferon-γ, interleukin-9, interleukin-12). Thus, these compounds are promising leads in the discovery of novel anticancer agents.

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Vásquez, Alejandro, Francisco Pérez, Maximiliano Roa, Ignacio Sanhueza, Hugo Rojas, Victor Parra, Eduardo Balladares, Roberto Parra, and Sergio Torres. "A Radiometric Technique for Monitoring the Desulfurization Process of Blister Copper." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030842.

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In this paper, a novel optical technique for following the progress of the blister copper desulfurization process is presented. The technique is based on the changes observed in the continuous spectrum of the visible–near-infrared (VIS–NIR) radiation that the blister melt emits while the chemical reactions of the sulfur elimination process are taking place. Specifically, the proposed technique uses an optical probe composed of an optical fiber, a collimating lens, and a quartz tube, which is immersed in the melt. This optical probe provides a field of view of the blowing zone where the desulfurization reaction occurs. The experimental results show that the melt VIS–NIR total irradiance evolves inversely to the SO2 concentration reported by a gas analyzer based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the blister copper spectral emissivity as well as the total emissivity observed throughout the process show strong correlation with the sulfur content during desulfurization reaction.

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Kolat, Pavel, Bohumír Čech, Mojmír Vrtek, and David Tomášek. "Experiments On Additive Desulphurisation By Sodium Bicarbonate In Coal-Fuel Boilers." Chemical and Process Engineering 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2013-0007.

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Abstract This paper describes experiments on the application of sodium bicarbonate desulphurisation in the coal-fuel boiler. The boiler has been in operation for several years now and it has refiably fulfilled the original assignment to reduce SO2 emissions from the value of 1200 - 1500 mg/Nm3 to 400 mg/Nm3. Higher desulphurisation efficiency is determined only by the ratio of Na/S sorbent dosage. The resulting product of desulphurisation is stored together with fly ash in underground mines, and has no influence on the groundwater. Positive experience of the tests and boiler operation lies in higher reactivity of sodium and sulphur as compared with conventional methods based on limestone. Within the scope of the secondary measures of elimination of sulphur oxides in combustion products, an experimental dry-method desulphurisation of combustion products was performed by blasting an agent containing sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 (99.6 %) into the flue ways before the electrostatic precipitator in a coal-fuel furnace with the steam output of 220 t/h.

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Song, Xiaowei, Yongpei Hao, and Xiaodong Zhu. "Air Pollutant Emissions from Vehicles and Their Abatement Scenarios: A Case Study of Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration, China." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 6503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226503.

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Vehicular emissions have become one of the important sources of air pollution, and their effective control is essential to protect the environment. The Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration (CCUA), a less developed area located in the southwest of China with higher vehicle population and special topographic features, was selected as the research area. The aims of this study were to establish multi-year vehicular emission inventories for ten important air pollutants in this area and to analyze emission control policy scenarios based on the inventories. The results showed that the ten vehicular pollutant emissions had differences during the past decade, and CO2 and NH3 increased markedly between 1999 and 2015. Chengdu and Chongqing were the dominant contributors of vehicular emissions in the CCUA. Eight scenarios based on these inventories were designed and the alternative energy replacement scenario was studied from the life-cycle perspective. Compared with the business as usual scenario, elimination of substandard vehicles scenario is the most effective policy to control NOx, PM2.5, PM10, and CH4 emissions; the radical alternative energy replacement scenario could decrease the vehicular NMVOC, CO2, N2O, and NH3 emissions; the elimination of motorcycles scenario could decrease the vehicular CO emissions; and the raising fuel standards scenario could reduce vehicular SO2 emissions significantly (by 94.81%). The radical integrated scenario (combining all of the reduction control measures mentioned above) would achieve the maximum emission reduction of vehicular pollutants CO, NMVOC, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, N2O, and NH3 compared with any scenario alone.

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Bañuelos, Mª Antonia, Iris Loira, Buenaventura Guamis, Carlos Escott, Juan Manuel Del Fresno, Idoia Codina-Torrella, Joan Miquel Quevedo, et al. "White wine processing by UHPH without SO2. Elimination of microbial populations and effect in oxidative enzymes, colloidal stability and sensory quality." Food Chemistry 332 (December 2020): 127417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127417.

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22

Lai, Jianwen, Yunfeng Ma, Jiayao Wu, Hong Yu, Xiaodong Li, and Xiaoqing Lin. "Elimination of PCDD/Fs over Commercial Honeycomb-Like Catalyst of V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 at Low Temperature: From Laboratory Experiments to Field Study." Processes 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122619.

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With the need for ultra-low emissions and the strict regulation of PCDD/Fs from MSWI plants, traditional SCR catalysts have been applied to remove PCDD/Fs. In this study, we compared one typical commercial V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 catalyst’s performance in removing PCDD/Fs under laboratory and industrial conditions. Various characterization methods like XRF, XPS, BET, and H2-TPR were applied to analyze the catalyst’s properties. The laboratory results showed that the adsorption could significantly affect the removal at low temperatures. The RE on PCDD/Fs was 59.4% (55.0% for toxicity RE), 88.5% (90.3%), and 78.0% (76.0%) at 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C, respectively, showing that 180 °C is the most suitable operation temperature for this V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 catalyst. The field study was conducted at 180 °C, and the results revealed that the competition between water vapor and the interaction of SO2 could lower the RE. However, comparisons between laboratory and field conditions showed that this V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 catalyst still showed good stability, with only a 6.8% drop.

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Haib, J., and D. Stahl. "Competition between substitution (SN2), elimination (E2) and addition elimination (AE) reactions in the gas Phase." Organic Mass Spectrometry 27, no. 4 (April 1992): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210270406.

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Reyna-Cavazos, K. A., A. Martínez-de la Cruz, F. E. Longoria Rodríguez, and E. López-Cuellar. "Synthesis of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) by means of microwaves in glycerol with high photocatalytic activity for the elimination of NOx and SO2." Research on Chemical Intermediates 46, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 923–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-019-03998-8.

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Cordero-Bueso, G., J. Moraga, M. Rios-Carrasco, M. Ruiz-Muñoz, and J. Manuel Cantoral. "Isolation of bacteriophages from must and wine for the elimination of contaminating bacteria as an alternative to the use of sulfurous." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191502011.

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Acetic and some lactic acid bacteria are the main reason for the loss of quality of musts and wines, giving rise to defects such as “vinegary”, “chopped” or preventing alcoholic and / or malolactic fermentation. The solution to this problem consists in the application of authorized bactericidal agents, such as sulfurous. The aim of this work is to isolate bacteriophages from musts and wines of different grape varieties, able to eliminate lactic and acetic acid bacteria spoilages. Musts obtained from grape-berries of Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay and Moscatel and a red wine made with the Tintilla de Rota variety were used to isolate bacteriophages. It were isolated by classical virology methods and identified by electron microscopy. Host bacteria used in the study were the lactic acid bacteria of the species Lactobacillus hilgardii, L. plantarum and Oenococcus oeni and the acetic bacteria Acetobacter aceti. A comparative study was performed on musts and wines, previously inoculated with bacteria, by phage titration and SO2 addition to study the effectiveness of bacteriophages against bacteria. Bacteriophages were obtained from all musts and wine, belonging to the order of Caudovirals and Tectivirals. The comparative study showed that a cocktail of bacteriophages at low concentration is as effective as sulfur.

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Vasile, Anca, Monica Caldararu, Cristian Hornoiu, Veronica Bratan, Niculae I. Ionescu, Tatiana Yuzhakova, and Akos Redey. "ELIMINATION OF GAS POLLUTANTS USING SnO2-CeO2 CATALYSTS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 11, no. 2 (2012): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2012.060.

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Bachrach, Steven M., and Debbie C. Mulhearn. "Nucleophilic Substitution at Sulfur: SN2 or Addition−Elimination?" Journal of Physical Chemistry 100, no. 9 (January 1996): 3535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp953335p.

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Ramirez, Ricardo, S. Webster, and George Gellert. "Toward the Elimination of Paper Orders." Applied Clinical Informatics 07, no. 01 (January 2016): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/aci-2015-05-soa-0065.

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SummaryWith the adoption of Computerized Patient Order Entry (CPOE), many physicians – particularly consultants and those who are affiliated with multiple hospital systems – are faced with the challenge of learning to navigate and commit to memory the details of multiple EHRs and CPOE software modules. These physicians may resist CPOE adoption, and their refusal to use CPOE presents a risk to patient safety when paper and electronic orders co-exist, as paper orders generated in an electronic ordering environment can be missed or acted upon after delay, are frequently illegible, and bypass the Clinical Decision Support (CDS) that is part of the evidence-based value of CPOE.We defined a category of CPOE Low Frequency Users (LFUs) – physicians issuing a total of less than 10 orders per month – and found that 50.4% of all physicians issuing orders in 3 urban/suburban hospitals were LFUs and actively issuing orders across all shifts and days of the week. Data are presented for 2013 on the number of LFUs by month, day of week, shift and facility, over 2.3 million orders issued.A menu of 6 options to assist LFUs in the use of CPOE, from which hospital leaders could select, was instituted so that paper orders could be increasingly eliminated. The options, along with their cost implications, are described, as is the initial option selected by hospital leaders. In practice, however, a mixed pattern involving several LFU support options emerged. We review data on how the option mix selected may have impacted CPOE adoption and physician use rates at the facilities. The challenge of engaging LFU physicians in CPOE adoption may be common in moderately sized hospitals, and these options can be deployed by other systems in advancing CPOE pervasiveness of use and the eventual elimination of paper orders.

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Yang, Yang, Xianxu Chu, Yan Lu, Manabu Abe, and Xiaoqing Zeng. "Chloro- and Dichloro-methylsulfonyl Nitrenes: Spectroscopic Characterization, Photoisomerization, and Thermal Decomposition." Molecules 23, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123312.

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Chloro- and dichloro-methylsulfonyl nitrenes, CH2ClS(O)2N and CHCl2S(O)2N, have been generated from UV laser photolysis (193 and 266 nm) of the corresponding sulfonyl azides CH2ClS(O)2N3 and CHCl2S(O)2N3, respectively. Both nitrenes have been characterized with matrix-isolation IR and EPR spectroscopy in solid N2 (10 K) and glassy toluene (5 K) matrices. Triplet ground-state multiplicity of CH2ClS(O)2N (|D/hc| = 1.57 cm−1 and |E/hc| = 0.0026 cm−1) and CHCl2S(O)2N (|D/hc| = 1.56 cm−1 and |E/hc| = 0.0042 cm−1) has been confirmed. In addition, dichloromethylnitrene CHCl2N (|D/hc| = 1.57 cm−1 and |E/hc| = 0 cm−1), formed from SO2-elimination in CHCl2S(O)2N, has also been identified for the first time. Upon UV light irradiation (365 nm), the two sulfonyl nitrenes R–S(O)2N (R = CH2Cl and CHCl2) undergo concomitant 1,2-R shift to N-sulfonlyamines R–NSO2 and 1,2-oxygen shift to S-nitroso compounds R–S(O)NO, respectively. The identification of these new species with IR spectroscopy is supported by 15N labeling experiments and quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level. In contrast, the thermally-generated sulfonyl nitrenes CH2ClS(O)2N (600 K) and CHCl2S(O)2N (700 K) dissociate completely in the gas phase, and in both cases, HCN, SO2, HCl, HNSO, and CO form. Additionally, ClCN, OCCl2, HNSO2, •NSO2, and the atmospherically relevant radical •CHCl2 are also identified among the fragmentation products of CHCl2S(O)2N. The underlying mechanisms for the rearrangement and decomposition of CH2ClS(O)2N and CHCl2S(O)2N are discussed based on the experimentally-observed products and the calculated potential energy profile.

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Gaálová, Jana, Mahdi Bourassi, Karel Soukup, Tereza Trávníčková, Daniel Bouša, Swati Sundararajan, Olga Losada, Roni Kasher, Karel Friess, and Zdeněk Sofer. "Modified Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Membranes for the Elimination of Antibiotics from Water." Membranes 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090720.

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The hydrophilic and hydrophobic single-walled carbon nanotube membranes were prepared and progressively applied in sorption, filtration, and pertraction experiments with the aim of eliminating three antibiotics—tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim—as a single pollutant or as a mixture. The addition of SiO2 to the single-walled carbon nanotubes allowed a transparent study of the influence of porosity on the separation processes. The mild oxidation, increasing hydrophilicity, and reactivity of the single-walled carbon nanotube membranes with the pollutants were suitable for the filtration and sorption process, while non-oxidized materials with a hydrophobic layer were more appropriate for pertraction. The total pore volume increased with an increasing amount of SiO2 (from 743 to 1218 mm3/g) in the hydrophilic membranes. The hydrophobic layer completely covered the carbon nanotubes and SiO2 nanoparticles and provided significantly different membrane surface interactions with the antibiotics. Single-walled carbon nanotubes adsorbed the initial amount of antibiotics in less than 5 h. A time of 2.3 s was sufficient for the filtration of 98.8% of sulfamethoxazole, 95.5% of trimethoprim, and 87.0% of tetracycline. The thicker membranes demonstrate a higher adsorption capacity. However, the pertraction was slower than filtration, leading to total elimination of antibiotics (e.g., 3 days for tetracycline). The diffusion coefficient of the antibiotics varies between 0.7–2.7 × 10−10, depending on the addition of SiO2 in perfect agreement with the findings of the textural analysis and scanning electron microscopy observations. Similar to filtration, tetracycline is retained by the membranes more than sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.

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Bazat, Mohamad Radawn, Mohamad Yahay Zien AL-deen, and Hasan AL-Khamisy. "Grafting of O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan with Acrylonitrile and Studying some of its Properties and Applications." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2021.28.2.009.

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Preparation of o-carboxymethyl Chitosan was done, wich is important derivative of chitosan. Grafting copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto o-carboxymethyl chitosan was accomplished using ammonium cerium sulfate (CAS) as an initiator. Resulting graft of o-carboxymethyl chitosan was characterized by FT-IR spectrum and DTA analysis to be compared with o-carboxymethyl chitosan. Properties such as water swelling and solubility were studied for each, whereas,. Percentage of grafting efficiency (GE%) and yield of grafting (GY%) were determined. The efficiency of grafted ocarboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh-g-PAN) to remove dyes(direct black dyes, dispersed red dyes) from industrial waste water was also determined. The results reveal good efficient absorption of black dyes more than red dyes. Efficiency from different concentrations of grafted o-carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCh-g-PAN) to reveal percentages of elimination ions from their solutions metallic ions Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+and Sn2+ from their solutions at room temperature with mechanical stirring for 24 hrs were also determined .It has been shown that grafted o-carboxymethyl chitosan has important role in elimination of lead ion comparing with other ions, As a result, elimination percentages of ions increase as follow: Cd2+< Sn2+< Cu2+<. Pb2+

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Sedláček, Jiří. "Simple theoretical models of elimination reactions on polar catalysts; Dehydration reactivity of secondary alcohols on acidic and basic catalysts." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 4 (1985): 920–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19850920.

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CNDO/2 calculations for simple models of adsorption and dehydration reactions of secondary aliphatic and aromatic alcohols on polar catalysts are presented. The models involve selected stages of elimination mechanisms of various types (E1, E2 and E1cB elimination). Calculated quantum chemical quantities were correlated with reported experimental data. It is shown that reactivities for the series of substituted phenylethanols correlate very well with the ease of carbonium ion formation. In the case of aliphatic alcohols, calculated quantities correlate generally with the reactivities on SiO2 and are in anticorrelation with the reactivities on Al2O3.NaOH.

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Fu, Yu Yun, Jian Lei Zhou, and Jian Xiao. "The Treatment and Recycling of FGD Waste." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2901.

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At present, wet lime - gypsum flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology is very common in the field of gas desulfurization technology. In addition, wet carbide slag - gypsum FGD and Magnesia FGD are also used. In the process of eliminating SO2, with the first two technology, the byproducts of desulfurization wastewater and gypsum will be produced; With Magnesia FGD, the byproducts of magnesium sulfite and magnesium will be produced. The way to utilize desulfurization wastewater, gypsum and magnesium comprehensively and to achieve circular economy is worth exploring.

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Khannam, Khomson, Wenich Vattanapuripakorn, Sathapon Sonsupap, Jiradanai Sarasamkan, Umakorn Tongsantia, and Bopit Bubphachot. "Treatment of Infectious Waste through the Application Rotary Kiln Incinerators and Ozone Technology." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 4 (September 26, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4040071.

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The alarming rate at which infectious waste is growing was an unsolved problem worldwide before the pandemic, and it has only gotten worse. It is especially prominent in the medical services, owing to the improper use or the lack of high-efficiency waste management systems. To address this issue, this paper presents a modification to the conventional rotary kiln incineration method using add-on ozone (O3) at a concentration of 100–160 g/h in order to enhance its efficiency when treating emitted air pollutants. These pollutants of Hg, HF, TSP, SO2, NO2, CO, and HCl were measured, and their percent opacity concentrations were 0.006 mg/m3, 0.680 mg/m3, 21.900 mg/m3, 5.600 mg/m3, 16.300 mg/m3, 13.700 mg/m3, 0.022 mg/m3, and 6%, respectively. The amounts of these air pollutants were considerably lower than those released from a rotary kiln incinerator without the add-on ozone. Additionally, all the measurements were lower than the emission thresholds established in the US Environmental Protection Agency Emission Standards Reference Guide. Therefore, using the proposed rotary kiln incineration method modified with add-on ozone is suitable for use in the elimination of infectious waste in that it drastically reduces air pollution and improves air quality, resulting in environmental improvements aimed at mitigating the devastating impacts pollution has on human health.

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Carrascosa, Eduardo, Jennifer Meyer, Tim Michaelsen, Martin Stei, and Roland Wester. "Conservation of direct dynamics in sterically hindered SN2/E2 reactions." Chemical Science 9, no. 3 (2018): 693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc04415a.

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Couzo, Evan, Harvey E. Jeffries, and William Vizuete. "Houston’s rapid ozone increases: preconditions and geographic origins." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 3 (2013): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13040.

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Environmental context Ozone pollution in Houston, Texas, has been a public health concern for decades. Unusually large hourly changes in observed ozone concentrations have been correlated with a greater likelihood of violating the federal air quality standard. We investigate the geographic and chemical origins of these large hourly increases, which should help regulators better control ozone violations. Abstract Many of Houston’s highest 8-h ozone (O3) peaks are characterised by increases in concentrations of at least 40ppb in 1h, or 60ppb in 2h. These rapid increases are called non-typical O3 changes (NTOCs). In 2004, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) developed a novel emissions control strategy aimed at eliminating NTOCs. The strategy limited routine and short-term emissions of ethene, propene, 1,3-butadiene and butene isomers, collectively called highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs), which are released from petrochemical facilities. HRVOCs have been associated with NTOCs through field campaigns and modelling studies. This study analysed wind measurements and O3, formaldehyde (HCHO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations from 2000 to 2011 at 25 ground monitors in Houston. NTOCs almost always occurred when monitors were downwind of petrochemical facilities. Rapid O3 increases were associated with low wind speeds; 75% of NTOCs occurred when the 3-h average wind speed preceding the event was less than 6.5kmh–1. Statistically significant differences in HCHO concentrations were seen between days with and without NTOCs. Early afternoon HCHO concentrations were greater on NTOC days. In the morning before an observed NTOC event, however, there were no significant differences in HCHO concentrations between days with and without NTOCs. Hourly SO2 concentrations also increased rapidly, exhibiting behaviour similar to NTOCs. Oftentimes, the SO2 increases preceded a NTOC. These findings show that, despite the apparent success of targeted HRVOC emission controls, further restrictions may be needed to eliminate the remaining O3 events.

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Pang, Yaqian, Junpeng Zhou, Xiaoli Yang, Yeqing Lan, and Cheng Chen. "Rationally designed Co3O4-SnO2 activated peroxymonosulfate for the elimination of chloramphenicol." Chemical Engineering Journal 418 (August 2021): 129401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129401.

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Afanas’ev, V. V., A. Stesmans, M. Bassler, G. Pensl, M. J. Schulz, and C. I. Harris. "Elimination of SiC/SiO2 interface states by preoxidation ultraviolet‐ozone cleaning." Applied Physics Letters 68, no. 15 (April 8, 1996): 2141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115611.

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Zhang, Ling, Wenzhong Wang, Songmei Sun, Yuanyuan Sun, Erping Gao, and Zhijie Zhang. "Elimination of BPA endocrine disruptor by magnetic BiOBr@SiO2@Fe3O4 photocatalyst." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 148-149 (April 2014): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.10.053.

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Velázquez, Rocío, Alberto Martínez, Emiliano Zamora, María L. Álvarez, Joaquín Bautista-Gallego, Luis M. Hernández, and Manuel Ramírez. "Genetic Improvement of Torulaspora delbrueckii for Wine Fermentation: Eliminating Recessive Growth-Retarding Alleles and Obtaining New Mutants Resistant to SO2, Ethanol, and High CO2 Pressure." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091372.

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The use of Torulaspora delbrueckii has been repeatedly proposed to improve a wine’s organoleptic quality. This yeast has lower efficiency in completing wine fermentation than Saccharomyces cerevisiae since it has less fermentation capability and greater sensitivity to SO2, ethanol, and CO2 pressure. Therefore, the completion of fermentation is not guaranteed when must or wine is single-inoculated with T. delbrueckii. To solve this problem, new strains of T. delbrueckii with enhanced resistance to winemaking conditions were obtained. A genetic study of four wine T. delbrueckii strains was carried out. Spore clones free of possible recessive growth-retarding alleles were obtained from these yeasts. These spore clones were used to successively isolate mutants resistant to SO2, then those resistant to ethanol, and finally those resistant to high CO2 pressure. Most of these mutants showed better capability for base wine fermentation than the parental strain, and some of them approached the fermentation capability of S. cerevisiae. The genetic stability of the new mutants was good enough to be used in industrial-level production in commercial wineries. Moreover, their ability to ferment sparkling wine could be further improved by the continuous addition of oxygen in the culture adaptation stage prior to base wine inoculation.

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Casquete, Rocío, María José Benito, Francisco Pérez-Nevado, Ana Martínez, Alberto Martín, and María de Guía Córdoba. "Addition of Grape Skin and Stems Extracts in Wines during the Storage to Reduce the Sulfur Dioxide: Impact on Red Wine Quality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052783.

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This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of bioactive extracts obtained from red wine by-products, such as grape skins and stems, for reducing or eliminating the use of SO2 in red wine production. Special attention was focused on guaranteeing the microbiological stability of the red wines and protecting them against oxidation. Therefore, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts and red wines were studied. Red grape stems and skins, by-products of the wine industry, from six types of monovarietal wines, were used. Extracts obtained from stems displayed higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds and higher in vitro antioxidant activity. Both stem and skin extracts demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and lower activity against yeasts. In the wines produced, higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were observed, mainly in the skin extract batches. This study highlights that bioactive extracts obtained from by-products of wine making could be used to reduce or eliminate the use of SO2 in wine production. In this way, healthier red wines could be obtained while guaranteeing their microbiological stability and protecting them from oxidation. Furthermore, the use of these by-products is strongly associated with the circular economy, as they could help to reduce the environmental impact of the wine industry.

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Aydın, Nalan Erdöl, and Hasancan Okutan. "Effect of Coal Moisture on Emissions in Fixed Bed Combustion Appliances." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.217.

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The water associated with coal is an important element in both the formation and utilization of coal deposit. The first stage of coal formation is the accumulation of vagetable matter in swamps. This is followed by consolidation and partial decay of the organic matter to form peat, which can have moisture contents of 80-90% in situ. Low-rank coals such as brown coals and lignite, which are formed in the next stage of coalification, can have moisture contents in range 30-70%. Hard or bituminous coals, which are formed in the final stages of coalification, have relatively low moisture contents of 10% or less. Thus the elimination of water is an integral part of the coalification process and it follows that the moisture content of coal is one of its most characteristic and important properties. Moisture is one of the most basic and important parameter defining coal structure but the data reported on its effect on combustion efficiency and emissions is rather limited. In this study we report effect of coal moisture on CO, NOx, SO2 and particulate emissions in a automatic-loaded boiler combustion. In this study, effects of moisture on particulate emissions of %37-38 moisture orijinal Yeniköy Ağaçlı (Y.A.), %24, %21, %17, %15 ve %10 moisture Yeniköy Ağaçlı, %6 moisture South African coal, %22 misture mixture coal (S.African ve Y.Ağaçlı) ve %13 moisture Soma are investigated in automatic-loaded boiler.

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Tsotsou, Georgia E., Giovanna Di Nardo, Sheila J. Sadeghi, Roberta Fruttero, Loretta Lazzarato, Massimo Bertinaria, and Gianfranco Gilardi. "A Rapid Screening for Cytochrome P450 Catalysis on New Chemical Entities." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 18, no. 2 (September 13, 2012): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057112459351.

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This work presents the validation of a rapid screening procedure for the catalysis of cytochrome P450 on new chemical entities. The assay is tested on the prototypical, catalytically self-sufficient and soluble cytochrome P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium that shares a high degree of homology with mammalian counterparts. The so-called alkali assay developed in our laboratory is validated here also by product formation and molecular modeling on a number of derivatives sharing the molecular scaffold of the 1,2,5-oxadiazole ring, a class of molecules very different from the long-chain fatty acids known to be oxidized by cytochrome P450 BM3. The alkali assay reveals the ability of this cytochrome to oxidize NADPH in the presence of nine out of thirteen 1,2,5-oxadiazole derivatives tested. The enzyme shows high affinity and coupling efficiencies when incubated with four 1,2,5-oxadiazole derivatives. The presence of oxidation products deriving from catalysis was also confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Molecular docking suggests that a key factor for the 1,2,5-oxadiazole derivatives to enter the active site and induce catalysis is the presence of the –SO2 moiety bridging the 1,2,5-oxadiazole and phenyl rings. These data indicate that the alkali assay is able to quickly and cheaply detect the recognition of new substrates by cytochrome P450. The assay is not intended to substitute HPLC–mass spectrometry analysis, but it is a preliminary screening that allows elimination of obvious nonsubstrates from the start.

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Wu, Shangze, Xin Huang, Chunling Fu, and Shengming Ma. "Asymmetric SN2′-type C–H functionalization of arenes with propargylic alcohols." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 10 (2017): 2002–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qo00588a.

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The first example of transition metal-catalyzed stereo-defined syn-β-OH elimination! A [Cp*RhCl₂]₂-catalyzed allenylation reaction of available arenes with propargylic alcohols afforded fully substituted allenes with excellent ees.

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Poynder, Tiffany B., Dharmeshkumar P. Savaliya, Andrew Molino, David J. D. Wilson, and Jason L. Dutton. "Elimination of Ethene from 1,2-Diiodoethane Induced by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Halogen Bonding." Australian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 8 (2019): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch19237.

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The attempted synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilised dicarbon (C2) fragments via nucleophilic substitution at 1,2-diiodoethane is reported. Rather than the expected SN2 pathway, clean elimination of ethene and formation of an iodoimidazolium cation was observed. The resistance towards nucleophilic substitution piqued interest, and subsequent investigation determined NHC-halogen bonding as the source. This is in contrast to reactions between NHCs and other alkyl halides, where substitution or elimination pathways are reported. A detailed theoretical study between these cases highlights the importance of iodine as a halogen bond donor compared with other halogens, and shows that NHCs are excellent halogen bond acceptors. This reactivity suggests potential for application of the halogen bonding interaction between NHCs and organic compounds.

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Gómez-Bengoa, Enrique, Aitor Landa, Aitziber Lizarraga, Antonia Mielgo, Mikel Oiarbide, and Claudio Palomo. "Catalytic asymmetric α-alkylation of aldehydesvia a SN2′-type addition-elimination pathway." Chem. Sci. 2, no. 2 (2011): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0sc00402b.

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Duan, Jinxia, QingWen Yue, Qiu Xiong, Liqian Wang, Linlu Zhu, Kai Zhang, Jun Zhang, and Hao Wang. "Surface modification of SnO2 blocking layers for hysteresis elimination of MAPbI3 photovoltaics." Applied Surface Science 470 (March 2019): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.11.163.

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Huang, Lan, Yu Zhang, Jianhui Liao, Lina Xu, Ning Gu, and Haojing Shen. "Micropatterning by Wettability Control of the SiO2 Surface with Ultraviolet Irradiation." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 04 (August 2003): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005414.

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A new phenomenon has been described for fabrication micropatterning by changing SiO 2 surface wettability with ultraviolet irradiation. The most possible reason is the elimination of surface oxygen vacancies at bridging sites. With this technique reconstructed, it may be applicable to assembly of microelectronic circuits in the future.

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Shan, Haoru, Xiangyang Dong, Xiaota Cheng, Yang Si, Jianyong Yu, and Bin Ding. "Highly flexible, mesoporous structured, and metallic Cu-doped C/SiO2 nanofibrous membranes for efficient catalytic oxidative elimination of antibiotic pollutants." Nanoscale 11, no. 31 (2019): 14844–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr04118d.

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Gronert, Scott, and Lil-Myra Fong. "Structural Effects on the Gas Phase Reactivity of Organic Salt Complexes: Substitution versus Hofmann Elimination." Australian Journal of Chemistry 56, no. 5 (2003): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02156.

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Salt complexes between a dianion and a tetraalkylammonium cation were formed during electrospray ionization (ESI) and their reactions were studied under collision-activated dissociation (CAD) conditions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Products corresponding to SN2 and E2 reactions within the complexes were observed. The competition between substitution and elimination was explored by varying the nature of the alkyl group on the ammonium. In addition, primary and secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects were determined for the E2 (kH/kD = 3.5 ± 0.2) and SN2 reactions (kH/kD = 0.94 ± 0.05), respectively. When compared with the analogous bimolecular reactions of alkyl bromides, the data indicate that Hofmann (ammonium salts) and Saytzev (alkyl bromides) reactivity patterns are operative in the gas phase.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NO and SO2 elimination'

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