Academic literature on the topic 'NMQL'
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Journal articles on the topic "NMQL"
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Shah, Raj, Khosro A. Shirvani, Alexandra Przyborowski, Nikhil Pai, and Mohsen Mosleh. "Role of Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL) in Machining Application." Lubricants 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100266.
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Gaining grounds as a potential heat transfer fluid due to its superior thermal and tribological properties, Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL) has been classified as an environmentally friendly technique and has already been successfully applied in several machining processes. This paper presents a review of the role of NMQL for different machining processes. The mechanisms of the MQL technique are thoroughly explained for achieving optimal performance based on parameters like nozzle feed position, angle of elevation, distance from the nozzle tip to cutting zone, flow rate, and air pressure. NMQL is shown to enhance cooling performance and lubrication, as well as the tribological properties of the fluid and cutting performance. With government legislative and public opinion pushing manufacturing companies towards sustainable production techniques and practices, the implementation of MQL-nanofluid can slowly prevent the adverse effects that conventional cutting fluids contribute.
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PADHY, Chinmaya, and Pariniti SINGH. "Estimating Machinability Factors in Turning of Inconel 625 under different lubricating conditions using 3D DEFORM FE Analysis." INCAS BULLETIN 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.1.8.
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This paper contributes to the investigation of machinability factors in turning the nickel- based Inconel 625 superalloy with PVD coated TiAlN tungsten carbide cutting insert. The machinability parameters – cutting force (Fc), tool wear rate (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄), and tool temperature (T) are visualized graphically using the FE model based Deform 3D software interface. The paper discusses the application of boundary conditions, and meshing used for simulating results. The results of the dry turning simulation showed a maximum level of cutting force, tool-tip temperature, and tool wear rate in comparison with conventional MQL and NMQL conditions. The NMQL conditions showed a reduction in cutting force with the use of h-BN NMQL environment compared with dry and conventional MQL machining by 41% and 27%, respectively. Further, the comparison of cutting tool temperature for three simulated conditions showed a clear-cut reduction of temperature in NMQL conditions in comparison with dry and conventional MQL, by 44% and 30%, respectively.
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Singh, Talwinder, Jasminder Singh Dureja, Manu Dogra, and Manpreet S. Bhatti. "Environment Friendly Machining of Inconel 625 under Nano-Fluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL)." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 19, no. 11 (November 2018): 1689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12541-018-0196-7.
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Singh, Pragat, J. S. Dureja, Harwinder Singh, and Manpreet S. Bhatti. "Performance comparison of coated carbide tool under different cooling/lubrication environments during face milling of Inconel-625 and Stainless Steel 304." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2018-0194.
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PurposeThis study aims to use nanofluid-based minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) technique to minimize the use of cutting fluids in machining of Inconel-625 and Stainless Steel 304 (SS-304) (Ni-Cr alloys).Design/methodology/approachMachining of Ni-Cr-based alloys is very challenging as these exhibit lower thermal conductivity and rapid work hardening. So, these cannot be machined dry, and a suitable cutting fluid has to be used. To improve the thermal conductivity of cutting fluid, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to the soybean oil and used with MQL. This study attempts to compare tool wear of coated carbide inserts during face milling of Inconel-625 and SS-304 under dry, flooded and NMQL conditions. The machining performance of both materials, i.e. Inconel-625 and SS-304, has been compared on the basis of tool wear behavior evaluated using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy.FindingsThe results indicate higher tool wear and lower tool life during machining of Inconel-625 as compared to SS-304. Machining of Inconel-625 exhibited non-consistent tool wear behavior. The tool failure modes experienced during dry machining are discrete fracture, cracks, etc., which are completely eliminated with the use of NMQL machining. In addition, less adhesion wear and abrasion marks are noticed as compared to dry and flooded machining, thereby enhancing the tool life.Research limitations/implicationsInconel-625 and SS-304 have specific applications in aircraft and aerospace industry, where sculptured surfaces of the turbine blades are machined. The results of current investigation will provide a rich data base for effective machining of both materials under variety of machining conditions.Originality/valueThe literature review indicated that majority of research work on MQL machining has been carried out to explore machining of Ni-Cr alloys such as Inconel 718, Inconel 800, AISI4340, AISI316, AISI1040, AISI430, titanium alloys, hardened steel alloys and Al alloys. Few researchers have explored the suitability of nanofluids and vegetable oil-based cutting fluids in metal cutting operation. However, no literature is available on face milling using nanoparticle-based MQL during machining Inconel-625 and SS-304. Therefore, experimental investigation was conducted to examine the machining performance of NMQL during face milling of Inconel-625 and SS-304 by using soybean oil (vegetable oil) with MWCNTs to achieve ecofriendly machining.
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Jia, Dongzhou, Changhe Li, Yanbin Zhang, Min Yang, Xianpeng Zhang, Runze Li, and Heju Ji. "Experimental evaluation of surface topographies of NMQL grinding ZrO2 ceramics combining multiangle ultrasonic vibration." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 100, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2018): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2718-y.
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Taha-Tijerina, Jose Jaime, and Immanuel A. Edinbarough. "Comparative Cutting Fluid Study on Optimum Grinding Parameters of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Using Flood, Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), and Nanofluid MQL (NMQL)." Lubricants 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060250.
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Titanium alloys have been of paramount interest to the aerospace industry due to their attractive characteristics. However, these alloys are difficult to machine and require grinding post-processes for quality assurance of the products. Conventional grinding takes a long time and uses a flood coolant-lubrication technique, which is not cost effective nor environmentally friendly. Several studies have been performed to prove the viability and benefit of using Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) with vegetable or synthetic-ester fluids. This work aims to find the optimum grinding parameters of creep feed grinding Ti-6Al-4V with a green silicon carbide wheel, using a flood lubrication system with water-soluble synthetic oil, MQL with ester oil, and nano-MQL (NMQL) using alumina-nanopowder homogeneously dispersed within an ester oil. It is concluded that at 0.635 mm and 1.27 mm infeeds, the three lubrication methods performed similarly. At an infeed of 1.905 mm, MQL did not provide desirable quality, though NMQL and flood lubrication performed practically identically. At a cross feed of 0.254 mm, an infeed of 1.27 mm, and a table feed rate of 6.7 m/min, these grinding parameters provide a material removal rate of 2163 mm3/min with a surface roughness across (Ra) of 0.515 µm. These parameters provide the quickest material removal rate while still maintaining industrial quality. This conclusion is based on environmental, economic, and qualitative results.
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Singh, P., J. S. Dureja, H. Singh, and M. S. Bhatti. "Nanofluid-based Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Face Milling of Inconel 625." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 6874–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.04.0516.
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Machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has gained widespread attention to boost machining performance of difficult to machine materials such as Ni-Cr alloys, especially to reduce the negative impact of conventional flooded machining on environment and machine operator health. The present study is aimed to evaluate MQL face milling performance of Inconel 625 using nano cutting fluid based on vegetable oil mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Experiments were designed with 2-level factorial design methodology. ANOVA test and desirability optimisation method were employed to arrive at optimised milling parameters to achieve minimum tool wear and machined surface quality. Experiments were performed under nanoparticles based minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) conditions using different weight concentrations of MWCNT in base oil: 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 wt. %; and pure MQL environment (without nanoparticles). The optimal MQL milling parameters found are cutting speed: 47 m/min, table feed rate: 0.05 mm/tooth and depth of cut: 0.20 mm. The results revealed improvement in the surface finish (Ra) by 17.33% and reduction in tool flank wear (VB) by 11.48 % under NMQL face milling of Inconel 625 with 1% weight concentration of MWCNT in base oil compared to pure MQL machining conditions.
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Kumar, Avinash, Anuj Kumar Sharma, and Jitendra Kumar Katiyar. "State-of-the-Art in Sustainable Machining of Different Materials Using Nano Minimum Quality Lubrication (NMQL)." Lubricants 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020064.
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In the manufacturing industry, during machining, the conventional cutting fluid plays a vital role; however, extravagant use of cutting fluids due to its disposal affects the environment badly. Nowadays, due to these advantages of conventional cutting fluids, alternative methods of conventional cutting fluids or alternative methods are preferred. One of the most preferred methods may be the minimum quantity lubrication technique with conventional or nanoparticle-enriched cutting fluids. The present paper has a compilation of the investigations based on MQL application in different machining processes such as turning, milling, grinding, and drilling. The machining also involves hard-to-machine alloys. The paper discusses cryogenic MQL in brief and opens the domain for work in future. The purpose of this paper is to provide a quick reference for researchers working on the practical use of MQL lubricants with nanopowders dissolved and their application in machining for different materials.
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Singh, Talwinder, J. S. Dureja, Manu Dogra, and Manpreet S. Bhatti. "Multi-response optimization in environment friendly turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 15, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 538–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-07-2018-0139.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on tool flank wear and machined surface quality of AISI 304 stainless steel during environment friendly turning under nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) conditions using PVD-coated carbide cutting inserts. Design/methodology/approach Turning experiments are conducted as per the central composite rotatable design under the response surface methodology. ANOVA and regression analysis are employed to examine significant cutting parameters and develop mathematical models for VB (tool flank wear) and Ra (surface roughness). Multi-response desirability optimization approach is used to investigate optimum turning parameters for simultaneously minimizing VB and Ra. Findings Optimal input turning parameters are observed as follows: cutting speed: 168.06 m/min., feed rate: 0.06 mm/rev. and depth of cut: 0.25 mm with predicted optimal output response factors: VB: 106.864 µm and Ra: 0.571 µm at the 0.753 desirability level. ANOVA test reveals depth of cut and cutting speed-feed rate interaction as statistically significant factors influencing tool flank wear, whereas cutting speed is a dominating factor affecting surface roughness. Confirmation tests show 5.70 and 3.71 percent error between predicted and experimental examined values of VB and Ra, respectively. Research limitations/implications AISI 304 is a highly consumed grade of stainless steel in aerospace components, chemical equipment, nuclear industry, pressure vessels, food processing equipment, paper industry, etc. However, AISI 304 stainless steel is considered as a difficult-to-cut material because of its high strength, rapid work hardening and low heat conductivity. This leads to lesser tool life and poor surface finish. Consequently, the optimization of machining parameters is necessary to minimize tool wear and surface roughness. The results obtained in this research can be used as turning database for the above-mentioned industries for attaining a better machined surface quality and tool performance under environment friendly machining conditions. Practical implications Turning of AISI 304 stainless steel under NMQL conditions results in environment friendly machining process by maintaining a dry, healthy, clean and pollution free working area. Originality/value Machining of AISI 304 stainless steel under vegetable oil-based NMQL conditions has not been investigated previously.
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Nouzil, Ibrahim, Abdelkrem Eltaggaz, Salman Pervaiz, and Ibrahim Deiab. "Toxicity Analysis of Nano-Minimum Quantity Lubrication Machining—A Review." Lubricants 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10080176.
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The lubrication properties of nanoparticles are of great interest to the manufacturing industry and led to the development of the nano-minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) cooling strategy. To evaluate the sustainability characteristics of nano-minimum quantity lubrication, apart from analyzing the benefits of increasing machining efficiency, it is also essential to evaluate the potential detrimental effects of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. Existing literature provides substantial data on the benefits of nano-minimum quantity lubrication machining. However, the current literature does not provide researchers in the machining sector a comprehensive analysis of the toxicity of the nanoparticles used in nano-minimum quantity lubrication. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review that addresses the toxicity levels of the most frequently used nanoparticles in NMQL machining. To understand the impacts of nanoparticles on the human body and the environment, in vitro studies that evaluate the nanoparticles’ toxicity on human cells and in vitro/in vivo studies on other living organisms are considered. The results from toxicity studies on each of the chosen nanoparticles are summarized and presented in chronological order. The reviewed studies indicate transition metal dichalcogenides (MoS2 and WS2) exhibit very low toxicity when compared to other nanoparticles. The toxicity of hBN and AL2O3 nanoparticles varies depending on their lengths and crystalline structures, respectively. In conclusion, a chart that maps the toxicity levels of nanoparticles on seven different human cell lines (human lung epithelial cells (A549), human bronchial epithelial cells (Nl-20), AGS human gastric cells, human epidermal cells (HEK), human liver-derived cells (HepG2), human endothelial cells and human peripheral cells), representing exposures by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact, was developed for easy and quick insights. This is the first attempt in open literature to combine the results of the experimental investigations of nano-minimum quantity lubrication cooling and the toxicity studies of nanoparticles, allowing researchers to make informed decisions in the selection of the most sustainable nanoparticles in the nano-minimum quantity lubrication machining process.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NMQL"
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VACCA, MARCO. "Emerging Technologies - NanoMagnets Logic (NML)." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2507366.
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In the last decades CMOS technology has ruled the electronic scenario thanks to the constant scaling of transistor sizes. With the reduction of transistor sizes circuit area decreases, clock frequency increases and power consumption decreases accordingly.
However CMOS scaling is now approaching its physical limits and many believe that CMOS technology will not be able to reach the end of the Roadmap. This is mainly due to increasing difficulties in the fabrication process, that is becoming very expensive, and to the unavoidable impact of leakage losses, particularly thanks to
gate tunnel current.
In this scenario many alternative technologies are studied to overcome the limitations of CMOS transistors. Among these possibilities, magnetic based technologies, like NanoMagnet Logic (NML) are among the most interesting. The reason of this
interest lies in their magnetic nature, that opens up entire new possibilities in the design of logic circuits, like the possibility to mix logic and memory in the same device. Moreover they have no standby power consumption and potentially a much lower power consumption of CMOS transistors.
In literature NML logic is well studied and theoretical and experimental proofs of
concept were already found. However two important points are not enough considered in the analysis approach followed by most of the work in literature. First of all, no complex circuits are analyzed. NML logic is very different from CMOS technologies, so to completely understand the potential of this technology it is mandatory
to investigate complex architectures. Secondly, most of the solutions proposed do not take into account the constraints derived from fabrication process, making them unrealistic and difficult to be fabricated experimentally.
This thesis focuses therefore on NML logic keeping into account these two important limitations in the research approach followed in literature. The aim is to obtain a complete and accurate overview of NML logic, finding realistic circuital solutions and trying to improve at the same time their performance. After a brief and complete introduction (Chapter 1), the thesis is divided in two parts, which cover the two fundamental points followed in this three years of research: A circuits
architecture analysis and a technological analysis.
In the architecture analysis first an innovative VHDL model is described in Chapter 2. This model is extensively used in the analysis because it allows fast simulation of complex circuits, with, at the same time, the possibility to estimate circuit per-
formance, like area and power consumption. In Chapter 3 the problem of signals
synchronization in complex NML circuits is analyzed and solved, using as benchmark a simple but complete NML microprocessor. Different solutions based on asynchronous logic are studied and a new asynchronous solution, specifically designed to exploit the potential of NML logic, is developed. In Chapter 4 the layout of NML circuits is studied on a more physical level, considering the limitations of fabrication processes. The layout of NML circuits is therefore changed accordingly
to these constraints. Secondly CMOS circuits architectures are compared to more simple architectures, evaluating therefore which one is more suited for NML logic. Finally the problem of interconnections in NML technology is analyzed and solutions to improve it are found. In Chapter 5 the problem of feedback signals in heavy
pipelined technologies, like NML, is studied. Solutions to improve performances and synchronize signals are developed. Systolic arrays are then analyzed as possible candidate to exploit NML potential. Finally in Chapter 6 ToPoliNano, a simulator dedicated to NML and other emerging technologies, that we are developing, is
described. This simulator allows to follow the same top-down approach followed for CMOS technology. The layout generator and the simulation engine are detailed described.
In the first chapter of the technological analysis (Chapter 7), the performance of NML logic is explored throughout low level simulations. The aim is to understand if these circuits can be fabricated with optical lithography, allowing therefore the
commercial development of NML logic. Basic logic gates and the clock system are there analyzed from a low level perspective. In Chapter 8 an innovative electric clock system for NML technology is shown and the first experimental results are reported. This clock system allows to achieve true low power for NML technology, obtaining a reduction of power consumption of 20 times considering the best CMOS transistors available. This power consumption takes into account all the losses, also
the clock system losses. Moreover the solution presented can be fabricated with current technological processes.
The research work behind this thesis represents an important breakthrough in NML logic. The solutions here presented allow the design and fabrication of complex NML circuits, considering the particular characteristics of this technology and
considerably improving the performance. Moreover the technological solutions here
presented allow the design and fabrication of circuits with available fabrication process with a considerable advantage over CMOS in terms of power consumption. This thesis represents therefore a considerable step froward in the study and development of NML technology.
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Krey, Katherine Gorter. "Sovereign Debt after Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital: Developing a Framework for Sovereign Default Arbitration." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1648.
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In July 2014, Argentina entered selective default, even as the country remained financially solvent. The default stemmed not from economic woes, but rather from protracted international litigation between Argentina and a group of hedge funds who, for years, refused to negotiate with Argentina over their bond holdings in the wake of the country’s first default in 2001. These holdouts stalled negotiations and locked Argentina out of international credit markets, damaging the country’s economy and financially harming other creditors and Argentinian citizens alike. Argentina ended up in such a dilemma because of the current sovereign debt restructuring process.
No international arbitrator of sovereign debt currently exists. Instead, a country must negotiate with creditors on an ad-hoc basis, gathering support from 100% of creditors before it can restructure its debt and reenter international credit markets, an extremely inefficient system. This paper will assess the current system of sovereign default renegotiations, identifying inefficiencies in the current system, reviewing past proposals for improvements to the system, and ultimately proposing an international arbitrator for default negotiations. This text uses the development of the US Federal Municipal Bankruptcy Act of 1934 as a guide for an international bankruptcy court. Prior to the passage of the law, municipalities faced many of the same challenges faced by defaulted nations today, including powerful holdouts and a lack of structure in the negotiation system. Given the similarities between the two cases, the Federal Municipal Bankruptcy Act serves as an ideal framework for sovereign default arbitration internationally.
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RIENTE, FABRIZIO. "Design Methods and Tools for Nanocomputing: from Silicon Nanoarrays to Nano Magnetic Logic." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2643119.
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Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has driven the electronic scenario for the last 40 years. The exponential grow of computing power implicates technological challenges, such as scaling transistor sizes, increasing clock frequency and reducing the power consumption. These goals raise dramatically the manufacturing cost with every new technology node. The projections of the ITRS roadmap report tell us that the scaling will be also influenced by fundamental physical limits.
These observations have stimulated researchers from industry and academia to investigate possible feasible alternatives to CMOS technology. Since at the time of writing is difficult to find a clear winner, many possibilities are studied. They are based on different computational variables such as charge controlled (i.e. transistors) or magnetic field controlled devices.
But, all of them have three aspects in common: i) the manufacturing process is still not mature, so they have to deal with a high defect rate; ii) the high density expected from these new devices arise problems related to the design automation field; iii) currently no tools, specifically targeted for emerging devices, are available on the market that allow researchers to investigate these technologies.
In fact, it is rather difficult to find a toolchain of existing software able to provide a complete design flow from nanodevice simulation to floorplanning, place and route, and nanoarchitecture simulation and evaluation, able to handle emerging devices related constraints.
This manuscript focuses on the development of a CAD tool for nanotechnologies, named ToPoliNano.
It has the ability, starting from the VHDL description of the circuit, to automatically generate the physical layout choosing a target nanotechnology. At the time of writing two technologies are supported: silicon nanorrays and in-plane NanoMagnetic Logic. After the layout phase, the user can simulate the circuit behavior with an integrated simulation engine.
In this work, three beyond CMOS technologies are investigated and analyzed from an architectural point of view. The first one is based on silicon nanoarrays, the last two come from the Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) family, the in-plane Nano Magnetic Logic (iNML) and the perpendicular Nano Magnetic Logic (pNML). The aim of this thesis is to analyze the layout constrains of these emerging technologies making an architectural exploration. The investigation and the benchmarking is enabled thanks to ToPoliNano, which has been enriched, during my PhD, of a place and route engine and a fault injection mechanism to verify circuits robustness. These features implementation will be discussed more in detail respectively in part 2 and 1.
After a brief technological background provided in the introduction, the thesis is divided in three main parts dedicated to the three technologies analyzed: silicon nanoarray, iNML and pNML.
In part 1 the high defect rate of silicon nanoarray technology is discussed and analyzed in order to find a method to design more reliable circuits. A new methodology has been developed and tested through our CAD tool ToPoliNano. Fault tolerant circuits have been tested injecting different fault maps and evaluating the output error rate and yield.
In part 2, the main working structure of the layout engine and the layout constraints of iNML technology are introduced. In part 2, first the main working principle and the layout constrains are presented to the reader. Then, a detailed description of the design flow implemented in ToPoliNano will be presented. The place and route engine implemented in ToPoliNano will be analyzed and described in detail with examples. The algorithms are compared and results are provided in the last part of this section.
In the last part, the pNML technology will be analyzed. In particular, this work has been done in collaboration with the Lehrstuhl für Technische Elektronik (LTE) institute at the Technical University of Munich (TUM).
Here, after a brief introduction about the up to date fabrication process, some experimental data are presented in order to extract useful information for developing a drawing tool. The idea is to design a drawing tool that enables the final user to design 3D pNML based circuits. The tool should embed data collected from experiments and it should able to automatically export the VHDL file that described the drawn architecture. In this way, the behavior and the correctness of the circuit can be verified using Modelsim simulator from Mentor Graphics. However, this part of the thesis in currently under development. Thus, only an overview of the whole flow will be provided.
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WANG, JUAN CHI. "Multilevel Modeling and Architectural Solutions for Emerging Technology Circuits." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2644810.
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In the last decades, the main driving force behind the astonishing development of CMOS technology, was the transistor scaling process. The reduction of transistor sizes has granted a continuous boost in circuits performance. But now that the scaling process is reaching its physical limits, researchers are forcusing on new emerging technologies. Research on these new technologies is usually carried on using a traditional approach. Some studies concentrate on new devices without analyzing circuits based on them. Other studies analyze circuit architectures without considering devices characteristics and limitations. However, given that the nature of emerging technologies can be very different from CMOS, new research methodologies should be adopted. A clear link between device and architectural analysis is necessary to understand the true potential of the technology under study. The objective of this PhD thesis is the analysis of emerging technologies using an innovative methodology. Using complex and realistic circuits as benchmark, high level models are built incorporating low level device characteristics. This methodology strongly links device and architectural levels. The methodology was applied to two emerging technologies: NanoMagnet Logic (NML) and Nanoscale Application Specific Integrated Circuits (NASIC). A brief introduction of fundamental information on the two technologies is given in Chapter 1. The application of the methodology on NML technology is divided in two parts (Chapter 2): i) architecture-level timing and performance analysis and circuits optimization; (ii) area and power estimations using VHDL modeling. Starting from an exhaustive analysis of the effects and the consequences derived by the presence of loops in a complex NML sequential architecture, solutions have been proposed to address the problem of signal synchronization, and optimization techniques have been explored for performance maximization. Area and power estimations have been performed on multiple NML architectures in order to obtain a complete evaluation on the implementation of NanoMagnet Logic in comparison with the CMOS technology. Chapter 4 is dedicated to NASIC technology with basic principles described in Chapter 3. Basic computational blocks are implemented using a multilevel modeling approach. A detailed analysis of circuits' area and power estimations is obtained. Techniques to optimize the area of circuits at the cost of reduced throughput were also investigated. The research activity presented in this thesis highlights the development of an innovative methodology based on high-level models that embed information obtained from physical level simulations. By exploiting this methodology to different emerging technologies, such as NML and NASIC, it allows to eciently analyze circuits and therefore to bring architectural improvements.
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Koutchade, Obafèmi-Philippe. "Hétérogénéité inobservée et solutions en coin dans les modèles micro-économétriques de choix de production multiculture." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARE048/document.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux questions de l’hétérogénéité inobservée et des solutions en coin dans les modèles de choix d’assolements. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous nous appuyons sur un modèle de choix de production multicultures avec choix d’assolement de forme NMNL, dont nous proposons des extensions. Ces extensions conduisent à des problèmes spécifiques d’estimation, auxquels nous apportons des solutions. La question de l’hétérogénéité inobservée est traitée en considérant une spécification à paramètres aléatoires. Ceci nous permet de tenir compte des effets de l’hétérogénéité inobservée sur l’ensemble des paramètres du modèle. Nous montrons que les versions stochastiques de l’algorithme EM sont particulièrement adaptées pour estimer ce type de modèle.Nos résultats d’estimation et de simulation montrent que les agriculteurs réagissent de façon hétérogène aux incitations économiques et que ne pas tenir compte de cette hétérogénéité peut conduire à des effets simulés de politiques publique biaisés.Pour tenir compte des solutions en coin dans les choix d’assolement, nous proposons une modélisation basée sur les modèles à changement de régime endogène avec coûts fixes associés aux régimes. Contrairement aux approches basées sur des systèmes de régression censurées, notre modèle est cohérent d’un point de vue micro-économique. Nos résultats montrent que les coûts fixes associés aux régimes jouent un rôle important dans le choix des agriculteurs de produire ou non certaines cultures et qu’ils constituent, à court terme, un déterminant important des cIn this thesis, we are interested in questions of unobserved heterogeneity and corner solutions in acreage choice models. To answer these questions, we rely on a NMNL acreage share multi-crop models, of which we propose extensions. These extensions lead to specific estimation problems, to which we provide solutions.The question of unobserved heterogeneity is dealt with by considering a random parameter specification. This allows us to take into account the effects of the unobserved heterogeneity on all the parameters of the model. We show that the stochastic versions of the EM algorithm are particularly suitable for estimating this type of modelOur estimation and simulation results show that farmers react heterogeneously to economic incentives and that ignoring this heterogeneity can lead to biased simulated effects of public policies.In order to take account of the corner solutions in acreage choices, we propose modelling based on endogenous regime switching models with regime fixed costs. Unlike approaches based on censored regression systems, our model is “fully” consistent from a micro-economic viewpoint. Our results show that the regime fixed costs play an important role in farmers’ choice to produce or not some crops and they are, in the short term, an important determinant of acreage choices
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Edwards, Jessica Louise. "Chemistry in the Final Stages of Stellar Evolution: Millimeter and Submillimeter Observations of Supergiants and Planetary Nebulae." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565895.
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High mass loss rates in evolved stars make them the major contributors to recycling processed material back into the interstellar medium. This mass loss creates large circumstellar shells, rich in molecular material. This dissertation presents millimeter and submillimeter studies of the end stages of low mass and high mass stars in order to probe their molecular content in more detail. In low mass stars, the molecular material is carried on into the planetary nebula (PN) stage. Observations of CS, HCO⁺, and CO in planetary nebulae (PNe) of various post-asymptotic giant branch ages have shown that molecular abundances in these objects do not significantly vary with age, as previously thought. More detailed observations of the slightly oxygen-rich PN NGC 6537 resulted in the detection of CN, HCN, HNC, CCH, CS, SO, H₂CO, HCO⁺ and N₂H⁺, as well as numerous ¹³C isotopologues. Observations of the middle-aged PN M2-48 showed the presence of CN, HCN, HNC, CS, SO, SO₂, SiO, HCO⁺, N₂H⁺, and several ¹³C isotopologues. These observations represent the first detections of CS, SO, SO₂, and SiO in any planetary nebula. The implications of these observations are discussed. A 1 mm spectral survey of the supergiant star NML Cygni has been carried out with the Arizona Radio Observatory Submillimeter Telescope resulting in the observation of 102 emission features arising from 17 different molecules and 4 unidentified features. The line profiles observed in this circumstellar shell are asymmetric and vary between different molecules, akin to what has been seen in another supergiant, VY Canis Majoris. The non-LTE radiative transfer code ESCAPADE has been used to model molecular abundances in the various asymmetric outflows of VY Canis Majoris, showing just how chemically and kinematically complex these supergiant circumstellar envelopes really are.
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Cordeiro, Nuno Filipe Seixas. "Prevalência de lesões músculo-esqueléticas em atletas de formação de voleibol: associação com os fatores de risco." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6257.
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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em FisioterapiaObjectivo: Identificar quais as lesões músculo-esqueléticas mais prevalentes nos atletas de formação de voleibol correlacionando-a com diferentes variáveis antropométricas como o número de anos de prática de voleibol, o número de horas de treino semanal, a idade, a altura, o peso e o IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal) Metodologia: A população deste estudo foram atletas de formação de voleibol, sendo a amostra constituída por elementos das equipas masculinas de voleibol formação do Sporting Clube de Espinho. Foi utilizado um questionário de caracterização da amostra auto reportado e foi aplicado o Questionário Nórdico Músculo-Esquelético (QNM) para caracterização da prevalência de lesão anual, semanal, limitações funcionais anuais e intensidade da dor para nove diferentes regiões anatómicas. Resultados: As regiões em que os atletas apresentaram maior número de lesões, foram os joelhos (42,9%), punho/Mãos (28,6%) e tornozelos/pés (28,5%). Encontraram-se correlações positivas significativas moderadas entre a altura e as lesões anuais (ρ=0,438) e semanais (ρ=0,446) na região dos joelhos. Houve ainda uma correlação positiva moderada entre o número de lesões nos joelhos nos últimos sete dias e o número de horas de treino por semana (ρ=0,550). Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu concluir que existe uma prevalência elevada de lesões músculo-esqueléticas nos praticantes mais jovens de voleibol, sendo os joelhos a região mais afetada.
Objective: To identify which are the most prevalent musculoskeletal injuries in youth volleyball team players, correlating it with different anthropometric variables such as the number of years of volleyball practice, the number of weekly hours of training, age, height, weight, BMI ( Index of Body Mass) and dominant arm. Methodology: The sample used for this study, were all the elements of the youth male volleyball teams, from Sporting Clube de Espinho. For this investigation, a individual questionnaire was filled out and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was applied to know the annual prevalence of annual and weekly injury, annual functional limitations and pain intensity for nine different anatomical regions. Results: The areas where the athletes presented the highest number of injuries were the knees (42,9%), fist/hands (28,6%) and ankles/feet (28,5%). There were found moderate positive significant correlations between height and annual (ρ=0,438) and weekly (ρ=0,446) injuries in the knees. There was still another moderate correlation between knee injuries on the last seven days and the number of weekly hours of training (ρ=0,550). Conclusion: This study allowed me to conclude that there is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among the young players, with knees being the most affected body region.
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TURVANI, GIOVANNA. "Nano Magnetic Logic: Modeling, Architectural Explorations and Simulation Tools." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2643157.
Full textAbstract:
CMOS scaling is coming to an end due to limitations such as the increasing
leakage current and minimum fabrication sizes achievable.
Emerging technologies, that could replace CMOS in next years, are currently
under investigation. These technologies will be able to process data at an extremely high operating frequency or with a remarkable reduction of
consumed power. The ITRS report summarizes several possible technology solutions, among which carbon nano-tubes and graphene based devices, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) and silicon nanowire based nanoarrays.
Among these candidates, in this manuscript, the attention is focused on Quantum-dot Cellular Automata, and in particular to the Nano Magnetic Logic(NML) implementation since different studies envisage this technology as a promising alternative to CMOS.
The Nano Magnetic Logic working principle is based on the interaction of field-coupled nanomagnets with typical dimension of 60nmx90nm or 50nmx100nm. Information are propagated through chains of these elementary devices according to their ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.
With this technology, binary information can be encoded in the magnetization verse, indeed, thanks to their very small dimension only two stable states can be recognized: Logic 1 are stored with an up magnetization, while Logic 0 are stored with a down magnetization.
The main characteristic of NML are: I) the non-volatility of stored information; II) it is immune to radiation noise and high-energy alpha particles; III) it is an interconnection-free technology; IV) there is the possibility to store logic functions and memory onto the same device and V) it can be easily integrated with CMOS technology.
In order to study this technology CAD Tools are needed; this can be useful for architectural explorations and to have terms of comparison with traditional CMOS. The ToPoliNano CAD Tool presented in this manuscript represents the answer to these points, it is able to automatically generate and simulate layouts based on NML starting from and architectural VHDL description. In this scenario, the software implementation of a VHDL parser for the internal representation of circuits represent a key point which makes possible to perform all the operations and the optimizations needed to elaborate the final layout. Another important feature of this instrument is the possibility to verify the correctness of the logical behavior of an NML circuit, for this reason an ad-hoc simulation engine has been developed and validated through a huge number of benchmarks. Thanks to ToPoliNano a thorough study on NML architecture has been made.
The main features of ToPoliNano are: I) It is flexible and able to handle different emerging technologies; II) It exploits the same top-down approach of CMOS Tools; III) It is able to generate automatically generate layouts; IV) It allows to verify the correctness of logical NML-based circuits thanks to its specifically tailored simulation engines; V) Since the NML technology is not yet settled we need new techniques to take into account faults derived from the manufacturing process.
This thesis focuses therefore on NML logic keeping into account these technology presents also some limitations that can be overcome introducing two other NML implementation: Magneto Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) and perpendicular-NML (pNML) as possible alternative to the traditional in-plane NML (iNML) implementation.
Indeed, generally, in iNML circuits, the external fields are made through the use of wires carrying current and placed below the magnetic circuits. This principle has as main drawback, in addition of having high consumption in terms of power, not to allow access to the single cell; in other words, it is not possible to write a particular logical value of a single magnet. This limitation has been overcome by MTJ since cells can be driven through three control signals. In fact, the MJT are often used in combination with the access transistor that allows realizing cycles of read / write of the cells.
The third interesting implementation of NML is called perpendicular NML or pNML. The characteristic of this device, with respect to traditional in-plane implementation is the out-of-plane magnetization. In other words, perpendicular NML utilize the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA); exploiting this principle it is possible to store information depending on the verse of the magnetization. Indeed, exactly like it happened in-plane NML, only two stable states are possible: by convention, the up magnetization is considered as Logic 1 while the down magnetization represents the Logic 0. Here, with respect to the iNML case new features are introduced: I) The switching mechanism is tunable through the manufacturing process; II) The propagation direction of signals is controllable; III) Thanks to its intrinsic prosperities it can be used in 3D structures, exploiting
this it is possible to obtain a remarkable area reduction; IV) There is no need of a multiphase clock mechanism to guarantee the information propagation. This unique external magnetic field leads to a remarkable reduction in term of power consumption and a significate simplification in the circuit design process.
The methodology followed in this manuscript starts with a technological background of the three NML implementation considered: iNML, pNML and MTJ. Then, for each of them a behavioral model has been developed and then reused to design complex circuits and made architectural explorations. Any limitation identified in the design process has been handled creating specific design rules or trying to overcome them with alternative NML implementations.
Moreover, for the iNML technology, a complete design flow has been designed and presented in this manuscript. In particular, the VHDL Parser, the logical (switch level) simulation engine and the LLG-based simulation engine (also with fault analysis tools) will be presented in the following sections.
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Zevallos, Castillo Henry Omar. "¿Por qué no extender el principio de inmunidad soberana en los procesos de reestructuración de la deuda externa como derecho de los estados ante los tribunales internos extranjeros? Reflexiones de los casos peruano y argentino ante los reclamos de Elliott y NML Capital." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15691.
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En el desarrollo del fenómeno de la deuda soberana, la irrupción de los Holdouts o fondos
buitres ha generado una catarsis jurídica, en la necesidad de poder limitar su accionar
especulativo; en particular, cuando judicializan sus reclamos contra los Estados por el
pago de sus acreencias adquiridas en el mercado secundario de la deuda. En este
proceso, las sentencias favorables obtenidas por los Holdouts en los tribunales internos
designados en los instrumentos de deuda como los créditos sindicados y/o bonos
soberanos, en un primer momento, han sido objeto de atención por lo novedoso de la
interpretación de algunas de las cláusulas insertas en estos contratos como es la cláusula
pari passu. La presente investigación, a partir de la revisión de los casos Elliott vs Perú y
NML Capital vs Argentina, muestra que más importante que las acreencias reconocidas a
los Holdouts han resultado las facultades que gozan los mismos para poder bloquear las
reestructuraciones de la deuda soberana concertadas entre los Estados y la mayoría de
sus acreedores privados, conocidos como Holdins, bajo la supervisión del Fondo
Monetario Internacional, trayendo consigo adicionalmente el problema del default
soberano. En esta medida, se pretende sustentar que el principio de inmunidad soberana
debe extenderse a los procesos de reestructuración de la deuda soberana, a fin de evitar
que las demandas de los Holdouts interfieran el cumplimiento de los pagos que tienen a
su cargo los Estados con los Holdins, afianzándose de este modo la estabilidad
económica y financiera de los entes soberanos y de la Comunidad Internacional.In the development of the phenomenon of sovereign debt, the irruption of Holdouts or vulture funds has generated a legal catharsis, in the need to be able to limit its speculative actions; in particular, when they prosecute their claims against the States for the payment of their debts acquired in the secondary market of the debt. In this process, the favorable judgments obtained by the Holdouts in the domestic courts designated in debt instruments such as syndicated loans and / or sovereign bonds, at first, have been the subject of attention because of the novelty of the interpretation of some of the the clauses inserted in these contracts such as the pari passu clause. The present investigation, from the review of the Elliott vs. Peru and NML Capital vs. Argentina cases, shows that more important than the credits recognized to the Holdouts have been the faculties enjoyed by the latter in order to block the restructuring of the sovereign debt celebrated between the States and most of its private creditors, known as Holdins, under the supervision of the International Monetary Fund, bringing with it additionally the problem of sovereign default. In this measure, it is intended to support the principle of sovereign immunity should be extended to the processes of sovereign debt restructuring, in order to avoid that the demands of the Holdouts interfere with the fulfillment of the payments that are held by the States with the Holdins, consolidating in this way the economic and financial stability of sovereign entities and the International Community.
Tesis
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Scantamburlo, Daniele Ferreira. "Aplicação de ergonomia para melhoria de uma linha de montagem de uma empresa de ar condicionado." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/55855.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia IndustrialAs Lesões Musculoesqueléticas Relacionadas ao Trabalho (LMERT) estão cada vez mais presentes em todos os segmentos industriais. No Brasil foram registradas 13.240 deste tipo através de comunicado de acidente de trabalho, segundo o anuário estatístico de acidentes do trabalho de 2015. O Amazonas contribuiu com 3,7% dos casos. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal desse estudo foi analisar os riscos ergonômicos a que os trabalhadores de uma linha de montagem de condensadora, de uma empresa de ar condicionado do Polo Industrial de Manaus estão expostos, definindo prioridades de correção dos postos de trabalho e buscando soluções através de uma abordagem participativa. Para alcançar esses objetivos fez-se necessário a execução das etapas de análise dos riscos ergonômicos, através do método Occupational Repetitive Actions - OCRA nos postos de trabalho e a aplicação do Nordic Musculoeskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) com uso do coeficiente kappa para validar a concordância dos dados obtidos nos questionários aplicados. No resultado das análises ergonômicas, a linha de montagem de condensadoras apresentou dois postos de trabalho com classificação de risco violeta, com potencial de lesionar um número maior que 21,5% dos trabalhadores expostos a essas atividades com patologias de membros superiores e seis vermelhos (risco médio) de 10 – 21,5% a médio e longo prazo. Com isso conclui-se a necessidade de investimentos em projetos ergonômicos de linhas de produção, contemplando os aspectos físicos, cognitivos, psicossociais, além da estratégia de trabalho participativo para inclusão e aceitação das medidas propostas.
Work-related musculoskeletal diseases are increasingly present in all industrial segments. In Brazil, 13.240 of this type were registered through a work accident report, according to the statistical yearbook of occupational accidents of 2014. The Amazon contributed with 3.7% of the cases. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the ergonomic risks to which the workers are exposed in condenser assembly line, in an air conditioning company of the Manaus Industrial Pole, it defining priorities of correction of the jobs and seeking solutions through a participatory approach. In order to achieve these objectives, it was necessary to perform the steps of ergonomic risk analysis using the Occupational Repetitive Actions (OCRA) method and the application of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), using the kappa coefficient to validate the agreement obtained in the questionnaires applied. In the ergonomic analysis results, the condenser assembly line presented two workstation with a violet risk classification, with the potential to injure more than 21.5% of the workers exposed to these activities with upper limb and six red conditions (average risk) of 10 - 21.5% in the medium and long term. This concludes the need investments in ergonomic projects to production lines, contemplating the physical, cognitive, psychosocial aspects, as well as the participatory work strategy for inclusion and acceptance of the proposed measures.
Books on the topic "NMQL"
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NMML manuscripts: An introduction. New Delhi: Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 2003.
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(Philippines), National Movement of Young Legislators. NMYL constitution and by-laws. [Manila]: National Movement of Young Legislators, 2001.
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National Movement of Young Legislators (Philippines). NMWL the Milenium Congress on Poverty Alleviation. [Manila]: National Movement of Young Legislators Philippines, 1999.
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Engel, Arthur. Exploring Mathematics with Your Computer. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/nml/035.
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United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Report to Congress: The effect of increased speed limits in the post-NMSL era. Washington, D.C: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1998.
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Chhikara, Raj S. Sample allocation for estimation of the number of "not on mail list" (NML) farms for the 2002 Census of Agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Research and Development Division, 2002.
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S¿ltchi. S¿nmul. Unknown Publisher, 2018.
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DeVito, Joseph A. DeVito: TheIntrComm NMCL Pack GE_o14. Pearson Education, Limited, 2015.
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Effect of Increased Speed Limits in the Post-Nmsl Era. Diane Pub Co, 1998.
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NML (Nonprofit Management & Leadership). Nonprofit Management & Leadership (J-B NML Single Issue Nonprofit Management & Leadership). Jossey-Bass, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "NMQL"
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Tiwari, Anamika, Deepak Agarwal, and Anurag Singh. "Nano-Minimum Quality Lubrication (NMQL) and Machining Characteristics of Surface Using Various Nanofluids in Different Machining Processes: A Computational Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 175–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0909-1_18.
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Porod, Wolfgang, Gary H. Bernstein, György Csaba, Sharon X. Hu, Joseph Nahas, Michael T. Niemier, and Alexei Orlov. "Nanomagnet Logic (NML)." In Field-Coupled Nanocomputing, 21–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43722-3_2.
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Porod, Wolfgang, Gary H. Bernstein, György Csaba, Sharon X. Hu, Joseph Nahas, Michael T. Niemier, and Alexei Orlov. "Nanomagnet Logic (NML)." In Field-Coupled Nanocomputing, 21–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45908-9_2.
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Etoka, Sandra, and Philip Diamond. "First OH Polarimetric Images of NML CYG." In Mass-Losing Pulsating Stars and their Circumstellar Matter, 317–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0139-7_75.
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"Introduction." In Enhanced Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluid MQL Cooling Grinding, 1–19. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1546-4.ch001.
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This chapter introduces the application background and characteristics of five kinds of grinding processing methods, briefly describes the enhanced heat transfer mechanism and tribological properties of nanofluids, and points out that nanofluids minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) solves the technical bottleneck, namely minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) heat transfer capacity is insufficient and opening a new path for application of MQL to grinding process. The current status of exploratory research on the mechanism of minimum quantity lubrication grinding using nanofluids as cooling lubricants is analyzed. The research characteristics of the new green NMQL grinding technology are described, and the chapter puts forward some key problems such as the heat transfer enhancement process of NMQL, the anti-friction and anti-wear tribological mechanism of nanoparticles, and the controlled transport strategies of minimal quantity of lubricating droplets. It will be of great scientific significance and pragmatic value to perfecting NMQL grinding technical system.
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Li, Changhe, and Hafiz Muhammad Ali. "Experimental Research on Minimum Quantity Lubrication Surface Grinding With Different Cooling and Lubrication Conditions." In Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials, 1052–79. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch043.
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Given the increasing attention to environmental and health problems caused by machining, the development of an environmentally friendly grinding fluid has become an urgent task. The cooling and lubricating properties of different cooling and lubricating conditions were analyzed. The influence mechanism of nanofluids minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) on cooling and lubricating effect was revealed with different nanoparticles (MoS2, CNT, ZrO2) and different volume concentrations of MoS2 nanofluids (1%, 2%, 3%). The experimental results showed that the temperature rise (258 °C) and grinding force (Fn=70 N, Ft=27 N) obtained under NMQL grinding were the closest to the flood grinding. The specific grinding energy of MoS2 nanofluids was the lowest, which was 47 J/mm3. When the volume concentration was 2%, the best cooling and lubricating effect was obtained. The surface roughness of the workpiece was the lowest (Ra = 0.283 μm; Rz = 0.424 μm).
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"Experimental Research on Minimum Quantity Lubrication Surface Grinding With Different Cooling and Lubrication Conditions." In Enhanced Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluid MQL Cooling Grinding, 132–59. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1546-4.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
Given the increasing attention to environmental and health problems caused by machining, the development of an environmentally friendly grinding fluid has become an urgent task. The cooling and lubricating properties of different cooling and lubricating conditions were analyzed. The influence mechanism of nanofluids minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) on cooling and lubricating effect was revealed with different nanoparticles (MoS2, CNT, ZrO2) and different volume concentrations of MoS2 nanofluids (1%, 2%, 3%). The experimental results showed that the temperature rise (258 °C) and grinding force (Fn=70 N, Ft=27 N) obtained under NMQL grinding were the closest to the flood grinding. The specific grinding energy of MoS2 nanofluids was the lowest, which was 47 J/mm3. When the volume concentration was 2%, the best cooling and lubricating effect was obtained. The surface roughness of the workpiece was the lowest (Ra = 0.283 μm; Rz = 0.424 μm).
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"Experimental Research on Grinding Temperature With Different Workpiece Materials." In Enhanced Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluid MQL Cooling Grinding, 226–48. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1546-4.ch010.
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The results show that the nanofluids with a volume fraction of 2% have good comprehensive properties for lubrication. However, this study only concentrates on workpiece material—nickel base alloy. Based on literature analysis, researchers have carried out a large quantity of researches on NMQL grinding of different workpiece materials including hard steel HSS, quenched steel 100Cr6, nickel base alloy, Ti-6Al-4V alloy, soft steel CK45, and cast iron. They have mainly focused on grinding force, surface roughness, etc. The heat transfer state of nanofluids is neglected, and the research on the heat transfer mechanism of grinding temperature is lacking. Therefore, grinding temperatures obtained through MQL grinding with different concentrations of vegetable oils-based nanofluids as well as their heat transfer mechanism are investigated through simulation and experiment in this chapter.
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"Experimental Study of Lubricating Property at Grinding Wheel/Workpiece Interface Under NMQL Grinding." In Enhanced Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluid MQL Cooling Grinding, 275–97. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1546-4.ch012.
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Nanofluid is the suspension formed by lubricating oil and nanoparticles with particles sizes of 1~100 nm, and common nanoparticles include metal nanoparticles (Cu, Ag, etc.), oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, etc.), carbides (CNT, diamond), and MoS2 nanoparticles, etc. Different nanoparticles exhibit various physicochemical properties (e.g., structure and shape), which can influence their tribological characteristics. In this work, six nanofluids, namely, MoS2, SiO2, diamond, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Al2O3, and ZrO2, were used as minimum quantity lubrication grinding fluids to select the kind of nanoparticles with optimum lubrication performance in grinding nickel alloy GH4169. Experimental results concluded the following: 1) Nanoparticles with spherical or sphere-like molecular structure and nanofluids with high viscosity demonstrate superior lubrication performances. 2) The polishing effect of nanodiamond particles enhances their surface morphology. 3) The lubricating property of the six nanofluids is described in the following order: ZrO2 < CNTs < ND < MoS2 < SiO2 < Al2O3.
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Li, Changhe, and Hafiz Muhammad Ali. "Experimental Evaluation on the Effect of Nanofluids Physical Properties With Different Concentrations on Grinding Temperature." In Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials, 904–27. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch037.
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This chapter is proposed to solve the insufficient MQL cooling and heat transfer capability based on the heat transfer enhancement theory of solid. Adding nanoparticles into the base fluid can significantly elevate heat conductivity coefficient of the base fluid and enhance convective heat transfer capability of the grinding area. Researchers have carried out numerous experimental studies on nanofluids with different concentrations. However, the scientific nature of MQL cooling has not been explained. Degradable, nontoxic, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly green grinding fluid, palm oil taken as the base fluid, grinding force, grinding temperature and proportionality coefficient of energy transferred to workpiece of nanofluids with different volume fractions, are investigated in this chapter. Based on the analysis of the influence of physical characteristics of nanofluids on experimental results, cooling and heat transfer mechanism of NMQL grinding is studied. The experimental study can provide a certain technical guidance for industrial machining.
Conference papers on the topic "NMQL"
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Maurin, N. "STRUCTURE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN ACTION BETWEEN PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2.J, VARIOUS STABLE PGI2 ANALOGUES AND PROSTAGLANDIN E. (PGE1)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643455.
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PGI2 and PGE. have various effects in common: they inhibit pi at let aggregation (PA), improve erythrocyte fluidity, and produce vasodilation. A problem with PGI2 is the combination of PA inhibition with vasodilation and the resultant, usually undesired, hypotension. The aims of this study were firstly to check the action of various prostanoids on thrombocyte function and erythrocyte fluidity and secondly to investigate whether the development of stable PGI2 analogues makes it possible to separate the structure related PGI effects. We tested PGI2 (Upjohn Co., USA), the stable oxacyclic PGI2 analogue CG 4203 and the stable carbacyclic PGI0 analogue CG 4305 (both Gruenenthal GmbH, FRG), the stable carbacyclic PGI2 analogue Iloprost (Schering AG, FRG) and PGE. (Sanol Schwarz GmbH, FRG). In vitro measurements were made in blood from 15 healthy volunteers. Thrombocyte activity was assessed by PA after stimulation with ADP (1 pmol/1) and by pseudopod formation. Erythrocyte fluidity was determined by the micropore filtration method. 50% inhibition of the ADP-induced PA occurred at the following concentrations: PGI 10 nmol/1, CG 4203 50 nmol/1, CG 4305 75 nmol/1, Iloprost 4 nmol/1, PGE 50 nmol/1; 50% inhibition of pseudopod formation: PGI2 1 nmol/1, CG 4203 75 nmol/1, CG 4305 75 nmol/1, 2 Iloprost 1 nmol/1, PGE. 10 nmol/1. The substantial variation in PA inhibition potency is conspicuous. Also, each single substance has effects of different strength on the two thrombocyte function parameters here tested. On contrast to the other substances here tested, which siqnificantly improve erythrocyte fluidity to an extent depending on concentration, CG 4203 and CG 4305 have no such effect. It should therefore be possible still better to separate desired from undesired PGI actions bv making further structural modifications.
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Fonseca, Amanda F., Douglas L. Willian, Thiago R. B. S. Soares, Luiz G. C. Melo, and Omar P. Vilela Neto. "CAM/TCAM - NML." In the 30th Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3109984.3110004.
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Vickers, John D., Raelene L. Kinlough-Rathbone, and J. Fraser Mustard. "PLATELET-FIBRIN CLOTS FORMED BY THROMBIN SELECTIVELY RETAIN PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5-BISPHOSPHATE (PIF2)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643809.
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It is established that stimulation of human platelets with thrombin for 60 s in the absence of fibrinogen increases the amount of PIPp compared with unstimulated controls (4.7 ± 0.24 nmol/109 plat, vs 3.83 ± 0.14 nmol/109 plat., p<0.01, n=8). However, stimulation with thrombin for 60 s in the presence of fibrinogen causes a large decrease in the amount of PIP2 that can be extracted with acidified chloroform/methanol compared with unstimulated controls (1.62 ± 0.39 nmol/109 plat, vs 3.84 ± 0.44 nmol/109 plat., p<0.001, n=6). Stimulation of rabbit platelets with thrombin in the presence of fibrinogen also decreases the amount of extractable PIP2 (60% at 60 s, p<0.001, n=8). Similar decreases in amount can not be demonstrated for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylcholine under the same conditions, indicating that the decrease is specific for PIP2. With rabbit platelets, polymerized fibrin formed by reptilase, which does not stimulate platelets or induce clot retraction, does not cause the decrease in extractable PIP, (3.06 ± 0.05 nmol/109 plat, were extracted compared with 3.182 ± 0.07 nmol/109 plat, without reptilase). However, stimulation of rabbit platelets with ADP in the presence of polymerizing fibrin formed by reptilase causes | larger decrease in extractable PIP2 (to 2.54 ± 0.19 nmol/109 plat., p<0.05, n=4) than is caused Dy ADP and fibrinogen alone (to 2.87 ± 0.06 nmol/10 plat., p<0.05, n=4). Inhibition by glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline of polymerization of fibrin formed by the action of thrombin prevents the large.decrease in the amount of extractable PIP2 (4.37 ± 0.30 nmol/10 plat, were extracted) from human platelets. These results indicate that the interaction of polymerizing fibrin with stimulated platelets is required for the decrease in PIP2. The decrease in extractable PIP2 seen with polymerizing fibrin can not be explained by increased degradation of PIP2 to IP3 or PIP. Thus, when human or rabbit platelets are stimulated with thrombin in the presence of fibrinogen, an association of polymerizing fibrin with the stimulated platelets occurs that leads to decreased extractability of PIP2. This may mean that PIP2 forms a specific association with pratelet proteins that are involved in clot retraction.
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Rissanen, Jorma, and Teemu Roos. "Conditional NML Universal Models." In 2007 Information Theory and Applications Workshop. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ita.2007.4357600.
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Bondaschi, Marco, and Michael Gastpar. "Alpha-NML Universal Predictors." In 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit50566.2022.9834544.
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Hermán, F., P. Hadházy, and K. Magyar. "IN VIVO SELECTIVITY BETWEEN HYPOTENSIVE AND PLATELET ANTIAGGREGATING ACTIONS OF ILOPROST AND PGI2 IN BEAGLE DOGS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643456.
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Iloprost (Schering A.G.) is a chemically stable derivative of prostacyclin. We compared the hypotensive and antiaggregatory effects of PGI2 and Iloprost. The concentration producing 50% inhibition (IC50) of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro was 0.35±0.15 nmol/1 for PGI2 and 0.56±0.2 nmol/1 for Iloprost (n=5). The in vivo antiaggregatory activity was measured with a modified filtration pressure technique (F.Hermán et al.Thromb. Res.44 /1986/, 575) in anaesthetized beagle dogs; the change in arterial blood pressure was recorded simultaneously. Using this technique, the dose-response relationship and the duration of action of prostacyclin and Iloprost following bolus administration have been determined. PGI2 was equipotent with Iloprost in inhibiting platelet aggregation in vivo (ED25: 0.25±0.04 nmol/kg; 0.28±0.05 respectively). At the same time PGI2 was two times as potent as Iloprost in decreasing the mean arterial blood pressure (ED25: 0.41±0.12 nmol/kg; 0.87±0.14 nmol/kg respectively). The antiaggregatory and hypotensive effects of Iloprost last longer in each experiment than that of PGI2, but did not reach the level of significance probably due to the considerable interindividual differences. The in vivo selectivity ratios (hypotensive potency/antiaggregatory potency) of Iloprost and PGI2 were 0.32 and 0.6 respectively. These results show that in anesthetized beagles Iloprost is somewhat more selective than PGI2 in inhibiting platelet aggregation.
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Sukik, Layan, Bushra Hoque, Linda Boutefnouchet, and Vijay Ganji. "Serum vitamin D concentrations are non-linearly related to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0138.
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Background: Post-menopausal women are at high risk for breast cancer. The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and breast cancer in post-menopausal women is not well understood. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum 25(OH)D and breast cancer using nationally representative sample surveys. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, we used seven cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2001 through 2014. Participants were non-institutionalized post-menopausal women (n=8100). Logistic regression was performed to determine the association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and breast cancer prevalence. A restricted cubic spline method was used to assess the non-linear association. Results: The prevalence of breast cancer was 3.3%, 4.0%, 4.6%, 6.4%, and 6.9% in the groups with serum 25(OH)D levels of <30, 30-<50, 50-<75, 75-<100, and ≥100 nmol/L, respectively. The risk of having breast cancer was significantly higher in the serum 25(OH)D 75-<100 nmol/L category compared to the 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L concentration [OR and 95% CI; 2.21 (1.23-3.98)]. Furthermore, a significant non-linear relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations (when used as a continuous variable) and breast cancer in all post-menopausal women (p for non-linear trend 0.032) was observed. Overall, the risk of breast cancer was highest (OR=1.5) between 70 nmol/L and 80 nmol/L of serum 25(OH)D concentration in all post-menopausal women. Conclusion: An adverse association was observed between serum 25(OH)D concentration and breast cancer in post-menopausal women. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of vitamin D in cancer pathogenesis.
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Erzhen, Zen, Lu Yung-Cai, Wang Jain, Shi Fang, Lia Xiaoqing, Zhou Yulin, Jia Xudong, and Gou Zhaozheng. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF CHINESE MEDICINAL RHAPONTICUM UNIFLORUM DC IN PREVENTING CORONARY HEART DISEASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643029.
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The mechanism of Rhaponticum Uniflorum DC in preventing coronary heart disease was studied in vivo and in vitro. TBA fluorescent method was used to determine lipid peroxides (Lpo) and double analysis method was used to determine glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and fluorescent polarization of DPH probed membrane fluidity of smooth muscle cell (SMC).Rabbits were fed with high fat diet for 120 days. At the end of experiment, all the animals acquired hyperlipidemia and developed atheroma lesions in aorta and/or coronary. It was found that hyperlipidemia caused a rising of Lpo in blood (from 2.6±0.56 in control up to 8.48±3.28 nmol/ml) and in arterial wall (from 6.75±0.59 in control up to 31.94±4.20 nmol/g protein) and a decreasing of GSH-Px activity in arterial wall (from 0.210±0.095 down to 0.056±0.026 EU/g protein); concomitantly, an increase in microviscosity of arterial SMC membrane (from 1.93±0.04 in control up to 3.49±0.92 poise) which reflects a decrease in fluidity of SMC membrane. Lpo level was higher in plaque area (113.70±46.14 nmol/g protein) than in non-plaque area (58.32±12.69 nmol/g protein). GSH-Px activity level was lower in plaque area (0.0052±0.0014 EU/g protein) than in non-plaque area (0.015+0.0014 EU/g protein). Microviscosity of SMC membrane was higher in plaque area (2.92±0.35 poise) than in non-plaque area (2.26±0.24 poise, p<0.02). By comparison, the rabbits received Rhaponticum Uniflorum DC and VE showed much lowering of Lpo level in arterial wall (down to 10.74±1.61 and 9.93±1.17 nmol/g protein) and decreasing of microviscosity (down to 2.05+0.45 and 2.08+0.50 poise) that is increasing of membrane fluidity of arterial SMC membrane, but GSH-Px activity in arterial wall was keeping at lower level (0.036±0.027 and 0.051±0.027 EU/g protein). The atheroma lesions develped in these two group animals were less severe and fewer in number.
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Dahlan, Ahmad M., and A. I. Abdul Hapip. "Traceable nanoscale measurement at NML-SIRIM." In 2ND ASEAN - APCTP WORKSHOP ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: (AMSN 2010). AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4732502.
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Causapruno, G., U. Garlando, F. Cairo, M. Zamboni, and M. Graziano. "A Reconfigurable Array Architecture for NML." In 2016 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi.2016.36.
Full textReports on the topic "NMQL"
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Friedrich, S. Microcalorimeters for IAEA NML FY20 Annual Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1756743.
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Friedrich, S. Microcalorimeters for IAEA NML (NA-241 Annual Report FY19). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1607847.
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Friedrich, S. FY21 Report on Magnetic Microcalorimeter Development for the IAEA NML. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1829016.
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Prokop, C., P. Piot, and M. Church. High-energy lattice for first-beam operation of the SRF test accelerator at NML. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1038545.
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Walker, Michael, Gill Holcombe, Clare Mills, Chiara Nitride, and Adrian Rogers. Development of Reference Materials for food allergen analysis. Food Standards Agency, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.hwt621.
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Food hypersensitivity is an increasing problem for many stakeholders with much effort focused on assessment and management of the risks including risk assessment toolkits (for example, the Allergen Bureau (Opens in a new window) Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling VITAL®, the iFAAM consortium (Opens in a new window) and the ILSI-Europe Allergen Quantitative Risk Assessment guidance (Opens in a new window)). These toolkits describe the use of action levels and reference doses to assess the risks. A combination of the estimated eliciting dose of allergenic food, (in milligrams as protein) and the amount of food consumed in a single eating occasion can give a threshold or action level as milligrams (as protein) per kilogram (kg) of food) (mg kg-1 as protein) that would provoke an reaction in a given proportion of the allergic population. The eliciting dose is extrapolated from oral food clinical dose-distribution relationships. The results of analysis can be compared to the thresholds or action levels in risk assessment and risk management. Precautionary allergen labelling, well recognized as sub-optimal, could also be improved via an action level approach. Implementation and regulation depend on the ability to measure allergens properly; yet all current analytical approaches exhibit deficiencies, many of which can be addressed by the proper use of appropriate allergen reference materials (RMs). This report describes a pilot project to: 1) Systematically review allergen analytical targets used in ELISA, PCR and MS to allow the creation of a repository of reliable markers and open access verified allergen sequence sets for the studied allergens; 2) Facilitate a guided stakeholder workshop to achieve consensus on priority allergens, physical format of RMs, incurred concentrations and impact of processing; 3) Prepare a RM kit containing (a) a food matrix shown to be devoid of the target allergens, (b) the food matrix incurred with 5 allergens and (c) the raw materials (the allergenic foods); 4) Disseminate to encourage RM use to achieve tangible improvements in allergen analysis, establish a template of best practice for the future and make recommendations for follow up work to complete a set of RMs for the legislated and priority allergens. The RM matrix is based on that used for clinical dose-distribution studies and the raw allergen materials have been characterised by proteomics. The matrix and incurred allergens are industrially relevant to processed foods and the allergen concentrations are clinically relevant in the light of eliciting dose studies. The RM kit has been prepared following a well-established process that includes prescribed homogeneity and stability studies and a formal sign-off procedure of the statements of measurement, in accordance with ISO 17034:2016 ‘General requirements for the competence of reference material producers’ (an updated standard originally ISO GUIDE 34:2009). In October 2020 following detailed external assessment the RM kit was confirmed within the NML scope of ISO 17034 accreditation. ISO 17034:2016 covers the production of all reference materials, including certified reference materials. It is intended as part of the general quality assurance procedures of the reference material producer. LGC formed a consortium which was awarded this project by the FSA following an open competitive tender. The consortium consisted of LGC, the University of Manchester and Romer Laboratories Ltd. The consortium is world leading in (a) the preparation, curation and distribution of RMs in an accredited environment and (b) the characterisation of allergen proteins. Synergy with other concurrent work (for example, by iFAAM, EFSA, ILSI, MoniQA, JRC, and AOAC) has ensured value for money. This report has been compiled from a review of a broad range of data sources including: the scientific literature the tender documents progress reports and minutes of project meetings LGC internal documents and in particular the Material Report[1] UoM reports Romer Lab reports.