Academic literature on the topic 'NLO+PS generator'

AbstractLocalized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) can generate and enhance the nonlinear optical (NLO) response and has been widely used in biosensing, optical bistability, optical switch, and modulator, surface-enhanced spectroscopies, etc. Here, the two-dimensional (2D) Au & Ag hybrid plasmonic NP network (Au & Ag HPNN) were synthesized by assembling Au and Ag NPs in ethanol solvent and transferring onto a CaF2 substrate. The frequency-domain finite element method (FEM) simulations were performed to explore their LSPR properties, demonstrating the broadband optical responses throughout visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared regions. The ultrafast carrier relaxation times were determined to be 3.9, 5.6, and 8.6 ps, while the nonlinear absorption coefficients were −1.12 × 104, −1.71 × 104, and −2.54 × 104 cm/GW, respectively, for the three wavelengths matching the LSPRs peaks at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 μm bands. Furthermore, passively Q-switched (PQS) solid-state lasers operating at 1062.8, 1990.8, and 2947 nm were demonstrated with 2D Au & Ag HPNN based saturable absorbers. This work not only reveals desirable ultrafast broadband NLO responses of 2D HPNN, but also provides a platform for investigating their applications in nanophotonic devices.

Abstract Whether or not non-entailment relations generate scalar implicatures is a cutting-edge issue in linguistic pragmatics. The present study intends to argue that, based on the Cognitive Grammar paradigm, non-scalar implicatures generated by non-entailment relations are manifested as cognitive defaults which are conventionally incorporated into symbolic units in schema-instance complexes. Conventions provide a shortcut for the hearer to infer non-scalar implicatures in an unconscious, effortless and automatic way. We maintain that, contrary to neo-Gricean pragmatics, non-entailment relations cannot generate (scalar) Q-implicatures.

Abstract Introduction: Second-Harmonic Generation microscopy (SHG) has provided progresses in extracellular matrix research, mainly regarding automated analysis of collagen fibers. Nodular sclerosis-classical Hodgkin lymphoma (NS) often has a rich collagen deposition, which remains poorly explored in its biological significance and potential prognostic role. The aim of this study was to characterize the collagen component of NS using SHG, and to investigate its clinical value. Methods: Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides from 53 consecutive samples of paraffin embedded NS tissue were analyzed by SHG imaging in an Inverted Zeiss LSM 780-NLO. HIV-positive individuals were excluded. For comparative purposes, 11 reactive lymph nodes (RL) were also randomly selected. In each slide, 3 capsular areas and 3 sclerotic regions (perinodular septa - PS - in NS and fibrotic foci around germinal centers in RL) were chosen. Collagen near blood vessels was not considered. We evaluated quantity, uniformity and organization of the fibers with ImageJ and OrientationJ plug-in in 4 hotspots from each image. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality, while t-tests and Pearson correlations were performed to analyze collagen parameters between two groups. Overall survival (OS) was defined as time from diagnosis until death from the disease or last follow-up. Event-free survival (EFS) was set as time from diagnosis until progressive disease, death from the disease or last follow-up. Collagen data were used in survival analyses as continuous variables (in Cox-hazards model) or categorical ones (by choosing the mean value as a threshold for Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test). Significance was set at p<0.05. Results: NS patients were mostly female (58.5%). The mean and median values of age at diagnosis were, respectively, 33 and 29 years (range: 14-82 years). Forty-two patients (79.2%) had B-symptoms, while bulky disease was seen in 23 cases (43.3%). Bone marrow was infiltrated in 4 patients (7.5%). Based on the International Prognostic Score (IPS), patients were stratified as follows: 39 (73.5%) as low-risk (IPS ≤ 3) and 14 (26.5%) as high-risk (IPS > 3). The first-line treatment was ABVD in 40 cases (75.5%) and BEACOPP in 13 patients (24.5%). Radiotherapy was performed in 27 (50.9%) patients. Tumor PS presented more dense (p<0.01), organized (p<0.01) and uniform (p=0.02) fibers than sclerosis in RL. NS capsule had only a more organized collagen than RL (p=0.02). Considering solely NS, we found significant correlations of collagen fibers quantity (r=0.67), uniformity (r=0.78) and organization (r=0.49) between capsule and PS, suggesting a proportional deposition of collagen in these compartments. When clinical data were analyzed in the entire patient group, the presence of more organized PS collagen was associated with low-risk IPS (p=0.03), grade 2 tumors (p= 0.04), extranodal disease (p=0.003) and a higher risk of death (p=0.02). On the other hand, a higher fiber organization in NS capsule was only associated with low-risk IPS (p=0.03). The presence of high-risk IPS was associated with a shorter EFS (p=0.002), but had no relationship to OS. Collagen parameters had no impact on EFS. However, in univariate Cox regression, higher collagen quantity (p=0.04) in PS was the only factor associated with a worse OS. When only high-risk IPS cases were analyzed in Cox regression model, PS collagen had association with unfavorable OS regarding higher collagen quantity (p=0.03) and uniformity (p<0.01). In this setting, a higher quantity of capsular collagen was also associated with a worse OS (p=0.02). We did not perform multivariate analysis in this group due to the small amount of patients (14). Also in the high-risk cases, using the mean value of PS collagen quantity (15.19) as a threshold to binarize data, we found a trend to worse OS in cases with a higher collagen quantity (p=0.05, figure 1). Considering only low-risk IPS cases, collagen factors had no association with OS. Conclusion: Collagen parameters in NS have distinct features than in RL and affect clinical presentation of the tumor. Moreover, collagen quantity and uniformity in cases with high-risk IPS were associated with survival, which indicates that incorporation of collagen information might be relevant in the prognostication of NS. Figure 1. Survival curve of high-risk patients (n=14) stratified according to the perinodular collagen (pCOL) quantity threshold. Figure 1. Survival curve of high-risk patients (n=14) stratified according to the perinodular collagen (pCOL) quantity threshold. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

All-optical logic gates can enable many advanced functions such as all-optical bit-pattern recognition, all-optical bit-error rate monitoring, all-optical packet address and payload separation, all-optical label swapping and all-optical packet drop in optical time domain multiplexing (OTDM) networks. Recently, much attention has been given to the influence of the relaxation process (sometimes called the Debye relaxation model) of the nonlinear response because the usual assumption of instantaneous nonlinear response fails for ultrashort pulses and additional contributions coming from nonlinear dispersion and relaxed nonlinearity have to be taken into account. The Kerr–Debye model is a relaxation of the nonlinear Kerr model in which the relaxation coefficient is a finite response time of the nonlinear material. In this paper, we have presented a numerical analysis of the triangular fiber coupler (TFC) for generation of the all-optical logic gates with nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, where we consider the nonlinear effects Kerr group velocity dispersion (GVD) and self-phase modulation (SPM) instantaneous and relaxed (Kerr–Debye model). To implement all-optical logic gates we used TFC of three symmetric configurations [Instantaneous (III), Relaxed (RRR-5 and RRR-9)]. In the instantaneous condition, the TFC is made up of silica optical fibers (with instantaneous response time — indicated by III) and in the relaxed conditions (RRR-5 and RRR-9) the TFC is made up of fibers with delayed response time of around 25 ps (for example, the polymer optical fibers). In our paper, we are interested in the transmission characteristics, the XRatio level (XR (dB)) as a function of the ΔΦ parameter, the normalized time duration (NTD) and the pulse evolution along the TFC and finally to compare the performance of all-optical logic gates, we will use the figure-of-merit of the logic gates (FOMELG (dB)) defined as a function of the extinction ratio of the gate outputs. All results were obtained numerically, considering a very simple model for generation of a optical logic gates.

Abstract Background: The 2020 ASCO-CAP guidelines (Allison KH, JCO 2020; 38: 1346–66) recommended estrogen receptor (ER) Low Positive as new reporting category for breast cancers with 1-10% of cells staining ER positive to acknowledge their distinct clinical behaviour compared to breast cancers with &gt;10% to 100% of tumor nuclei positive for ER. We evaluated the prognostic impact of low ER positivity with both 10% and 33% as cut-off. Patients and methods: A retrospective study was performed of consecutively treated patients in UZ Leuven between 2000-2017 with ER-positive/HER2-negative early, primary, unilateral and unifocal grade 2-3 invasive breast cancers. Patients treated with neo-adjuvant therapy were excluded. ER-positivity was defined as &gt;1% ER-staining on immunohistochemistry (IHC). Patients were allocated to ER-low or ER-high groups for both the 10% and 33% thresholds according to their ER-status on IHC as derived from the Allred PS or from the H-score. Descriptive analyses and Cox regression analyses were performed for both thresholds (≤ 10% vs. ≤ 33%) with α=0.05. Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and invasive disease-free survival (iDFS). Secondary endpoints were time to local (TTLR), locoregional (TTLRR) and distant metastatic relapse (TTM). Results: This study included 3629 patients (median age: 60.0 years; median follow-up: 12.3 years), with their tumors classified as low (39) versus high (3590) with 10% threshold and as low (92) versus high (3537) with 33% threshold. According to both cut-offs, grade 3 and PR negativity was more frequent in ER Low Positive breast cancer. These patients also received significantly more adjuvant chemotherapy and less adjuvant endocrine therapy. When looking at iDFS, OS, TTLR and TTLRR, both cut-offs generated groups with similar outcome. However, we observed a significant increased risk for distant metastatic relapse in ER Low Positive disease using the cut-off of 33% (univariate HR 2.0, 95%CI 1.3-3.2; p=0.009), which was not present for the cut-off of 10% (univariate HR 0.5, 95%CI 0.1-1.8; p=0.2). Nevertheless, when correcting this effect for age, grade, PR, tumor size, nodal status, adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in multivariate analysis, ER Low Positive according to the cut-off of 33% did not remain significant to predict risk for metastatic relapse (HR 1.3, 95%CI: 0.8-2.3; p=0.3). Conclusion: In our series, patients with tumors expressing low ER, defined as 1-33% had a significantly higher univariate risk for metastatic relapse. ER Low Positive tumors are more frequently grade 3, which greatly determines the prognosis. ER Low Positivity did not remain independently significant after multivariate analysis. However, patients with tumors expressing low ER only constituted small fractions of the investigated population. Citation Format: Bernard Roobroeck, Adriaan Vanderstichele, Giuseppe Floris, Christine Desmedt, Kevin Punie, Sileny Han, Ann Smeets, Hilde Janssen, Adinda Baten, Caroline Weltens, Ines Nevelsteen, Thaïs Baert, Hans Wildiers, Patrick Neven. Challenging the current 1-10% cut-off for defining Estrogen Receptor Low Positive grade 2-3 Estrogen Receptor positive, Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 negative early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-11-20.

Abstract Motivated by the long-standing hints of lepton-flavour non-universality in the b → cℓν and b → sℓ+ℓ− channels, we study Drell-Yan ditau production at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In the context of models with third-generation gauge vector leptoquarks (LQs), we calculate the complete $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (αs) corrections to the pp → τ+τ− process, achieving next-to-leading order (NLO) plus parton shower (NLO+PS) accuracy using the POWHEG method. We provide a dedicated Monte Carlo code that evaluates the NLO QCD corrections on-the-fly in the event generation and use it to study the numerical impact of NLO+PS corrections on the kinematic distributions that enter the existing experimental searches for non-resonant ditau final states. Based on our phenomenological analysis we derive NLO accurate constraints on the masses and couplings of third-generation gauge vector LQs using the latest LHC ditau search results corresponding to an integrated luminosity of around 140 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ s = 13 TeV. The presented NLO+PS generator allows for an improved signal modelling, making it an essential tool for future ATLAS and CMS searches for vector LQs in τ+τ− final states at LHC Run III and beyond.

Abstract The radial distribution of $$D^0$$D0 mesons in jets probes the diffusion of charm quark relative to the jet axis and provides a new perspective to study the interaction mechanisms between heavy quarks and the medium in the nucleus-nucleus collisions. The in-medium parton propagations are described by a Monte Carlo transport model which uses the next-to-leading order (NLO) plus parton shower (PS) event generator SHERPA as input and includes elastic (collisional) and inelastic (radiative) interaction for heavy quarks as well as light partons. At low $$D^0$$D0 meson $$p_T$$pT, the radial distribution significantly shifts to larger radius indicating a strong diffusion effect which is consistent with the recent experimental data. We demonstrate that the angular deviation of charm quarks declines with $$p_T$$pT and is very sensitive to the collisional more than radiative interaction at $$p_T<5$$pT<5 GeV. As predictions, we present the $$D^0$$D0 meson radial distribution in jets in p + p and $$0{-}10\%$$0-10% Au + Au collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$$sNN=200 GeV at the RHIC, and also estimate the nuclear modification factor of charm jet in central Au + Au collisions at 200 GeV at the RHIC and central Pb + Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV at the LHC.

Abstract The search for new interactions and particles in high-energy collider physics relies on precise background predictions. This has led to many advances in combining precise fixed-order cross-section calculations with detailed event generator simulations. In recent years, fixed-order qcd calculations of inclusive cross sections at n3lo precision have emerged, followed by an impressive progress at producing differential results. Once differential results become publicly available, it would be prudent to embed these into event generators to allow the community to leverage these advances. This note offers some concrete thoughts on me+ps matching at third order in qcd. As a method for testing these thoughts, a toy calculation of e+e− → u$$ \overline{u} $$ u ¯ at $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O ($$ {\alpha}_s^3 $$ α s 3 ) is constructed, and combined with an event generator through unitary matching. The toy implementation may serve also as blueprint for high-precision qcd predictions at future lepton colliders. As a byproduct of the n3lo matching formula, a new nnlo+ps formula for processes with “additional” jets is obtained.

La tesi si occupa delle correzioni di potenza calcolate su un parametro-soglia di momento trasverso che interessano calcoli perturbativi di ordine superiore nella costante di accoppiamento forte. In particolare, si impone un parametro-soglia di momento trasverso, qt_cut, su uno stato finale bianco e si calcolano le correzioni di potenza sul parametro-soglia, fino alla quarta potenza, per la sezione d'urto inclusiva al primo ordine sottodominante in QCD. Inoltre, si considera lo stesso processo al secondo ordine sottodominante in QCD, limitandosi al contributo reale-virtuale, e si calcolano le correzioni di potenza per la sezione d'urto inclusiva sino alla seconda potenza sul parametro-soglia. Lo studio della dipendenza della sezione d'urto dal parametro-soglia permette di approfondire il comportamento della prima nei limiti dello spazio delle fasi, dando indizi sulla struttura a tutti gli ordini nella costante di accoppiamento forte e sull'identificazione di caratteristiche universali. La conoscenza delle correzioni di potenza è poi un ingrediente fondamentale per ridurre la dipendenza delle sezioni d'urto di QCD dal parametro-soglia quando viene applicato un metodo slicing come la sottrazione-qt. Si presentano, quindi, risultati analitici per la produzione di un bosone vettore e per la produzione di un bosone di Higgs al primo ordine sottodominante in QCD, e per la parte reale-virtuale del canale qg per la produzione di un bosone vettore al secondo ordine. Nel dettaglio, si illustra una procedura generale per il calcolo delle correzioni di potenza sul parametro-soglia. Per mostrare l'impatto numerico di tali correzioni, si presentano dei risultati numerici e si discute di come la dipendenza residuale da qt_cut interessi la sezione d'urto totale della produzione di un bosone Z o di un bosone di Higgs presso LHC. La seconda parte della tesi, complementare alla prima, è dedicata allo sviluppo di un'interfaccia tra MadGraph5_aMC@NLO e POWHEG BOX, al fine di coniugare la flessibilità di MadGraph quando genera gli elementi di matrice per processi del Modello Standard o di sue estensioni, con tutte le caratteristiche di POWHEG BOX. Tra di esse, la possibilità di generare eventi con peso positivo è fondamentale e rende POWHEG uno dei metodi più usati quando sono necessari campioni molto numerosi. Al fine di testare l'interfaccia, si studia la produzione di un bosone di spin 0 assieme a due getti, con accoppiamenti che violano CP. Si discutono delle distribuzioni che caratterizzano le proprietà del bosone e alcuni risultati ottenuti con la funzione di ripesamento di POWHEG BOX. Infine, si presentano alcune distribuzioni ottenute con il metodo MiNLO.
The thesis deals with the power corrections in a transverse-momentum cutoff that affect perturbative calculations at higher orders in the strong coupling constant. In particular, we impose a transverse-momentum cutoff, qt_cut, on a colourless final state and we compute the power corrections for the inclusive QCD next-to-leading-order cross section in the cutoff, up to the fourth power. We also consider the same production process at next-to-next-to-leading order in QCD, restricting ourselves to the real-virtual contribution, and we compute the power corrections up to the second power in the cutoff for the inclusive cross section. The study of the dependence of the cross section on qt_cut allows for an understanding of its behaviour at the boundaries of the phase space, giving hints on the structure at all orders in the strong coupling constant and on the identification of universal patterns. The knowledge of such power corrections is also a required ingredient in order to reduce the dependence on the transverse-momentum cutoff of the QCD cross sections at higher orders, when the qt-subtraction method, i.e. a slicing scheme, is applied. We present analytic results for both Drell-Yan vector-boson and Higgs-boson production in gluon fusion at next-to-leading order in QCD, and for the real-virtual part of the qg-initiated channel of vector-boson production at NNLO in QCD. In particular, we illustrate a process-independent procedure for the calculation of the all-order power corrections in the cutoff. In order to show the impact of the power-correction terms, we present selected numerical results and discuss how the residual dependence on qt_cut affects the total cross section for Drell-Yan Z production and Higgs boson production via gluon fusion at the Large Hadron Collider. A second and complementary part of the thesis is devoted to the development of an interface between MadGraph5_aMC@NLO and the POWHEG BOX framework, in order to match the flexibility of MadGraph for the generation of matrix elements for Standard-Model processes and for several of its extensions, to all features of the POWHEG BOX framework. Among those, it is essential the possibility, via the POWHEG method, to generate events with positive weights, which makes it the method of choice when large samples of events are needed. As a proof of concept, we provide a phenomenological study for the production of a spin-0 Higgs-like boson, in association with up to two jets, with CP-violating couplings. We discuss a few distributions able to characterise the spin-0 boson CP properties, and discuss a few results obtained using the POWHEG BOX reweighting feature. We also present a few distributions obtained with the MiNLO method.

The Ti:sapphire-pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on noncritically phase-matched LiB3O5 (LBO) has been shown to be a versatile source of high-repetition-rate picosecond pulses for the near-infrared1. It is capable of providing signal and idler output pulses with durations of 1-2 ps over the continuous wavelength range 1-2.5 μm. Here we present results that demonstrate that this system is also capable of directly producing visible picosecond pulses in the green spectral region.

Glasses doped with semiconductor microcrystalline CdS x Se1- x (10 nm – 100 nm in dimension) have recently attracted muuch interest due to their large third-order nonlinearities and fast response times. Jain and Lind have been reported the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities χ(8) of CdS x Se1- x -doped glasses were measured to be 10-9–10-8 esu in a degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) experiment and that the origin of the nonlinearity can be attributed to the generation of a short-live electron-hole plasma (band-filling effect)1. The nonlinear response of CdS x Se1- x -doped glass has been got to be about 3.5 ps2. So it has great potential to be used in developing high-speed and low-power nonlinear optical devices. Junji Yumoto8 observed the optical bistablility made using an external Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity containing CdS x Se1- x -doped glasses with bistable-switching time of 25 ps. In this paper we report the observation of optical bistability of an internal F-P cavity structure single-mode waveguide device made of CdS x Se1−x-doped glass.

Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating [1] (FROG) measurements based on polarization gating [2] (PG FROG), self diffraction [3] (SD FROG), and second-harmonic generation [4] (SHG FROG) have been used successfully to measure ultrashort laser pulses with spatially uniform temporal pulse shape and phase with durations from 9 fs to 2 ps and with wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. Temporal Analysis by Dispersing a Pair of Light E-fields [5] (TADPOLE), a combination of FROG and spectral interferometry, has been used to measure pulse trains with average pulse energies of 42 zeptojoules (42 × 10-21 J). None of these techniques, however, has proved capable of measuring the pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser without a temporal ambiguity or an amplified reference pulse. The difficulty lies in the fact that the pulses from such oscillators are too weak for PG or SD FROG, and SHG FROG has a time-reversal ambiguity due to the symmetry of the second-harmonic signal in time. TADPOLE, while capable of measuring extremely weak pulses, uses FROG to measure a reference pulse and thus has the same restrictions Here we use surface third-harmonic generation (THG) to make an unambiguous measurement of the intensity and phase of pulses from a Ti:sapphire oscillator. In addition, we describe a new method for using TADPOLE for measuring ultrashort laser pulse fields that vary arbitrarily in time and in space.

Conjugated heterocyclic rigid rod polymers are of special interest as nonlinear optical (NLO) materials because of their robust physical properties, which include excellent mechanical strength and thermal stability.1 Recent advances1 in the solubilization and processing of these polymers make optical- quality thin films available for NLO measurements. This paper reports χ(3)-Pi-characterization of thin films of poly(p-phenylene benzo-bisthiazole) (PBZT) and PBZT/nylon molecular composites by third-harmonic generation (THG). Solutions of PBZT or PBZT/nylon 66 in Lewis acid (GaCl3 or AlCl3-nitromethane were prepared as previously described.2 Thin films of the pure PBZT or its molecular composites with nylon were prepared in a drybox by solution casting onto 1 mm optically flat fused-silica substrates, followed by washing in water and vacuum drying. The films, which were as thin as 0.4 µm, were of fair optical quality, as evidenced by weak optical scattering and by a uniform THG response over a large area of each sample. The films were slightly yellow, with a cutoff wavelength of 0.5 µm. Third- harmonic-generation experiments were performed with a picosecond laser system that was continuously tunable in the range 0.6-4 µm.3 At 1.8 µm, we measured a nonresonant χ(3) = (1.0 ± 0.2) X 10−11 esu for pure PBZT. The χ(3) values obtained for 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 PBZT/nylon composites correlate well with the pure material. No anisotropy in the films was detected. The large optical damage threshold of PBZT (>50 GW/cm2 for 30 ps pulses at 1.8 µm) further adds to the attractiveness of this material. We have probed the effects of two- and three-photon resonances by performing THG studies over a large wavelength range. The results will be reported at the meeting.