Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nizza'

Il tema della dignità umana è riportato all’attenzione giuridica dalla Carta di Nizza (2000). Per quanto la dignità umana sia concepita, in diversi ordinamenti costituzionali vigenti, come un principio supremo, non possiamo non confrontarci con il problema della sua bilanciabilità, specie nel contesto di una prassi giurisprudenziale che, da un ventennio, tratta i diritti, compresa la dignità umana, dal punto di vista della bilanciabilità. Dopo aver analizzato i principali problemi del rinvio alla dignità umana da parte degli ordinamenti (cap. 1) e dopo aver analizzato i principali significati e contenuti della locuzione ‘dignità umana’ nella Carta di Nizza e in altri documenti/contesti normativi/giuridici, analizzo e confronto, nelle loro varie configurazioni, due opposte macro-concezioni della dignità umana, mettendone in luce punti di forza e punti di debolezza: una concezione della dignità umana come norma suprema (cap. 3) ed una concezione della dignità umana come principio bilanciabile (cap. 4). Avanzo l’ipotesi che non una terza concezione della dignità umana rispetto ad una concezione della dignità umana come norma suprema e ad una concezione della dignità umana come principio bilanciabile, bensì una particolare configurazione della prima, una concezione della dignità umana come norma suprema dal contenuto «minimo», fornisca il modello teorico di spiegazione migliore della dignità umana in e per un ordinamento. La mia tesi non intende fornire una giustificazione di una norma suprema dal contenuto «minimo», ma mette in luce che una tale concezione permette di superare i punti di debolezza e di integrare i punti di forza di concezione della dignità umana come norma suprema dal contenuto «spesso», da un lato, e di una concezione della dignità umana come principio bilanciabile, dall’altro. Il contenuto «minimo» a cui mi riferisco trova la sua più esplicita formulazione nell’ampliamento e nella revisione del concetto kantiano di dignità umana, operato dalla tradizione fenomenologica. Un ruolo particolare è svolto da Jeanne Hersch (1910-2000), con il suo ampliamento del concetto di dignità umana dalla tutela della persona come homo noumenon alla tutela della persona come unità di homo noumenon e homo phaenomenon. Il contenuto «minimo» integra, nel concetto di dignità umana, la tutela dell’autonomia dell’individuo, pur senza ad essa ridursi. Più specificamente, ho individuato tre possibili tratti di un contenuto «minimo» di dignità umana: un tratto personologico, un tratto eudemonologico e un tratto deontico.
The Charter of Nizza (2000) has recalled the attention to the theme of human dignity. Although human dignity is conceived as a supreme principle in many different present constitutional systems, we cannot escape from dealing with the problem of human dignity balancing, especially in a context where, for about twenty years, Courts have been treating rights, including human dignity, as balanceable principles. After having analyzed the main problems of juridical systems referring to human dignity (chapter 1) and detailed the most important meanings and contents of the locution ‘human dignity’ in the Charter of Nice and in other normative/juridical documents and contexts (chapter 2), my Ph.D Dissertation analyzes and compares two opposite ethical-normative macro-conceptions of human dignity in their different configurations, pointing out their strengths and their weaknesses: a conception of human dignity as a supreme norm (chapter 3) and a conception of human dignity as a balanceable principle (chapter 4). My hypothesis is that not a third conception beyond a conception of human dignity as a supreme norm and a conception of human dignity as a balanceable principle, but a particular configuration of the first one – a conception of human dignity as a supreme norm of «minimum» content – provides the better ethical-normative human dignity explanation theory, in and for a juridical system. I do not intend to provide a justification of human dignity as a supreme norm of «minimum» content; nevertheless I point out that such a conception allows to overcome weaknesses and to integrate strengths both of a conception of human dignity as a supreme norm on one hand, and of a conception of human dignity as a balanceable principle, on the other hand (chapter 5). The «minimum» content I refer to finds its most explicit formulation in the revision and extension of the Kantian conception of human dignity carried out by the phenomenological tradition. A significant role is played by Jeanne Hersch (1919-2000), with her extension of human dignity from the protection of the person as homo noumenon to the protection of the person as the unity of homo noumenon and homo phaenomenon (1919-2000). The «minimum» content integrates the concept of human dignity with the protection of individual autonomy without reducing human dignity to this last idea. I specifically identified three traits of a possible «minimum» content of human dignity: a personological trait, an eudemonological trait and a deontic trait.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the requestive behaviour, including perceptions of politeness and directness, of Omani second language (L2) English students at Nizwa University in Oman as revealed by their written responses to real life scenarios. The study is an attempt to improve linguistic understanding of pragmatic differences, with reference to the similarities and differences between Omani L2 English students and L1 English speakers’ communicative proficiency, in order to contribute to improved language teaching curricula. The research design consisted of an initial series of two questionnaires which required that the participants rate given responses based on their perceptions of ‘politeness’ and ‘indirectness’; a third discourse completion test (DCT) that required participants to respond in writing in the form of a request to five real life scenarios; and a fourth questionnaire that required teachers to judge the written responses of the DCT according to five criteria. Additionally, the Omani-speaking teachers of L2 English were interviewed and asked questions relating to their responses from a sociopragmatic/ cultural perspective. The Omani teachers’ responses were then used to assist in the analysis of the written response data. The four instruments above thus used both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The results of the data analysis showed that (1) the query preparatory is considered by both groups to be the most polite request strategy and is used to mitigate imposition; (2) Omani L2 English students consider the words should and must to be most impolite in contrast with the L1 English speakers who consider the mood derivable to be the most impolite request strategy; (3) mild hints are considered far more polite by L1 English speakers than by Omani L2 English students; (4) politeness is influenced by differences in perceptions of social variables such as social distance, social power and degree of imposition; (5) direct strategies are not considered impolite and are used six times more frequently by Omani L2 English students than by L1 English speakers in low-imposition contextual situations; and (6) positive transfer and conventionalisation of the time intensifier has been produced and the strategy is used more than twice as much by the Omani L2 English students than by the L1 English speakers. In contrast, the L1 English speakers use the preparator 11 times more frequently than the Omani L2 English students who predominantly have no pragmalinguistic knowledge of this tactic. The study highlights the need for pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic training of students in the classroom and for pragmatics to be included in the material and curriculum design of English language learning programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op hoe versoeke, insluitend die persepsies van beleefdheid en direktheid, van tweede taal (T2) Omani studente aan die Universiteit van Nizwa in Oman geformuleer word soos geopenbaar deur hulle skriftelike reaksies op realistiese lewenscenarios tydens vraagstelling. Die studie is ‘n poging om taalkundige begrip van pragmatiese verskille te verbeter, met verwysing na die ooreenkomste en verskille tussen Omani T2 Engelssprekendes en L1 Engelssprekendes se kommunikatiewe vaardighede, ten einde by te dra tot die verbetering van taalonderrig leerplanne. Die navorsing het bestaan uit ‘n aanvanklike reeks van twee vraelyste wat vereis dat deelnemers antwoorde gee op grond van hulle persepsies van beleefdheid en indirektheid; ‘n derde diskoers voltooiings toets (DVT) wat vereis dat deelnemers skriftelik reageer op versoeke in vyf realistiese lewenscenarios; en ‘n vierde vraelys wat vereis dat onderwysers die skriftelike reaksies op die DVT in vyf areas beoordeel. Daarbenewens is die T2 Omani onderwysers ondervra met betrekking tot hulle antwoorde vanuit ‘n sosio-pragmatiese perspektief. Die Omani onderwysers se antwoorde is vervolgens gebruik om die ontleding van die skriftelike response te doen. Die bogenoemde vier instrumente gebruik dus beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodes. Die resultate van die data-analise toon dat (1) die “query preparatory” deur beide groepe as die mees beleefde vraag-strategie beskou word en gebruik word om taakoplegging te versag; (2) T2 sprekers beskou die woorde moet en behoort meestal as onbeskof, in teenstelling met die T1 Engelssprekendes, wat die “mood derivable” as die mees onbeskofte vraag-strategie ervaar; (3) die “mild hint” word as baie meer beleefd deur L1 Engelssprekendes as deur T2-sprekers ervaar; (4) beleefdheid word beinvloed deur verskille in persepsies van sosiale faktore soos sosiale afstand en –druk, en die graad van oplegging; (5) direktheid word nie as onbeskof gesien nie, en kom ses keer meer voor by T2 sprekers in laer taalvaardigheid situasies; en (6) positiewe oordrag en vaslegging van tyd as ‘n drukkrag het voorgekom, en die taktiek word meer as twee keer soveel deur die T2 sprekers as deur die T1 Engelssprekendes gebruik. In teenstelling gebruik die T1 Engelssprekendes die “preparatory” 11 keer meer as die T2 sprekers, wat meestal geen pragma-linguistiese kennis van hierdie tegniek het nie. Die studie beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid van pragma-linguistiese en sosio-linguistiese opleiding in die klaskamer, en dat pragmatika in materiaal en kurrikulumontwerp vir Engelse taalleer programme ingesluit word.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Este trabalho objetivou analisar a estratégia de aliança nas cooperativas de leite no Brasil, identificando fatores que levaram à sua implementação e seus resultados. O estudo foi realizado nas cooperativas associadas à Central Leite Nilza, criada em 2001 através da joint venture de três cooperativas singulares: Coonai, Casmil e Coopercarmo. Sabe-se que a aliança é uma estratégia eficaz, que é utilizada quando a organização deseja alavancar o crescimento e melhorar sua competitividade, sendo atualmente muito usada nas cooperativas dos principais países produtores de leite. No Brasil, a aliança foi adotada em poucas cooperativas, pois muitos fatores dificultaram sua implantação, como o receio de demissões por parte dos funcionários e a perda do status de dirigentes, entre outros. A abordagem deste trabalho considerou a Teoria de Crescimento da Firma, que procurou identificar os fatores que levaram as cooperativas a adotarem a estratégia, e a análise do setor financeiro, de produção, de recursos humanos e a eficiência social. A razão que levou as cooperativas a formarem a aliança foi a possibilidade de resolverem as dificuldades que cada uma possuía na época. Os principais resultados positivos foram o aumento da escala produtiva e a consolidação da marca. A Coonai foi beneficiada com a estratégia porque repassou sua dívida para as associadas e conseguiu aumentar o indicador de liquidez corrente, porém sua receita operacional líquida diminuiu. Na Coopercarmo houve aumento do endividamento, os índices de liquidez reduziram e sua rentabilidade permaneceu em baixos patamares, mas a receita operacional líquida aumentou, ao contrário do que ocorreu nas principais cooperativas de leite do país. A Central apresentou aumento dos índices de liquidez, redução da rentabilidade e aumento do endividamento no período analisado. A cooperativa Casmil não forneceu dados à pesquisa, o que impossibilitou analisá-la através de indicadores. A divergência de interesses entre os próprios dirigentes dificultou o processo de estruturação da aliança e impulsionou a saída da Casmil em 2004. Portanto, conclui-se que, para as cooperativas de leite terem resultados positivos ao formarem alianças estratégicas, devem primeiramente realizar reformas “internas”, ou seja, que visem melhorar o funcionamento da cooperativa, como a liquidação de dívidas, a profissionalização da gestão e a transparência na administração, por exemplo. A aliança estratégica tem o intuito de alavancar e melhorar a eficiência das cooperativas que estão preparadas, não trazendo resultados positivos para aquelas que tentam utilizar essa estratégia para solucionar os seus problemas.
The objective of this work was to analyze the alliance strategy applied by the dairy cooperatives in Brazil, identifying the factors that led to its application and results. The study was carried out at the three cooperatives associated with Central Leite Nilza, created in 2001 through a joint venture, Coonai, Casmil and Coopercarmo. Alliance is known to be an effective strategy, applied when the organization wants to stimulate growth and improve competitivity, being currently widely used in cooperatives of major milk-producing countries. In Brazil, alliance was adopted by few cooperatives, since many factors can hinder its implementation, such as employees ’fear of losing their jobs and employers’ fear of losing their status, etc. This work approaches the Firm Growth Theory, seeking to identify the factors that led cooperatives to adopt this strategy and to analyze the economic, production, human resources sectors and social efficiency. The reason cooperatives formed an alliance was that it was seen as a possibility to solve the difficulties each was undergoing at the time. The major positive results were productive scale increase and brand name consolidation. Coonai was benefited by the strategy because it passed its debt to its associate and managed to increase the indicators of current and quick liquidity, but the profitability indicators had a reduction starting from 2001, as well as the net operational net income. Coopercarmo had an increase in debt, the liquidity indices reduced and sales remained low, but its operational net income increased, contrary to what occurred in the main dairy cooperatives in the country. Central Leite Nilza showed an increase in the liquidity indices, reduced sales and increased debt during the period analyzed. Casmil cooperative did not provide data for this research, rendering its analysis by indicators unviable. The conflict of interests among the managers themselves hindered the alliance structuring process and led to Casmil’s exit in 2004. Therefore, it is concluded that for the dairy cooperatives to accomplish positive results when forming strategic alliances, they should first undergo internal reforms to improve their functioning, such as debt liquidity, professional management and administration transparency, for instance. The purpose of strategic alliance is to stimulate and improve the efficiency of well- prepared cooperatives, but negative results are obtained for those attempting to apply this approach only to solve their own problems.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria

The rising expectations for changing traditional classrooms, where chalk and talk as well as desks and texts are predominant, were accelerating because of the explosion of knowledge and the growing demands of the workforce (Roschelle, Pea, Hoadley, Gordin, & Means, 2000). Accordingly, if the goal then is to educate and qualify every student, schools are challenged to create a way to move toward what is termed "student-centric" model and give every student a chance to learn and interact. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the effectiveness of technology integration (namely, web-assisted instruction) on students’ achievement and attitudes in a Middle Eastern college. It was also the purpose of the study to examine whether WAI disrupted traditional teaching and encouraged educators to integrate it as a powerful means of instruction. The main focus of the study was to propose WAI as a solution to address the diverse learning styles in the class. Christensen’s disruptive innovation theory (1997) was used as the theoretical framework to investigate if WAI was disruptive to teaching methodologies and the way educators and administrators perceive innovations. The research design was the pretest – posttest control group design and the study was conducted in Nizwa College of Technology, Nizwa, Oman. The participants were 54 students from level 1 foundation English distributed in two classes; experimental and control. Both classes were pre-tested and post-tested at the beginning and both were given a survey at the end of the fall semester 2011. Findings of the study substantiated the theory and revealed that freshman students at Nizwa College of Technology who took a Core Course using WAI achieved higher test scores than those in the traditional class. It was also found that students in the experimental class reported positive preference and attitudes for technology integration in their class, and students in the control class reported a great desire to have technology integrated in their class.
Thesis (Ed.D)--Wichita State University, College of Education, Dept. of Counseling, Educational Leadership, Educational and School Psychology

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2005
Inclui bibliografia
O pH constitui uma das determinações físico-químicas mais freqüentemente medidas em laboratórios analíticos, representando uma das propriedades relevantes em áreas de saúde e monitoramento ambiental. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido uma metodologia para aval

Les aflaj sont des techniques anthropiques typiques d’acquisition et de distribution de l’eau en Oman. Ils constituent un héritage national et mondial ; leur gestion comme système de propriété communautaire privée a déjà construit une certaine intégrité quant à la gestion de la ressource et des institutions connexes. Nous proposons d’étudier ces systèmes, spécifiquement dans la wilayat de Nizwa, car nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’ils sont à l’origine du paysage culturel repéré. Nous proposons de cerner, selon des regards croisés, les deux réalités, matérielle et sociale, de ce paysage. Nous avons eu recours à l’analyse spatiale et spatio-temporelle du paysage de la zone d’étude par des moyens de repérage et de caractérisation des composantes de la surface basés sur la télédétection spatiale multispectrale associée à une bonne connaissance de terrain, et à l’évaluation du « regard social », qui engage essentiellement les forces humaines, par le biais d’une enquête au près de la population vivant en Oman. Comme principaux résultats, nous avons effectué une lecture descriptive multi-dates des composantes du paysage de la wilayat de Nizwa, ce qui nous a permis d’identifier une certaine traçabilité de l’évolution dans le temps des composantes anthropiques du paysage. Concernant la réalité sociale du paysage, nous avons établie des analyses statistiques des données de l’enquête qui nous ont renseignées sur des données socio-économiques spécifiques aux aflaj, des données socioculturelles concernant les pratiques et la perception et des données sur les comportements à incidence environnementale et qui peuvent, entre autres, menacer la survie de ces systèmes
Aflaj are typical man-made water acquisition and distribution techniques in Oman. They constitute a national and global heritage; their management as a private communal property system has already built the integrity of the resource and the related institutions. We propose to study these systems, specifically in the wilayat of Nizwa, as we hypothesize that they are behind the identified cultural landscape. We propose to define, from crossed perspectives, the two realities, material and social, of this landscape. We used spatial and spatio-temporal analyses of the landscape of the study area by means of identification and characterization of surface components based on multi-spectral spatial remote sensing combined with a good knowledge of the field, and the assessment of the "social gaze", which essentially involves human forces, through a survey among the population living in Oman. As principal results, we carried out a multi-dated descriptive reading of the landscape components of the wilayat of Nizwa, which enabled us to identify a certain tracking of the evolution over time of the anthropic components of the landscape. Concerning the social reality of the landscape, we have established statistical analyses of the survey data which have informed us about socio-economic data specific to aflaj, socio-cultural data concerning practices and perceptions and data on behaviors with an environmental impact and which may, inter alia, threaten the survival of these systems

La presente ricerca si propone di analizzare la Direttiva 2012/13/UE sul diritto all'informazione nei procedimenti penali ed il suo impatto sul sistema processuale italiano. L'analisi prende le mosse da un primo capitolo dedicato al sistema multilivello delle fonti: sul panorama nazionale e sovranazionale, infatti, la direttiva è solo l'ultima norma, in ordine di tempo, a disciplinare il diritto fondamentale alla conoscenza dell'indagato e dell'imputato. Necessario quindi apprestare una panoramica delle fonti che garantiscono la protezione multilevel dei diritti, e descrivere le loro reciproche interazioni. Imprescindibile, poi, un approfondimento sulla tutela dei diritti nello Spazio di Libertà Sicurezza e Giustizia dell'UE, con un'attenzione particolare all'era post-Lisbona ed al valore aggiunto che le direttive ex art. 82 co. 2 TFUE possono portare sul sistema multilevel. Il secondo ed il terzo capitolo sono dedicati all'analisi normativa della fonte europea. La trattazione si muove lungo le tre visuali prospettiche che la norma europea attribuisce al diritto all'informazione: diritto alla conoscenza dei propri diritti; diritto alla conoscenza dell'accusa; diritto alla conoscenza degli atti di indagine. Le disposizioni europee vengono continuamente integrate con la giurisprudenza della Corte EDU, che inietta di significato le norme della direttiva e fornisce gli standards di tutela laddove non specificati. Vengono messe in rilievo le disposizioni più innovative, che consentono alla direttiva di non essere solo “codificazione” del case law di Strasburgo, ma fonte autonoma e progredita di diritti. Il capitolo finale è infine focalizzato sull'impatto che la direttiva ha prodotto sul sistema processuale interno. La trattazione è suddivisa tra l'analisi delle modifiche apportate dalla normativa di attuazione italiana, d. lgs. 101/2014, e la disamina delle sue lacune: il legislatore ha dato luogo ad un intervento minimalista, omettendo di dare esecuzione proprio alle disposizioni europee più innovative che avrebbero permesso al nostro sistema di essere in linea con i dettami sovranazionali. Particolare attenzione è data al tema delle modifiche all'imputazione e al principio Iura novit curia, sulla scorta dei punti saldi elaborati dalla Corte EDU nel noto caso Drassich. In conclusione, vengono proposti gli scenari futuri che potrebbero conseguire all'efficacia diretta della direttiva e alla penetrazione, per il suo tramite, delle norme CEDU nell'ordinamento giuridico nazionale.
The present research examines the European Directive on the right to information in criminal proceedings (Directive 2012/13/EU, hereinafter ‘the Directive’), assessing the impact that it is likely to have on the Italian legal system. Before analyzing the legislation, the thesis provides an historical overview of the status of human rights safeguards in the EU and a description of its multi-layered system of protection. Starting from the early ECJ case law setting out a ‘human rights theory’, the research moves on to consider the Charter of Nice and the development of a European Area of Criminal Justice, until the Stockholm Program and the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. In addition, it addresses the question as to whether and to what extent the directives ‘of new generation’ based on art. 82 par. 2 TFEU bring an added value to the aforementioned human rights protection system. Chapters 2 and 3 of the research focus on the analysis of the legislation and on the three meanings that the Directive attaches to the right to information in criminal proceedings, namely, the right to information about rights, the right to information about accusation, and the right to information about case file. The effort is shedding some light on the most innovative prescriptions, while at the same time highlighting how much the EU legislation owes to the ECtHR case law, which is used as a yardstick for the evaluation and interpretation of the Directive. Finally, Chapter 4 addresses the Italian implementing legislation (d. lgs. 101/2014) and the impact of the Directive on our legal system. It finds that the NIM is highly unsatisfactory, as the Italian legislator has failed to comply with the most innovative EU standards. In this regard, the research illustrates the impact of EU prescriptions on the jurisdiction of national judges, in particular, the impact of the ‘new’ right to information about accusation. It concludes that Italian judges can (in)directly apply ECtHR case law standards due the direct effect of the Directive (which can be regarded as an ‘ECtHR case-law codification’).

Proučaveni su uopšteni slučajni procesi na različitim prostorima uopštenih funkcija i date njihove reprezentacije. Dati su potrebni i dovoljni uslovi za različite konvergencije niza uopštenih slučajnih procesa. Data je ekstenzija Gausovog uopštenog slučajnog procesa na Hilbertovom prostoru.
Generalized random processes on different  spaces of generalized functions are considered. The representation of such processes are given. Necessary and sufficient conditions for different convergence of a a sequence of generalized random pocesses are obtained. Extension of a Gaussian generalized random pocess to a Hilbert space is obtained.

The Czech opera production of the so called "Pre-Smetanian" era represents a topic quite neglected by music historians. It is therefore the goal of this master's thesis to repay this debt by showing Kittl's opera, Bianca und Giuseppe oder Die Franzosen vor Nizza, (the libretto, written by Richard Wagner, based on the novel, Die hohe Braut, by Heinrich König) as a work of art which illustrates the high quality of the Prague opera scene in the mid-1800s. The core of this thesis consists of a dramaturgical analysis of the final form of the mentioned opera. This analysis advances in three steps. 1. The main idea of König's novel and its aesthetic are presented in the light of his life. 2. The following chapter concerns Wagner's libretto. Apart from showing the differences between the novel- and opera aesthetics, the emphasis is on the dramaturgical means which Wagner employs: various usage of the couleur locale, ensemble of the pezzo concertato type, working with specific time structures in the opera or allegorical usage of the so called - as Frenchmen say - spectacle d'optique. 3. The next chapter strives to assess the extent to which Kittl succeeded in expressing Wagner's intentions or, in another words, the extent to which Wagners's "poetic intention" (dichterische Absicht) came true in Kittls's music....

La tesi di dottorato analizza un ulteriore, possibile, strumento di tutela dei diritti: la disapplicazione giudiziale della legge per contrasto con la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione Europea, avuto riguardo al ruolo del giudice comune. Tra i vari aspetti indagati nell'elaborato, vi è quello della compatibilità di tale strumento con il sistema incidentale italiano, alla luce delle pronunzie della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea e della Corte costituzionale italiana. Ci si è interrogati, altresì, circa le ulteriori questioni derivanti dall’applicazione della Carta da parte dei giudici comuni: tra tutte, le peculiarità dell’applicazione orizzontale della Carta ed i valori costituzionali coinvolti da una sua applicazione in un giudizio comune.

Tese de mestrado em Geologia Económica (Prospecção Mineral), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2011
Na região do Alto Alentejo, foram identificadas várias mineralizações de urânio durante a prospecção sistemática que teve início já antes dos anos 50. Nesta região nenhuma ocorrência foi alvo de exploração, tendo havido todavia, um desmonte experimental no jazigo de Nisa e de terem sido empregues esforços na caracterização da viabilidade económica de cada ocorrência. No presente trabalho foram estudadas em pormenor três ocorrências uraníferas nesta zona: o jazigo disseminado de Nisa, em contexto metassedimentar, encaixado em xistos mosqueados do Grupo das Beiras, junto ao contacto com o granito do Maciço de Nisa; Tarabau, do tipo filoniano, encaixado no granito, também próximo do contacto; e Melriça, outra ocorrência do tipo filoniano, na proximidade de uma fácies pegmatítica do granito, a Norte de Castelo de Vide. As técnicas radiométricas comprovaram-se fiáveis, por comparação com os mapeamentos que estiveram na origem da descoberta destas ocorrências. Os levantamentos radiométricos no campo com recurso a espectrómetro multi-canal mostram o carácter mais imóvel do tório, restringido às zonas de mineralização, enquanto o U e K apresentam halos de dispersão em redor das mesmas. A mineralização uranífera à superfície é constituída somente por fosfatos de U, com preponderância para a torbernite. Em Nisa, foi identificada saleíte, com ocorrência da mineralização nos planos de xistosidade, em filonetes de quartzo e em domínios de alteração, segundo uma direcção geral N60-80ºW. Na ocorrência do Tarabau, foi identificada meta-torbernite com meta-uranocircite associada, especialmente nas zonas de esmagamento adjacentes aos filões. Esta associação resulta de processos de substituição e precipitação tardia com troca do catião na camada hidratada levando à transformação da meta-torbernite em meta-uranocircite. Os óxidos/hidróxidos de ferro surgem associados aos fosfatos de U em alguns domínios, evidenciando relações texturais resultantes da substituição dos fosfatos com a presença de quantidades residuais de P e U na sua composição.
Several uranium mineralizations were identified in the Alto Alentejo region during the exploration works that started before 1950. None of the identified occurrences has been exploited to this day. However, an experimental open pit in the Nisa deposit was developed as well as some efforts to characterize the economic feasibility of the occurrences. In this work, three occurrences were studied: the Nisa disseminated deposit hosted by metasediments, constituted by cordierite schists of the Beiras Group nearby the contact with the Nisa Granitic Massif; Tarabau, hosted by quartz veins, nearby the granite border a crossing its contact; and Melriça, hosted by quartz veins, in the vicinity of a pegmatitic phase of the granite north of Castelo de Vide. The radiometric techniques proved to be reliable, when compared to the maps produced in the exploration of these occurrences. The radiometric surveys on the field used a multichannel spectrometer and showed the immobile character of thorium, which is restricted to the mineralized areas, while both U and K are spread forming halos around the same areas. The U mineralization is exclusively formed by uranyl phosphates. Saleeite was identified in Nisa where the mineralization occurs along the schistosity planes, quartz veinlets and alteration zones, along a general trend N60-80ºW. Meta-torbernite and associated meta-uranocircite were identified in the Tarabau and Melriça occurrences along the brecciated domains of the veins. This association results from cation exchange within the hydrated layer, driving the transformation of meta-torbernite to meta-uranocircite. Iron oxides/hidroxides also occur associated with uranyl phosphates in some domains, with textural relationships resulting from the uranyl phosphate substitution and hosting residual amounts of P and U in its composition.

The shift from woody (shrubby, arborescent) to herbaceous habit was the dominant trend in angiosperm evolution. Its reversal, i.e., evolution of woody forms from herbaceous ancestors, is described as secondary or derived woodiness. Such cases are most abundant on oceanic islands and on tropical mountains experiencing mild climate, but are also found in Mediterranean-type vegetation affected by seasonal drought. The two most commonly evoked hypotheses explaining the onset of derived woodiness postulate that it evolved in response to favourable climate allowing for a prolonged vegetative growth or that secondary woodiness is a response counteracting detrimental effects of cavitation, as woodier species are reported to be less susceptible to embolism. Apioideae constitute the biggest and the most diverse of the four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. It is cosmopolitan and comprises c. 3820 species, mostly herbs, rarely shrubs and trees. The formal ancestral states reconstruction resolved herbaceous habit at the root of the subfamily; therefore, all cases of woodiness within it are derived. The present thesis aims at exploring the patterns of derived woodiness evolution in three distantly related apioid clades – Daucinae, Apieae, and Tordylieae – and at surveying wood diversity of the subfamily. Particularly, it addresses the following questions: (1) Is there an interdependence between life form and qualitative wood traits? (2) Are there any shared patterns of the life form evolution among distantly related derived woody apioids? (3) How long – in geological time – does it take for a derived woody habit to evolve? (4) What are the anatomical and/or ecological factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness in Apioideae? The thesis embraces, among others, formal description of wood anatomy in the subfamily based on an analysis of 154 species from all major clades. Apioideae wood is indistinguishable from closely related subfamilies (Saniculoideae, Azorelloideae) and shows only little variation. One exception is the diversity of wood ground tissue, which consists either exclusively of fibres (fibrous wood), parenchyma (parenchymatous wood) or both types intermixed. Wood parenchymisation is shown to be closely associated with internode shortening and polycarpic reproductive strategy, whereas monocarpic and long-internode plants typically have fibrous wood. Life form diversity is not mirrored in wood anatomy, thus woody and herbaceous forms may share more anatomical similarities than species of the same habit. Generally, I did not observe a correlation between qualitative wood traits and life form in Apioideae, what indicates that the evolution of derived woodiness was neither spurred nor prohibited by anatomical traits, but rather by external, ecological factors. Formal ancestral states reconstruction demonstrated that life form is more labile than previously expected in all three studied clades: derived woodiness most likely evolved at least twice in each of them, and in one case the habit shift took only some 130 thousand years. All cases of derived woodiness except for one date back to the Late Miocene, i.e. a sub-epoch of marked climate aridification. Four taxa (Daucus elegans, Daucinae; Deverra spp., Apieae; Nanobubon spp. and Notobubon spp., Tordylieae) currently occupy areas experiencing seasonal droughts, what suggests that their woodiness evolved as a mean to avoid cavitation. The remaining taxa are found in milder climates and it is more likely that their derived woodiness evolved in response to favourable conditions allowing for a prolongation of vegetative growth. Analyses of the distribution of derived woody and herbaceous species of Daucinae from Macaronesia corroborated earlier hypotheses on several independent dispersal events from the mainland to various archipelagos, and identified one, which possibly took place in historic times and could have been caused by human activity. On the other hand, formal biogeographic analyses of Apieae allowed to identify western Mediterranean (most likely present Morocco) as the ancestral area of the tribe and indicated several long-distance dispersals implicated in the origin and diversification of the southern hemisphere Apium clade. This clade is simultaneously the only to have diversification rates higher than the rest of the tribe, what indicates that net speciation in Apieae is accelerated by colonisation of new areas rather than by life form shifts.
Dominującym trendem w ewolucji roślin okrytonasiennych było przejście od form zdrewniałych (krzewów i drzew) do zielnych. Jego odwrócenie, tj. ewolucja form zdrewniałych z zielnych przodków, nazywana jest „wtórnym zdrewnieniem”. Takie przypadki są najliczniejsze na oceanicznych wyspach i zboczach tropikalnych gór o łagodnym klimacie, ale występują też w rejonach o klimacie śródziemnomorskim z okresową, dotkliwą suszą. Dwie najpowszechniej przywoływane hipotezy zakładają, że wtórne zdrewnienie ewoluuje w odpowiedzi na sprzyjające warunki klimatyczne pozwalające na przedłużony wzrost wegetatywny lub że jest formą przeciwdziałania niekorzystnym efektom kawitacji, gdyż bardziej zdrewniałe gatunki wykazują na nią większą odporność. Apioideae to najliczniejsza i najbardziej zróżnicowana spośród czterech podrodzin wyróżnianych w rodzinie baldaszkowatych (Apiaceae): obejmuje około 3820 gatunków o kosmopolitycznym zasięgu, głównie roślin zielnych, ale także nielicznych krzewów i drzew. Formalna rekonstrukcja stanów ancestralnych wskazuje, że ostatni wspólny przodek Apioideae był rośliną zielną, zatem wszystkie formy zdrewniałe w obrębie tej podrodziny są wtórne. Przedmiotem niniejszej rozprawy jest zbadanie wzorców wtórnego zdrewnienia na przykładzie trzech, odlegle spokrewnionych, kladów Apioideae (Daucinae, Apieae, Tordylieae) oraz przegląd zróżnicowania anatomii drewna w perspektywie całej podrodziny. Badania te mają na celu w szczególności określenie: (a) Czy istnieje zależność między formą życiową a jakościowymi cechami drewna? (b) Czy istnieją wspólne wzorce ewolucji wtórnego zdrewniania pomiędzy daleko spokrewnionymi kladami? (c) Jak długo, w czasie geologicznym, zajmuje ewolucja od formy zielnej do zdrewniałej? (d) Jakie czynniki anatomiczne/ekologiczne mogły przyczynić się do ewolucji wtórnego zdrewnienia w badanych kladach? Rozprawa obejmuje m.in. formalny opis anatomii drewna Apioideae oparty na analizie 154 gatunków ze wszystkich głównych kladów podrodziny. Drewno Apioideae jest nierozróżnialne od blisko spokrewnionych podrodzin (Saniculoideae, Azorelloideae) i charakteryzuje się małą różnorodnością. Odstępstwem od tego jest zróżnicowanie komórek podstawowych drewna, które mogą występować w postaci włókien (drewno włókniste), parenchymy (drewno miękiszowe) lub w formie mieszanej. Parenchymizacja drewna jest silnie związana ze skracaniem międzywęźli oraz polikarpicznością, podczas gdy drewno roślin monokarpicznych i tych o długich międzywęźlach zwykle jest włókniste. Zróżnicowanie form życiowych (według typologii Raunkiaera) nie znajduje odzwierciedlenia w anatomii drewna, w związku z czym formy zielne i zdrewniałe mogą być wzajemnie bardziej podobne anatomicznie, niż gatunki o podobnej formie wzrostu. Ogólnie, u baldaszkowatych z podrodziny Apioideae nie zaobserwowałem zależności między jakościowymi cechami drewna a formą życiową, co świadczy o tym, że ewolucja wtórnego zdrewnienia nie była hamowana/stymulowana przez czynniki anatomiczne, ale raczej warunkowana przez czynniki środowiskowe. Formalna rekonstrukcja stanów ancestralnych wykazała znaczną labilność formy życiowej w każdym z trzech badanych kladów: formy wtórnie zdrewniałe najprawdopodobniej wyewoluowały dwukrotnie w każdym z nich, a w co najmniej jednym przypadku czas potrzebny na zmianę formy życiowej wynosił zaledwie około 130 tysięcy lat. Wszystkie przypadki wtórnego zdrewnienia (za wyjątkiem jednego) miały miejsce w późnym miocenie, czyli okresie wyraźnego osuszenia klimatu. Cztery z nich (Daucus elegans, Daucinae; Deverra spp., Apieae; Nanobubon spp. oraz Notobubon spp., Tordylieae) to taksony występujące obecnie na obszarach doświadczających okresowych susz, co sugeruje, że wtórne zdrewnienie wyewoluowało jako forma przeciwdziałania kawitacji. Pozostałe taksony występują w środowiskach o łagodniejszym klimacie i jest bardziej prawdopodobne, że zdrewnienie powstało u nich w odpowiedzi na sprzyjające warunki pozwalające na wydłużenie czasu wegetacji. Analiza rozmieszczenia wtórnie zdrewniałych i zielnych gatunków Daucinae z Makaronezji pozwoliła potwierdzić wcześniejsze hipotezy o wielokrotnych, niezależnych dyspersjach przedstawicieli tego kladu z kontynentu na wyspy, w tym zidentyfikowała jedną, która mogła mieć miejsce w czasach historycznych i wynikać z zawleczenia przez człowieka. Z kolei formalna analiza biogeograficzna Apieae umożliwiła określenie miejsca różnicowania tego plemienia na zachodni obszar śródziemnomorski (najprawdopodobniej dzisiejsze Maroko) oraz wytypowanie kladu Apium z południowej półkuli jako tego, który w swojej historii doświadczył największej liczby niezależnych dyspersji długodystansowych. Klad ten jest jednocześnie jedynym, który wykazuje tempo dywersyfikacji wyższe niż reszta plemienia, co sugeruje, że w Apieae specjacja netto przyspieszyła w wyniku zasiedlania nowych terytoriów, a nie w rezultacie zmiany formy życiowej.