Journal articles: 'Nitrous oxide emissions'

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Zhang, Ming Chuan, Xuan Gong, and Xin Yang Xu. "Characteristics of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Partial Nitrification Process Treating High Ammonium Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.844.

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Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas, and biological nitrogen removal leads to nitrous oxide generation and emissions. In this study, the emission of nitrous oxide from partial nitrification process was investigated in two intermittently aerated SBRs (IASBRs). Activated sludge floc and aerobic granular sludge were feed into two IASBRs, respectively. In the steady state, partial nitrification was successfully achieved under intermittent aeration control strategy. Nitrous oxide emissions were 6.5% and 8.9% of the total influent nitrogen loading rate in IASBR1 and IASBR2, respectively. Nitrous oxide was mainly generated in non-aeration periods, but aeration period contributed to 91.8% and 90.6% of nitrous oxide emissions in two IASBRs, respectively. PHB can be used as the carbon source for heterotrophic denitrification, causing more nitrous oxide generated in IASBR2 which was seeded with aerobic granular sludge.

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Yang, Jingjing, Jozef Trela, Elzbieta Plaza, and Kåre Tjus. "N2O emissions from a one stage partial nitrification/anammox process in moving bed biofilm reactors." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.232.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment are getting increased attention because their global warming potential is around 300 times that of carbon dioxide. The aim of the study was to measure nitrous oxide emissions from one stage partial nitrification/anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) reactors, where nitrogen is removed in a biological way. The first part of the experimental study was focused on the measurements of nitrous oxide emissions from two pilot scale reactors in the long term; one reactor with intermittent aeration at 25 °C and the other reactor with continuous aeration at 22–23 °C. The second part of the experiment was done to evaluate the influence of different nitrogen loads and aeration strategies, described by the ratio between the non-aerated and aerated phase and the dissolved oxygen concentrations, on nitrous oxide emissions from the process. The study showed that 0.4–2% of the nitrogen load was converted into nitrous oxide from two reactors. With higher nitrogen load, the amount of nitrous oxide emission was also higher. A larger fraction of nitrous oxide was emitted to the gas phase while less was emitted with the liquid effluent. It was also found that nitrous oxide emissions were similar under intermittent and continuous aeration.

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Paul, J. W., E. G. Beauchamp, and X. Zhang. "Nitrous and nitric oxide emissions during nitrification and denitrification from manure-amended soil in the laboratory." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-054.

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Denitrification and nitrification processes in soil produce significant amounts of atmospheric N2O and NO. Laboratory experiments were designed to measure N2O and NO emissions from an agricultural soil shortly after manure addition. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher from soil following addition of manure slurries than following addition of composted manure. Emissions of both N2O and NO were highest between 1 and 4 d after manure addition. Nitrous oxide emission following manure application was the result of both denitrification and nitrification, which occurred simultaneously in soil. Denitrification was a major producer of N2O because both denitrification rates and N2O emission increased dramatically at higher soil-moisture contents and increased manure concentration. Nitric oxide production occurred during nitrification. Nitrous oxide emitted during the 6 d after manure addition ranged from 0.025 to 0.85% of the manure N. Nitric oxide emissions were approximately 0.26% of the amount of added manure N.Key words: Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, manure, denitrification, nitrification

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Koloszko-Chomentowska, Zofia, Leszek Sieczko, and Roman Trochimczuk. "Production Profile of Farms and Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 4904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164904.

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The negative impact of agricultural production on the environment is manifested, above all, in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). The goals of this study were to estimate methane and nitrous oxide emissions at the level of individual farms and indicate differences in emissions depending on the type of production, and to investigate dependencies between greenhouse gas emissions and economic indicators. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions were estimated at three types of farms in Poland, based on FADN data: field crops, milk, and mixed. Data were from 2004–2018. Statistical analysis confirmed the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and economic performance. On milk farms, the value of methane and nitrous oxide emissions increased with increased net value added and farm income. Milk farms reached the highest land productivity and the highest level of income per 1 ha of farmland. On field crops farms, the relationship between net value added and farm income and methane and nitrous oxide emissions was negative. Animals remain a strong determinant of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and the emissions at milk farms were the highest. On mixed farms, emissions result from intensive livestock and crop production. In farms of the field crops type, emissions were the lowest and mainly concerned crops.

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Maljanen, Marja Elisa, Zafar Gondal, and HemRaj Bhattarai. "Emissions of nitrous acid (HONO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from horse dung." Agricultural and Food Science 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.59314.

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Horse dung contains considerable amounts of nitrogen which is partly lost during the storage period. Leaching of nitrogen from the dung can be prevented with constructions but also gaseous N-emissions occur. However, the emission rates are not reported in the literature. We measured in laboratory conditions nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) emissions from fresh, one month old and one year old horse dung samples. NO and HONO emissions increased with the storage time of the dung. The mean emission rates of HONO and NO were from 36 to 280 ng N kg dw-1h-1 and from 15 to 3500 ng N kg dw-1h-1, respectively. N2O emissions were more variable showing also highest emissions (20.3 µg N kg dw-1 h-1) from the oldest samples. Thus, the longer storage of horse dung increases gaseous N losses which should be taken into account when planning the environmental friendly way to handle horse dung.

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Porada, Philipp, Ulrich Pöschl, Axel Kleidon, Christian Beer, and Bettina Weber. "Estimating global nitrous oxide emissions by lichens and bryophytes with a process-based productivity model." Biogeosciences 14, no. 6 (March 28, 2017): 1593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1593-2017.

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Abstract. Nitrous oxide is a strong greenhouse gas and atmospheric ozone-depleting agent which is largely emitted by soils. Recently, lichens and bryophytes have also been shown to release significant amounts of nitrous oxide. This finding relies on ecosystem-scale estimates of net primary productivity of lichens and bryophytes, which are converted to nitrous oxide emissions by empirical relationships between productivity and respiration, as well as between respiration and nitrous oxide release. Here we obtain an alternative estimate of nitrous oxide emissions which is based on a global process-based non-vascular vegetation model of lichens and bryophytes. The model quantifies photosynthesis and respiration of lichens and bryophytes directly as a function of environmental conditions, such as light and temperature. Nitrous oxide emissions are then derived from simulated respiration assuming a fixed relationship between the two fluxes. This approach yields a global estimate of 0.27 (0.19–0.35) (Tg N2O) year−1 released by lichens and bryophytes. This is lower than previous estimates but corresponds to about 50 % of the atmospheric deposition of nitrous oxide into the oceans or 25 % of the atmospheric deposition on land. Uncertainty in our simulated estimate results from large variation in emission rates due to both physiological differences between species and spatial heterogeneity of climatic conditions. To constrain our predictions, combined online gas exchange measurements of respiration and nitrous oxide emissions may be helpful.

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Haider, Azad, Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain, Wimal Rankaduwa, and Farzana Shaheen. "Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052808.

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This paper analyses the relationship between Nitrous Oxide emissions, agricultural land use, and economic growth in Pakistan. Agriculture largely contributes to Nitrous Oxide emissions. Hence, models of agriculture induced Nitrous Oxide emissions are estimated in addition to models of total Nitrous Oxide emissions. Estimated models accommodate more flexible forms of relationship between economic growth and emissions than those of the widely adopted models in testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and the vector error correction model approach is applied to test the Environmental Kuznets’s Curve hypothesis for Pakistan and to detect the directions of causality among variables using the time series data for the period 1971 to 2012. Results indicate that an N-shaped rather than an inverted U-shaped relationship exists in the case of Pakistan. The tipping values for total Nitrous Oxide emissions and agriculturally induced Nitrous Oxide emissions indicate that Pakistan passes through a phase of increasing environmental degradation. Increases in agricultural land use and per capita energy use will increase the level of Nitrous Oxide emissions. However, controlling Nitrous Oxide emissions from agricultural land use and per capita, energy use without adversely affecting economic development will be a serious policy challenge for Pakistan.

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Zhu-Barker, Xia, Mark Easter, Amy Swan, Mary Carlson, Lucas Thompson, William R. Horwath, Keith Paustian, and Kerri L. Steenwerth. "Soil Management Practices to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Inform Emission Factors in Arid Irrigated Specialty Crop Systems." Soil Systems 3, no. 4 (November 24, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3040076.

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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from arid irrigated agricultural soil in California have been predicted to represent 8% of the state’s total GHG emissions. Although specialty crops compose the majority of the state’s crops in both economic value and land area, the portion of GHG emissions contributed by them is still highly uncertain. Current and emerging soil management practices affect the mitigation of those emissions. Herein, we review the scientific literature on the impact of soil management practices in California specialty crop systems on GHG nitrous oxide emissions. As such studies from most major specialty crop systems in California are limited, we focus on two annual and two perennial crops with the most data from the state: tomato, lettuce, wine grapes and almond. Nitrous oxide emission factors were developed and compared to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factors, and state-wide emissions for these four crops were calculated for specific soil management practices. Dependent on crop systems and specific management practices, the emission factors developed in this study were either higher, lower or comparable to IPCC emission factors. Uncertainties caused by low gas sampling frequency in these studies were identified and discussed. These uncertainties can be remediated by robust and standardized estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from changes in soil management practices in California specialty crop systems. Promising practices to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and meet crop production goals, pertinent gaps in knowledge on this topic and limitations of this approach are discussed.

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Reay, David S., Keith A. Smith, Anthony C. Edwards, Kevin M. Hiscock, Liang F. Dong, and David B. Nedwell. "Indirect nitrous oxide emissions: Revised emission factors." Environmental Sciences 2, no. 2-3 (June 2005): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15693430500415525.

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Hamidu, Ibrahim, Benjamin Afotey, and Zakaria Ayatul-Lahi. "Design and Development of a Low-cost Sensor IoT Computing Device for Greenhouse Gas Momitor from Selected Industry Locations." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 23, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v23i4.2047.

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The objective of the study is to develop low-cost IoT based sensor to monitor real-time greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions data from selected industry locations (city blocks) in a top-down approach. Three (3) industry locations were selected within the Suame Industrial complex (the largest single cluster of artisanal engineering and light manufacturing in Sub Saharan Africa and even Africa) which has no reported GHG emissions data. A GHG monitor was developed using Atmega328 microcontroller and a sim800I GSM module was used to collect a 24-hour real-time minute-by-minute emissions data from the selected industry locations. A MQ-4 (methane/natural gas sensor), MQ-135 (Nitrous Oxide sensors) and DHT22 (temperature and humidity sensor) were used in the GHG monitor design. The GHG of concern were carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. A total of 3627 emissions data were collected and analyzed from the three (3) industry locations. Location 3 had the highest average carbon dioxide emissions of 508.11 ppm, followed by location 2 with 477.31 ppm with the least emissions in location 1 with 472.51 ppm which are above the global carbon dioxide average of 414.7 ppm. The average methane emission was highest in location 1 with 0.1599 ppm (1599 ppb), followed by location 3 with 0.1366 ppm (1366 ppb) with the least average methane emission of 0.1358 ppm (1358 ppb) in location 2 which are slightly below the global methane average of 1895.7 ppb. The MQ-135 nitrous oxide sensor reported zero emissions data throughout the deployment at the various industry locations which indicated the nitrous oxides emission in the selected sample site is negligible or below the detectable range of the sensor.

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Skiba, U., S. K. Jones, U. Dragosits, J. Drewer, D. Fowler, R. M. Rees, V. A. Pappa, et al. "UK emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1593 (May 5, 2012): 1175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0356.

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Signatories of the Kyoto Protocol are obliged to submit annual accounts of their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which include nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Emissions from the sectors industry (3.8 Gg), energy (14.4 Gg), agriculture (86.8 Gg), wastewater (4.4 Gg), land use, land-use change and forestry (2.1 Gg) can be calculated by multiplying activity data (i.e. amount of fertilizer applied, animal numbers) with simple emission factors (Tier 1 approach), which are generally applied across wide geographical regions. The agricultural sector is the largest anthropogenic source of N 2 O in many countries and responsible for 75 per cent of UK N 2 O emissions. Microbial N 2 O production in nitrogen-fertilized soils (27.6 Gg), nitrogen-enriched waters (24.2 Gg) and manure storage systems (6.4 Gg) dominate agricultural emission budgets. For the agricultural sector, the Tier 1 emission factor approach is too simplistic to reflect local variations in climate, ecosystems and management, and is unable to take into account some of the mitigation strategies applied. This paper reviews deviations of observed emissions from those calculated using the simple emission factor approach for all anthropogenic sectors, briefly discusses the need to adopt specific emission factors that reflect regional variability in climate, soil type and management, and explains how bottom-up emission inventories can be verified by top-down modelling.

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Del Grosso, Stephen J., Tom Wirth, Stephen M. Ogle, and William J. Parton. "Estimating Agricultural Nitrous Oxide Emissions." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 89, no. 51 (2008): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo510001.

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Orthofer, Rudolf, H. Markus Knoflacher, and Johann Zueger. "Nitrous oxide emissions in Austria." Energy Conversion and Management 37, no. 6-8 (June 1996): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(95)00338-x.

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Dasch, Jean Muhlbaier. "Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Vehicles." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 42, no. 1 (January 1992): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1992.10466971.

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Bange, Hermann W., Tom G. Bell, Marcela Cornejo, Alina Freing, Günther Uher, Rob C. Upstill-Goddard, and Guiling Zhang. "MEMENTO: a proposal to develop a database of marine nitrous oxide and methane measurements." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2009): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en09033.

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Environmental context. Nitrous oxide and methane are atmospheric trace gases and, because they are strong greenhouse gases, they contribute significantly to the ongoing global warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Despite the well established fact that the world’s oceans release nitrous oxide and methane to the atmosphere, the oceanic emission estimates of both gases are only poorly quantified. The MEMENTO (MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide) database initiative is proposed as an effective way by which existing nitrous oxide and methane measurements can be used to reduce the uncertainty of the oceanic emissions estimates by establishing a global database.

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Nasiru, A., M. S. Suleiman, A. A. Idris, A. Jinjiri, M. U. Aminu, Z. Y. Gilima, and M. J. Jibrin. "Nitrous oxide emission from livestock production." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 4 (March 8, 2021): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i4.3007.

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Livestock production provides food and raw materials in addition to being means of livelihoods to millions of people. However, their production is associated with pollution among which is greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Livestock contributes 80% of the total GHG emission from agricultural sector. These emissions are originated from enteric fermentations and manure management. Emissions from manure management are mostly Nitrous oxide. Five (5) sources of N O emission from livestock were identified and are dung 2 and urine from grazing animals deposited in pastures, indirect sources, animal wastes in stables and storages, application of animal wastes to land and burning of dung with emission proportion of 41, 27, 19, 10 and 3% respectively. IPCC developed methods for estimation N O emission designated as Tier 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Using Tier 1 method a total of 2 453.027 gigagrams of N O were emitted from livestock, considering class of livestock 2 ruminant dominated the emission with cattle alone emitted 47.83% of the total emission. Based on regions, Asia produces the highest emission from N O with 51% in the year 2016. 2 Tier 3 method can be used to get a relative accurate measurement of the emission as well as GLEAM model. Mitigation options should be explored in order to minimise GHG emission and environmental pollution from livestock as well as nutrients losses which translate to increase cost of production. La production animale fournit de la nourriture et des matières premières en plus d'être un moyen de subsistance pour des millions de personnes. Cependant, leur production est associée à une pollution dont les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). L'élevage contribue à 80% des émissions totales de GES du secteur agricole. Ces émissions proviennent des fermentations entériques et de la gestion du fumier. Les émissions provenant de la gestion du fumier sont principalement de l'oxyde nitreux. Cinq (5) sources d'émission de N2O provenant du bétail ont été identifiées et sont les excréments et l'urine d'animaux de pâturage déposés dans les pâturages, les sources indirectes, les déchets animaux dans les étables et les entrepôts, l'épandage de déchets animaux sur le sol et le brûlage des excréments avec une

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Jarosz, Zuzanna, and Antoni Faber. "REGIONAL DIVERSITY IN NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM THE AGRICULTURAL USE OF SOIL." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1164.

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The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the analyzed factors on the regional differentiation of nitrous oxide emission values from the agricultural use of soil in Poland. In the analyses, the initial content of soil organic carbon, carbon sequestration and soil pH were taken into account as variables modifying the value of nitrous oxide emission. The results showed that regional differentiation of nitrous oxide emissions was shaped mainly by the initial content of soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration. The highest emission values, 3 to 3.5 times higher than in other regions, were identified in Lubuskie voivodship.

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Yang, Jingjing, Jozef Trela, and Elzbieta Plaza. "Nitrous oxide emissions from one-step partial nitritation/anammox processes." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 12 (October 1, 2016): 2870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.454.

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Measurements of nitrous oxide were made at pilot- and full-scale plants to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions from one-step partial nitritation/anammox processes applied in moving bed biofilm reactors treating reject water. It was found that 0.51–1.29% and 0.35–1.33% of the total nitrogen loads in the pilot- and full-scale reactor, respectively, were emitted as nitrous oxide. Between 80 and 90% of nitrous oxide emissions were in gaseous form and the rest amount was found in the reactor effluent; over 90% of nitrous oxide emissions occurred in the aerated period and less than 8% in the non-aerated period in the full-scale study. Nitrous oxide productions/consumptions were closely related to aeration and the nitrogen loads applied in the system.

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Daelman, M. R. J., E. M. van Voorthuizen, L. G. J. M. van Dongen, E. I. P. Volcke, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from municipal wastewater treatment – results from a long-term study." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 10 (May 1, 2013): 2350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.109.

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Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a fully covered municipal wastewater treatment plant were measured on-line during 16 months. At the plant under study, nitrous oxide contributed three-quarters to the plant's carbon footprint, while the methane emission was slightly larger than the indirect carbon dioxide emission related to the plant's electricity and natural gas consumption. This contrasted with two other wastewater treatment plants, where more than 80% of the carbon footprint came from the indirect carbon dioxide emission. The nitrous oxide emission exhibited a seasonal dynamic, of which the cause remains unclear. Three types of air filter were investigated with regard to their effectiveness to remove methane from the off-gas.

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Beauchamp, E. G. "Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-101.

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A review of the salient features of N2O emissions from agricultural soils was done to assess our current understanding and associated problems. Nitrous oxide is an important globe warming gas and a destructive agent of ozone in the stratosphere. A major concern is the increasing contribution of chemical fertilizers to atmospheric N2O buildup. There is only a limited understanding of the contributions from manures, biological N2 fixation and crop residues. A recent estimate suggests that agriculture's share of N2O emissions is 80% although such estimates are highly uncertain because of imprecise data and the physical and biological complexities of the production process. As a product of the nitrification and denitrification process in soils, a major problem is our understanding of the proportion of N2O produced, i.e. the product ratios, although there is a good general understanding of the processes involved. Measurements of N2O emissions from the soil surface fail to take into account N2O flux from the bottom of the root zone into the subsoil and aquifers although they are generally considered to be significant. There is a need to apply newly available methodology and for combining this methodology and modelling together to predict N2O emissions on the landscape (or field) scale taking climate, soil and cropping variables into account. There is enough information available now to exercise some control of N2O emissions from cultivated soils. It is suggested that this be done focusing on factors that directly affect the soil microbes involved with the nitrification (NH4+, O2) and denitrification (NO3−, C, O2) processes. Cropping practices and some soil characteristic amendments are suggested herein for this purpose. Key words: Denitrification, nitrification, emission control, gas ratios

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Hassan, Syeda Anam, and Misbah Nosheen. "The Impact of Air Transportation on Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL Modelling Approach." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 3, no. 6 (2018): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.36.2001.

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No one can deny the progression and innovation in the aviation transportation collected at national and international level. But the accountancy of the impact of air transportation on environmental degradation is naive and emerging trend of the current era. The air transportation versus environment is the key contribution to the literature that is solely conducted for Pakistan first time in this context. The objective of this research is to compute the impact of air transportation on carbon dioxide emissions, nitrous emissions and methane emissions separately in the three models by applying ARDL bound test approach during 1990 to 2017. The result depicts significant and positive relation of air transportation (carriage) to carbon dioxide emissions (0.77), nitrous emissions (0.20) and methane emissions (0.38) in long-run. The short-run results infer that the air transportation (passenger) has significantly positive relation to carbon dioxide emissions (0.278), nitrous emissions (0.207), and methane emissions (0.080). The econometric outcomes show the significant and direct relation to transportation (both passenger and cargo) to carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions in short and long-run. Moreover, per capita GDP, population density, and energy demand also significantly affect the environment showing significant and positive coefficients to all three categories (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) of emission. In case of Pakistan, FDI and trade for this duration didn’t significantly contribute to the CO2, NO2, and methane emissions. Since the last decade the economic issues of Pakistan like terrorism, political instability, energy crises, and poor management along with the worst performance by tertiary sectors have severely hit the economy, and as a result, the FDI and trade sector has tormented in a substantial proportion. Finally, pairwise Granger causation also supports the short and long-run consequences. The outcomes suggested that the fuel-efficient energy use and technological diversification in the transportation sector are essential to mitigate the degrading environmental emissions.

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Jahn, Lydia, Karl Svardal, and Jörg Krampe. "Nitrous oxide emissions from aerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 7 (October 1, 2019): 1304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.378.

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Abstract The emissions of climate-relevant nitrous oxides from wastewater treatment with aerobic granular sludge (AGS) are of special interest due to considerable structural as well as microbiological differences compared with flocculent sludge. Due to the compact and large structures, AGS is characterised by the formation of zones with different dissolved oxygen (DO) and substrate gradients, which allows simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). N2O emissions from AGS were investigated using laboratory-scale SBR fed with municipal wastewater. Special attention was paid to the effects of different organic loading rates (OLR) and aeration strategies. Emission factors (EF) were in a range of 0.54% to 4.8% (gN2O/gNH4-Nox.) under constant aerobic conditions during the aerated phase and different OLR. Higher OLR and SND were found to increase the N2O emissions. A comparative measurement of two similarly operated SBR with AGS showed that the reactor operated under constant aerobic conditions (DO of 2 mg L−1) emitted more N2O than the SBR with an alternating aeration strategy. Total nitrogen (TN) removal was significantly higher with the alternating aeration since non-aerated periods lead to increased anoxic zones inside the granules. The constant aerobic operation was found to promote the accumulation of NO2-N, which could explain the differences in the N2O levels.

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Stell, Angharad C., Michael Bertolacci, Andrew Zammit-Mangion, Matthew Rigby, Paul J. Fraser, Christina M. Harth, Paul B. Krummel, et al. "Modelling the growth of atmospheric nitrous oxide using a global hierarchical inversion." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12945–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12945-2022.

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Abstract. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and ozone-depleting substance, whose atmospheric abundance has risen throughout the contemporary record. In this work, we carry out the first global hierarchical Bayesian inversion to solve for nitrous oxide emissions, which includes prior emissions with truncated Gaussian distributions and Gaussian model errors, in order to examine the drivers of the atmospheric surface growth rate. We show that both emissions and climatic variability are key drivers of variations in the surface nitrous oxide growth rate between 2011 and 2020. We derive increasing global nitrous oxide emissions, which are mainly driven by emissions between 0 and 30∘ N, with the highest emissions recorded in 2020. Our mean global total emissions for 2011–2020 of 17.2 (16.7–17.7 at the 95 % credible intervals) Tg N yr−1, comprising of 12.0 (11.2–12.8) Tg N yr−1 from land and 5.2 (4.5–5.9) Tg N yr−1 from ocean, agrees well with previous studies, but we find that emissions are poorly constrained for some regions of the world, particularly for the oceans. The prior emissions used in this and other previous work exhibit a seasonal cycle in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere that is out of phase with the posterior solution, and there is a substantial zonal redistribution of emissions from the prior to the posterior. Correctly characterizing the uncertainties in the system, for example in the prior emission fields, is crucial for deriving posterior fluxes that are consistent with observations. In this hierarchical inversion, the model-measurement discrepancy and the prior flux uncertainty are informed by the data, rather than solely through “expert judgement”. We show cases where this framework provides different plausible adjustments to the prior fluxes compared to inversions using widely adopted, fixed uncertainty constraints.

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Hu, Lanfang, Ziyi Feng, Yongxiang Yu, and Huaiying Yao. "Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Agriculture Soil." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060770.

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Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in industrial and agricultural production and introduced into soils. The impact of these nanoparticles on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission is unclear. We conducted a microcosm experiment to investigate the effects of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), and aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) on soil N2O emissions and the abundance of functional genes related to N2O production/reduction. Compared to the soil without NPs addition, TiO2 NPs applied to the soil produced no significant effect on N2O emissions. The denitrification process in the soil exposed to CuO NPs was inhibited by reducing the functional genes related to nitrite reductase (nirK) and increasing N2O reductase (nosZ), while CuO NPs added to the soil stimulated the cumulative N2O emissions by 92.7%. After the application of Al2O3 NPs to the soil, the nitrification process was inhibited by inhibiting the functional genes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB amoA), and soil N2O emission was reduced by 48.6%. Large-scale application of CuO NPs in agricultural soils may stimulate the N2O emissions resulting in potential environmental risks.

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Cao, Wenchao, Su Liu, Zhi Qu, He Song, Wei Qin, Jingheng Guo, Qing Chen, Shan Lin, and Jingguo Wang. "Contribution and Driving Mechanism of N2O Emission Bursts in a Chinese Vegetable Greenhouse after Manure Application and Irrigation." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061624.

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Solar greenhouse vegetable fields have been found to be hotspots of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in China, mainly due to excessive manure application and irrigation. Pulses of N2O emissions have been commonly reported by field monitoring works conducted in greenhouse fields, though their significance regarding total N2O emissions and the driving mechanism behind them remain poorly understood. N2O fluxes were monitored in situ using a static opaque chamber method in a typical greenhouse vegetable field. Then, laboratory incubations were conducted under different soil moisture and manure application gradients to monitor nitrous oxide emissions and related soil properties, using a robotized incubation system. Field monitoring showed that the occurrence of clear N2O emission bursts closely followed fertilization and irrigation events, accounting for 76.7% of the annual N2O efflux. The soil N2O flux increased exponentially with the water-filled pore space (WFPS), causing extremely high N2O emissions when the WFPS was higher than 60%. During the lab incubation, emission bursts led to N2O peaks within 40 h, synchronously changing with the transit soil NO2−. An integrated analysis of the variations in the gas emission and soil properties indicated that the denitrification of transit NO2− accumulation was the major explanation for N2O emission bursts in the greenhouse filed. Nitrous oxide emission bursts constituted the major portion of the N2O emissions in the Chinese greenhouse soils. Nitrite (NO2−) denitrification triggered by fertilization and irrigation was responsible for these N2O emission pulses. Our results clarified the significance and biogeochemical mechanisms of N2O burst emissions; this knowledge could help us to devise and enact sounder N2O mitigation measures, which would be conducive to sustainable development in vegetable greenhouse fields.

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Zhu, Zhiping, Lulu Li, Hongmin Dong, and Yue Wang. "Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Different Types of Livestock and Poultry Manure During Storage." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14079.

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HighlightsCarbon and nitrogen gas emissions from manure storage were influenced by manure characteristics.The main GHG contributor for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and broiler manure was methane.The main GHG contributor for laying hen manure was nitrous oxide (N2O).N2O emissions of the five types of manure were comparable with the IPCC recommended value.Abstract. Livestock manure management is an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from agriculture. Large amounts of manure are produced in China, while little research is available on the gas emission characteristics from different manure sources. The GHG and NH3 emissions from pig manure (PM), dairy cattle manure (DCM), beef cattle manure (BCM), layer manure (LM), and broiler manure (BM) during storage were monitored using the dynamic emission chamber method to compare the differences in gas emission characteristics among the five manure types and elucidate the key factors causing the differences. The results indicated that C and N gas emissions from manure storage were influenced by manure characteristics. The total CO2-eq (without CO2) emissions from PM, DCM, BCM, LM, BM were, respectively, 49.98 ±3.53, 1160.4 ±55.22, 692.16 ±42.98, 61.99 ±1.92, and 72.52 ±3.45 g per kg of dry basis manure during 77-day storage. The main GHG contributor for DCM, BCM, and BM was methane (CH4), accounting for 65% to 94%, and the main GHG contributor for LM was nitrous oxide (N2O). For PM, CH4 and N2O contributed equally to the total emissions. The N2O emissions of the five manure types were 0.002 to 0.013 kg N2O-N kg-1 N and were comparable with the IPCC recommended value. Keywords: Ammonia, Animal manure, Emission, Methane, Nitrous oxide.

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Velthof, G. L., and O. Oenema. "Nitrous oxide emission from dairy farming systems in the Netherlands." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 45, no. 3 (October 1, 1997): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i3.510.

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A large part of the nitrogen (N) input in dairy farming systems in the Netherlands is lost from the system via N leaching and volatilization of gaseous N compounds, including the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The aim of the present study was to quantify N2O emission from dairy farming systems in the Netherlands, using a whole-farm approach. A total of 14 N2O sources was identified and emission factors were derived for each of these using the literature. Figures are presented for the amounts of N2O produced/kg herbage N produced (ranging from 4 to 89 g N2O-N kg-1 herbage N), depending on soil type and grassland management. Using Monte Carlo simulations, variations in mean total N2O emissions from the different sources were calculated for 3 model dairy farming systems differing in nutrient management. These different farming systems were chosen to assess the effect of improved nutrient management on total N2O emission. The total direct annual N2O emissions ranged from 15.4 +or-9.4 kg N2O-N/ha for the average dairy farming system in the 1980s to 5.3 +or-2.6 kg N2O-N/ha for a prototype of an economically feasible farming system with acceptable nutrient emissions. Leaching-derived, grazing-derived and fertilizer-derived N2O emissions were the major N2O sources on dairy farming systems. The total direct N2O emissions accounted for 3.2 to 4.6% of the N surplus on the dairy farming systems, suggesting that only a small amount of N was lost as N2O. Total N2O emissions from dairy farming systems in the Netherlands were 13.7+or-5.1 Gg N/year, which is about 35% of the estimated total N2O emission in the Netherlands. It is concluded that improvement of nutrient management of dairy farming systems will significantly decrease the N2O emissions from these systems, and thus the total N2O emission in the Netherlands.

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Alho, Carlos Francisco Brazão Vieira, Abmael da Silva Cardoso, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, and Etelvino Henrique Novotny. "Biochar and soil nitrous oxide emissions." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 47, no. 5 (May 2012): 722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2012000500013.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of biochar application on soil nitrous oxide emissions. The experiment was carried out in pots under greenhouse conditions. Four levels of ground commercial charcoal of 2 mm (biochar) were evaluated in a sandy Albaqualf (90% of sand): 0, 3, 6, and 9 Mg ha-1. All treatments received 100 kg ha-1 of N as urea. A cubic effect of biochar levels was observed on the N2O emissions. Biochar doses above 5 Mg ha-1 started to mitigate the emissions in the evaluated soil. However, lower doses promote the emissions.

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Leppelt, T., R. Dechow, S. Gebbert, A. Freibauer, A. Lohila, J. Augustin, M. Drösler, et al. "Nitrous oxide emission hotspots from organic soils in Europe." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2014): 9135–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9135-2014.

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Abstract. Organic soils are a main source of direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, an important greenhouse gas (GHG). Observed N2O emissions from organic soils are highly variable in space and time which causes high uncertainties in national emission inventories. Those uncertainties could be reduced when relating the upscaling process to a priori identified key drivers by using available N2O observations from plot scale in empirical approaches. We used the empirical fuzzy modelling approach MODE to identify main drivers for N2O and utilize them to predict the spatial emission pattern of European organic soils. We conducted a meta study with a total amount of 659 annual N2O measurements which was used to derive separate models for different land use types. We applied our models to available, spatial explicit input driver maps to upscale N2O emissions on European level and compared the inventory with recently published IPCC emission factors. The final statistical models explained up to 60% of the N2O variance. Our study results showed that cropland and grasslands emitted the highest N2O fluxes 0.98 ± 1.08 and 0.58 ± 1.03 g N2O-N m−2 a−1, respectively. High fluxes from cropland sites were mainly controlled by low soil pH-value and deep drained groundwater tables. Grassland hotspot emissions were strongly related to high amount of N-fertilizer inputs and warmer winter temperatures. In contrast N2O fluxes from natural peatlands were predominantly low (0.07±0.27 g N2O-N m−2 a−1) and we found no relationship with the tested drivers. The total inventory for direct N2O emissions from organic soils in Europe amount up to 149.5 Gg N2O-N a−1, which included also fluxes from forest and peat extraction sites and exceeds the inventory calculated by IPCC emission factors of 87.4 Gg N2O-N a−1. N2O emissions from organic soils represent up to 13% of total European N2O emissions reported in the European Union (EU) greenhouse gas inventory of 2011 from only 7% of the EU area. Thereby the model demonstrated that with up to 85% the major part of the inventory is induced by anthropogenic management, which shows the significant reduction potential by rewetting and extensivation of agricultural used peat soils.

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Sun, Qiao-Qi, Charlotte Whitham, Kun Shi, Guo-Hai Yu, and Xiao-Wei Sun. "Nitrous oxide emissions from a waterbody in the Nenjiang basin, China." Hydrology Research 43, no. 6 (June 5, 2012): 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.060.

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Using static, closed chambers and gas chromatography techniques, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have been monitored for 1 year (2009–2010) on an inland running waterbody downstream of the Nenjiang basin, China. During the freezing period, holes were dug in the ice in order to obtain nitrous oxide samples. Here, we have focused on water-air gas exchange and factors which might influence N2O emissions and flux. Initial results indicate: (1) N2O flux rates reach peak emission in January and the annual emissions of N2O were low, being estimated at 0.35 ± 0.20 μgm–2 h−1; significant seasonal differences only appeared between January and July; (2) N2O flux rates have strong regularity and ice has been the main barrier to nitrous oxide release during winter; (3) 24-hour monitoring revealed that N2O flux remained steady during 9:00–17:00; (4) N2O emissions have significant relationships with ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in water (r = 0.4467, p = 0.020 and r = 0.4793, p = 0.011, respectively). The N2O flux released from the waterbody is determined by the chemical concentrations in the water. Following these results, we suggest that moderate use of N and P fertilizer at intensive agricultural areas will be beneficial in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from this waterbody.

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Hmielowski, Tracy. "Measuring Nitrous Oxide Emissions from agriculture." CSA News 62, no. 4 (April 2017): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/csa2017.62.0413.

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Reay, Dave S., Eric A. Davidson, Keith A. Smith, Pete Smith, Jerry M. Melillo, Frank Dentener, and Paul J. Crutzen. "Global agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions." Nature Climate Change 2, no. 6 (May 13, 2012): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1458.

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Oenema, O., G. L. Velthof, S. Yamulki, and S. C. Jarvis. "Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland." Soil Use and Management 13, s4 (December 1997): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00600.x.

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Becker, K. H., Lörzer, R. Kurtenbach, P. Wiesen, T. E. Jensen, and T. J. Wallington. "Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions from Vehicles." Environmental Science & Technology 33, no. 22 (November 1999): 4134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9903330.

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Mosier, A. R. "Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils." Fertilizer Research 37, no. 3 (1994): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00748937.

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Rutar, Teodora, John C. Kramlich, Philip C. Malte, and Peter Glarborg. "Nitrous oxide emissions control by reburning." Combustion and Flame 107, no. 4 (December 1996): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(96)00057-0.

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Nevison, Cynthia D., Ray F. Weiss, and David J. Erickson. "Global oceanic emissions of nitrous oxide." Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. C8 (1995): 15809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jc00684.

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Clemens, J., and B. Haas. "Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Sewer Systems." Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 25, no. 2 (1997): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19970250207.

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Debruyn, Walter, Gilbert Lissens, Jan van Rensbergen, and Maria Wevers. "Nitrous oxide emissions from waste water." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 31-31, no. 1-2 (May 1994): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00547192.

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Signor, Diana, and Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri. "Nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils: a review." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 43, no. 3 (September 2013): 322–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-40632013000300014.

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The greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere have significantly increased since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The most important greenhouse gases are CO2, CH4 and N2O, with CH4 and N2O presenting global warming potentials 25 and 298 times higher than CO2, respectively. Most of the N2O emissions take place in soils and are related with agricultural activities. So, this review article aimed at presenting the mechanisms of N2O formation and emission in agricultural soils, as well as gathering and discussing information on how soil management practices may be used to reduce such emissions. The N2O formation in the soil occurs mainly through nitrification and denitrification processes, which are influenced by soil moisture, temperature, oxygen concentration, amount of available organic carbon and nitrogen and soil C/N ratio. Among these factors, those related to soil could be easily altered by management practices. Therefore, understanding the processes of N2O formation in soils and the factors influencing these emissions is fundamental to develop efficient strategies to reduce N2O emissions in agricultural soils.

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de Klein, C. A. M., and R. J. Eckard. "Targeted technologies for nitrous oxide abatement from animal agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07217.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions account for ~10% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with most of these emissions (~90%) deriving from agricultural practices. Animal agriculture potentially contributes up to 50% of total agricultural N2O emissions. In intensive animal agriculture, high N2O emission rates generally coincide with anaerobic soil conditions and high soil NO3–, primarily from animal urine patches. This paper provides an overview of animal, feed-based and soil or management abatement technologies for ruminant animal agriculture targeted at reducing the size of the soil NO3– pool or improving soil aeration. Direct measurements of N2O emissions from potential animal and feed-based intervention technologies are scarce. However, studies have shown that they have the potential to reduce urinary N excretion by 3–60% and thus reduce associated N2O emissions. Research on the effect of soil and water management interventions is generally further advanced and N2O reduction potentials of up to 90% have been measured in some instances. Of the currently available technologies, nitrification inhibitors, managing animal diets and fertiliser management show the best potential for reducing emissions in the short-term. However, strategies should always be evaluated in a whole-system context, to ensure that reductions in one part of the system do not stimulate higher emissions elsewhere. Current technologies reviewed here could deliver up to 50% reduction from an animal housing system, but only up to 15% from a grazing-based system. However, given that enteric methane emissions form the majority of emissions from grazing systems, a 15% abatement of N2O is likely to translate to a 2–4% decrease in total GHG emissions at a farm scale. Clearly, further research is needed to develop technologies for improving N cycling and reducing N2O emissions from grazing-based animal production systems.

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Truong, An Ha, Minh Thuy Kim, Thi Thu Nguyen, Ngoc Tung Nguyen, and Quang Trung Nguyen. "Methane, Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Farming in the Red River Delta, Vietnam: An Inventory and Projection for 2000–2030." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103826.

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Livestock farming is a major source of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. In this study, we estimate methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emission from livestock sector in the Red River Delta region from 2000 to 2015 and provide a projection to 2030 using IPCC 2006 methodologies with the integration of local emission factors and provincial statistic livestock database. Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions from livestock farming in the Red River Delta in 2030 are estimated at 132 kt, 8.3 kt and 34.2 kt, respectively. Total global warming potential is estimated at 5.9 MtCO2eq in 2030 and accounts for 33% of projected greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in Vietnam. Pig farming is responsible for half of both greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions in the Red River Delta region. Cattle is another major livestock responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and poultry is one that is responsible for ammonia emissions. Hanoi contributes for the largest emissions in the region in 2015 but will be surpassed by other provinces in Vietnam by 2030.

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Liu, Hui. "Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Subtropical Agricultural Field." Advanced Materials Research 641-642 (January 2013): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.197.

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N2O emissions have been increasing in recent years due to intensive agricultural practices. This study was conducted to evaluate N2O emissions from a subtropical paddy field of south China with closed static chamber and a gas chromatograph in situ in the second crop season. Gas samples were taken simultaneously from rice-involved and rice-free plots. It showed that diurnal variation of N2O emission was more regular at the booting stage. The diurnal mean N2O flux of rice-involved plot was higher than that of rice-free plot during flooding time but lower during the drying time. It showed no significant correlation between N2O flux and temperature. The N2O flux was affected by soil water regime. Rice paddy field in growing season is a N2O source to atmosphere.

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Hellebrand, H. J., V. Scholz, and J. Kern. "Nitrogen conversion and nitrous oxide hot spots in energy crop cultivation." Research in Agricultural Engineering 54, No. 2 (June 24, 2008): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1001-rae.

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Since 1999, nitrous oxide (N2O) soil emissions from sites cultivated with energy plants have been measured by gas chromatography and gas flux chambers in experimental fields. The main aim of this study was the nitrogen conversion factor and its variability for sandy soils under climatic conditions of Central Europe. Annual plants (hemp, rape, rye, sorghum, triticale) and perennial plants (grass, perennial rye, poplar, willow) were fertilised with three different levels of nitrogen (150 kg N/ha/year, 75 kg N/ha/year, and none). The annual nitrogen conversion factors were derived from the annual mean differences between the fertilised sites and non-fertilised control sites. The mean nitrogen conversion factor for the non-cultivated soils was lower (perennial crops: 0.4%) than that for the regularly cultivated soils (annual crops: 0.9%). Few times, enhanced N2O emission spots with maxima above 1000 μ2O/m2/h, lasting for several weeks, were observed in the course of measurements. The influence of these local peak emissions on the nitrogen conversion factor is discussed.

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Nisbet, Euan G., Edward J. Dlugokencky, Rebecca E. Fisher, James L. France, David Lowry, Martin R. Manning, Sylvia E. Michel, and Nicola J. Warwick. "Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide: challenges alongthe path to Net Zero." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2210 (September 27, 2021): 20200457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0457.

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The causes of methane's renewed rise since 2007, accelerated growth from 2014 and record rise in 2020, concurrent with an isotopic shift to values more depleted in 13 C, remain poorly understood. This rise is the dominant departure from greenhouse gas scenarios that limit global heating to less than 2°C. Thus a comprehensive understanding of methane sources and sinks, their trends and inter-annual variations are becoming more urgent. Efforts to quantify both sources and sinks and understand latitudinal and seasonal variations will improve our understanding of the methane cycle and its anthropogenic component. Nationally declared emissions inventories under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and promised contributions to emissions reductions under the UNFCCC Paris Agreement need to be verified independently by top-down observation. Furthermore, indirect effects on natural emissions, such as changes in aquatic ecosystems, also need to be quantified. Nitrous oxide is even more poorly understood. Despite this, options for mitigating methane and nitrous oxide emissions are improving rapidly, both in cutting emissions from gas, oil and coal extraction and use, and also from agricultural and waste sources. Reductions in methane and nitrous oxide emission are arguably among the most attractive immediate options for climate action. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 1)'.

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Griffis, Timothy J., Zichong Chen, John M. Baker, Jeffrey D. Wood, Dylan B. Millet, Xuhui Lee, Rodney T. Venterea, and Peter A. Turner. "Nitrous oxide emissions are enhanced in a warmer and wetter world." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 45 (October 16, 2017): 12081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704552114.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) has a global warming potential that is 300 times that of carbon dioxide on a 100-y timescale, and is of major importance for stratospheric ozone depletion. The climate sensitivity of N2O emissions is poorly known, which makes it difficult to project how changing fertilizer use and climate will impact radiative forcing and the ozone layer. Analysis of 6 y of hourly N2O mixing ratios from a very tall tower within the US Corn Belt—one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world—combined with inverse modeling, shows large interannual variability in N2O emissions (316 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1to 585 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1). This implies that the regional emission factor is highly sensitive to climate. In the warmest year and spring (2012) of the observational period, the emission factor was 7.5%, nearly double that of previous reports. Indirect emissions associated with runoff and leaching dominated the interannual variability of total emissions. Under current trends in climate and anthropogenic N use, we project a strong positive feedback to warmer and wetter conditions and unabated growth of regional N2O emissions that will exceed 600 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1, on average, by 2050. This increasing emission trend in the US Corn Belt may represent a harbinger of intensifying N2O emissions from other agricultural regions. Such feedbacks will pose a major challenge to the Paris Agreement, which requires large N2O emission mitigation efforts to achieve its goals.

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Kolesnikova, Yulia, Viktoriia Semal, Оlga Nesterova, Simona Castaldi, Mariya Bovsun, Аnastasia Brikmans, Аnastasia Popova, and Еlena Suvorova. "The effect on nitrogen oxide emission from agricultural soils." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 09014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017509014.

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The study investigates the effect of biochar on nitrous oxide emission in Endoargic Anthrosols in the southern territory of the Russian Far East. Biochar (bio-charcoal) was applied in the amounts of 1 kg/m2 and 3 kg/m2 in combination with organic and mineral fertilizers to drained and drain-free fields during the vegetation season, and the five-gas analyzer G2508 (Picarro) was used. Cumulative flows of N2O were estimated. The analysis revealed that biochar reduces the emissions and the cumulative flow of nitrous oxide. The higher the dose of biochar, the lower the emission and cumulative flows of nitrous oxide, regardless of a drainage system. Biochar (1 kg/m2) reduced the cumulative N2O flow from the soil by 52.2% throughout the experiment conducted, while a dose of 3 kg/m2 allowed for 97.8% reduction. The study found that organic and mineral fertilizers can be effectively used in combination with biochar, as N2O emission from the soil with mineral fertilizers is significantly higher than from the soil with organic fertilizers. Biochar (1 kg/m2) combined with organic fertilizers reduces N2O emission by 53.7%, while a dose of 3 kg/m2 can reduce emissions by 88.9%. Biochar (1 kg/m2) combined with mineral fertilizers reduced the flow of N2O by 17.5%, while a 3 kg/m2 dose of biochar used with mineral fertilizers reduced the emission by 85.3%.

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Eckard, R. J., and H. Clark. "Potential solutions to the major greenhouse-gas issues facing Australasian dairy farming." Animal Production Science 60, no. 1 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18574.

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The Australasian dairy industry is facing the dual challenges of increasing productivity, while also reducing its emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHG) methane and nitrous oxide. Following the COP21 Paris Agreement, all sectors of the economy will be expected to contribute to GHG abatement. Enteric methane is the major source of GHG emissions from dairy production systems (>70%), followed by nitrous oxide (13%) and methane (12%) from animal waste, with nitrogen (N)-fertiliser use contributing ~3.5% of total on-farm non-carbon dioxide equivalent (non-CO2e) emissions. Research on reducing methane emissions from dairy cattle has focussed on feeding dietary supplements (e.g. tannins, dietary oils and wheat), rumen modification (e.g. vaccine, inhibitors), breeding and animal management. Research on reducing nitrous oxide emissions has focussed on improving N fertiliser efficiency and reducing urinary N loss. Profitable options for significant abatement on farm are still limited, with the industry focusing instead on improving production efficiency, while reducing emission intensity (t CO2e/t product). Absolute emission reduction will become an imperative as the world moves towards carbon neutrality by 2050 and, thus, a priority for research. However, even with implementation of best-practice abatement, it is likely that some residual emissions will remain in the foreseeable future. The soil organic carbon content of dairy soils under well fertilised, high-rainfall or irrigated permanent pastures are already high, therefore limiting the potential for further soil carbon sequestration as an offset against these residual emissions. The Australasian dairy industry will, therefore, also need to consider how these residual emissions will be offset through carbon sequestration mainly in trees and, to a more limited extent, increasing soil organic carbon.

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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Jakub Lasocki, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Analysis of Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040387.

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The paper provides the results of the inventory of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from road transport in Poland over the period 1990–2017. To estimate GHGs’ emission from road transport, a standardized methodology was applied, consistent with 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook 2019, as well as the COPERT 5 software. In the analysis, emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide were taken into account. Emissions of all considered GHGs were converted to equivalent carbon dioxide. Throughout the subsequent years of emission inventory, emissions of all GHGs revealed an increasing trend, except for methane. The main cause underlying this increase is the dynamic development of motorization in Poland. Thus, GHGs’ emissions were analyzed, taking into account the number of road vehicles and the intensity of their use. An increase in the average specific distance emission was found for fossil carbon dioxide (by ca. 5%) and for nitrous oxide (by ca. 10%), while for methane, there was a decrease (by more than 150%). The GHGs’ emissions from road transport in Poland could be significantly lower if more emphasis was placed on the use of fuels from renewable energy sources.

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Haszpra, László, Zoltán Barcza, Zita Ferenczi, Roland Hollós, Anikó Kern, and Natascha Kljun. "Real-world wintertime CO, N₂O, and CO₂ emissions of a central European village." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 5019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022.

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Abstract. Although small rural settlements are only minor individual sources of greenhouse gases and air pollution, their high overall occurrence can significantly contribute to the total emissions of a region or country. Emissions from a rural lifestyle may be remarkably different than those of urban and industrialized regions, but nevertheless they have hardly been studied so far. Here, flux measurements at a tall-tower eddy covariance monitoring site and the footprint model FFP are used to determine the real-world wintertime CO, N2O, and CO2 emissions of a small village in western Hungary. The recorded emission densities, dominantly resulting from residential heating, are 3.5, 0.043, and 72 µg m−2 s−1 for CO, N2O, and CO2, respectively. While the measured CO and CO2 emissions are comparable to those calculated using the assumed energy consumption and applying the according emission factors, the nitrous oxide emissions exceed the expected value by a magnitude. This may indicate that the nitrous oxide emissions are significantly underestimated in the emission inventories, and modifications in the methodology of emission calculations are necessary. Using a three-dimensional forward transport model, we further show that, in contrast to the flux measurements, the concentration measurements at the regional background monitoring site are only insignificantly influenced by the emissions of the nearby village.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitrous oxide emissions'

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