Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 September 2022
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)"

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Basu, Jaydeep, and Sanjib Ganguly. "Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR)." Resonance 28, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-023-1548-x.

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Wang, Weiping, Xiaomiao Wang, Yunpeng Sun, Ye Tian, Xiaoxu Liu, Ke Chu, and Junjie Li. "Ultrasmall iridium nanoparticles on graphene for efficient nitrogen reduction reaction." New Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 12 (2022): 5464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj05843f.

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Ultrasmall iridium nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (Ir/RGO) exhibited a high NRR activity, attributed to the RGO-induced upshifting of the d-band center for active Ir sites, leading to decreased NRR energy barriers.
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Wu, Jie, ZhongXu Wang, Siwei Li, Siqi Niu, Yuanyuan Zhang, Jing Hu, Jingxiang Zhao, and Ping Xu. "FeMoO4 nanorods for efficient ambient electrochemical nitrogen reduction." Chemical Communications 56, no. 50 (2020): 6834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02217a.

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Liu, Yongqin, Liang Huang, Xinyang Zhu, Youxing Fang, and Shaojun Dong. "Coupling Cu with Au for enhanced electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen reduction reaction." Nanoscale 12, no. 3 (2020): 1811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08788e.

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The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions is currently attracting intense attention, but it still remains a great challenge to develop highly selective and active NRR electrocatalysts.
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Liu, Yunliang, Peiji Deng, Ruqiang Wu, Xiaoli Zhang, Chenghua Sun, and Haitao Li. "Oxygen vacancies for promoting the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 11 (2021): 6694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta11522c.

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Recent advances on the detection, preparation and application of oxygen vacancies (OVs) for the electro-nitrogen fixation process with a focus on the generating strategies of OVs, evaluation method and their role in NRR.
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Liu, Kang, Junwei Fu, Li Zhu, Xiaodong Zhang, Hongmei Li, Hui Liu, Junhua Hu, and Min Liu. "Single-atom transition metals supported on black phosphorene for electrochemical nitrogen reduction." Nanoscale 12, no. 8 (2020): 4903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09117c.

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Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising route to produce ammonia under mild conditions. Single-atom W supported on BP was screened as a promising electrocatalyst with high catalytic activity, stability, and selectively for NRR.
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Chen, Jiangyue, Hui Cheng, Liang-Xin Ding, and Haihui Wang. "Competing hydrogen evolution reaction: a challenge in electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 16 (2021): 5954–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00546d.

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The electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under mild conditions is a promising candidate for NH3 synthesis. Nevertheless, competition between the H2 evolution reaction and the NRR results in a low NH3 yield rate and poor faradaic efficiency.
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Milazzo, Rachela Gabriella, Marco Leonardi, Giuseppe Tranchida, Silvia Scalese, Luca Pulvirenti, Guido Gugliemo Condorelli, Corrado Bongiorno, Salvatore Lombardo, and Stefania M. S. Privitera. "Iron Based Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 48 (October 9, 2022): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02481809mtgabs.

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Ammonia (NH3) is a fundamental feedstock for the global population not only for its wide use as fertilizer and chemical, but also for its potential as energy storage medium. Its synthesis at the industrial scale is based on the well-known Haber Bosch process, operating at high temperature (400-500°C) and high pressure (150-300atm), thus making it highly pollutant. Considering the global climate emergency, it is mandatory to develop a green ammonia synthesis that relies on milder conditions and may adopt renewable energy sources. The electrochemical synthesis, of NH3 from N2 and H2O at ambient conditions and using renewable energy driven electricity could be a promising approach. An efficient electrochemical ammonia synthesis however, is currently still lacking. The main reasons are the absence of adequate catalysts capable of dissociating the N2 triple bond and the competition with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode, since the required potential is close to that of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), required for the ammonia formation. There are some reaction models in the literature but it is commonly accepted that the dissociative adsorption of N2 is the rate limiting step and extensive research has been done on nitrogen interaction with metal surfaces. Ru, Co, Bi, Au, Fe, Mo, etc based materials have been extensively tested for the green ammonia synthesis, but results are still conflicting also because a complete evaluation of environmental contaminations is still lacking. In this work we adopted as NRR catalyst Fe based nanoparticles on carbon cloth substrate via a simple and fast electroless deposition technique. We prepared a FeCl3 solutions with different concentrations in the range 1-10mM and deposited a drop on (3x1.5) cm2 samples of carbon cloth, on a hot plate, at 80°C. After evaporation of the water, the as deposited substrates were dipped in NaBH4 solution while stirring. The catalyst morphology has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), as a function of the concentration. Very small particles, with a size ranging from 10 to 70nm, were obtained with the most diluted solution. The cluster size increases with increasing FeCl3 concentration in the solution, giving rise to strong coalescence effects and to the formation of a thicker and continuous layer in the case of the most concentrated solution. Scanning Transmission electron Microscopy (STEM) and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) have been adopted to determine the composition. EELS spectra showed that the iron L-edge is that typical of Fe3O4 materials. The electrochemical ability to reduce nitrogen, with the formation of ammonia, was evaluated in a standard two compartment cell, with a phosphate buffered solution (PBS 0.1M) adopting a Zirfon membrane as a gas separator. Ar or N2 gas (both with a purity of 99.9999%) flowed in the cathode chamber after going through an acidic trap and a water trap, to be further purified. A rigorous protocol has been adopted to evaluate the ammonia production, including a two steps measurement of the environmental ammonia at the open circuit potential. The ammonia was measured by spectrophotometric analysis using the indophenol blue method. The electrochemical production of ammonia was obtained by chronoamperometry under constant voltage. For the iron-based catalysts, a very efficient activation procedure has been developed, based on cyclic voltammetry under N2 flow. The activation process allows an improvement up to 10 times in the ammonia generation rate. Moreover, a strong correlation has been found between the particle size of the catalyst and its activity for NRR, with the best results achieved with the sample covered with nanoparticles, exhibiting also the highest electrochemical active area. Iron based nanoparticles showed excellent activity for NRR, with a faradaic efficiency of 15% at -0.35 V vs RHE and a maximum ammonia production rate of 85µg mg-1 cat h-1. Acknowledgements:This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No101006941.
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Johnson, Denis, and Abdoulaye Djire. "Improving the Selectivity of Nitrogen Reduction Reaction through the Mars-Van Krevelen Mechanism." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491921mtgabs.

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The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) process is an attractive alternative to minimizing the energy and greenhouse gas footprint from current ammonia (NH3) production processes. Most NRR catalysts operate through utilizing an associative or dissociative mechanism, during which the NRR competes with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), resulting in low selectivity. In this presentation, we report on a new active catalyst for NRR that operates through the Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism to increase the selectivity of NRR towards NH3. This new catalyst, two-dimensional (2D) Ti2N nitride MXene, was synthesized via an oxygen-assisted molten salt fluoride etching technique. We confirmed its phase purity and stability in aqueous electrolytes using various characterization techniques, including Raman, X-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis. The Ti2N nitride MXene catalyst achieved a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 19.85% towards NH3 at an applied potential of –250 mV vs. RHE with a yield of 11.33 μg/cm2/hr in a 0.1 m hydrochloric acid (HCl) N2-saturated electrolyte. Electrocatalytic activity and selectivity obtained in an Ar-saturated electrolyte confirm that the new catalyst operates through an MvK mechanism. These results can be expanded to a broad class of systems enabling the MvK mechanism and constitute the foundation of NRR technology based on MXenes.
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Johnson, Denis, and Abdoulaye Djire. "(Digital Presentation) Achieving High Selectivity for the Nitrogen Reduction Reaction through the Mars-Van Krevelen Mechanism." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361548mtgabs.

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Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) technology is a viable alternative to reducing the energy and greenhouse gas footprint from the current ammonia (NH3) production technology. Most NRR catalysts suffer from low selectivity towards NH3 because they operate by using an associative or dissociative mechanism, during which the NRR competes with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this presentation, we report on a new catalyst and untapped mechanism for NRR to increase the selectivity towards NH3. This untapped Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism reduces the competition between NRR and HER by eliminating the sluggish hydrogenation reactions of the dissolved N2 molecule. The new catalyst, two-dimensional (2D) Ti2N nitride MXene, was synthesized via an oxygen-assisted molten salt fluoride etching technique. We confirmed its phase purity and stability in aqueous electrolytes using various characterization techniques, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Through an MvK mechanism, the Ti2N nitride MXene catalyst achieved a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 19.85% towards NH3 at an applied potential of –250 mV vs. RHE with a yield of 11.33 μg/cm2/hr in a 0.1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) N2-saturated electrolyte. These results constitute the foundation of NRR technology based on MXenes and can be expanded to a broad class of systems evoking the MvK mechanism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)"

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Wei, Hua. "Développement d'électrodes innovantes pour la conversion électrocatalytique de petites molécules." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789610.

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L'azote joue un rôle indispensable pour toute vie sur terre et pour le développement des êtres humains. À l'heure actuelle, la seule technologie de synthèse de l'ammoniac à l'échelle industrielle est le procédé mis au point par Haber et Bosch au début du XXe siècle, qui utilise les phases gazeuses N2 et H2. Cependant, le procédé Haber-Bosch nécessite des conditions difficiles, des équipements complexes et une consommation d'énergie élevée, et fonctionne avec de faibles taux de conversion, ce qui est incompatible avec les exigences d’un développement durable. Par rapport à la méthode Haber-Bosch, l'électrocatalyse est l'une des voies prometteuses qui permet d'intégrer l'électricité produite à partir de technologies d'énergies renouvelables pour la production d'ammoniac à température ambiante et à pression ambiante. Un défi spécifique est lié au développement de nouveaux électrocatalyseurs/électrodes dans le but de parvenir à une production d'ammoniac à faible coût, à grande échelle et délocalisée. Compte tenu ces défis scientifiques , ce travail de doctorat se concentre sur trois aspects principaux de la réaction électrocatalytique de réduction de l'azote (NRR) : i) ingénierie et conception de l'électrocatalyseur, ii) conception de l'électrode et de la cellule du dispositif électrochimique et iii) amélioration et optimisation des conditions de réaction, afin d'améliorer les performances de la synthèse de l'ammoniac. La plupart des activités de recherche de ce travail de doctorat sur la synthèse et la caractérisation des matériaux électrocatalytiques et l'assemblage/le test des électrodes dans des dispositifs électrochimiques non conventionnels ont été menées au laboratoire CASPE de l'université de Messine. En outre, une période de 12 mois a été passée en cotutelle avec l'École supérieure de chimie, physique, électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), où des voies de synthèse avancées ont été explorées pour la préparation d'électrocatalyseurs à base de composés organométalliques qui ont été utilisés comme électrodes plus actives dans la RRN. Cette thèse de doctorat est organisée en cinq grands chapitres. Le chapitre 1 se concentre sur les questions de fixation de l'azote et sur la description du processus industriel de Haber-Bosch, avec un aperçu des implications générales liées à ses besoins élevés en énergie. Le chapitre 2 fait référence aux matériaux électrocatalytiques développés pour la préparation des électrodes : 1) les matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques de type MOF, une classe de matériaux poreux très prometteurs pour leurs caractéristiques particulières de surface spécifique élevée et leurs propriétés ajustables ainsi que pour la possibilité de créer des sites catalytiques actifs spécifiques grâce aux groupes fonctionnels et aux centres d'ions métalliques ; 2) les MXènes, une classe de matériaux en carbure ou nitrure de métal à structure bidimensionnelle (2D), qui ont récemment suscité un grand intérêt pour un large éventail d'applications, notamment la catalyse et la fixation de N2, pour leurs propriétés uniques de conductivité métallique et de nature hydrophile des surfaces terminées par un hydroxyle ou un oxygène. Les chapitres 3 à 5 présentent et analysent les résultats expérimentaux. Le chapitre 3 concerne la préparation d'une série d'électrodes à base de Fe-MOF (Fe@Zn/SIM-1) et leur test dans la réaction NRR en utilisant un réacteur triphasé de pointe, fonctionnant en phase gazeuse. Dans le chapitre 4, une série de matériaux améliorés à base de Fe-MOF (incluant un dopage additionel par un métal alcalin du MOF UiO-66-(COOH)2), synthétisés par une technique de réaction d'échange de cations pour remplacer le proton de l'acide carboxylique par un cation de fer, sont présentés. Enfin, le chapitre 5 fait référence à l'exploration des matériaux avancés à base de MXène (Ti3C2 MXène) et à la tentative de synthèse d'une nanoarchitecture 3D à partir de catalyseurs à base de MXène en 2D
Nitrogen plays an indispensable role for all life on earth and for the development of human beings. Industrially, nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen-rich fertilisers to supplement the amount of nitrogen fixed spontaneously by nature. At present, the only industrial-scale ammonia synthesis technology is the process developed by Haber and Bosch in the early 20th century using gas phase N2 and H2 as the feeding gases. However, the Haber-Bosch process requires harsh conditions, complex equipment and high energy consumption, and operates with low conversion rates, which are inconsistent with economic and social growing development requirements. Compared to the Haber-Bosch method, electrocatalysis is one of the promising routes that can integrate electricity produced from renewable energy technologies for the production of ammonia at room temperature and ambient pressure. A specific challenge is related to the development of novel electrocatalysts/electrodes with the aim to achieve a low-cost, large-scale and delocalized production of ammonia. In view of the above key scientific issues, this PhD work focuses on three main aspects of the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR): i) engineering and design of the electrocatalyst, ii) electrode and cell design of the electrochemical device and iii) improvement and optimization of the reaction conditions, to enhance the performances of ammonia synthesis. Most of the research activities of this PhD work about synthesis and characterization of the electrocatalytic materials and assembling/testing of the electrodes in unconventional electrochemical devices were carried out at the laboratory CASPE (Laboratory of Catalysis for Sustainable Production and Energy) of the University of Messina. Moreover, during the three years, a period of 12 months was spent in cotutelle with the École supérieure de chimie, physique, électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), where advanced synthesis routes were explored for the preparation of organometallic-based electrocatalysts to be used as more active electrodes in NRR. The PhD thesis is organized in five main chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on N2 fixation issues and on describing the industrial Haber-Bosch process, with an overview of the general implications related to its high energy requirements. Chapter 2, instead, refers to the electrocatalytic materials developed in this PhD work for the preparation of the electrodes: 1) the Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous materials very promising for their peculiar characteristics of high surface area, tunable properties, organic functionality and porosity, as well as for the possibility of creating specific catalytic active sites thanks to both the functional groups and the metal ion centres; 2) the MXenes, a class of metal carbide or nitride materials with a two-dimensional (2D) structure, which have recently attracted a large interest for a broad range of applications, including catalysis and N2 fixation, for their unique properties of metallic conductivity and hydrophilic nature of the hydroxyl or oxygen terminated surfaces. In Chapters 3-5, the experimental results are presented and discussed. Chapter 3 concerns the preparation of a series of Fe-MOF-based (Fe@Zn/SIM-1) electrodes and their testing in NRR by using an advanced engineered three-phase reactor, working in gas-phase. In Chapter 4, a series of improved Fe-MOF-based materials (Fe-based and Fe-alkali metal-based MOF UiO-66-(COOH)2), synthesized by cation exchange reaction technique to replace the proton of carboxylic acid with an iron cation, are presented. Finally, Chapter 5 refers to the exploration of advanced MXene materials (Ti3C2 MXene) and to the attempt of synthesizing a 3D nanoarchitecture starting from 2D-dimensional MXene-based catalysts
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Kour, Gurpreet. "First principles investigations on transition metal based electrocatalysts for efficient clean energy conversion." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232798/1/Gurpreet_Kour_Thesis.pdf.

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This dissertation relates to the application of density functional theory to the design of novel nanoelectrocatalysts for various electrochemical reduction reactions such as carbon dioxide reduction reactions, carbon monoxide reduction reactions and nitrogen reduction reactions. Many electrocatalysts with high activity, excellent selectivity and stability were designed and engineered using first principle calculations. These findings could potentially guide the experimentalists for creating clean and sustainable energy resources.
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He, Tianwei. "Computational discovery and design of nanocatalysts for high efficiency electrochemical reactions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/203969/1/Tianwei_He_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis reports a computational discovery and design of highly efficient electrocatalysts for various of electrochemical reactions. The method is based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) by using Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). This project is a step forward in developing the low-cost, high activity, selectivity, stability and scalability for the electrochemical reactions, which could make a contribution to the global-scale green energy system for a clean and sustainable energy future.
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Zhang, Qiang. "Probing the Active Site of CNx Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acidic Media: A First-Principles Study." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531312924087566.

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Nameroff, Tamara J. "Suboxic trace metal geochemistry and paleo-record in continental margin sediments of the eastern tropical North Pacific /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8514.

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Zhang, Yan. "SURFACE AND STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF CARBON ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROANALYSIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/96.

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Electrocatalysis is key to both sensitive electrochemical sensing and efficient electrochemical energy conversion. Despite high catalytic activity, traditional metal catalysts have poor stability, low selectivity, and high cost. Metal-free, carbon-based materials are emerging as alternatives to metal-based catalysts because of their attractive features including natural abundance, environmental friendliness, high electrical conductivity, and large surface area. Altering surface functionalities and heteroatom doping are effective ways to promote catalytic performance of carbon-based catalysts. The first chapter of this dissertation focuses on developing electrode modification methods for electrochemical sensing of biomolecules. After electrochemical pretreatment, glassy carbon demonstrates impressive figures-of-merit in detecting small, redox-active biomolecules such as DNA bases and neurotransmitters. The results highlight a simplified surface modification procedure for producing efficient and highly selective electrocatalysts. The next four chapters focus on evaluating nitrogen-doped carbon nano-onions (𝑛-CNOs) as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and CO2 reduction. 𝑛-CNOs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance toward O2 to H2O reduction, which is a pivotal process in fuel cells. 𝑛-CNOs demonstrate excellent resistance against CO poisoning and long-term stability compared to state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts. In CO2 electrochemical conversion, 𝑛-CNOs demonstrate significant improvement in catalytic performance toward reduction of CO2 to CO with a low overpotential and high selectivity. The outstanding catalytic performance of 𝑛-CNOs originates from the asymmetric charge distribution and creation of catalytic sites during incorporation of nitrogen atoms. High contents of pyridinic and graphitic N are critical for high catalytic performance. This work suggests that carbon-based materials can be outstanding alternatives to traditional metal-based electrocatalysts when their microstructures and surface chemistries are properly tailored.
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Shi, Zhangsheng. "Strain engineering of Co-N-C catalyst toward enhancing the HER and ORR electrocatalytic activities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207078/8/Zhangsheng_Shi_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis presents a comprehensive review of practical strategies to enhance the catalytic activity of M-N-C materials. The practical strategies can be extended to engineer external factors to break the linear scaling relationships and to further enhance the catalytic performances. In order to design the next-generation higher-performance catalysts, this project was a step forward in developing strain and heterostructure method to achieve a superior HER performance and a ORR performance beyond the limit.
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Lemaire, Manuella. "Optimisation des conditions opératoires de production de vapeurs nitreuses par réduction électrochimique d'acide nitrique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30309.

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Les oxydes d'azote (no et no#2), utilises lors du retraitement des combustibles nucleaires, peuvent etre engendres par voie electrochimique a partir d'acide nitrique. Ce procede ne produit pas d'effluents genants et, de ce fait, constitue une alternative seduisante au procede actuel. Des etudes de voltamperometrie menee a l'aide d'une electrode de platine en milieu nitrique concentre ont montre l'existence de phenomenes de reduction entre 0,05 v/enh et 0,3 v/enh et entre 0,5 v/enh et 1 v/enh. La determination des mecanismes reactionnels mis en jeu dans le domaine de potentiel le plus eleve a ete effectuee: (1) par des methodes classiques de microelectrolyse, (2) par des methodes de macroelectrolyse, (3) par l'utilisation du couplage spectroscopie - electrochimie. Il a ainsi ete montre que la reduction de l'acide nitrique est initiee par l'acide nitreux, reduit electrochimiquement en monoxyde d'azote qui reduit ensuite chimiquement l'acide nitrique. Cette reaction chimique engendre a nouveau l'acide nitreux ce qui met ainsi en evidence le caractere autocatalytique du processus de reduction. L'apparition de dioxyde d'azote dans les produits gazeux montre qu'une ou plusieurs autres reactions chimiques couplees a la reaction electrochimique de reduction de l'acide nitreux interviennent. Tant que la valeur du potentiel de l'electrode de platine est superieure a 0,8 v/enh, les seuls produits de la reduction indirecte de l'acide nitrique sont l'acide nitreux, le monoxyde d'azote et le dioxyde d'azote. Pour un potentiel d'electrode inferieur, le monoxyde d'azote est reduit en protoxyde d'azote n#2o. Le parametre potentiel joue donc un role important vis a vis de la selectivite du procede de production des oxydes d'azote no et no#2. Cependant, des electrolyses en mode intentiostatique ont demontre que, grace au caractere autocatalytique du processus reactionnel, la contrainte de potentiel peut etre aisement maitrisee lors d'une mise en uvre de type industriel
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Tian, Yujing. "Boosting Reaction Kinetics of N2 Electrocatalysis via Adsorption Enhancement and Confinement of Adsorbates." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin159239534417192.

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Sanwick, Alexis. "Heteroatom-Doped Chemical Vapor Deposition Carbon Ultramicroelectrodes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/592.

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Metal nanoparticles have been a primary focus in areas of catalysis and electrocatalysis applications as a result of their large surface area-to-volume ratios. While there is an increased interest in understanding the properties and behaviors of metal nanoparticles, they can become expensive over time. Recent research has incorporated the idea of using heteroatom-doped materials as a cheaper catalytic alternative to metal nanoparticles. In this study nitrogen-doping and phosphorous-doping techniques were applied to chemical vapor-deposited carbon ultramicroelectrodes in order to study the electrocatalytic properties toward the oxygen reduction reaction and the enhanced affinity for the deposition of gold nanoparticles onto the electrodes.
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Books on the topic "Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)"

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W, Gorrod J., and Damani L. A. 1949-, eds. Biological oxidation of nitrogen in organic molecules: Chemistry, toxicology, and pharmacology. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: VCH, 1985.

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Veasey, Sigrid C. Oxidative Neural Injury. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009.

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Biological Oxidation of Nitrogen in Organic Molecules. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 1985.

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Fujita, Masayuki, Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Kamrun Nahar, and Vasileios Fotopoulos. Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants: Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2019.

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Veasey, Sigrid C. Oxidative Neural Injury. Humana Press, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)"

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Wang, Yajin, Dongping Xue, Siran Xu, and Bang-An Lu. "Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction." In Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage, 187–208. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4625-7_9.

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Nazemi, Mohammadreza, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed. "Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction for Ammonia Synthesis." In Photo-Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis, 17–59. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003141808-3.

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Khandelwal, Mahima. "Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Catalysts." In Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization, 107–29. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429317187-6.

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Shibuya, Riku, Takahiro Kondo, and Junji Nakamura. "Active Sites in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." In Carbon-Based Metal-Free Catalysts, 227–49. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527811458.vol1-ch8.

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"Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)." In Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis, 271. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85710-9.00077-0.

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R., Deeksha, and Deepak Kumar. "Design of Supported Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: A Continuous Challenge." In Advanced Materials and Nano Systems: Theory and Experiment (Part-1), 66–91. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050745122010007.

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The production of ammonia is facilitated by the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), where the inert di-nitrogen molecule is converted to ammonia. Along with being a major carrier of hydrogen, ammonia holds authority in the fertilizer realm. Therefore, it is inevitable to develop a viable and eco-friendly method of production that is cost-effective and resource-efficient. The primary challenge of nitrogen reduction is the cleavage of the particularly stable nitrogen bond. The most popular Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production, although efficient, is highly energy-intensive, and the need for maintaining exceptionally high temperature and pressure conditions is an environmental concern. As an alternative, the direct conversion of nitrogen has been carried out by photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. However, this strategy falls short of achieving superior conversion efficiencies. Consequently, it is conceivable that a fitting catalyst can be the solution for the difficulties associated with NRR. Over the years, several attempts have been made at formulating the best catalyst, including chromium oxynitride nanoparticles, niobium dioxide, various metal (Ru, Al, Rh, Ga) clusters, single-atom catalysts supported on different surfaces, and double atom catalysts. Recently, perovskites have emerged into the spotlight as excellent catalysts for NRR. In this chapter, we discuss the challenges faced by researchers to formulate righteous catalysts for the sustainable reduction of nitrogen by studying each of these types with a few examples. We also review the recent advancements in the experimental domain of NRR using different electrochemical cells.
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Nawaz Shariff, Shakeel, Supriya Saravu, and Dileep Ramakrishna. "Schiff Base Complexes for Catalytic Application." In Schiff Base in Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107904.

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Primary amines are combined with an aldehyde group to generate Schiff base compounds, which are called condensation imine products. This class of compounds has a general structure, R-C=NR\', where R and R\' represent alkyl/aryl/cyclohexyl/heterocyclic group. These compounds contain an azomethine group that is basic in nature due to, (i) the presence of lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen and (ii) electron-donating nature of the double bond. Hence, these compounds, as ligands, participate in the formation of metal complexes. The presence of lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom and the hybridization involved explains the physical, chemical, and spectral properties of nitrogen-containing moieties. In the case of (sp2) hybridization (trigonal structure), the lone pair of electrons occupies either a symmetrical unhybridized 2p orbital that is perpendicular to the plane of trigonal hybrids or a symmetrical hybrid orbital, whose axis is in the plane, leaving behind only the π-electrons in the unhybridized 2p orbital. A very similar type of hybridization is experienced by the nitrogen atom in the azomethine group. Traditional phosphine complexes of nickel, palladium, and platinum, particularly those of palladium, have played an extremely important role in the development of homogeneous catalysis. Schiff base complexes as catalysts have been studied for various organic transformations such as oxidation, epoxidation, reduction, coupling reactions, polymerization reactions, hydroformylations, and many more.
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Gennaro, A., and C. Durante. "Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." In Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry, 769–76. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.13781-3.

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"Nanostructured Nitrogen–Carbon–Transition Metal Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cell Oxygen Reduction Reaction." In Nanostructured and Advanced Materials for Fuel Cells, 213–40. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16107-12.

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Frey, Perry A., and Adrian D. Hegeman. "Complex Enzymes." In Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122589.003.0022.

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Most enzymes discussed in the preceding chapters consist of single proteins that catalyze single biochemical reactions. Many of them contain one type of polypeptide chain, although most exist as oligomers of a polypeptide, and some consist of different polypeptides that cooperate to catalyze one reaction. Increasing attention is being focused on enzymes that catalyze more complex processes and are composed of more than one enzyme or enzymatic domain, each of which catalyzes or facilitates a specific biochemical process. These complex enzymes are the subjects of this chapter. Complex enzymes are so numerous and the processes they catalyze so complex that a complete discussion would fill a book. We therefore limit this discussion to a few examples. The first complex enzymes to be discovered were the multienzyme complexes. They included the four terminal electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain: complex I, known as NADH dehydrogenase (formerly DPNH dehydrogenase); complex II, known as succinate dehydrogenase; complex III, known as cytochrome c reductase; and complex IV, known as cytochrome c oxidase. Other multienzyme complexes discovered at about the same time were the pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes, the fatty acid synthase complexes, and the glycine reductase complex and the anthranilate synthase complex. Later, the multimodular polyketide synthases and nonribosomal polypeptide synthetases were characterized. The ATP synthases are multiprotein complexes that function as molecular motors in catalyzing a complex reaction, the condensation of ADP with Pi driven by proton translocation to form ATP. The ribosome catalyzes the polymerization of amino acids in defined sequences specified by the nucleotide sequences in species of mRNA, and nitrogenase catalyzes the ATP-dependent reduction of molecular nitrogen to ammonia. Some of the actions of complex enzymes link together common biochemical reactions of the types discussed in preceding chapters. Others catalyze difficult reactions through mechanistic coupling to energy-producing processes that provide driving force for otherwise unfavorable transformations. We present examples of each type. Catalysis by an α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex is carried out by three physically associated enzymes, a TPP-dependent α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (E1), a dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3).
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Conference papers on the topic "Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)"

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Sun, Bao-Ming, and Shui-E. Yin. "The Characteristics of NO Reduction in the Reactor With Dielectric Barrier Discharge." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90010.

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The conventional techniques, which are being used to clean the flue gases such as catalytic reduction method for NO removal, wet and dry scrubbers for SO2 removal and ESP for particulate removal, are becoming more expensive and less suitable for small plants and mobile emission sources. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) techniques utilizing electrical discharges give an innovative approach for economical solution of gas cleaning. The studies present recent work on applying the electrical discharge plasma technology for treating gaseous pollutants, in general, and nitric oxide, in particular, as this is one of the major contributors to air pollution. The present works focuses attention on dielectric barrier discharge technique for nitric oxide removal from simulated gas compositions and investigate the effect of various operating parameters on the NO removal efficiencies at room temperature. The effects of various parameters, viz. discharge power, gas velocity, initial NO concentration (ppm), gas mixture composition, etc., on NO removal efficiency are discussed. Studies are divided into two parts: in the nitrogen atmosphere and argon atmosphere respectively, in order to investigate the effect of various operating parameters on the NO removal efficiencies at room temperature. The results in nitrogen atmosphere indicate that the influence of the discharge power, oxygen content and different initial concentration on NO removal efficiency are also studied. Conclusion that increasing discharge power is in favor of the NO removal. Adding oxygen reduce the NO removal efficiency significantly, and changing the NO initial concentration effected on NO removal efficiency but nor as good as the factors of discharge power, oxygen content. In the argon atmosphere, the dielectric barrier discharge require lower voltage level. The effect of the discharge power, gas velocity and oxygen content on NO removal efficiencies are studied and some conclusions be obtained, increasing discharge power and lowing flue gas velocity would conducive to removal, adding oxygen would hinder the removal of NO. Further result and comparative study of various cases be presented in this paper.
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Chen, Shengzhou, Liangwei Li, and Weiming Lin. "Non-noble metal-carbonized Nitrogen-doped aerogel composites as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction." In 2013 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2013.6893698.

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Xu, Jianping, and Pinghua Yang. "Construction of Cobalt Oxide/Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes with High Activity for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." In The 6th International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE2015) and The 4th International Conference on Materials Science and Manufacturing (ICMSM2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813100312_0068.

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Yang, Pinghua, and Jianping Xu. "Construction of Nickel Oxide/Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotubes Catalysts with High Activity for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." In 5th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-15.2015.139.

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Tang, Qiaowei, Fang Dong, Fengyuan Zhang, and Jinli Qiao. "Effect of Annealing Temperature on Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Activity of Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Mesoporous carbons." In 2017 6th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-17.2017.171.

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Khalil, Ahmed E. E., and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Acoustic Noise Reduction Under Distributed Combustion." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3788.

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Colorless Distributed Combustion (CDC) has been shown to provide unique benefits on ultra-low pollutants emission, enhanced combustion stability, and thermal field uniformity. To achieve CDC conditions, fuel-air mixture must be properly prepared and mixed with hot reactive gases from within the combustor prior to the mixture ignition. The hot reactive gases reduce the oxygen concentration in the mixture while increasing its temperature, resulting in a reaction zone that is distributed across the reactor volume, with lower reaction rate to result in the same fuel consumption. The conditions to achieve distributed combustion were previously studied using methane and other fuels with focus on pollutants emission and thermal field uniformity. In this paper, the impact of distributed combustion on noise reduction and increased stability is investigated. Such reduced noise is critical in mitigating the coupling between flame and heat release perturbations and acoustic signal to enhance the overall flame stability and reduce the propensity of flame instabilities which can cause equipment failure. Nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture is used to simulate the reactive entrained gases from with the combustor. Increasing the amounts of nitrogen and carbon dioxide reduced the oxygen concentration within the oxidizing mixture, fostering distributed combustion. Upon achieving distributed combustion, the overall flame noise signature decreased from 80 dB to only 63 dB, as the flame transitioned from traditional swirl flame to distributed combustion. The flow noise under these conditions was 54 dB, indicating that distributed combustion has only 9 dB increase over isothermal case as compared to 26 dB for standard swirl flame. In addition, the dominant flame frequency around 490Hz disappeared under distributed combustion. For the traditional swirl flame, both the acoustic signal and heat release fluctuations (detected through CH∗ chemiluminescence) had a peak around 150Hz, indicating coupling between the heat release fluctuations and pressure variation. However, upon transitioning to distributed combustion, this common peak disappeared, outlining the enhanced stability of distributed combustion as there is no feedback between the heat release fluctuations and the recorded acoustic signal.
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Watanabe, Hirotatsu, Takashi Marumo, Jun-ichiro Yamamoto, and Ken Okazaki. "NO Reduction Mechanism Peculiar to O2/CO2 Coal Combustion Characterized by High CO2 Concentration." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44279.

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The characteristics of NOx reduction in O2/CO2 combustion were investigated experimentally and numerically. Experiments showed that the exhaust CO concentration in O2/CO2 combustion was almost twice as much as that in air combustion. This was because high CO2 concentration enhanced the reaction (CO2 + H → CO + OH). A mass of OH radicals led to the oxidation of NH3 and HCN. The sum of the nitrogen-species in O2/CO2 combustion was less than that in air combustion. It meant that NO formation suppression effect was high in O2/CO2 combustion. N2 conversion ratio became an effective guide to show NO formation suppression effect quantitatively. Calculations showed that N2 conversion ratio was high in O2/CO2 combustion and the unique NO reduction scheme caused by high CO2 concentration. This scheme proceeded under high CO and OH concentration. It was shown that O2/CO2 combustion was suited for reducing nitrogen-oxide due to the unique NO reduction scheme.
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Wilhite, David C. "The Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Selective Catalytic Reduction System Ductwork Design." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1006.

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Abstract A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system serving a mixture of two different exhaust gas streams is considered. The exhaust gases are petroleum combustion residues and contain high levels of toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx). The SCR system is used to minimize the hazardous content of the two exhaust streams to meet U.S. national standards. The SCR system injects ammonia into a mixture of the two NOx-laden exhaust streams, which then pass through a catalyst, where a chemical reaction reduces the NOx to harmless water and nitrogen. The system operates most efficiently within specified gas temperature and velocity ranges. This paper discusses the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to design a ductwork geometry upstream of the SCR system that results in optimum performance. Various geometries are considered based upon physical space restrictions and operating conditions. The improved duct system results in the desired temperature and velocity ranges at the catalyst face while keeping the total application pressure drop below a preset value.
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Sahai, Vivek, and Dah-Yu Cheng. "Reduction of NOx and CO to Below 2ppm in a Diffusion Flame." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38208.

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The so-called “sudden death reaction” theory, for a diffusion flame, assumes that the fuel and oxidizer diffuse toward a stoichiometric concentration surface, and then suddenly disappear, due to their combustion which produces water and carbon dioxide. The presence of NOx and CO in the combustion products cannot be explained by the “sudden death” theory. NOx, due to its high activation energy may not be formed prior to the formation of H2O and CO2. NOx is created when both oxygen and nitrogen are present in a high temperature volume; after all the combustible species are consumed. Appearance of CO indicates a lack of oxygen or a low gaseous temperature. Traditionally, when steam is injected into the combustion air, its high heat capacity reduces the flame temperature, which then reduces NOx formation, and this is usually accompanied by high CO formation. This phenomenon is caused by the dilution of oxygen as a quenching effect. This paper describes a novel approach that reverses the traditional wisdom of using steam to control NOx and CO formation, by accelerating the combustion process. This new approach begins with (1) shrinking the flame envelope, (2) enhancing the oxygen diffusion rate, and (3) suppressing the nitrogen concentration diffusion rate. Test results showed that (1) a high temperature volume could form NOx after the combustion of fuel is reduced to a minimum, and (2) that a very high fuel jet momentum increases the oxygen diffusion rate, thus reducing the flame envelope. Also due to the inward movement of the flame envelope, the residential time for NOx formation is also reduced and with the presence of a diluent, the nitrogen penetration rate into the flame is controlled. When all three phenomena are working together, total NOx was reduced downward to below 2 ppm without losing flame stability. Since this process generates enhanced oxygen diffusion, CO has always been seen to be below 2ppm, which indicates extremely high combustion efficiency. The above theory was first simulated by numerical methods using a 3-step reaction for nitrogen and oxygen, and was further expanded to a 28-step chemical kinetic model. The simulation used gas turbine compressor discharge temperatures to produce real adiabatic flame temperatures. Atmospheric tests of real full-scale gas turbine combustors were used with appropriate air temperatures, to simulate adiabatic flame temperatures. Below 2ppm NOx and CO were consistently obtained, independent of turbine types. Actual turbine tests on GE 6B and W501D5A turbines consistently indicated pressure dependent exponents of 0.1.
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Rezaei Koochi, Mojtaba, Seyedsaeed Mehrabi-Kalajahi, and Mikhail Alekseevich Varfolomeev. "Thermo-Gas-Chemical Stimulation as a Revolutionary Ior-Eor Method by the in-Situ Generation of Hot Nitrogen and Acid." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205948-ms.

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Abstract As known, fracture's capacity and penetration are two key factors for fulfillment of the fracturing jobs including conventional and acid fracturing process. Penetration of acid into existing fractures can improve fracture capacity by etching of fracture surface. Increasing temperature of reservoir rock results in reduction of breakdown pressure. Thermo-gas-chemical technology by in-situ releasing of extra hot gases (N2 and steam) and acid provides a series of network with long fractures and permanent conductivity. A series of experiments in high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) reactor were designed to understand the performance and effectiveness of thermo-gas-chemical reaction and determine the optimum binary composition in order to release maximum temperature, pressure and acid generation to provide long conductive fractures. In parallel, dependence of breakdown pressure and temperature was modeled. Moreover, to understand the geometry and propagation of fractures, the effect of thermo-gas-chemical method was studied on core samples in core holder and then cores were scanned by 4D tomography. The preliminary results showed that during the thermo-gas-chemical reaction temperature in reaction zone reaches 207 ℃ and pressure 893 psi due to reaction products. It was found that reaction initiates just after the injection of activator and temperature and pressure increased instantly. This phenomenon acts as a strong impact to break formation rock. The pH of aqueous solutions during the reaction decreased from 8 to 1 and below which provides etching the surface of existing and new fractures. Observed that thermobaric parameters of reaction closely depend on the concentration and reaction activator. Experimental results show that the application of thermo-gas-chemical fluid instead of ordinary fracturing fluid, results in reduction of breakdown pressure from 3400 psi to 121 psi, due to induced thermobaric shock. Experiments on core samples and 4D tomography confirmed the formation of new fractures and expansion of existing ones. Thermo-gas-chemical technology by generation of in-situ hot gases and acid can provide a new high efficiency, cost-effective and eco-friendly method of EOR method for tight low permeability reservoirs and even depleted reservoirs without increasing water cut.
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Reports on the topic "Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)"

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Berry, John. Novel Homogeneous Electrocatalysts for the Nitrogen Reduction Reaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670696.

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