Academic literature on the topic 'Nitrogen fertiliser (varied levels)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nitrogen fertiliser (varied levels)"
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Rae, DJ, and RE Jones. "Influence of Host Nitrogen Levels on Development, Survival, Size and Population-Dynamics of Sugarcane Mealybug, Saccharicoccus-Sacchari (Cockerell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 3 (1992): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920327.
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Nitrogen levels in commercial plots of sugarcane varied over the cane-growing season. However, when adjusted for seasonal effects, nitrogen did not have a detectable effect on the size of mealybug populations on cane. In laboratory experiments, the survival of immature Saccharicoccus sacchari and the size attained at the onset of the oviposition period was influenced by the level of nitrogen fertiliser applied to potted sugarcane. Survival of S. sacchari increased to a maximum at 320 mg L-1 soluble nitrogen in sugarcane and decreased at higher levels, while size increased with increased nitrogen over the whole range of concentrations tested. Nitrogen-driven changes in the abundance of S. sacchari predicted from laboratory data indicate that normal variations in nitrogen concentrations of field-grown sugarcane have little effect on the population dynamics of S. sacchari.
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Heenan, DP, WJ McGhie, FM Thomson, and KY Chan. "Decline in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in relation to tillage, stubble management, and rotation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950877.
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The influence of rotation, tillage, stubble management, and nitrogen (N) fertiliser on soil organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) was studied between 1979 and 1993 in a field experiment at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, on a red earth. The rotations included lupin-wheat (LW), subterranean clover-wheat (SW), and continuous wheat (WW) with and without N fertiliser (100 kg N/ha). At the start of the experiment the soil organic C and N in the surface 10 cm were high following many years of subterranean clover based pasture. The trends in soil organic C varied considerably between treatments from near equilibrium levels for SW direct-drilled and stubble-retained to annual losses of 400 kg/ha for WW conventionally cultivated and stubble burnt. Similarly, total soil N content over time varied from equilibrium levels to highly significant declines of 53 kg/ha. year for WW conventionally cultivated and stubble burnt. Both direct drilling and stubble retention reduced the losses of organic C and N compared with conventional cultivation and burning, with greatest loss occurring when cultivation and stubble burning were combined. SW and LW produced a similar contribution of fixed N to total N product removal, but greater benefits to following wheat crops were provided by SW rotations. Where losses of organic C and N were recorded there was no evidence of equilibrium levels being reached after 14 years.
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Strong, WM, J. Harbison, RHG Nielsen, BD Hall, and EK Best. "Nitrogen availability in a Darling Downs soil following cereal, oilseed and grain legume crops. 2. Effects of residual soil nitrogen and fertiliser nitrogen on subsequent wheat crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 3 (1986): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860353.
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Two dryland wheat crops were grown in 1977 and 1978 following each of 18 cereal, oilseed, or grain legume crops grown in 1976 on a black earth soil on the Darling Downs of Queensland. Combined grain yields of the two crops following the grain legumes fieldpea, lathyrus, lentil and lupin cv. Ultra were higher (P< 0.05) than those following all cereal and oilseed crops except canary seed, safflower and rapeseed cv. Torch. Urea (0-90 kg/ha N), applied to wheat in 1977 on a site adjacent to the crop comparison experiment, had little effect on grain yield in that year. However, in 1978, wheat responded to residues of these applications up to the 50 kg/ha N rate. Variation in wheat yields following the 18 crops appeared to be related to nitrogen (N) supply. The quantity of N assimilated into wheat grain was directly related to the quantity of soil mineral N to a depth of 1.2 m when the 1977 crop was planted. This varied from 37 kg/ha N after oats to 160 kg/ha N after lathyrus. Efficiency of recovery of soil mineral N by the 1977 wheat crop was very low, due probably to the unavailability of N in top soil during the dry winter. Poor availability of N in the top soil was also the most likely cause of a similarly low recovery of fertiliser N applied to the 1977 wheat crop. There was a better apparent recovery of N by the second wheat crop; soil mineral N levels for all treatments had declined to between 17 and 28 kg/ha N after crop harvest. In spite of a low overall efficiency of N uptake by wheat in 1977, more N was assimilated into the grain following legumes (27-39 kg/ha) than following cereals (1 6-2 1 kg/ha), even when fertilised with up to 90 kg/ha N (19 kg/ha). The presence of mineral N in subsoil layers (0.3-0.9 m) following legumes was considered responsible for relatively high grain yields and N uptakes of the following wheat crop in this season of limited growing-season rainfall. Protein concentration of wheat grain was generally higher following grain legumes than following all cereals or oilseeds except safflower. Grain protein concentration was increased by the application of N fertiliser, but fertilised wheat in 1977 generally showed a lower protein content than wheat following grain legumes. However, the second wheat crop following most legumes (except lathyrus) showed a protein content similar to the second wheat crop following N fertiliser application.
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Furtini, Isabela Volpi, Magno Antonio Patto Ramalho, and Ângela de Fátima Barbosa Abreu. "Implications of selection in common bean lines in contrasting environments concerning nitrogen levels." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 14, no. 3 (October 2014): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332014v14n3a24.
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Grain productivities of 100 bean lines were evaluated in the presence and absence of nitrogen fertilizer in order to identify those with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and to determine the correlated response observed in a stressed environment following selection in a non-stressed environment. The genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the lines, as wellas the response index to applied nitrogen, were determined. The average grain productivities at both locations were 39.5% higher in the presence of nitrogen fertilizer, with 8.3 kg of grain being produced per kg of nitrogen applied. NUE varied greatly between lines. Lines BP-16, CVII-85-11, BP-24, Ouro Negro and MA-IV-15-203 were the most efficient and responsive. The results showed that it is possible to select bean lines in stressed and non-stressed environments. It was inferred that common bean lines for environments with low nitrogenav ailability should preferably be selected under nitrogen stress.
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Sądej, W., and K. Przekwas. "Fluctuations of nitrogen levels in soil profile under conditions of a long-term fertilization experiment." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 5 (May 19, 2008): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/394-pse.
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The present study is focused on the correlation between varied long-term fertilization and changes in soil nitrogen concentrations. It was found that all fertilization systems significantly increased the levels of total, mineral and organic nitrogen in the soil profile. Organic fertilizers (manure and slurry) contributed to a more considerable increase in the concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrogen undergoing hydrolysis in 6M HCl, compared to mineral fertilizers. Ammonia nitrogen dominated over nitrate nitrogen among mineral nitrogen forms. Organic fertilization contributed to nitrate nitrogen accumulation, while mineral fertilization to ammonia nitrogen storage. The highest accumulations of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were observed after the application of slurry and manure, respectively. Hydrolyzable nitrogen content and its proportion in total nitrogen generally decreased with soil depth. An increase in the levels of organic nitrogen forms, i.e. nitrogen contained in amino sugars and amino acids as well as ammonia nitrogen from decomposition of amides, amino sugars and amino acids, was conditioned primarily on the application of organic fertilizers, particularly manure. Amino acid-N dominated among hydrolyzable nitrogen compounds (77%), while amino sugar-N accounted for 5.6% only.
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Virgona, J. M., F. A. J. Gummer, and J. F. Angus. "Effects of grazing on wheat growth, yield, development, water use, and nitrogen use." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 12 (2006): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06085.
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The effect of grazing by sheep during the late vegetative and early reproductive phases was measured on long-duration wheat crops in 2 experiments on farms in southern NSW. In both experiments, grazed and non-grazed crops were compared with different N-fertiliser strategies. In the first experiment, grazing 40 dry-sheep equivalents (DSE)/ha for 19 days increased grain yield from 2.30 to 2.88 t/ha in a season with a dry early spring. The second experiment, in a more favourable season, compared 6 durations of grazing by an average of 32 DSE/ha. The effects of grazing varied from no yield reduction with 15 days of grazing to a reduction from 5.97 to 3.98 t/ha with 51 days of grazing. In both experiments grazing caused slower crop development, with about 1 day’s delay in anthesis and maturity for every 4–5 days of grazing. Different patterns of water use by grazed and non-grazed crops, combined with delayed development, explained much of the effects of grazing on yield. The soil accumulated more water during grazing, which was used during grain filling when water-use efficiency for grain production was high. Delayed development also allowed grazed crops to respond to later rain. In the second experiment, grazing resulted in a net loss of 38 kg N/ha from the crop. Despite reduced N levels, the grazed crops showed no greater ability than grain-only crops to recover fertiliser N. The effect of the low recovery was that N removed during grazing was not efficiently replaced by fertiliser.
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Guppy, C. N., C. Edwards, G. J. Blair, and J. M. Scott. "Whole-farm management of soil nutrients drives productive grazing systems: the Cicerone farmlet experiment confirms earlier research." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12147.
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The Cicerone Project included a study of three 53-ha farmlets, each subjected to a different management system. The systems varied first in their input of fertilisers and sown pastures and second in their grazing management. Farmlet A undertook a high level of pasture renovation and had soil fertility targets of 60 mg/kg Colwell phosphorus (P) and 10 mg/kg KCl-40 sulfur (S), while farmlets B and C both had a low rate of pasture renovation and targets of 20 mg/kg P and 6.5 mg/kg S. In addition, both farmlets A and B adopted a flexible rotational grazing regime over the eight paddocks of each farmlet, whereas farmlet C, which had 37 paddocks, adopted intensive rotational grazing. This paper first reviews the literature relating to soil fertility research in the summer-dominant rainfall region of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It then examines whether the soil fertility targets set for the farmlets were attained and how the consequences of fertiliser management measured in this trial related to earlier research findings. Fertiliser applications, comprising both capital and maintenance rates, were based on soil test results but at times were constrained by the availability of finance. Soil tests over 5 years indicated that only nitrogen (N), P and S varied with time within the farmlets while the other indices of soil fertility remained similar. Phosphorus and S levels increased in response to fertiliser applications whereas N levels responded to increases in legume composition, which was stimulated by the higher P and S levels. Multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated that farmlet productivity was driven by P and S fertility and thus the two farmlets with lower P and S fertility (farmlets B and C) had similar but lower levels of farmlet productivity compared with farmlet A. Significant increases in several measured pasture productivity parameters were observed in response to the higher P and S fertility on farmlet A, especially when climatic conditions were favourable. The results of the Cicerone farmlet experiment confirm the findings of earlier research on the Northern Tablelands, and elsewhere in the high rainfall zone, that has demonstrated that higher soil fertility levels and pasture renovation enhance the productivity of grazing enterprises more than grazing management, without imposing significant risks to the environment.
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Yeager, Tom, and Geri Cashion. "Controlled-release Fertilizers Affect Nitrate Nitrogen Runoff from Container Plants." HortTechnology 3, no. 2 (April 1993): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.2.174.
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Container plant runoff NO3-N levels varied with sampling time and were periodically higher than the 10-ppm federal drinking water standard during 4.5 months following fertilizer application, even though controlled-release fertilizers Nutricote 18N-2.6P-6.6K Osmocote 18N-2.6P-10K, Prokote 20N-1.3P-8.3K, and Woodace 19N-2.6P-10K were used. Leachate collected from containers had a higher NO3-N level than runoff regardless of sampling time. Leachate NO3-N ranged from 278 ppm for Nutricote 3.5 months after application to 6 ppm for Prokote 1 week after application.
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Mason, MG, and RW Madin. "Effect of weeds and nitrogen fertiliser on yield and grain protein concentration of wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 4 (1996): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960443.
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Field trials at Beverley (19911, Salmon Gums (1991; 2 sites) and Merredin (1992; 2 sites), each with 5 rates of nitrogen (N) and 3 levels of weed control, were used to investigate the effect of weeds and N on wheat grain yield and protein concentration during 1991 and 1992. Weeds in the study were grasses (G) and broadleaf (BL). Weeds reduced both vegetative dry matter yield and grain yield of wheat at all sites except for dry matter at Merredin (BL). Nitrogen fertiliser increased wheat dry matter yield at all sites. Nitrogen increased wheat grain yield at Beverley and Merredin (BL), but decreased yield at both Salmon Gums sites in 1991. Nitrogen fertiliser increased grain protein concentration at all 5 sites-at all rates for 3 sites [Salmon Gums (G) and (BL) and Merredin (G)] and at rates of 69 kg N/ha or more at the other 2 sites [Beverley and Merredin (BL)]. However, the effect of weeds on grain protein varied across sites. At Merredin (G) protein concentration was higher where there was no weed control, possibly due to competition for soil moisture by the greater weed burden. At Salmon Gums (G), grain protein concentration was greater when weeds were controlled than in the presence of weeds, probably due to competition for N between crop and weeds. In the other 3 trials, there was no effect of weeds on grain protein. The effect of weeds on grain protein appears complex and depends on competition between crop and weeds for N and for water at the end of the season, and the interaction between the two.
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Nassar, Rania M. A., Engy A. Seleem, Gianluca Caruso, Agnieszka Sekara, and Magdi T. Abdelhamid. "The Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria—Effective Enhancers of Growth and Chemical Composition of Egyptian Henbane under Varied Mineral N Nutrition." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070921.
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Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L.) plants are rich sources of alkaloids used in pharmaceutical products. Recently, rising efforts have been devoted to reducing mineral fertilizer supply, production cost, and environmental pollution via decreasing the doses of nitrogenous fertilizers and adopting biofertilizer farming systems. Two field experiments were conducted to examine the potential role of N fixing bacteria Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. on the growth, mineral status, tropane alkaloids, leaf anatomy, and seed yield of Egyptian henbane grown with different levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 25%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended dose, equal to 30, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1. N fertilizer improved growth, mineral elements, tropane alkaloids, seed yield, and yield components of Egyptian henbane, which showed a gradually rising trend as the rate of N fertilizer increased. High doses of N fertilizer presumably elicited favorable changes in the anatomical structure of Egyptian henbane leaves. The application of 50% N dose plus N fixing bacteria affected Egyptian henbane trials similarly to 100% of recommended N dose. In conclusion, the N fixing bacteria proved to be a sustainable tool for a two-fold reduction in the recommended dose of mineral N fertilizer and the sustainable management of Egyptian henbane nutrition.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nitrogen fertiliser (varied levels)"
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Abdullah, Faraj Bahaddin. "Evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/83280.
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Nitrogen fertilizers are a major input required for cereal crop production worldwide. The management of this resource is a significant challenge to most agricultural systems as it can have significant impacts on yield and the environment. The use of applied nitrogen fertilisers in cereals is poor, where only 30-40% is actually used by cereals and the remainder lost to the environment by surface runoff, soil denitrification and volatilization (Ehdaie et al., 2010; Butterbach-Bahl and Dannenmann 2011). Improving cereal nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is imperative to achieve yield and quality with less direct N inputs. In this study, experiments were conducted in 2010 to evaluate the effect of N fertilizer application (0, 50, 100, 150 kg urea/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat varieties at specific locations across South Australia while a small pilot glasshouse study was conducted at the Waite Campus, Adelaide University. The field experiments were designed as a randomised split-plot with three replications for each wheat cultivar and N treatment. Plant response to N treatment was measured through estimates of plant height, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD meter), plant spike number, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, shoot biomass weight, grain N % and final grain protein content, harvest index (HI) and NUE. Restrictions in space and large growing pots limited the controlled glasshouse study to a technical study. The results found little variability between the three field sites in Grain %N in response to increasing N provision. There was a trend of increasing grain %N at both Mintaro and Pinnaroo, which was broadly in evidence across the individual lines. Grain yield was highest at Mintaro and was double of that achieved at both Pinnaroo and Tuckey. Whereas, in the glasshouse experimental results show that there was a strong response in grain %N to increasing N provision when plants were grown over the spring/summer season but not during the autumn/winter. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was found to be greater at low nitrogen treatment (N1) in all experiments and decreased roughly with increased N application. In general, the results indicated that wheat cultivars responded well to nitrogen application with the medium rate of application within experiments, while beyond this rate caused no significant improvements in plant growth and yield.Thesis (M.Ag.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2013
Book chapters on the topic "Nitrogen fertiliser (varied levels)"
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Jankulovska, Mirjana, Sonja Ivanovska, Ljupcho Jankuloski, Mile Markoski, Biljana Kuzmanovska, and Dane Boshev. "Evaluation of advanced wheat mutant lines for food and feed quality." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 209–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0021.
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Abstract The main goals of this study were to evaluate the agronomic performance of wheat mutant lines; to detect the effect of genotype, location and different fertilizer levels on analysed traits; to assess seed and feed quality; and to select best performing mutant lines for dual-purpose growing. Ten wheat mutant lines were sown on two locations in Macedonia, for evaluation of their agronomic performance. At both locations, grain yield, straw mass, harvest index, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen and protein content in seed and straw, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in the straw were determined. In order to classify the genotypes based on all analysed traits, two-way cluster analysis was applied. According to their overall performance, at both locations and with the three different fertilization treatments, the mutant lines were classified in two main groups. The first cluster consisted of mutants 5/1-8, 2/2-21, 4/2-56 and 2/1-51, characterized by very high values for seed yield, straw yield and harvest index, and high to moderate values for all other traits. Only 4/2-56 had very low values for N and protein content in the seed. One mutant line, 6/2-2, did not belong to any of the groups and differed from all other genotypes based on its very low seed and straw yield and very high values for nitrogen and protein content in the straw and neutral detergent fibre. All other mutants belonged to the second group, with low to moderate yield and moderate to high values for the other traits. Mutant lines with the highest seed and straw yield, as well as the best quality of seed and straw under different management systems, were identified and after additional evaluation will be submitted for official variety registration.
Conference papers on the topic "Nitrogen fertiliser (varied levels)"
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Đukic, Vojin, Jegor Miladinovic, Zlatica Miladinov Mamlic, Gordana Dozet, Marija Bajagic, Marijana Jovanovic Todorovic, and Vojin Cvijanovic. "PRINOS SOJE U ZAVISNOSTI OD VREMENA PRIMENE NPK ĐUBRIVA." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujeva, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.043dj.
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Soybean yield depends on the variety, soil, cultural practices, as well as the weather conditions in certain years. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of NPK fertilizer application in the autumn and spring period on the level of soybean yield. The highest soybean yields were achieved by applying NPK fertilizer in autumn, before the basic tillage with spring application of nitrogen fertilizer AN. Spring application of NPK fertilizers and AN increases the yield, but the effect of fertilizers is significantly less compared to autumn application. The application of nitrogen fertilizer AN increases the soybean yield, and in order for this fertilizer to show its full effect, it is necessary for the soil to be optimally provided with macroelements.
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Zhuk, Ekaterina. "Effect of nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N on the yield and quality of the green mass of corn in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-28-76-134-138.
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Corn plays a leading role in providing the livestock industry with green and juicy feeds. To increase the yield and quality of green mass, the use of nitrogen fertilizers is of great importance [1]. In a field experiment on sod-podzolic soils in the conditions of the Minsk region, on the basis of LLC "Gastellovskoye" of the Minsk district, the influence of nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N on the yield and quality of the green mass of the Dolphin corn hybrid was studied. Water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N on corn crops was used in phases: 4–6 leaves, sweeping of the panicle and the beginning of flowering of the crop. The content of the main elements of nutrition (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in the green mass of corn under the influence of the fertilizer Life Force Humic N varied within the error of the experiment and at the level with the use of control. No significant changes in the protein content depending on the use of equivalent doses of mineral nitrogen (control) and Life Force Humic N fertilizer have been established. The maximum protein content (5.6–5.7%) was noted both in the variant with the use of top dressing with standard nitrogen fertilizer and with the Life Force Humic N. fertilizer. When cultivating corn for green mass, the use of three-fold non-root treatment of crops with liquid water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N increased the yield of the green mass of the crop by 31 c / ha. When cultivating corn for green mass, the use of non-root treatments with Life Force Humic N fertilizer at a dose of 1 l/ ha is recommended.
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Tumanian, N. G. "REACTION OF RICE VARIETIES PERMITED FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH YIELD FORMATION WITH A HIGH GRAIN QUALITY ON LEVEL OF NITROGEN NUTRITION IN AGROLANDSCAPE ZONES OF KRASNODAR REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.408-411.
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An increase in the doses of nitrogen fertilizers applied during the cultivation of new rice varieties Nautilus and Yakhont in the old-deltoid and valley agrolandscape zones led to significant changes in grain quality traits. The grain size of the varieties grown in the Krasnoarsmeysky district did not change due to the level of nitrogen fertilizers, for those grown in the Abinsky district, decreased by 0.3 g in variety Nautilus and increased in variety Yakhont with increased dose of applied nitrogen. The vitreousity of grain increased in Nautilus in the Krasnoarmeysky district by 2%, in Abinsky - by 7%; in the variety Yakhont - increased by 2% and practically did not change, respectively. A tendency toward a decrease in grain fracture in the Krasnoarmeysky district and an increase in head rice content in the variety Nautilus in the Krasnoarmeysky and Abinsky districts was noted.
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Chizhikova, S. S., and K. K. Olkhovaya. "VARIABILITY OF NEW RICE VARIETIES VELES, EZHIK AND SIGNAL GROWN IN KRASNOARMEYSKY DISTRICT, KRASNODAR REGION BY TECHNOLOGICAL GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.577-579.
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The article presents the results of evaluation of new rice varieties Veles, Ezhik and Signal on technological grain quality traits. The effect of various doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the main traits of quality indicators is analyzed. It was found that with an increase in the dose of nitrogen nutrition (Background + N30), the mass is 1000 absolutely grains, fracturing, and head rice content decreased or remained unchanged, the filminess increased or remained unchanged. To determine the variability of rice varieties by grain quality traits, depending on the level of nitrogen nutrition, variability and average values of quality traits were calculated. Variety Ezhik has shown itself as the best variety in terms of grain quality based on low variability in terms of grain quality traits.
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Kribs, James D., Tamir S. Hasan, and Kevin M. Lyons. "Nitrogen Diluted Jet Flames in the Presence of Coflowing Air." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62735.
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The purpose of this study is to observe methane jet flames under varying levels of nitrogen dilution and coflowing air. The jet flames were examined in order to determine the conditions for which liftoff and blowout occur under conditions that strain the flame. Methane flow rates were varied, corresponding to intermediate lifted positions to blowout. A sequence of images were taken at each level of dilution and coflow, and were used to determine the lowest radial and axial position of the flammability limit. These flammability regions were compared to the lean flammability limit. It was observed that flame shape and liftoff were considerably more influenced by the effects of the coflowing air compared to the presence of the diluents, and that flames under coflow lost the trailing diffusion flame earlier, which has been shown to be a marker for flame blowout.
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Troshko, Andrey A., and Ajey Y. Walavalkar. "Simulation of Multiphase Heat Transfer in Pebble Bed Modular Reactor." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49089.
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Computational Fluid Dynamics in conjunction with an Eulerian multiphase model of heat transfer in a Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) was validated against experimental data obtained in a test rig. The cooling gas and packed fuel pebbles constituted two phases. The velocity of pebble phase was fixed to zero and a drag law accounting for a packed bed condition was used. The density of the gas phase varied with temperature. Volume averaged effective thermal conductivities accounting for radiation and packed spheres geometry were used for both phases. Model predictions compared favorably with the experiment for two gases — helium and nitrogen and two power levels. It was found that accounting for increased affective porosity close to walls results in more realistic velocity field prediction.
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Ginger, Bradley. "Advanced Pollution Control for Gasification of Varied Opportunity Fuels." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5432.
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Advances in gasification technology have opened up a number of commercial opportunities to generate energy from a wide range of non-traditional feed stocks. Gasification technology platforms from a number of providers are in development with the goal of creating modular solutions for supplying the energy needs of local communities, often in solutions as small as 10 to 20 MW increments. Such technologies offer potential project developers the ability to explore local opportunities for fuel supply from a number of sources. These opportunity fuels cover a wide range of potential energy sources as far reaching as recovered plastic, recovered tires, poultry litter, and a wide variety of woody biomass. The syn-gas produced from the gasification of such varied opportunity fuels contains a number of undesired trace components. These components will need to either be removed via gas conditioning, or alternatively be combusted with the syn-gas in an oxidation step which will produce a flue gas requiring air pollution control. Gas conditioning requirements vary depending on the desired end use of the syn-gas whether as a utility quality fuel or as an intermediate to a further chemical pathway. Flue gas target levels are defined by current environmental legislation. The potential pollutants produced in the flue gas pathway include Particulate Matter, Hydrogen Chloride, Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfuric Acid Mist, and Oxides of Nitrogen. To ensure operational compliance of the system stack emissions both now and in the future, proper pollution control technology is paramount. This presentation will address an emerging air pollution control technology that embodies all of these removal steps in a single device specifically designed to meet current and expected future environmental needs. EISENMANN’s recently patented multi-pollutant control system, the Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Dual Field or WESP-2F, includes the use of a pre-scrubbing chamber for large PM, SO2, and water soluble NO2 removal. Following the quench and pre-scrubbing region, a specially tuned downflow wet ESP field is responsible for finer PM and Sulfuric Acid aerosol removal, as well as an important Ozone producing stage that oxidizes non-water soluble forms of NOx. As the gas continues to travel through the system, a secondary scrubbing chamber is used to further reduce NOx by scrubbing the newly formed NO2 that has been formed from the oxidation of other forms of NOx through the use of Ozone produced by the electrostatic precipitator. The final polishing stage of the system includes an upflow wet electrostatic precipitator field for the removal of newly oxidized material as well as any heavy metals present. Research and testing on the aforementioned system took place using a pilot sized unit operating a slipstream off a 20 MW commercial sized gasifier testing a number of opportunity fuels. Expected performance was validated proving high removal efficiencies for pollutants specifically addressed earlier. Results from a wide variety of opportunity fuels will be discussed. Current implementation of the technology in gasification projects following the flue gas pathway is underway and is currently viewed as an acceptable solution to the environmental regulations associated with the plant requirements.
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Murali Krishna, M. V. S., P. Pavan Kumar, P. V. K. Murthy, and D. Baswaraju. "Potential of a Medium Grade Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine With Crude Tobacco Seed Oil." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62262.
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Investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of a medium grade low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine consisting of air gap insulated piston with 3-mm air gap, with superni (an alloy of nickel) crown and air gap insulated liner with superni insert with different operating conditions of crude tobacco seed oil with varied injection timing and injection pressure. Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), volumetric efficiency (VE), coolant load (CL) and sound intensity were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were noted at different values of BMEP of the engine. Combustion characteristics of peak pressure (PP), time of occurrence of peak pressure (TOPP), maximum rate of pressure rise (MRPR) and time of occurrence of maximum rate of pressure (TOMRPR) were measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software-package at the peak load operation of the engine. Conventional engine (CE) showed deteriorated performance, while LHR engine showed improved performance with crude tobacco seed oil (CTSO) operation when compared with pure diesel operation at recommended injection timing and pressure. The optimum injection timing was found to be 32°bTDC (before top dead centre) with CE while it was 30°bTDC with LHR engine with vegetable oil operation. The performance of both version of the engine improved with advanced injection timing and higher injection pressure with test fuels. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 4%, volumetric efficiency decreased by 8%, smoke levels decreased by 4% and NOx levels increased by 37% with vegetable oil operation on LHR engine at its optimum injection timing, when compared with pure diesel operation on CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27°bTDC.
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Sva¨rd, Solvie Herstad, Stig Backman, Anders Kullendorff, Hans-A˚ke Tilly, Leo Virta, and Egon Sternga˚rd. "Co-Combustion of Animal Waste in Fluidised Bed Boilers: Operating Experiences and Emission Data." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-135.
Full textAbstract:
Crushed animal waste, given the trade name Biomal, has successfully been combusted in Fluidized Bed Boilers with low emission data. About 500 tons of Biomal were co-combusted in full scale tests in commercial boilers with wood chips, peat and sorted municipal waste. The mixing ratios varied between 30% and 65% depending on the fuel mix. In order to minimize the spread of BSE-infection among cattle a new EU legislation became effective in October 2000. This regulation stipulates that animal waste such as carcasses and SRM (Specific Risk Material) from slaughterhouses has to be destroyed by combustion. The company Konvex AB, which in Sweden is responsible for taking care of this type of animal waste, has together with S.E.P. (Scandinavian Energy Project AB) developed a cost effective concept for using animal waste as a fuel without first processing it into fat and meat meal. The Biomal fuel has been continuously co-combusted for 7 days in a 12 MWth bubbling fluidized bed boiler and for 3 days in a 40 MWth circulating fluidized bed boiler with very good operating performance. During the test periods ordinary emission data such as CO, SO2, NOx, TOC etc. as well as specific compounds such as Dioxins and heavy metals were measured recorded. All data including operating parameters in the EU regulation for co-combustion of waste, EU 2000/76/EG, were met. The CO-levels were below 50 mg/m3n and the TOC-levels were most of the time undetectable and well below 10 mg/m3n. • Despite a much higher nitrogen content in the Biomal fuel compared to wood chips the NOx-emissions were unaffected or in some chases reduced by up to 50% while firing Biomal. • No increased Dioxin emission where measured.
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Smith, Michael A., Christopher D. Depcik, John W. Hoard, Stanislav V. Bohac, and Dionissios N. Assanis. "Modeling of SCR NH3 Storage in the Presence of H2O." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60233.
Full textAbstract:
Diesel engines offer excellent fuel economy, but this comes at the expense of higher emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM). To meet current emissions standards, diesel engines require aftertreatment devices. Concepts using combinations of catalysts are becoming more common in aftertreatment systems to reduce the cost and size of these aftertreatment systems. One combination is an LNT-SCR system where the LNT releases NH3 during a regeneration to be used by the SCR catalyst for further NOx reduction. This involves rich-lean cycling of the exhaust stream, which alters species concentrations in the exhaust. Most notably H2O and CO2 levels can vary from 4%–14% during lean-rich cycling. An investigation was performed using multiple Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) experiments to determine how H2O and CO2 affect NH3 storage capacity of an Fe-based zeolite SCR catalyst. It was determined that H2O and CO2 inhibit NH3 storage capacity of the SCR catalyst. This inhibition has shown a linear dependence on H2O and CO2 concentration at constant temperature. It was also determined that H2O is a much stronger inhibitor of NH3 storage capacity then CO2. Additional Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) experiments, were run where H2O and CO2 concentration (0%, 6%, and 10%) and the initial storage temperature (200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C) were varied. Results suggest the addition of a reaction that creates competition for active sites on the catalyst between H2O and NH3. The additional reaction allows H2O and NH3 to be stored on open catalytic sites and has improved model accuracy by accounting for large changes in H2O, CO2, and temperature.