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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitrogen Alloying'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Foct, Jacques, Christophe Domain, and Charlotte S. Becquart. "High Nitrogen Steel and Interstitial Alloying." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.161.

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2

Wang, K. Y., G. L. Chen, and J. G. Wang. "Mechanical alloying Ti50Al50 in nitrogen atmosphere." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 31, no. 1 (July 1994): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(94)90100-7.

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3

Maznichevsky, Alexander N., Radii V. Sprikut, and Yuri N. Goikhenberg. "Investigation of Nitrogen Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.152.

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An important factor in solving the problem of stainless steel corrosion resistance is carbon concentration reduction. However, a decrease in carbon content of austenitic steels leads to a drop in level of their strength properties. Theoretically, nitrogen alloying can lead to a strength increase in all types of austenitic corrosion-resistant steels. Practically, nitrogen alloying is effectively only with low-carbon compositions. This work shows the effect of nitrogen on the mechanical properties of middle-alloying nitrogen, containing stainless steel, and a study of AISI 304L and pilot steel with different nitrogen content (from 0.16 to 0.30 wt. %). Nitrogen increases strength of steel, which is approximately 30-60% higher than for steel without nitrogen, but reduces technological plasticity. Pilot steels show high corrosion resistance and fine austenite grains.
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4

Ziatdinov, M. Kh. "From the history of nitrided ferroalloys." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 10 (December 10, 2020): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-10-773-781.

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The article considers research on the history of nitrided ferroalloys appearance and development of technologies for nitrogen-containing steels and ligatures. The most important advantages of nitrogen as an alloying element are its availability and almost unlimited reserves in nature. The technology of nitrogen extraction does not cause any harm to the environment and is not accompanied by the formation of waste. New technologies of nitrided ferroalloys and new compositions of nitrogen-containing ligatures emerged as a response to the creation of new grades of nitrogen-alloyed steels. At the same time, researchers in Europe, the United States, and the Soviet Union made the greatest contribution to the development of nitrided steel and ferroalloys technology. Nitrided ferrochrome emerged from the need for alloying stainless steels of various classes. Nitrided ferrovanadium was created for microalloying high-strength low-alloy steels. For nitrogen alloying of transformer steel, an alloying material based on silicon nitride was developed. Nitrogen-containing compositions based on manganese are universal alloying materials for a wide range of applications. Technologies of nitrided ferroalloys developed in the direction of creating compositions with the maximum nitrogen content with minimal consumption of material resources. Currently, technologies for direct introduction of nitrogen gas into liquid metal during out-of-furnace processing are being successfully developed. Alloying with its solid carriers remains a universal method for smelting nitrogen-containing steels. Nitrogen in nature occurs exclusively in a gaseous form, so for introduction to steel, it is necessary to fix it in the composition of a solid substance. At the same time, such a nitrogen-containing material must be compatible with the steel melt and technological in use. This problem is completely solved by the technology of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), which allows obtaining composite ferroalloys based on nitrides, with properties that are unattainable for the furnace process.
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5

Rashev, Ts V., A. V. Eliseev, L. Ts Zhekova, and P. V. Bogev. "High nitrogen steels." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 7 (August 22, 2019): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-7-503-510.

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The article provides a brief overview of the properties and production technology of high-nitrogen steels (HNS), which have several advantages over traditional ones. The main advantages are: up to four times higher yield strength with unique preservation of the remaining characteristics; reduction in consumption or a 100 % elimination of the use of some expensive alloying elements, such as Ni, Mo, Co, W, and others; effective alloying with unconventional elements (Ca, Zn, Pb, etc.). The basics of HNS technology, dependence of the properties on nitrogen content in steels, producing technologies for ferritic-pearlitic, martensitic and austenitic steel, their properties and applicability are discussed. Alloying with nitrogen for ferritic-pearlitic steel requires more precise adherence to the chemical composition in order to prevent the formation of insoluble nitrides during heat treatment (due to its greater solubility compared to carbon). Features of martensitic steels are associated with the possibility of formation of nitrides and carbonitrides during tempering. The possible effect of nitrogen in these steels may be as a decrease in the size of nitride particles as compared with carbide ones. Increased stability temperature of nitrides and carbonitrides provides increased mechanical and physical properties. In austenitic steels, nitrogen, due to the strong γ-forming equivalence to nickel, replaces it in a ratio of 1 kg of nitrogen ≈ 6 – 39 kg Ni. In austenitic-martensitic steels, the main role is played by thermal martensite. Stable austenite is obtained in the process of its aging at operating temperatures. Examples of effective use of HNS in important details are described.
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6

Rawers, J., D. Govier, and D. Cook. "High Nitrogen Steels. Mechanical Alloying of Nitrogen into Iron Powders." ISIJ International 36, no. 7 (1996): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.958.

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7

Merkushkin, Eugeny A., Vera V. Berezovskaya, and Mikhail A. Serzhanin. "Regularities of the Influence of Substitutional and Interstitial Alloying Elements on the Corrosion Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.336.

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Pitting corrosion studies were carried out on nitrogen containing austenitic stainless steels of different compositions and concentrations of alloying elements. As was shown there is a certain predicted influence of the concentration of each alloying elements as chromium, manganese, nickel, carbon and nitrogen on the pitting potential (Eb) of investigated steels with the nitrogen content less than 0.169 wt. %. However with an increase of the nitrogen content to a certain value (in our study up to 0.82 wt. %) the predicting of alloying elements influence on pitting potential of the steels requires a new approach. Based on the analysis of the experimental results and to take into account the influence of all alloying elements in steel on the pitting potential, a regression equation is proposed. In the presence of nitrogen, the positive role of carbon on the pitting resistance of stainless steel was shown, and the critical values of the total content (C + N) and the C / N ratio were determined, allowing prediction of the best composition of stainless steel.
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8

Lipodaev, V. N. "Nitrogen alloying of weld metal in arc welding of corrosion-resistant steels (Review)." Paton Welding Journal 2019, no. 6 (June 28, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2019.06.12.

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9

Efstathiou, C., and H. Sehitoglu. "Strengthening Hadfield steel welds by nitrogen alloying." Materials Science and Engineering: A 506, no. 1-2 (April 2009): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.057.

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10

Simmons, J. W. "Overview: high-nitrogen alloying of stainless steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 207, no. 2 (March 1996): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(95)09991-3.

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11

Kaputkina, Liudmila M., Vera Prokoshkina, and Yu I. Lojnikov. "Hot Strain Diagrams, Strengthening and Recrystallization of Nitrogen Alloyed Steels." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.281.

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Kinetics of deformation strengthening, polygonization and recrystallization processes have been studied, effects of alloying by nitrogen, combined carbon and nitrogen as well as by various other elements (Cr, Mo, Ni, Mn, V etc.) have been estimated for steels of different compositions and applications. Strain diagrams and structure state maps for the studied steels are presented. Strain diagram shape and attainable hot strength depend on the deformation conditions and basic alloying which determine strain hardening and diffusional processes of post-deformation softening. Alloying by nitrogen increases hot and cold strain hardening and retards recrystallization. Maximum strengthening obtained by cold deformation is accompanied by lowering of ductility and fracture toughness. Hence, it is applicable mainly to the austenitic steels. Nitrogen alloying enhances the austenite stability against g ® a transformation and consequently allows extending a composition range of steels which can be strengthened by cold deformation with large strains. The high-temperature thermomechanical treatment is more effective as a treatment improving a combination of mechanical properties. The schemes and regimes of thermomechanical strengthening treatments are proposed for low- and high- nitrogen containing steels of various structure classes.
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12

Prokoshkina, Vera, Liudmila M. Kaputkina, A. G. Svyazhin, and J. Siwka. "Structure Formation and Strengthening of Hot Deformed Nitrogen-Containing Steels." Advances in Science and Technology 56 (September 2008): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.116.

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The structural and phase transformations and the strengthening of nitrogen-containing steels resulting from alloying and thermomechanical treatment have been investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, hardness measurements and tensile testing. For the modeling of thermomechanical treatment processes, a DIL 805A/D dilatometer with a deformation capability and a Gleeble 3800 simulator were used. Rational nitrogen or nitrogen plus carbon concentrations are determined by basic composition of an alloy. They are limited by the processes of precipitation of excess phases during crystallization and their dissolution during heating stage of the thermal or thermomechanical treatment. Combined alloying by carbon and nitrogen leads to significant complication of phase and structural transformations in steels, including hot deformation that manifests itself in changes of strain-stress diagram parameters. Effectiveness of increasing of a hot deformation resistance under alloying by nitrogen and carbon depends on a basic composition of steel, C/N ratio and temperature-strain rate deformation conditions.
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13

Katolikov, V. D., I. A. Logachev, O. A. Komolova, M. V. Zheleznyi, and A. E. Semin. "Nitriding during powder production and study of the structure of EP741NP alloy doped with nitrogen." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-1-59-67.

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The development of modern technics is limited by the physical and mechanical characteristics of the produced alloys, properties of which are often determined and enhanced by introduced alloying components. One of the alloying elements that have been very actively introduced in recent years is nitrogen. As a rule, alloying with nitrogen is carried out by ferroalloys, less often by gaseous nitrogen, which has significant advantages. In the processes of special electrometallurgy, alloying with nitrogen can be performed using, for example, nitrogen-containing plasma. Such a method may be feasible in the production of powder metal by spraying the ingot with nitrogen-containing plasma. It is known that performance properties of the products made of powder metal are significantly higher than those of cast metal. This served as a stimulus for investigating the properties of a product obtained from nitrided powder alloy EP741NP. In this work, a study of changes in the chemical composition, microstructure and microhardness of EP741NP alloy samples was carried out. The studied material was nitrided metal powders made on a plasma centrifugal spraying (PREP) unit and ingots from granules obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The chemical composition of the obtained samples was determined by wave dispersion X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. In order to study the microstructure of metal powders and ingots, the methods of scanning electron microscopy with EDXS were used. Microhardness of the samples was assessed using a microhardness tester by the Vickers method. The analysis of gas impurities was carried out on a gas analyzer. It is shown that nitriding of heat-resistant nickel alloy EP741NP is possible at the stage of metal powder production, without significant loss of alloying components and a sharp change in chemical composition. An increase in microhardness of the obtained nitrided samples was noted in comparison with the initial one.
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14

Kuang, Chun Jiang, H. Zhong, D. Chen, X. Kuang, Q. Li, and Q. Hao. "Development of Powder Metallurgy High Nitrogen Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1811.

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Nitrogen alloying in steel may greatly increase the strength and corrosion resistance of the material. This paper introduced some research results of high nitrogen stainless steel (HNS) investigation via PM process. Nickel free high nitrogen stainless steels (17Cr12Mn2MoN) and superaustenitic high nitrogen stainless steels (28Cr6Mn2/6Mo10/20NiN) were investigated via gas atomization and HIP processes. Nitrogen alloying behavior during atomization and consolidation processes was investigated. Powders with nitrogen content up to 1% were manufactured by gas atomization process. Nickel free high nitrogen stainless steels with nitrogen up to 0.6% exhibits high strength and ductility at as-HIPed and solution annealed state, and superaustenitic HNS with nitrogen content up to 1% showed very high strength and good ductility at solution annealed state, with b at 1100 MPa, s at 810 MPa and elongation of 43%. PM HNS exhibited excellent corrosion resistance.
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15

Shabashov, V. A., K. A. Kozlov, K. A. Lyashkov, A. V. Litvinov, G. A. Dorofeev, and S. G. Titova. "Solid-Phase Mechanical Alloying of BCC Iron Alloys by Nitrogen in Ball Mills." Defect and Diffusion Forum 330 (September 2012): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.330.25.

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The methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis have been used to study the processes of a solid-phase alloying of the iron alloys with a bcc lattice by nitrogen that occur upon ball-mill mechanical activation in the presence of chromium nitrides. It is shown that a deformation-induced dissolution of chromium nitrides in the matrix of pure iron and in that of the alloys Fe–3Al and Fe–6V results in the formation of the substitutional chromium and interstitial nitrogen bcc solid solutions. An additional alloying of iron with aluminum or vanadium under the deformation dissolution of nitrides leads to the escape of aluminum and vanadium from the matrix and to a decrease in the nitrogen content characteristic of the interstitial solid solution proper due to the strong chemical bonding of alloying elements with nitrogen. The subsequent annealing leads to the decomposition of already formed solid solutions with the formation of aluminum, vanadium, and chromium nitrides of extreme dispersion.
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16

Rawers, James C., Dale Govier, and Randy Doan. "Nitrogen addition to iron powder by mechanical alloying." Materials Science and Engineering: A 220, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)80010-x.

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17

Jianglong, Liu, Luo Qiquan, and Zou Zhirong. "Laser gas alloying of titanium alloy with nitrogen." Surface and Coatings Technology 57, no. 2-3 (May 1993): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(93)90039-q.

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18

Yang, Seong-Ho, and Zin-Hyoung Lee. "A method for predicting nitrogen gas pores in nitrogen alloying stainless steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 417, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.11.004.

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19

Popovich, Anatoly A., Nikolay G. Razumov, and Aleksandr S. Verevkin. "Mechanical Alloying of Hard Magnetic Materials with Samarium." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.339.

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The effect of the mechanical alloying and nitriding time on the structure and properties of Sm-Fe-N alloys were studied in the course of the research. The influence of alloying elements (nitrogen, titanium, molybdenum) on the Curie temperature was investigated. It was revealed that the introduction of alloying elements leads to obtaining a homogeneous structure, an uniform distribution of particles, crystal lattice distortion and increasing the Curie temperature (up to 540-550 °C).
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20

Lukáč, František, Jakub Čížek, Yvonna Jirásková, Ivan Procházka, Marian Vlček, Peter Švec, and Dušan Janičkovič. "Effect of Hydrogen on Formation of Fe-Al Nanoparticles by Mechanical Milling." Journal of Nano Research 29 (December 2014): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.29.23.

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Nanocrystalline powders of iron aluminum alloy of the Fe82Al18 nominal composition were prepared under air, hydrogen and nitrogen atmospheres from the Fe and Al elemental powders by mechanical alloying and also from the conventionally cast Fe82Al18 alloy by the high-energy ball milling. The intensive plastic deformation during high-energy mechanical treatment has introduced high concentrations of open volume defects and contributed to a rapid decrease in the crystallite size down to a nanoscopic range.The hydrogen atmosphere was found to be the most efficient for the Fe-Al mechanical alloying since it has resulted into the fully alloyed Fe82Al18 after 30 h of milling. On the other hand, the nitrogen and air atmosphere have slightly prevented mechanical alloying and after the same milling time the pure iron particles were still detected in the powder mixtures. This partial suppression of the mechanical alloying process is explained by a formation of thin iron nitride and/or oxide layers on the surface of Fe particles preventing mutual inter-diffusion of Fe and Al atoms.
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21

Foct, Jacques, and A. Mastorakis. "High Nitrogen Steels and Nitrides Obtained by Mechanical Alloying." Solid State Phenomena 25-26 (January 1992): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.25-26.581.

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22

Gavriljuk, V. G., B. D. Shanina, and H. Berns. "A physical concept for alloying steels with carbon+nitrogen." Materials Science and Engineering: A 481-482 (May 2008): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.186.

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23

Kudryavtsev, A. S., D. A. Artem’eva, and M. S. Mikhailov. "Nitrogen alloying of the 12% Cr martensitic-ferritic steel." Physics of Metals and Metallography 118, no. 8 (August 2017): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031918x17080087.

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24

Babaskin, Yu Z., and S. Ya Shipitsyn. "Effectiveness of alloying thermostable steel with vanadium and nitrogen." Steel in Translation 40, no. 4 (April 2010): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210040170.

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25

Naumenko, V. V., A. P. Shlyamnev, and G. A. Filippov. "Nitrogen in austenitic stainless steels of different alloying systems." Metallurgist 55, no. 5-6 (September 2011): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-011-9445-z.

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26

Nohrina, Olga I., Irina D. Rogihina, Marina A. Golodova, and Denis V. Valuev. "Resource-Saving Technologies in Production Cold-Resistant Steels." Key Engineering Materials 839 (April 2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.839.93.

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The possibility of application for steel alloying with vanadium of the technology based on restoration of vanadium from oxides of converter vanadic slag with use of the reducers (carbon of a koksik and silicon of ferrosilicium) having low cost and a purge gaseous nitrogen with high coefficient of extraction of the alloying element is shown.
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27

Popovich, Anatoly A., and Nikolay G. Razumov. "Investigation of the Process of Mechanical Alloying of Iron by Austenite Forming Elements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.519.

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In this study the effect of the treatment duration on the processes of phase formation and dissolution of alloying elements in the process of mechanical alloying (MA) of iron by austenite forming elements in the nitrogen-containing atmosphere was investigated. Investigating the influence of MA parameters on the phase composition of the alloy showed that the first alloying elements dissolved in the lattice of iron are nickel, chrome and manganese. According to experimental data, the dissolution proceeds through the formation of a layered composite.
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28

Zhu, Jian Feng, Na Han, Kun Wang, and Fen Wang. "Fabrication of Ti2AlN by Mechanical Alloying and Hot Press Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.425.

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The dense layered ternary Ti2AlN ceramics were successfully synthesized by a combination of mechanical alloying and hot press sintering from the mixture of Ti and Al in nitrogen milling atmosphere. The phase transformation and morphology characteristics in mechanical alloying and subsequently hot press sintering were studied by using XRD and SEM as well as EDS. The results show that Ti(Al,N) amorphous powders were synthesized successfully by mechanical alloying. When the as milled powders were hot pressed at 1200 °C for 1 h, full dense and highly pure layered ternary Ti2AlN ceramic was synthesized.
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29

Moravcik, Igor, Jan Cizek, Larissa Gouvea, Jan Cupera, Ivan Guban, and Ivo Dlouhy. "Nitrogen Interstitial Alloying of CoCrFeMnNi High Entropy Alloy through Reactive Powder Milling." Entropy 21, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040363.

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The present work is focused on the synthesis of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA) interstitially alloyed with nitrogen via powder metallurgy routes. Using a simple method, nitrogen was introduced to the HEA from the protective N2 gas atmosphere during mechanical alloying (MA) processing. The lattice parameter and amount of nitrogen in HEA were observed to be linearly proportional to the milling duration. The limited solubility of nitrogen in the main face centered cubic (FCC) phase resulted in the in-situ formation of nitrides and, accordingly, significant increase in the hardness values. It has been shown that fabrication of such nitrogen-doped HEA bulk materials can be conveniently achieved by a simple combination of MA + spark plasma sintering processes, without the need for adding nitrogen from other sources.
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30

Jin, Gang Qiang, Shu Huan Wang, Yu Feng Guo, and Xin Sheng Liu. "Comprehensive Analysis of High Nitrogen Steel Refining Factors with High-Pressure and Bottom-Blowing Nitrogen." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.445.

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The experimental results on high nitrogen steels refining with high-pressure and bottom-blowing nitrogen were analyzed by the theories of thermodynamics and kinetics in high nitrogen steels smelting. It was shown that nitrogen content in steel increases with the increase of the following factors, that is, pressure, alloying elements (Cr and Mn), bottom-blowing time and bottom-blowing flow. While the nitrogen content in steel decreases with the temperature increase, but it is not obvious. The nitrogen content in steel can also increase with the surface active elements (O and S) decreasing.
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31

Smirnov, Leonid A., and Oleg V. Zayakin. "The Time and Heat Dependence of the Nitrogen Distribution upon Steel Alloying with Nitrided Manganese." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.406.

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In this article the time and heat dependence of the nitrogen distribution upon steel alloying of 04Cr20Ni6Mn11Mo2NVNb steel grade by the nitrided manganese of Mn85N10 grade at the holding in the air atmosphere from 2 to 30 minutes in the temperature range 1450-1550 °С was experimentally determined. It was determined that the highest degree of nitrogen transition into steel is 99% and is observed with a short holding time of 2 min (after the introduction of nitrided manganese into the steel melt) in the low-temperature region ~ 1450 °С. Further holding and / or temperature growth results in the release of nitrogen in the gaseous form, due to the thermal dissociation of the nitrogen-containing compounds contained in the melt and removal of nitrogen from the melt into the gas phase, which leads to a decrease in the degree of nitrogen transition to the steel. The key possibility for obtaining a steel of the indicated grades group with a nitrogen content of 0.45-0.6% is shown when alloying in an air atmosphere in a low-temperature region (1450-1500°C), while optimizing the holding time.
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32

Azuma, Shigeki, Hideaki Miyuki, and Takeo Kudo. "High Nitrogen Steels. Effect of Alloying Nitrogen on Crevice Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels." ISIJ International 36, no. 7 (1996): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.793.

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33

Li, Hua-bing, Zhou-hua Jiang, Ming-hui Shen, and Xiang-mi You. "High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 14, no. 3 (March 2007): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(07)60045-4.

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34

Atsumi, Naoya, Kouzou Yoshioka, Tohru Yamasaki, and Yoshikiyo Ogino. "Nitriding of Transition Metals by Mechanical Alloying in Nitrogen Gas." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 40, no. 3 (1993): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.40.261.

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35

Hashimoto, Hitoshi, Toshihiko Abe, and Zheng-Ming Sun. "Nitrogen-induced powder formation of titanium aluminides during mechanical alloying." Intermetallics 8, no. 7 (July 2000): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-9795(00)00002-9.

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36

Kopcewicz, M., J. Jagielski, A. Turos, and M. Lukasiak. "On the role of alloying elements in nitrogen implanted iron." Hyperfine Interactions 71, no. 1-4 (April 1992): 1385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02397342.

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37

Okumura, H., F. N. Ishikawa, Y. Morotomi, E. Yamasue, and K. N. Ishihara. "Mechanical alloying, nitrogen storage and magnetization of Ca–Co powder." Materials Science and Engineering: A 449-451 (March 2007): 1123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.312.

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38

Salahinejad, E., R. Amini, and M. J. Hadianfard. "Structural evolution during mechanical alloying of stainless steels under nitrogen." Powder Technology 215-216 (January 2012): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.10.012.

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39

Aoki, K., A. Memezawa, and T. Masumoto. "Nitrogen‐induced amorphization of Ti‐Zr powders during mechanical alloying." Applied Physics Letters 61, no. 9 (August 31, 1992): 1037–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107708.

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40

Walker, A., J. Folkes, W. M. Steen, and D. R. F. Wes. "Laser Surface Alloying of Titanium Substrates with Carbon and Nitrogen." Surface Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sur.1985.1.1.23.

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41

Rawers, J., G. Asai, and R. Doan. "High-pressure nitrogen gas alloying of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 15 (January 1, 1993): 4028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00351226.

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42

Ishikawa, F. N., K. Irie, E. Yamasue, K. N. Ishihara, and H. Okumura. "Mechanical alloying and nitrogen storage properties of Ca–Fe powder." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 395, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.10.068.

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43

Ni, Guolong, Dingguo Zhao, Shuhuan Wang, and Chunyan Song. "Investigation of V–N Micro-alloying Using Nitrogen Bottom Blowing." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 73, no. 11 (September 7, 2020): 2693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-02083-8.

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44

Rawers, J., and A. V. Petty. "High pressure nitrogen gas alloying of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 13 (July 1993): 3489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01159827.

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45

Gaye, Henri, Didier Huin, and Paul V. Riboud. "Nitrogen alloying of carbon and stainless steels by gas injection." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 31, no. 5 (October 2000): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-000-0066-3.

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46

Petrova, L. G., P. E. Demin, A. S. Sergeeva, and A. Yu Malakhov. "Surface Alloying of Carbon Steel with Chromium, Nickel, and Nitrogen." Russian Engineering Research 41, no. 6 (June 2021): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x21060174.

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47

Снежной, Геннадий Валентинович, and Валентин Лукьянович Снежной. "МАГНИТОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ВЛИЯНИЯ УГЛЕРОДА И АЗОТА НА КОРРОЗИОННУЮ СТОЙКОСТЬ АУСТЕНИТНЫХ ХРОМОНИКЕЛЕВЫХ СТАЛЕЙ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 7 (August 31, 2020): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2020.7.07.

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Extensive investigations of the corrosion resistance of austenitic chromium-nickel steels (with stable and unstable austenite) do not reveal the full nature of the phenomena studied. By the magnetometric method, using the specific magnetic susceptibility c0 of austenite and low content Рd d-ferrite (0…0.5 %), the corrosion properties of steels were studied. These parameters are determined by the chemical composition of steel, heat treatment and deformation. The pitting corrosion rate correlates with these parameters. In the scientific literature, the results of studies of the corrosion resistance of metals with variation over a wide range of carbon and nitrogen contents are given. In this work, the influence of these elements in five swimming trunks of each steel grade AISI 304 and AISI 321 is investigated. In steels AISI 304 and AISI 321, with an increase in c0 and Рd (under the condition low content of d-ferrite), the pitting corrosion rate К decreases. The values of c0 and Рd from the total content Q (wt.%) of all alloying elements for each melt are determined. The dependences of the corrosion rate K on Q for each melt of AISI 304 and AISI 321 steels are obtained. Various forms of К(Q) dependency curves are caused by a lower content of nickel, silicon and a higher content of chromium, manganese, carbon, nitrogen in AISI 304 steel. Also in AISI 321 steel, titanium is present. The dependences of К, c0 and Рd on the content of carbon and nitrogen, in the presence of all other alloying elements, are determined. Various (presence of a maximum or minimum) parabolic dependencies of К, c0 and Рd on the carbon and nitrogen contents were revealed. For melts of steel AISI 304, of the effect carbon and nitrogen on corrosion resistance are the opposite of the sum of all other alloying elements. For melts of steel AISI 321, the carbon present makes a smaller contribution to corrosion resistance compared to nitrogen. For AISI 321 steel melts, an ambiguous character of the dependence of the pitting corrosion rate K on the total content Q of all other alloying elements was found. Two values of Q (a parabolic dependence of K(Q)) can correspond to one value of K. The critical points (the content of alloying elements), before and after which the parameters c0, Pd can increase or decrease, are determined. As a result, the paramagnetic state of austenite changes, which correlates with a change in the corrosion properties of steel.
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48

Rawers, J. C., G. Asai, and J. S. Dunning. "Change in mechanical properties and microstructure of 201 stainless steel with increased nitrogen alloying." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 12 (December 1994): 3160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.3160.

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It is well known that mechanical properties of commercial stainless steel are improved by alloying with nitrogen. In this study a series of nitrogenated commercial 201 stainless steel alloys with nitrogen levels as high as 2.6 wt. % were obtained by melting in a hot-isostatic-pressure furnace using nitrogen as the pressurizing gas. Nitrogen concentrations in excess of 1.25 wt. % formed a series of different chromium nitride precipitates and morphologies depending upon the nitrogen concentration. Five different nitrogen levels were fabricated using the same processing conditions recommended for 201 stainless steel including hot-and cold-working, and heat-treating at two different temperatures. Tensile strength of the nitrogenated materials at each processing step was related to the interstitial nitrogen concentration and the presence or absence of precipitates. The presence of chromium precipitates did reduce the fracture ductility and changed the fracture features. This U.S. Bureau of Mines study shows that increasing the nitrogen concentration in commercial steels above their current level has positive effects on mechanical properties as long as the nitrogen solubility level is not exceeded and chromium nitride precipitates begin to form.
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49

Gizatulin, R. A., N. A. Kozyrev, A. A. Saprykin, О. Yu Sheshukov, and D. A. Dudikhin. "Nitrogen Alloying of Steel by Blowing in the Ladle through Bottom and Submersible Tuyeres." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.14.

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The paper gives consideration to nitrogen behavior when blowing steel with gaseous nitrogen through bottom and submersible tuyeres. Positive effect of nitrogen on physical and mechanical characteristics of rails is determined provided that nitrogen concentration doesn’t exceed 0.025%. This effect is possible due to formation of high-melting vanadium carbides.
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50

Piekoszewski, J., L. Waliś, J. Langner, Z. Werner, J. Białoskórski, L. Nowicki, M. Kopcewicz, and A. Grabias. "Alloying of austenitic stainless steel with nitrogen using high-intensity pulsed beams of nitrogen plasma." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 114, no. 3-4 (July 1996): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(96)00142-5.

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