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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitrofuran metabolites'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Bayer, O. V., O. S. Yaremchuk, T. V. Yevtushenko, L. V. Shevchenko, V. M. Mykhalska, Yu V. Dobrozhan, Ya V. Dovhopol, and R. L. Varpikhovskyi. "Розробка та оцінка придатності методу визначення нітрофуранів в меді за допомогою рідинної хроматографії високого тиску – тандемної мас-спектрометрії (UPLC-MS-MS)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 966–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_300.

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<p><span lang="UK">Over the past decade, Ukraine has been one of the leaders in exporting honey to EU countries. The main obstacle to increasing the export of Ukrainian honey to EU countries is the discrepancy of honey safety indicators with the requirements of importing countries. This is due to the use of a significant number of drugs with antimicrobial spectrum of action in the treatment and prevention of diseases of bees, the remains of which fall into honey. In domestic honey, according to recent data, the remains of such groups of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents as chloramphenicol, nitrofuran, nitroimidazole, sulfanilamides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides are most commonly found.</span><span lang="EN-US">The nitrofurans, which are quite stable, can be stored in honey for a long time and are not destroyed even at high temperatures. Therefore, the urgent question remains the development and introduction into practice of laboratory analysis of a sensitive and reliable method for determining the residual amounts of nitrofurans in honey.The method developed by us allows us to determine the residual amounts of metabolites of nitrofurans in honey, namely: furazolidone derivative - 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), furaltadone-3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), nitrofurase-semicarbazide SEM) and nitrofurantoin-1-aminohydandomine (AHD).The use of drugs nitrofuran number in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases of bees involves the receipt of their metabolites in honey in the human body.The conducted studies revealed that nitrofurantoin (38% of honey samples) was used most often in beekeeping, followed by fureladone (24%), while nitrofurase and furazolidone were used equally in 19% of honey samples, respectively.The conducted studies revealed 4 metabolites of nitrofurans in natural honey, namely the metabolite furazolidone 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), nitrofurase-semicarbazide (SEM), furaltadone-3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), and nitrofurantoin - 1-aminohydandomine (AHD).The content of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) and semicarbazide (SEM) in honey exceeds the MDR by the norms of Ukraine. According to EU norms, the content of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 1-aminohydinotin (AHD) in honey exceeds MDR and the semicarbazide content (SEM) permissible concentration.</span></p>

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2

An, Haejung, Lenin Parrales, Kai Wang, Teresa Cain, Ralph Hollins, Douglas Forrest, Benjamin Liao, Han Chol Paek, and Jacqueline Sram. "Quantitative Analysis of Nitrofuran Metabolites and Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Using Acetonitrile Extraction and Liquid Chromatograph-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection: A Single Laboratory Validation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-262.

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Abstract A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of chloramphenicol and nitrofuran metabolites in shrimp according to the guideline established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Office of Foods and Veterinary Medicine. The extraction steps following the overnight hydrolysis and derivatization are simpler than the conventional ethyl acetate extraction method. The main steps are neutralization of hydrolysates, addition of acetonitrile for extraction, and salting out of organic phase from the acetonitrile-aqueous mixture. Extracts are analyzed for chloramphenicol and nitrofuran metabolites by LC-MS/MS in a single injection with polarity switching between the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode for the nitrofurans and the negative ESI mode for chloramphenicol. Recoveries calculated using an extracted matrix calibration curve and labeled internal standards for chloramphenicol and nitrofurans ranged from 98.6 to 109.2% with RSDs less than 18%. This method that combines the analysis of chloramphenicol with the nitrofurans was shown to generate analytical results similar to those obtained using the individual drug-class analytical methods currently used for the analysis of chloramphenicol or nitrofurans in shrimp.

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3

Smajlovic, Ahmed, Indira Mujezinovic, Vitomir Cupic, and Mehmed Muminovic. "Nitrofurans' residues in food of animal origin." Veterinarski glasnik 65, no. 3-4 (2011): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1104215s.

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Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicobial agents that are often used in commercial animal production because of their excellent antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties. However, nitrofurans and their metabolites have been shown to have potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics which has led to a ban on the use of nitrofurans in preventive and therapeutic treatment of animals used for food production. Metabolites of nitrofurans that can be determined after their application are: a metabolite of furazolidone, furaltadone metabolite, a metabolite of nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone metabolite. The presence of residues of nitrofuran antibiotics in meat, fish and shrimps, and milk and eggs originating from countries outside the European Union is monitored and recorded by the RASFF system of the European Union. Furthermore, since nitrofurans are used in some countries as prophylactic agents and growth promoters, it is necessary to carry out constant control of various types of food of animal origin, in order to reduce to the minimum potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of these supstances for the health of consumers. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no permanent control of nitrofurans in food of animal origin. The provisions of the ?Regulation on the maximum allowable amounts of veterinary drugs and pesticides in products of animal origin", published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina state the prohibiting of the use of certain veterinary drugs in animals intended for human consumption, including nitrofurans. The European Union has established the minimum required limit (MRLP) for performance which is 1 ?g/kg of nitrofurans for edible tissues of animal origin. Taking all this into account, methods for nitrofurans detection should be accreditated and validated, both for screening and confirmatory methods, and further research into the presence of nitrofurans in food of animal origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be performed.

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4

Alkan, Fatih, Arzu Kotan, and Nurullah Ozdemir. "Development and Validation of Confirmatory Method for Analysis of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Milk, Honey, Poultry Meat and Fish by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Macedonian Veterinary Review 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macvetrev-2015-0060.

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AbstractIn this study we have devoloped and validated a confirmatory analysis method for nitrofuran metabolites, which is in accordance with European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Nitrofuran metabolites in honey, milk, poultry meat and fish samples were acidic hydrolised followed by derivatisation with nitrobenzaldehyde and liquid-liquid extracted with ethylacetate. The quantitative and confirmative determination of nitrofuran metbolites was performed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) in the positive ion mode. In-house method validation was performed and reported data of validation (specificity, linearity, recovery, CCα and CCβ). The advantage of this method is that it avoids the use of clean-up by Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE). Furthermore, low levels of nitrofuran metabolites are detectable and quantitatively confirmed at a rapid rate in all samples.

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5

El-Demerdash, Aref, Fenhong Song, Robin K. Reel, Judy Hillegas, and Robert E. Smith. "Simultaneous Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites and Chloramphenicol in Shrimp with a Single Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-261.

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Abstract A method has been developed to quantify the nitrofuran metabolites 3-amino-5-morphorinomethyl-1,3-oxazolidinone, 3-amino-oxazolidinone, 1-aminohydantoin, and semicarbazide, as well as chloramphenicol in shrimp with a single extraction procedure followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Dynamic selected reaction monitoring with positive and negative ionization mode switching was used. The method LODs were 0.5 ng/g for the nitrofuran metabolites and 0.3 ng/g for chloramphenicol.

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Veach, Brian T., Chris A. Baker, John H. Kibbey, Andrew Fong, Bryanna J. Broadaway, and Connie P. Drake. "Quantitation of Chloramphenicol and Nitrofuran Metabolites in Aquaculture Products Using Microwave-Assisted Derivatization, Automated SPE, and LC-MS/MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-271.

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Abstract This paper describes a rapid and robust method utilizing microwave-assisted derivatization, automated SPE, and LC-MS/MS for the quantitation and confirmation of chloramphenicol (CAP) and nitrofuran metabolites in various aquaculture matrixes. The use of equipment presented in this work allowed extractions to be completed on average within 6 h, with quantitation accuracy ranging from 89 to 107% and RSD ≤8.3%. The demonstrated detection limits for all the nitrofuran metabolites of interest in three different matrixes were ≤0.06 ng/g, with a quantitation limit of ≤0.2 ng/g. Additionally, the method exhibited a CAP detection limit for all matrixes ≤0.01 ng/g and an LOQ of ≤0.03 ng/g.

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Luo, Xianzhu, Zhiwei Sun, Xu Wang, Yanxin Yu, Zhongyin Ji, Shijuan Zhang, Guoliang Li, and Jinmao You. "Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in marine products by high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection with microwave-assisted derivatization." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 6 (2019): 2649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj05479g.

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A sensitive method for simultaneous detection of four nitrofuran metabolites (3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM), 3-amino-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 1-aminohydantoin (AH)) in marine products.

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8

An, Haejung, Mark Henry, Teresa Cain, Bichsa Tran, Han Chol Paek, and Dennis Farley. "Determination of Total Nitrofuran Metabolites in Shrimp Muscle Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mode." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 1222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-305.

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Abstract The method of MacMahon and Lohne for analysis of nitrofuran metabolites in shrimp was optimized to streamline the extraction processes and the LC analysis. This revised method includes 16 h of mild acid hydrolysis/derivatization followed by ethyl acetate extraction and analysis by LC/MS/MS in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode. This revised method was validated in shrimp for concentrations of 0.25 to 2.0 ng/g. The LOQ was 0.25 ng/g for all metabolites. The LOD was 0.052 ng/g for 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), 0.206 ng/g for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 0.108 ng/g for semicarbazide (SC), and 0.062 ng/g for 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ). The spike recoveries with RSD into negative matrix at 1 ng/g were 100.2% (3.2%) for AHD, 102.5% (1.0%) for AOZ, 103.7% (2.3%) for SC, and 104.0% (3.3%) for AMOZ. The spike recoveries at 1 ng/g into unknown samples (n = 108) containing varied levels of nitrofuran metabolites were 112.6% (25.7%) for AHD, 108.1% (12.1%) for AOZ, 103.0% (12.0%) for SC, and 100.3% (6.9%) for AMOZ. Interday precision with samples containing incurred AOZ concentrations of 0.92 to 17.8 ppb performed over a year was 10.4% RSD. The method is accurate and precise for determining nitrofuran concentrations in the edible tissue of shrimp.

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9

Veach, Brian T., N. Bandara, B. Broadaway, C. Casey, A. Fong, A. Karmakar, M. Mayweather, et al. "Determination of Chloramphenicol and Nitrofuran Metabolites in Cobia, Croaker, and Shrimp Using Microwave-Assisted Derivatization, Automated SPE, and LC-MS/MS–Results from a U.S. Food and Drug Administration Level Three Inter-Laboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 4 (June 4, 2020): 1043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa019.

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Abstract Background An interlaboratory study was conducted to test a published, peer-reviewed manuscript in the Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL Vol 98, No. 3, 2015, “Quantitation of Chloramphenicol and Nitrofuran Metabolites in Aquaculture Products Using Microwave-Assisted Derivatization, Automated Solid-Phase Extraction, and LC-MS/MS.” Objective The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the performance of the method in shrimp, cobia, and croaker matrices. Method Three U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratories participated in the collaborative study. The laboratories tested matrix blanks and laboratory-fortified matrix blanks at various levels in three separate matrices. The method evaluation included determination of the LOQ, accuracy, and precision. Results The reproducibility and repeatability of the RSD, % levels for matrix spikes fortified below the action level were < 10% for all residues in shrimp, < 13% for all residues in cobia except for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone which was ≤ 22%, and < 16% for croaker. The RSD, % levels for all other spikes in the study were < 14%. Average percent recoveries for all matrices ranged from 81.6% – 102%. Conclusions The study demonstrated that the method is acceptable for use for the combined determination of chloramphenicol and nitrofuran metabolites in the study matrices. Highlights The study showed acceptable quantitation for the high-throughput chloramphenicol and nitrofuran metabolites method.

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Śniegocki, Tomasz, Marta Giergiel, Bartosz Sell, and Andrzej Posyniak. "New method of analysis of nitrofurans and nitrofuran metabolites in different biological matrices using UHPLC-MS/MS." Journal of Veterinary Research 62, no. 2 (July 7, 2018): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0025.

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AbstractIntroductionThe major difficulty in analysis of nitrofurans in feed, feed water, and food of animal origin is that nitrofurans have low molecular weights and fast metabolism. The principal goal of this study was to prepare a procedure for the determination of nitrofurans and their metabolites by a single method in different types of feed, feed water, and food of animal origin.Material and MethodsTwo-gram samples were subjected to hydrolysis and derivatisation processes by addition of hydrochloric acid and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. After incubation the sample was purified by solid phase extraction technique. Nitrofurans were analysed using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS).ResultsThe results of validation fulfil the requirement of the confirmatory criteria according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC regarding apparent recoveries (88.9%–107.3%), repeatability (2.9%–9.4%) and within-laboratory reproducibility (4.4%–10.7%).ConclusionThe method can be successfully applied to monitor nitrofurans and their metabolites in different matrices.

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Hurtaud-Pessel, D., E. Verdon, J. Blot, and P. Sanders. "Proficiency study for the determination of nitrofuran metabolites in shrimps." Food Additives and Contaminants 23, no. 6 (June 2006): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500460534.

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12

Liu, Ying-Chun, Wei Jiang, Yong-Jun Chen, Peng Zeng, Meng Zhang, and Quan Wang. "Simultaneous detection of four nitrofuran metabolites in honey using high-throughput suspension array technology." Analytical Methods 7, no. 10 (2015): 4097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00185d.

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13

RAHMAN, MD MEZANUR, MD MAHMUDUL HASAN RONY, K. M. GOLZAR HOSSAIN, MD GOLAM MOSTOFA, SALMA BEGUM, and SHAMSHAD B. QURAISHI. "Simultaneous and fast determination of antibiotics as nitrofuran metabolites in fish and shrimp muscle using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)." Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries 32, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52168/bjf.2020.32.22.

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A simultaneous and fast analytical method was developed for the identification of fournitrofuran metabolites from the fish and shrimp samples. Homogenized samples were hydrolyzedand derivatized with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. Subsequently, extracted with ethyl acetate, evaporatedto dryness and the residue was re-dissolved in Hexane. Commercial enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was applied for the analysis of nitrofuran metabolites. Themethod was validated in shrimp and fish matrix according to the criteria defined in CommissionDecision 2002/657/EC for qualitative screening method following the guidelines set by thecommunity reference laboratories residues (CRLs) 2010. Characteristic’s parameters as detectioncapability (CC?), specificity/selectivity, stability, recovery and precision were determined.Detection capability (CC?) for nitrofuran metabolites (AMOZ, AOZ, AHD and SEM) in Fishand shrimp matrix was in the range of 0.5- 0.75?g/kg, which were less than the MinimumRequired Performance Limit (MRPL) of 1?g/kg set by European Union. The proposed method issuitable for semi-quantitative screening analysis of antibiotics in the fish and shrimp muscle inconformity with the current EU performance requirements before exporting to EU and othercountries. Results from analysis of unknown samples by the developed ELISA method werecomparable to those obtained by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) method. Accuracy and precision of the method had also been checked through participation of International Proficiency Testing (PT) having a very satisfactory performance score.

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Zolla, Lello, and Anna Maria Timperio. "Involvement of active oxygen species in protein and oligonucleotide degradation induced by nitrofurans." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o05-023.

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It is of great interest to know how nitrofurans are mutagenic and clastogenic. In particular, the 3-amino-2-oxazolidone (AOZ) ring, deriving from a cleavage of furazolidone, is not further metabolized and has been found to be part of protein-bound residues in edible tissues of farm animals and these might be released in the stomach of the consumer. The data in this paper show that isoniazide as well as AOZ and 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), the latter deriving from furaltadone, cause irreversible damage to the prosthetic group of enzymes as well as degrade their polypeptide chain and cause fragmentation of the backbone chain of cellular or isolated DNA and RNA. Cellular DNA was degraded into small fragments of 2000 Mb, while rRNA was completely destroyed. Nitrofuran derivatives and hydrazides, in fact, share an N–N moiety, which is assumed to play an essential role in the irreversible damage observed. The key to the molecular mechanisms by which these compounds cause their irreversible effects may lie in oxygen consumption and electron spin resonance measurements, which reveal that both nitrofurans and isoniazide produce oxygen radicals at various degrees of efficiency. AOZ and AMOZ are not metabolized into more reactive metabolites, being themselves able to react with atmospheric oxygen and induce protein and oligonucleotide damage. The reaction does not require metal ions, although their presence will accelerate it.Key words: nitrofurans, active oxygen, furazolidone, DNA degradation, protein fragmentation.

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Mccracken, R. J., J. A. Van Rhijn, and D. G. Kennedy. "The occurrence of nitrofuran metabolites in the tissues of chickens exposed to very low dietary concentrations of the nitrofurans." Food Additives and Contaminants 22, no. 6 (June 2005): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500137868.

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Cooper, K. M., and D. G. Kennedy. "Stability studies of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics during storage and cooking." Food Additives and Contaminants 24, no. 9 (September 2007): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030701317301.

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Zhao, Hongxia, Wuxia Guo, Wenna Quan, Jingqiu Jiang, and Baocheng Qu. "Occurrence and levels of nitrofuran metabolites in sea cucumber from Dalian, China." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 33, no. 11 (October 17, 2016): 1672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1217069.

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Cooper, Kevin M., and D. Glenn Kennedy. "Nitrofuran antibiotic metabolites detected at parts per million concentrations in retina of pigs—a new matrix for enhanced monitoring of nitrofuran abuse." Analyst 130, no. 4 (2005): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b418374f.

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Cooper, K. M., R. J. Mccracken, M. Buurman, and D. G. Kennedy. "Residues of nitrofuran antibiotic parent compounds and metabolites in eyes of broiler chickens." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 25, no. 5 (May 2008): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030701586657.

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Radovnikovic, Anita, Mary Moloney, Paddy Byrne, and Martin Danaher. "Detection of banned nitrofuran metabolites in animal plasma samples using UHPLC–MS/MS." Journal of Chromatography B 879, no. 2 (January 2011): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.036.

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Veach, Brian T., Renea Anglin, Thilak K. Mudalige, and Paula J. Barnes. "Quantitation and Confirmation of Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol, and Nitrofuran Metabolites in Honey Using LC-MS/MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0262.

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Abstract This paper describes a rapid and robust method utilizing a single liquid–liquid extraction for the quantitation and confirmation of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and nitrofuran metabolites in honey. This methodology combines two previous extraction methods into a single extraction procedure and utilizes matrix-matched calibration standards and stable isotopically labeled standards to improve quantitation. The combined extraction procedure reduces the average extraction time by >50% when compared with previously used procedures. The drug residues were determined using two separate LC-tandem MS conditions. Validation of all the analytes was performed, with average quantitation ranging from 92 to 105% for all analytes and the RSDs for all analytes being ≤12%.

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Ivanova, Olga, and Alexander Galkin. "Comparative Characteristics of Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Methods for Determining Nitrofuran Metabolites in Food." Research Bulletin of the National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Politechnic Institute", no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1810-0546.2017.3.100683.

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Shen, Jianzhong, Wenjun Wang, Xi Xia, Jinghui Zhu, Xiaoping Wu, Shien Wang, Lanlan Niu, et al. "Determination of Four Nitrofuran Metabolites and Chloramphenicolin Biological Samples Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Analytical Letters 46, no. 9 (June 13, 2013): 1404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2012.762583.

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Hormazábal, Víctor, and Tone Norman Asp. "Determination of the Metabolites of Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Meat by Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 27, no. 17 (January 2004): 2759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/jlc-200029335.

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Ivanova, Olga, and Alexander Galkin. "Comparative Characteristics of Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Methods for Determining Nitrofuran Metabolites in Food." Innovative Biosystems and Bioengineering 2, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/ibb.2018.2.1.127257.

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Wickramanayake, Priyanga U., Tin C. Tran, Jeff G. Hughes, Mirek Macka, Nigel Simpson, and Philip J. Marriott. "Simultaneous separation of nitrofuran antibiotics and their metabolites by using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography." ELECTROPHORESIS 27, no. 20 (October 2006): 4069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200600105.

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Lu, Xuewen, Xiaoling Liang, Jianghong Dong, Zhiyuan Fang, and Lingwen Zeng. "Lateral flow biosensor for multiplex detection of nitrofuran metabolites based on functionalized magnetic beads." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 24 (July 20, 2016): 6703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9787-2.

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Rodziewicz, Lech. "Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in milk by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B 864, no. 1-2 (March 15, 2008): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.008.

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O’Mahony, John, Mary Moloney, Robert I. McConnell, El O. Benchikh, Philip Lowry, Ambrose Furey, and Martin Danaher. "Simultaneous detection of four nitrofuran metabolites in honey using a multiplexing biochip screening assay." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26, no. 10 (June 2011): 4076–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.036.

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Fernando, R., D. M. S. Munasinghe, A. R. C. Gunasena, and P. Abeynayake. "Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in shrimp muscle by liquid chromatography-photo diode array detection." Food Control 72 (February 2017): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.044.

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Ryu, EunChae, Ji Sung Park, Sib Sankar Giri, and Se Chang Park. "Development and Validation of a LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Soft-Shell Turtle Powder Health Food Supplement." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021 (March 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8822448.

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Soft-shell turtle (SST; freshwater terrapin or tortoise) is a popular and important health functional food (HFF) product in many Asian countries. HFFs containing SST must be safe, but several HFFs have been found to be contaminated with dangerous substances, such as nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs). This finding suggests that the consumption of HFFs results in the regular exposure of vulnerable individuals to hazardous substances. Importantly, nitrofuran antibiotics have been banned for use in food-producing animals since the 1990s by the European Union. Thus, in this study, we propose a reliable and quick method to reduce the time required for the detection of four NFMs in SST powder that conventional methods are unable to quantify. Our method involves the derivatization and hydrolysis of SST powder and was validated in accordance with the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The method achieves an apparent mean recovery of 82.2–108.1%, repeatability of 1.5–3.8%, and reproducibility of 2.2–4.8% for 0.5–10.0 μg kg−1 of 1-aminohydantoin, semicarbazide, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, and 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone. In addition, linearity was achieved with correlation coefficients of 0.999, and the detection capability (CCβ) and decision limit (CCα) were found to be reliable, indicating that this is a fast and accurate method for the analysis of SST powder. The validated method was successfully applied to detect NFMs in SST powder in commercial HHFs.

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Hossain, M. B., S. Ahmed, M. F. Rahman, B. Y. Kamaruzzam, K. C. A. Jalal, and S. M. N. Amin. "Method Development and Validation of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Shrimp by Liquid Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric System." Journal of Biological Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 15, 2012): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2013.33.37.

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Zhai, Haiyun, Lanchun Zhang, Yufang Pan, Kaisong Yuan, Lu Huang, and Xiao Yu. "Simultaneous Determination of Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Nitrofuran Antibiotics and their Metabolites in Fishery Products by CE." Chromatographia 78, no. 7-8 (February 20, 2015): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10337-015-2864-4.

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FINZI, J., J. DONATO, M. SUCUPIRA, and G. DENUCCI. "Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in poultry muscle and eggs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography B 824, no. 1-2 (September 25, 2005): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.05.012.

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Effkemann, S., and F. Feldhusen. "Triple-quadrupole LC?MS?MS for quantitative determination of nitrofuran metabolites in complex food matrixes." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 378, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 842–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2270-x.

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Li, Zhonghui, Zhoumin Li, and Danke Xu. "Simultaneous detection of four nitrofuran metabolites in honey by using a visualized microarray screen assay." Food Chemistry 221 (April 2017): 1813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.099.

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Kulikovskii, A. V., I. F. Gorlov, M. I. Slozhenkina, N. L. Vostrikova, A. N. Ivankin, and O. A. Kuznetsova. "Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Muscular Tissue by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 74, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 906–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106193481907013x.

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Sheng, Liang-Quan, Ming-Ming Chen, Shui-Sheng Chen, Na-Na Du, Zhao-Di Liu, Chong-Fu Song, and Rui Qiao. "High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for the determination of nitrofuran metabolites in pork muscle." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30, no. 12 (December 2013): 2114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.849387.

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Dong, Xue, Yongqi Gao, Xun Zhang, Jian Yuan, Peng Li, Changrui Xing, and Wenjing Yan. "Multiplex europium (III) nanoparticles immunochromatographic assay method for the detection of four nitrofuran metabolites in fish sample." Microchemical Journal 150 (November 2019): 104207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104207.

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Palaniyappan, Venkatesh, Arun Kumar Nagalingam, Hari Prasad Ranganathan, Krishnamoorthy Bharathi Kandhikuppam, Hari Prasath Kothandam, and Soumya Vasu. "Microwave-assisted derivatisation and LC-MS/MS determination of nitrofuran metabolites in farm-raised prawns (Penaeus monodon)." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30, no. 10 (October 2013): 1739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.816896.

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Luo, Xianzhu, Yanxin Yu, Xiaojian Kong, Xu Wang, Zhongyin Ji, Zhiwei Sun, and Jinmao You. "Rapid microwave assisted derivatization of nitrofuran metabolites for analysis in shrimp by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector." Microchemical Journal 150 (November 2019): 104189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104189.

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Wang, Kangkang, Yuli Kou, Meng Wang, Xin Ma, and Jide Wang. "Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Fish by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection with Thermostatic Ultrasound-Assisted Derivatization." ACS Omega 5, no. 30 (July 23, 2020): 18887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02068.

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Chu, Pak-Sin, Mayda I. Lopez, Ann Abraham, Kathleen R. El Said, and Steven M. Plakas. "Residue Depletion of Nitrofuran Drugs and Their Tissue-Bound Metabolites in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after Oral Dosing." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 17 (September 10, 2008): 8030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf801398p.

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Leitner, Alexander, Peter Zöllner, and Wolfgang Lindner. "Determination of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics in animal tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 939, no. 1-2 (December 2001): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01331-0.

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Mottier, Pascal, Seu-Ping Khong, Eric Gremaud, Janique Richoz, Thierry Delatour, Till Goldmann, and Philippe A. Guy. "Quantitative determination of four nitrofuran metabolites in meat by isotope dilution liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 1067, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.160.

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Wu, Siyang, Binghu Yang, Huiqing Yu, and Yingfei Li. "A rapid derivatization method for analyzing nitrofuran metabolites in fish using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Food Chemistry 310 (April 2020): 125814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125814.

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Radovnikovic, Anita, Emma-Rose Conroy, Mike Gibney, John O’Mahony, and Martin Danaher. "Residue analyses and exposure assessment of the Irish population to nitrofuran metabolites from different food commodities in 2009–2010." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30, no. 11 (November 2013): 1858–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.829925.

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母, 昌立. "Method Validation of Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Animal Derived Food by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Advances in Analytical Chemistry 09, no. 03 (2019): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/aac.2019.93021.

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Valera-Tarifa, Noelia M., Patricia Plaza-Bolaños, Roberto Romero-González, José L. Martínez-Vidal, and Antonia Garrido-Frenich. "Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in seafood by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 30, no. 2 (June 2013): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.01.010.

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Melekhin, Artem O., Veronika V. Tolmacheva, Elena G. Shubina, Stanislava G. Dmitrienko, Vladimir V. Apyari, and Artyom I. Grudev. "Determination of nitrofuran metabolites in honey using a new derivatization reagent, magnetic solid-phase extraction and LC–MS/MS." Talanta 230 (August 2021): 122310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122310.

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