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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitrofuran antibiotics'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Vass, M., K. Hruska, and M. Franek. "Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis." Veterinární Medicína 53, No. 9 (October 16, 2008): 469–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1979-vetmed.

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Nitrofuran antibiotics, employed for the treatment of bacterial diseases in livestock production, were banned from use in the European Union (EU) in 1995 due to concerns about the carcinogenicity of their residues in edible tissue. This review provides an overview of nitrofuran toxicity, metabolism, and also specific aspects of legislation surrounding their prohibition. Special attention is devoted to semicarbazide – a nitrofuran metabolite and food contaminant. Analytical procedures for nitrofuran analysis in various matrices and validation requirements for screening and confirmation methods with respect to EU regulations are also reviewed.

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2

Bayer, O. V., O. S. Yaremchuk, T. V. Yevtushenko, L. V. Shevchenko, V. M. Mykhalska, Yu V. Dobrozhan, Ya V. Dovhopol, and R. L. Varpikhovskyi. "Розробка та оцінка придатності методу визначення нітрофуранів в меді за допомогою рідинної хроматографії високого тиску – тандемної мас-спектрометрії (UPLC-MS-MS)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 966–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_300.

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<p><span lang="UK">Over the past decade, Ukraine has been one of the leaders in exporting honey to EU countries. The main obstacle to increasing the export of Ukrainian honey to EU countries is the discrepancy of honey safety indicators with the requirements of importing countries. This is due to the use of a significant number of drugs with antimicrobial spectrum of action in the treatment and prevention of diseases of bees, the remains of which fall into honey. In domestic honey, according to recent data, the remains of such groups of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents as chloramphenicol, nitrofuran, nitroimidazole, sulfanilamides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides are most commonly found.</span><span lang="EN-US">The nitrofurans, which are quite stable, can be stored in honey for a long time and are not destroyed even at high temperatures. Therefore, the urgent question remains the development and introduction into practice of laboratory analysis of a sensitive and reliable method for determining the residual amounts of nitrofurans in honey.The method developed by us allows us to determine the residual amounts of metabolites of nitrofurans in honey, namely: furazolidone derivative - 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), furaltadone-3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), nitrofurase-semicarbazide SEM) and nitrofurantoin-1-aminohydandomine (AHD).The use of drugs nitrofuran number in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases of bees involves the receipt of their metabolites in honey in the human body.The conducted studies revealed that nitrofurantoin (38% of honey samples) was used most often in beekeeping, followed by fureladone (24%), while nitrofurase and furazolidone were used equally in 19% of honey samples, respectively.The conducted studies revealed 4 metabolites of nitrofurans in natural honey, namely the metabolite furazolidone 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), nitrofurase-semicarbazide (SEM), furaltadone-3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), and nitrofurantoin - 1-aminohydandomine (AHD).The content of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) and semicarbazide (SEM) in honey exceeds the MDR by the norms of Ukraine. According to EU norms, the content of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 1-aminohydinotin (AHD) in honey exceeds MDR and the semicarbazide content (SEM) permissible concentration.</span></p>

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3

Edhlund, Betsy L., William A. Arnold, and Kristopher McNeill. "Aquatic Photochemistry of Nitrofuran Antibiotics." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 17 (September 2006): 5422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0606778.

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4

Saqib, Muhammad, Eugene Arthur-Baidoo, Milan Ončák, and Stephan Denifl. "Electron Attachment Studies with the Potential Radiosensitizer 2-Nitrofuran." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 8906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238906.

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Nitrofurans belong to the class of drugs typically used as antibiotics or antimicrobials. The defining structural component is a furan ring with a nitro group attached. In the present investigation, electron attachment to 2-nitrofuran (C4H3NO3), which is considered as a potential radiosensitizer candidate for application in radiotherapy, has been studied in a crossed electron–molecular beams experiment. The present results indicate that low-energy electrons with kinetic energies of about 0–12 eV effectively decompose the molecule. In total, twelve fragment anions were detected within the detection limit of the apparatus, as well as the parent anion of 2-nitrofuran. One major resonance region of ≈0–5 eV is observed in which the most abundant anions NO2−, C4H3O−, and C4H3NO3− are detected. The experimental results are supported by ab initio calculations of electronic states in the resulting anion, thermochemical thresholds, connectivity between electronic states of the anion, and reactivity analysis in the hot ground state.

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5

Rusen, Edina, Aurel Diacon, Alexandra Mocanu, Florica Rizea, Bogdan Bucur, Madalina Petruta Bucur, Gabriel-Lucian Radu, Elena Bacalum, Mihaela Cheregi, and Victor David. "Synthesis and retention properties of molecularly imprinted polymers for antibiotics containing a 5-nitrofuran ring." RSC Advances 7, no. 80 (2017): 50844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10196a.

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6

Toogood, Helen S., and Nigel S. Scrutton. "Flavin oxidation state impacts on nitrofuran antibiotic binding orientation in nitroreductases." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 18 (September 23, 2021): 3423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20210489.

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Nitroreductases catalyse the NAD(P)H-dependent nitro reduction in nitrofuran antibiotics, which activates them into cytotoxic molecules leading to cell death. The design of new effective nitrofuran antibiotics relies on knowledge of the kinetic mechanism and nitrofuran binding mode of microbial nitroreductases NfsA and NfsB. This has been hampered by multiple co-crystallisation studies revealing ligand binding in non-electron transfer competent states. In a recent study by Day et al. (2021) the authors investigated the likely reaction mechanism and mode of nitrofurantoin binding to NfsA using potentiometry, global kinetics analysis, crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations. Their findings suggest nitrofurantoin reduction proceeds via a direct hydride transfer from reduced FMN, while the crystallographic binding orientation is an inhibitory complex. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest ligand binding orientations is dependent on the oxidation state of the FMN. This study highlights the importance of utilising computational studies alongside traditional crystallographic approaches, when multiple stable ligand binding orientations can occur.

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7

Shi, Lulu, Mei Liu, Cao Fang, Xiaofei Zhu, and Hui Li. "A cucurbit[6]uril-based supramolecular assembly test strip for immediate detection of nitrofuran antibiotics in water." CrystEngComm 22, no. 44 (2020): 7660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01294g.

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8

Nowsad, AKM, MR Islam, and MAR Faruk. "Studies on Nitrofuran Contamination in Exportable Shrimp and Prawn Products." Progressive Agriculture 20, no. 1-2 (November 5, 2013): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v20i1-2.16866.

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For the last few years, several consignments of frozen prawn and shrimp from Bangladesh have been rejected by the EU and USA due to presence of nitrofuran drugs. We have investigated the source of nitrofuran drugs in shrimp and prawn through participatory stakeholder based approach. Survey in greater Mymensingh region revealed that most of the hatchery operators and prawn farmers did not know about the devastating effect of nitrofuran on prawn while survey in Coxs Bazar and Khulna revealed that most of the hatchery operators knew about the nitrofuran drugs but they kept mum on nitrofuran related issues. A series of antibiotics sold in local veterinary drug shops of Coxs Bazar and Khulna were found to be used in shrimp hatcheries. While conducting stakeholder based dialogue in Khulna and Coxs Bazar, hatchery operators were directly blamed by shrimp/prawn farmers, depot holders and processors for using nitrofuran drug. Many hatchery technicians mentioned that they used nitrofuran drugs in the hatcheries 5-6 years back, much before than it was declared banned on shrimp products, but at present they were not using it. While asking about the unlabelled drugs using in their hatcheries, they did not respond but mentioned the efficacy of nitrofuran in the survival of shrimp/prawn PL and promotion of their growth. From the participatory stakeholder based study it was understood that both the prawn/shrimp hatchery and poultry feed/fish feed used as shrimp/prawn feed in grow out ponds might be the possible sources of contamination of nitrofuran drugs in exportable shrimp/prawn products.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v20i1-2.16866 Progress. Agric. 20(1 & 2): 143 151, 2009

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9

Wang, Yinan, K. K. Jason Chan, and Wan Chan. "Plant Uptake and Metabolism of Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Spring Onion Grown in Nitrofuran-Contaminated Soil." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 21 (May 18, 2017): 4255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01050.

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10

Zhang, Yujuan, Jiandong Yang, Dongsheng Zhao, Zhangjie Liu, Dacheng Li, Liming Fan, and Tuoping Hu. "Two cadmium(ii) coordination polymers as luminescent sensors for the detection of nitrofuran/nitroimidazole antibiotics." CrystEngComm 21, no. 41 (2019): 6130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01164a.

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p-Terphenyl-2,2′′,5′′,5′′-tetracarboxylate acid and bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene-based two Cd(ii) coordination polymers act as the luminescent sensors for the detection of nitrofuran/nitroimidazole antibiotics.

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11

Xue, Yun-Shan, Chen Zhang, Jun Qing Lv, Ning-Ning Chen, Jun Wang, Xuan-Rong Chen, and Liming Fan. "Luminescence sensing and photocatalytic activities of four Zn(ii)/Co(ii) coordination polymers based on a pyridinephenyl bifunctional ligand." CrystEngComm 23, no. 6 (2021): 1497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01812k.

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12

Li, Peng, Meng-Yue Guo, Lu-Lu Gao, Xue-Mei Yin, Shuai-Liang Yang, Ran Bu, and En-Qing Gao. "Photoresponsivity and antibiotic sensing properties of an entangled tris(pyridinium)-based metal–organic framework." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 22 (2020): 7488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt00397b.

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Novel 2D → 2D entanglement affords close donor–acceptor contacts for electron transfer based photochromism and photomodulable fluorescence of a MOF, which also serves as a regenerable and sensitive luminescent sensor for nitrofuran antibiotics.

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13

Ying, Yan-Mei, Chen-Lei Tao, Maoxing Yu, Yi Xiong, Chang-Rui Guo, Xun-Gao Liu, and Zujin Zhao. "In situ encapsulation of pyridine-substituted tetraphenylethene cations in metal–organic framework for the detection of antibiotics in aqueous medium." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 27 (2019): 8383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02229e.

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A highly luminescent MOF containing tetraphenylethene-based cations has been prepared through in situ encapsulation, which can serve as a fluorescent sensor for selective and sensitive detection of nitrofuran antibiotics in aqueous media.

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14

Moreira, M. A. S., and C. A. Moraes. "Resistance to antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from broiler carcasses." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 54, no. 1 (February 2002): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352002000100001.

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One hundred and ninety-seven isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, comprising 10 genera, were isolated from poultry carcasses at a processing plant in order to investigate resistance to low levels of antibiotics. The samples were taken just after evisceration and before inspection. Most of the isolates were of Samonella and Escherichia. Other genera present were Enterobacter, Serratia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Erwinia, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. Distinct profiles of antibiotic resistance were detected. Resistance to more than two antibiotics predominated and spanned several classes of antibiotics. Salmonellae and escherichiae were mainly resistant to the aminoglycosides, followed by tetracycline, nitrofuran, sulpha, macrolide, chloramphenicol, quinolones and beta-lactams. Most isolates were sensitive to 30mug/ml olaquindox, the growth promoter in use at the time of sampling. However, many were resistant to a level of 10mug/ml and 13mug/ml olaquindox, levels present in the gut due to the dilution in the feed. The results suggest a possible role of low level administration of antibiotics to broilers in selecting multi-resistant bacteria in vivo.

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15

Smajlovic, Ahmed, Indira Mujezinovic, Vitomir Cupic, and Mehmed Muminovic. "Nitrofurans' residues in food of animal origin." Veterinarski glasnik 65, no. 3-4 (2011): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1104215s.

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Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicobial agents that are often used in commercial animal production because of their excellent antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties. However, nitrofurans and their metabolites have been shown to have potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics which has led to a ban on the use of nitrofurans in preventive and therapeutic treatment of animals used for food production. Metabolites of nitrofurans that can be determined after their application are: a metabolite of furazolidone, furaltadone metabolite, a metabolite of nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone metabolite. The presence of residues of nitrofuran antibiotics in meat, fish and shrimps, and milk and eggs originating from countries outside the European Union is monitored and recorded by the RASFF system of the European Union. Furthermore, since nitrofurans are used in some countries as prophylactic agents and growth promoters, it is necessary to carry out constant control of various types of food of animal origin, in order to reduce to the minimum potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of these supstances for the health of consumers. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no permanent control of nitrofurans in food of animal origin. The provisions of the ?Regulation on the maximum allowable amounts of veterinary drugs and pesticides in products of animal origin", published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina state the prohibiting of the use of certain veterinary drugs in animals intended for human consumption, including nitrofurans. The European Union has established the minimum required limit (MRLP) for performance which is 1 ?g/kg of nitrofurans for edible tissues of animal origin. Taking all this into account, methods for nitrofurans detection should be accreditated and validated, both for screening and confirmatory methods, and further research into the presence of nitrofurans in food of animal origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be performed.

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16

Xu, Shan, Jing-Jing Shi, Bo Ding, Zheng-Yu Liu, Xiu-Guang Wang, Xiao-Jun Zhao, and En-Cui Yang. "A heterometallic sodium(i)–europium(iii)-organic layer exhibiting dual-responsive luminescent sensing for nitrofuran antibiotics, Cr2O72− and MnO4− anions." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 5 (2019): 1823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt04208j.

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A red-emitting layer constructed from {Eu₂Na(CH₃COO)₂} chains and 4,4′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)dibenzolate linkers exhibits luminescent discriminations for three nitrofuran antibiotics and toxic Cr₂O₇²⁻ and MnO₄⁻ anions.

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17

Stevens, Mckayla, Chris Howe, Anne-Marie Ray, Alex Washburn, Siddhi Chitre, Jared Sivinski, Yangshin Park, Quyen Q. Hoang, Eli Chapman, and Steven M. Johnson. "Analogs of nitrofuran antibiotics are potent GroEL/ES inhibitor pro-drugs." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 22 (November 2020): 115710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115710.

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18

Sargın, Gokhan, Osman Elbek, Cem Balantekin, İbrahim Meteoglu, and Nil Culhacı. "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Hepatotoxicity Associated with Single Dose Nitrofurantoin Use." Case Reports in Pulmonology 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/465389.

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Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic nitrofuran compound. It is generally used in urinary tract infections, either alone or in combination with other antibiotics. A number of adverse effects may develop in different body systems during nitrofurantoin treatment; however, concomitant pulmonary and hepatotoxicity are rare. In this paper, we present a case of acute respiratory distress syndrome and hepatotoxicity following administration of a single dose of nitrofurantoin.

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19

Cooper, K. M., and D. G. Kennedy. "Stability studies of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics during storage and cooking." Food Additives and Contaminants 24, no. 9 (September 2007): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030701317301.

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20

Zhang, Qiulan, and Yongnian Ni. "Comparative studies on the interaction of nitrofuran antibiotics with bovine serum albumin." RSC Advances 7, no. 63 (2017): 39833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05570f.

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21

Bayer, E. V., Yu N. Novozhitskaya, L. V. Shevchenko, and V. M. Mykhaslka. "Моніторинг залишків ветеринарних препаратів у харчових продуктах." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_76.

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<p>The results of studies of the content of residues of veterinary drugs in food indicate that when growing all types of productive animals, a significant number of antibiotics, sulfonamide and nitrofuran preparations of various spectrum and mechanism of action accumulate in meat, milk, eggs, as well as for preventive and therapeutic purposes and honey.</p><p>We registered that food products of animal origin contain residues of veterinary preparations that do not exceed the MPC. Despite the ban on the use of antibiotics as stimulators of animal productivity, they are more often found in pork and beef, which indicates the use of these antimicrobials in the production of productive animals. Chloramphenicol was most often found in beef and pork, in rabbit meat, goose meat, chicken meat and honey, this antibiotic was present only in sporadic cases, and in milk its presence was not proven during monitoring studies. Nitrofuran preparations were detected mainly in beef, chicken, goose and honey, and in the last reporting year (2016), their presence was not found in these products, except for honey. Studies have shown that food eggs did not contain residues of nitrofuran drugs during the study period. The use of antibacterial drugs and anthelmintics in livestock breeding is confirmed by the fact that about 40% of the samples contain residual amounts of sulfanilamide preparations in the range of 50-70% of the MPC and about 20% of the samples contain residual amounts of anthelmintics. In Ukraine, control of the remnants of veterinary drugs in food products formally is not carried out. Of the group of fluoroquinolones, only enrofloxacin and norfloxacin are monitored, of the B-lactam group, amoxicillin, ampicillin, benzylpencilin from the aminoglycoside group-gentamicin, lincomycin, streptomycin, and dihydrostreptomycin. As for sulfonamide drugs, control is conducted only for 9 seconds with a very large group of these drugs. Particular attention when controlling the content of residues of veterinary drugs in livestock products should be given to methods for identifying these substances and improving existing research methods. We also suggested to extend the indicators mentioned in the "State Monitoring Plan for Residual Amounts of Veterinary Preparations, Pollutants and Toxicants in Products of Animal Origin" for greater control over the animal production and use of antibacterial substances in the farms.</p>

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22

JIANG, Ting-Fu, Zhi-Hua LV, Yuan-Hong WANG, Mei-E. YUE, and Shuai LIAN. "Separation and Determination of Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Turbot Fish by Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography." Analytical Sciences 25, no. 7 (2009): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.25.861.

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23

RAHMAN, MD MEZANUR, MD MAHMUDUL HASAN RONY, K. M. GOLZAR HOSSAIN, MD GOLAM MOSTOFA, SALMA BEGUM, and SHAMSHAD B. QURAISHI. "Simultaneous and fast determination of antibiotics as nitrofuran metabolites in fish and shrimp muscle using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)." Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries 32, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52168/bjf.2020.32.22.

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A simultaneous and fast analytical method was developed for the identification of fournitrofuran metabolites from the fish and shrimp samples. Homogenized samples were hydrolyzedand derivatized with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. Subsequently, extracted with ethyl acetate, evaporatedto dryness and the residue was re-dissolved in Hexane. Commercial enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was applied for the analysis of nitrofuran metabolites. Themethod was validated in shrimp and fish matrix according to the criteria defined in CommissionDecision 2002/657/EC for qualitative screening method following the guidelines set by thecommunity reference laboratories residues (CRLs) 2010. Characteristic’s parameters as detectioncapability (CC?), specificity/selectivity, stability, recovery and precision were determined.Detection capability (CC?) for nitrofuran metabolites (AMOZ, AOZ, AHD and SEM) in Fishand shrimp matrix was in the range of 0.5- 0.75?g/kg, which were less than the MinimumRequired Performance Limit (MRPL) of 1?g/kg set by European Union. The proposed method issuitable for semi-quantitative screening analysis of antibiotics in the fish and shrimp muscle inconformity with the current EU performance requirements before exporting to EU and othercountries. Results from analysis of unknown samples by the developed ELISA method werecomparable to those obtained by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) method. Accuracy and precision of the method had also been checked through participation of International Proficiency Testing (PT) having a very satisfactory performance score.

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24

Kolesnyk, M., N. Stepanova, V. Kruglikov, and A. Rudenko. "THE ETIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN OF BACTERIA CAUSING UNCOMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: A TEN-YEAR SURVEILLANCE STUDY (2005-2015)." Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis, no. 1(49) (February 16, 2016): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31450/ukrjnd.1(49).2016.02.

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Background and objective. Knowledge of local antimicrobial resistance pattern is very important for evidence-based empirical antibiotic prescribing. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the main bacteria responsible for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in Kyiv region (Ukraine), throughout a ten year period, in order to establish an appropriate empirical therapy. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the etiological spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens in urine samples isolated over the 10-year period, 2005 to 2015, in a single center was performed. Results. In total 380positive urine samples processed at our laboratory of which 193/380 (51 %) had E. coli as the infecting organism. Although E. coli was, as usual, the most common pathogen implicated in UTI, it were observed increasing the share of Enterococcus spp. - 82/380 (21.6%). Ampicillin and trimethoprim were the least-active agents against E. coli with resistance rates of 75% and 70%, respectively. Significant trends of increasing resistance over the 10-year period were identified for trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones ІІ and III generations, penicillins, and carbapenems. Nitrofuran derivative remains a reasonable empirical antibiotic choice in this community with a 10-year resistance rate of 8.3 %. Was determined that recurrent UTI is an independent risk factor for bacterial multidrug-resistance. Conclusions. Over the last 10 years, the proportions of fluoroquinolones resistant E. coli and multidrug-resistant bacteria have significantly increased. The fluoroquinolones shall not be used in the empirical treatment of uncomplicated UTI in Kyiv region patients. For the empirical treatment of uncomplicated UTI in women should be used nitrofuran derivative (furazydyn K). If required of parenteral administration of antibiotics should be used cephalosporins IVgeneration. This data will enable evidence-based empirical prescribing which will ensure more effective treatment and lessen the emergence of resistant uropathogens in the community.

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25

Hormazábal, Víctor, and Tone Norman Asp. "Determination of the Metabolites of Nitrofuran Antibiotics in Meat by Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 27, no. 17 (January 2004): 2759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/jlc-200029335.

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26

Wickramanayake, Priyanga U., Tin C. Tran, Jeff G. Hughes, Mirek Macka, Nigel Simpson, and Philip J. Marriott. "Simultaneous separation of nitrofuran antibiotics and their metabolites by using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography." ELECTROPHORESIS 27, no. 20 (October 2006): 4069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200600105.

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27

Zhai, Haiyun, Lanchun Zhang, Yufang Pan, Kaisong Yuan, Lu Huang, and Xiao Yu. "Simultaneous Determination of Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Nitrofuran Antibiotics and their Metabolites in Fishery Products by CE." Chromatographia 78, no. 7-8 (February 20, 2015): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10337-015-2864-4.

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28

Cong, Zhenzhong, Zhenfeng Song, Yunxiao Ma, Mingchang Zhu, Ying Zhang, Shuangyan Wu, and Enjun Gao. "Highly Emissive Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Nitrofuran and Quinolone Antibiotics." Chemistry – An Asian Journal 16, no. 13 (May 17, 2021): 1773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.202100352.

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29

Chuanxian, WANG, HUANG Fan, WANG Min, SHENG Yonggang, ZHANG Jin, HAN Li, SONG Qing, LI Xiaohong, XU Dunming, and DING Zhuoping. "Determination of metabolite residues of nitrofuran antibiotics in aquatic products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Chinese Journal of Chromatography 31, no. 3 (2013): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.11010.

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30

Kosareva, D. N., E. P. Ananieva, and A. A. Iozep. "Antimicrobial Activity of N-ariliden(alkylidene)hydrazides of Carboxymethylalginic Acid." Drug development & registration 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-3-30-34.

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Introduction. Nowadays, due to the emergence of new broad-spectrum antibiotics and synthetic chemotherapeutic agents, the use of nitrofuran has significantly decreased. At the same time, they remain important for the treatment of urinary tract infections and intestinal infections, as well as local antiseptics. However, low solubility in water, the possibility of undesirable reactions, as well as the absence of prolonged action significantly limit their use. It is known that the inclusion of biologically active substances in the polysaccharide molecule allows improving the already known drugs while changing their properties. Thus, the introduction of the 5-nitrofuran cycle in native alginic acid and some of its derivatives led to the emergence of antifungal activity and improved solubility. However, the information about the antimicrobial activity of N-arylidene(alkyliden)hydrazides of carboxymethylalginic acid in the literature are practically absent.Aim. Synthesis and study of antimicrobial activity of N-arylidene(alkyliden)hydrazides of carboxymethylalginic acid with different content of a biologically active fragment.Materials and methods. For the proof of the structure of the synthesized substances were used IRand UV-spectroscopy, antimicrobial activity was analyzed by double serial dilution on the test-cultures Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.Results and discussion. With the introduction of 5-nitrofurfural and β-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrolein into the carboxymethylalginic acid, samples with antimicrobial activity were obtained, whose spectrum of action differs from furacilin. Thus, in the polymer acylhydrazones β-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrolein of alginic acid, a high antifungal action against C. albicans was found, the fungistatic and fungicidal action reaches 1,8 and 3,6 µg/ml.Conclusion. The synthesized samples of polymer acylhydrazones 5-nitrofurfural and β-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrolein have antimicrobial action, and unlike furacilin are highly soluble in water and do not irritate the skin and mucous membranes. The content of 5-nitrofuran fragment, at which the maximum antimicrobial activity is achieved, is revealed.

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Ryu, EunChae, Ji Sung Park, Sib Sankar Giri, and Se Chang Park. "Development and Validation of a LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Soft-Shell Turtle Powder Health Food Supplement." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021 (March 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8822448.

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Soft-shell turtle (SST; freshwater terrapin or tortoise) is a popular and important health functional food (HFF) product in many Asian countries. HFFs containing SST must be safe, but several HFFs have been found to be contaminated with dangerous substances, such as nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs). This finding suggests that the consumption of HFFs results in the regular exposure of vulnerable individuals to hazardous substances. Importantly, nitrofuran antibiotics have been banned for use in food-producing animals since the 1990s by the European Union. Thus, in this study, we propose a reliable and quick method to reduce the time required for the detection of four NFMs in SST powder that conventional methods are unable to quantify. Our method involves the derivatization and hydrolysis of SST powder and was validated in accordance with the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The method achieves an apparent mean recovery of 82.2–108.1%, repeatability of 1.5–3.8%, and reproducibility of 2.2–4.8% for 0.5–10.0 μg kg−1 of 1-aminohydantoin, semicarbazide, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, and 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone. In addition, linearity was achieved with correlation coefficients of 0.999, and the detection capability (CCβ) and decision limit (CCα) were found to be reliable, indicating that this is a fast and accurate method for the analysis of SST powder. The validated method was successfully applied to detect NFMs in SST powder in commercial HHFs.

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Lu, Lin-Ya, Xue-Wei Tao, Fei-ying Chen, Ai-Ling Cheng, Qing-Song Xue, and En-Qing Gao. "A series of new sulfone-functionalized coordination polymers: Fascinating architectures and efficient fluorescent sensing of nitrofuran antibiotics." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 301 (September 2021): 122251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122251.

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Manin, Alex N., Ksenia V. Drozd, Alexander P. Voronin, Andrei V. Churakov, and German L. Perlovich. "A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of Nitrofuran Antibiotics: Crystal Structures, DFT Computations, Sublimation and Solution Thermodynamics." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 3444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113444.

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Single crystal of furazolidone (FZL) has been successfully obtained, and its crystal structure has been determined. Common and distinctive features of furazolidone and nitrofurantoin (NFT) crystal packing have been discussed. Combined use of QTAIMC and Hirshfeld surface analysis allowed characterizing the non-covalent interactions in both crystals. Thermophysical characteristics and decomposition of NFT and FZL have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and mass-spectrometry. The saturated vapor pressures of the compounds have been measured using the transpiration method, and the standard thermodynamic functions of sublimation were calculated. It was revealed that the sublimation enthalpy and Gibbs energy of NFT are both higher than those for FZL, but a gain in the crystal lattice energy of NFT is leveled by an entropy increase. The solubility processes of the studied compounds in buffer solutions with pH 2.0, 7.4 and in 1-octanol was investigated at four temperatures from 298.15 to 313.15 K by the saturation shake-flask method. The thermodynamic functions of the dissolution and solvation processes of the studied compounds have been calculated based on the experimental data. Due to the fact that NFT is unstable in buffer solutions and undergoes a solution-mediated transformation from an anhydrate form to monohydrate in the solid state, the thermophysical characteristics and dissolution thermodynamics of the monohydrate were also investigated. It was demonstrated that a combination of experimental and theoretical methods allows performing an in-depth study of the relationships between the molecular and crystal structure and pharmaceutically relevant properties of nitrofuran antibiotics.

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Gaudin, Valérie, Caroline Bodin, Céline Hédou, Christophe Soumet, and Eric Verdon. "Development and Optimization of an Amperometric Immunosensor for the Detection of Banned Antibiotic Residues in Honey." Proceedings 60, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecb2020-07019.

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Veterinary drugs could contaminate animal-derived food products for human consumption. Some antibiotic residues (e.g., chloramphenicol (CAP), nitrofuran metabolites) are banned in foodstuffs of animal origin (e.g., milk, honey, etc.) in the European Union because of toxicological risks for the consumer. Screening methods applied for food safety monitoring should be sensitive, specific, cheap, quick, and portable for field testing (e.g., self-control). Electrochemical biosensors make it possible to develop a promising and economically interesting approach. An innovative and cheap electrochemical method based on disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), coupled to magnetic beads (MB), that allows the simultaneous detection of three families of antibiotics in milk was published by a Spanish academic team. When the biosensor method was applied to detect CAP residues in honey, two major issues were identified: firstly, the very low levels of residues to reach (i.e., regulatory limits below 1 µg/kg), and secondly, the complexity of the honey matrix; there is not a single honey matrix. Honey composition and color vary considerably depending on the botanical origin. Moreover, some honey ingredients can interfere with the electrochemical detection, especially substances with antioxidant activities (e.g., polyphenols). Therefore, in parallel with the optimization of the electrochemical method, the reduction of matrix effects was a big challenge.

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Kashkovsky, V. G., and A. A. Plakhova. "Treatment of bee families without drugs, or a zootechnical method of combating diseases of bees." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-59-2-115-124.

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Today all the monographs, recommendations, instructions, and technologies after the successful experiments on the treatment of bees against European spot disease with penicillin, there are instructions from the NIP (Research Institute of Prevention) to use antibiotics to the treatment of all bee diseases, but especially in the form of prophylactic supplementation. Many antibiotics (chloramphenicol) and nitrofuran-based medicines are now being produced. In addition, all new medications are intensively recommended in all issues of Beekeeping magazine. These drugs are often newly invented, untested remedies that are advertised as a panacea for all diseases. Antibiotics are introduced into honey and bee-bees in the treatment and prevention of bee diseases. When such products are consumed, people develop various diseases with severe and even incurable consequences. With this in mind, the European Union and the United States do not buy and even strictly prohibit honey from China, Brazil, Argentina and Turkey across borders. The Department of Biology, Bioresources and Aquaculture at Novosibirsk State Agrarian University has for the first time developed a technology for keeping bees without the use of drugs. The long-term use of this technology in the apiaries of Western Siberia has made it possible to achieve good preservation of bee families and high honey yields. In addition, the cost of beekeeping products has fallen dramatically, as farms have stopped spending huge sums on purchasing medicines. Scientists have improved and successfully applied heat treatment of bee colonies to combat varroaatosis, nosematosis and viral diseases.

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Leitner, Alexander, Peter Zöllner, and Wolfgang Lindner. "Determination of the metabolites of nitrofuran antibiotics in animal tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 939, no. 1-2 (December 2001): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01331-0.

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Pacholak, Amanda, Wojciech Smułek, Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak, and Ewa Kaczorek. "Nitrofurantoin—Microbial Degradation and Interactions with Environmental Bacterial Strains." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091526.

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The continuous exposure of living organisms and microorganisms to antibiotics that have increasingly been found in various environmental compartments may be perilous. One group of antibacterial agents that have an environmental impact that has been very scarcely studied is nitrofuran derivatives. Their representative is nitrofurantoin (NFT)—a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic that is often overdosed. The main aims of the study were to: (a) isolate and characterize new microbial strains that are able to grow in the presence of NFT, (b) investigate the ability of isolates to decompose NFT, and (c) study the impact of NFT on microbial cell properties. As a result, five microbial species were isolated. A 24-h contact of bacteria with NFT provoked modifications in microbial cell properties. The greatest differences were observed in Sphingobacterium thalpophilum P3d, in which a decrease in both total and inner membrane permeability (from 86.7% to 48.3% and from 0.49 to 0.42 µM min−1) as well as an increase in cell surface hydrophobicity (from 28.3% to 39.7%) were observed. Nitrofurantoin removal by selected microbial cultures ranged from 50% to 90% in 28 days, depending on the bacterial strain. Although the isolates were able to decompose the pharmaceutical, its presence significantly affected the bacterial cells. Hence, the environmental impact of NFT should be investigated to a greater extent.

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Fleck, Laura E., E. Jeffrey North, Richard E. Lee, Lawrence R. Mulcahy, Gabriele Casadei, and Kim Lewis. "A Screen for and Validation of Prodrug Antimicrobials." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 3 (December 16, 2013): 1410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02136-13.

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ABSTRACTThe rise of resistant pathogens and chronic infections tolerant to antibiotics presents an unmet need for novel antimicrobial compounds. Identifying broad-spectrum leads is challenging due to the effective penetration barrier of Gram-negative bacteria, formed by an outer membrane restricting amphipathic compounds, and multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps. In chronic infections, pathogens are shielded from the immune system by biofilms or host cells, and dormant persisters tolerant to antibiotics are responsible for recalcitrance to chemotherapy with conventional antibiotics. We reasoned that the dual need for broad-spectrum and sterilizing compounds could be met by developing prodrugs that are activated by bacterium-specific enzymes and that these generally reactive compounds could kill persisters and accumulate over time due to irreversible binding to targets. We report the development of a screen for prodrugs, based on identifying compounds that nonspecifically inhibit reduction of the viability dye alamarBlue, and then eliminate generally toxic compounds by testing for cytotoxicity. A large pilot of 55,000 compounds againstEscherichia coliproduced 20 hits, 3 of which were further examined. One compound, ADC111, is an analog of a known nitrofuran prodrug nitrofurantoin, and its activity depends on the presence of activating enzymes nitroreductases. ADC112 is an analog of another known antimicrobial tilbroquinol with unknown mechanism of action, and ADC113 does not belong to an approved class. All three compounds had a good spectrum and showed good to excellent activity against persister cells in biofilm and stationary cultures. These results suggest that screening for overlooked prodrugs may present a viable platform for antimicrobial discovery.

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Niu, Mengyu, Xiaoping Yang, Yanan Ma, Chengri Wang, Wenxin Hao, Dongliang Shi, and Desmond Schipper. "Construction of an Octanuclear Zn( II )‐Yb( III ) Schiff Base Complex for the NIR Luminescent Sensing of Nitrofuran Antibiotics." Chinese Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 8 (June 7, 2021): 2083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.202100049.

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Zhang, Feng, Hua Yao, Yifan Zhao, Xing Li, Gaowei Zhang, and Yangyi Yang. "Mixed matrix membranes incorporated with Ln-MOF for selective and sensitive detection of nitrofuran antibiotics based on inner filter effect." Talanta 174 (November 2017): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.007.

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Yang, Han-Wen, Ping Xu, Bo Ding, Zheng-Yu Liu, Xiao-Jun Zhao, and En-Cui Yang. "A Highly Stable Luminescent Eu-MOF Exhibiting Efficient Response to Nitrofuran Antibiotics through the Inner Filter Effect and Photoinduced Electron Transfer." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2019, no. 48 (December 23, 2019): 5077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201901143.

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Cooper, K. M., P. P. J. Mulder, J. A. van Rhijn, L. Kovacsics, R. J. McCracken, P. B. Young, and D. G. Kennedy. "Depletion of four nitrofuran antibiotics and their tissue-bound metabolites in porcine tissues and determination using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV." Food Additives and Contaminants 22, no. 5 (May 2005): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030512331385218.

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Zhang, Feng, Hua Yao, Tianshu Chu, Gaowei Zhang, Yi Wang, and Yangyi Yang. "A Lanthanide MOF Thin‐Film Fixed with Co 3 O 4 Nano‐Anchors as a Highly Efficient Luminescent Sensor for Nitrofuran Antibiotics." Chemistry – A European Journal 23, no. 43 (May 30, 2017): 10293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201701852.

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44

Franek, M., I. Diblikova, M. Vass, L. Kotkova, K. Stastny, K. Frgalova, and K. Hruska. "Validation of a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the quantification of the furazolidone metabolite (AOZ) in eggs using various sample preparation." Veterinární Medicína 51, No. 5 (March 20, 2012): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5544-vetmed.

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A monoclonal-based ELISA, coupled with an assay buffer, solvent and solid phase extraction procedures, was validated for use in the monitoring of egg samples for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ). The procedures allow the detection of protein bound AOZ in the form of 2-nitrophenyl derivative (NPAOZ) in sample supernatant or extract after acid hydrolysis and derivatisation with o-nitrobenzaldehyde. The assays were validated according to criteria set down by Commission Decision (2003) for the performance and validation of analytical methods for chemical residues. The detection capability of ELISA’s for AOZ in eggs (set on the basis of acceptance of no false negatives) was 0.6, 0.3 and 0.3 µg/kg for buffer, solvent and solid phase extraction, respectively. These values are well below the maximum required performance limit (MRLP) of 1 µg/kg for tissue bound residues of nitrofuran antibiotics. An excellent correlation of results (r = 0.99, n = 14) obtained by the ELISA and LC-MS/MS techniques within the concentration range of 0–5 µg/kg was found in the incurred egg samples. The eggs collected from layer chickens fed 30 and 400 mg/kg of furazolidone for 10 days were monitored by ELISA until AOZ concentrations approached the LoD.

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Delatour, Thierry, Eric Gremaud, Pascal Mottier, Janique Richoz, Francia Arce Vera, and Richard H. Stadler. "Preparation of Stable Isotope-Labeled 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde Derivatives of Four Metabolites of Nitrofuran Antibiotics and Their Comprehensive Characterization by UV, MS, and NMR Techniques." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 22 (October 2003): 6371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf034536q.

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46

Taokaenchan, Narin, Tanin Tangkuaram, Pusit Pookmanee, Sirirat Phaisansuthichol, Surasak Kuimalee, and Sakchai Satienperakul. "Enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) system by l-cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots and its application for the determination of nitrofuran antibiotics." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 66 (April 2015): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.11.030.

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47

Cordano, A. M., and R. Virgilio. "Evolution of drug resistance in Salmonella panama isolates in Chile." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 2 (February 1996): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.2.336.

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In a search for Salmonella isolates in the environment in Chile in 1975, drug-susceptible strains of Salmonella panama were recovered for the first time from river water and vegetables in the vicinity of Santiago. Two to 3 years later, antibiotic-resistant S. panama began to appear in a variety of sources (meat, animals, vegetables, etc.), giving rise to a human epidemic that involved the entire nation. Of 139 clinical isolates studied, 7 were drug susceptible, 11 were resistant only to nitrofurans, and 3 were streptomycin, spectinomycin, and nitrofuran resistant; none of these 21 isolates harbored plasmid DNA. Most isolates (n = 107) were resistant to nitrofurans (chromosomal) and to streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and mercuric and tellurite salts; this multidrug resistance was encoded on a 218-kb plasmid classified in a number of strains as being in the IncHI2 group. From 1982 to 1993, 11 isolates acquired an additional self-transferable plasmid coding for resistance to any one of ampicillin (61 kb), ampicillin and trimethoprim (65 kb), ampicillin, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and sulfonamides (71 kb), ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tetracycline (120 kb), or a nontransferable plasmid of approximately 6 kb encoding resistance to ampicillin or kanamycin. With the exception of ampicillin or ampicillin and trimethoprim resistance, S. panama isolates from foodstuffs, mainly pork meat products, and animals had resistance patterns that were the same as those found in clinical specimens. Remarkably, strains from goats and goat cheese and from shellfish isolated in particular rural regions were either drug susceptible or resistant only to streptomycin-spectinomycin encoded on a mobile genetic element and to nitrofurans. The report describes the arrival of a susceptible S. panama strain, its spread all over the country, and the evolution of progressively complex resistance patterns.

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Solopova, Kh, and O. Vishchur. "Number of T- and B-lymphocytes and their functional activity in the blood of common carps affected by Aeromonosis, and in the treatment of probiotic Enteronormin." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(154) (May 21, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-154-1-40-46.

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Fish bacterial infectious diseases are a significant problem for aquaculture, often leading to massive fish deaths and significant economic losses. For fish treatment often used antibacterial drugs: nitrofuran, antibiotics, feed antibiotics, as well as dyes. Finding effective drugs and studying their effects on the body of fish are relevant. Nowadays, different groups of substances, including probiotics, are offered as an alternative to increase the growth of animals and to combat pathogens. Here are the results of studies of the influence of the probiotic drug "Enteronormin" on the indicators that characterize the status of T- and B-cell immunity of carp affected by bacterial Aeromonosis. Enteronormin is a probiotic supplement , wich contains a bacteria complex - Enterococcus spp, Bacillus subtilis spp, Lactobacillus spp; and excipients - chitosan, peptone enzymatic and ground sugar (RP № BB-00427-02-12 dated 13.04.2012). The research was conducted under the conditions of aquariums at the Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries of NAAS. The control group, which consisted of clinically healthy fish, received only 3% starch suspension, the first experimental group (D1) - Aeromonosis affected carps who were given only 3% starch suspension, the second experimental group (D2), which consisted of carps affected Aeromonosis, through the probe within 7 days was administered the drug "Enteronormin", at the rate of 2 mg per 1 kg of fish weight, in the composition of 3% starch suspension. Before feeding for the carp drug was activated for 14-16 hours water enriched with Iodine and Selenium ions in the Jodis + Se form (TU U 15.7-30631018-011: 2011). It is established that the disease of carp on Aeromonosis leads to changes in the number and functional activity of immunocompetent blood cells. The inhibition of lymphocytogenesis and functional activity of immunocompetent cells in carp blood in a disease associated with the bacterial form of aeromonosis was ascertained. The use in the experimental carps group in the composition of 3% starch suspension of the drug "Enteronormin" had a normalizing effect on the state of T-cell specific protection, but did not significantly affect the amount of EAC-RUL and their functional activity. Key words: fish, carp, aeromonosis, probiotics, Enteronormin, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes.

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KHATUN, M. S., M. ARIFUL ISLAM, and K. K. U. AHMED. "Shrimp/prawn farming status in south-west region of Bangladesh in context of quality control and food safety issues." Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries 32, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52168/bjf.2020.32.21.

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To determine hazardous antibiotics/chemicals and pesticides residues in Good Aquaculture Practice(GAP) and non-GAP farms and exploring the post-harvest management techniques of shrimp/ prawn forensuring its food safety issues, a study was conducted from July 2016 to June 2019 in three upazilas viz.Bagerhat Sadar, Rampal and Kachua of Bagerhat district. A total of 550 shrimp/prawn farms were randomlysurveyed considering GAP criteria. The farms were categorized as Category A- the farms which comply 90-100% GAP criteria; Category B- farms which comply 70-< 90% GAP criteria and Category C- farms whichcomply 50-<70% GAP criteria. From the study it was found that only 1.67±0.58 % farms were underCategory-A, 37.67±6.81 % farms were under Category-B and 53±6.08 % farms were under Category-C. Atotal of 108 shrimp/prawn samples were collected in which 30% samples were from GAP farms and 70%samples were from non-GAP farms. Collected samples were analyzed for hazardous antibiotics/chemicals andpesticides residues (Heptachlor, Endrin, Dieldrin and DDT) using LC-MS and GC-MS machine. Nohazardous Nitrofuran and Chloramphenicol metabolites were found from the collected samples and noresidual concentrations of Heptachlor, Endrin, Dieldrin and DDT were found from GAP samples. In non-GAP samples, 14.8% samples contained some residues of Heptachlor, Endrin and Dieldrin in which 10.2%samples residues were lower than the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) which is not harmful for humanhealth. Only 4.6% samples had residues which were slightly higher than the MRL. Exploration of postharvestmanagement techniques of shrimp and prawn were done by observing the icing system quality andtransportation system from farms to market/depot. It was found that 5.67±2.08% farmer used proper icingand transportation system as well, 16.33±3.21% farmers used moderate icing and transportation system and78±2% farmers used poor icing and transportation system. It was also observed that pathogenic bacterialload was higher in poor icing and transportation system as well than the proper icing and transportationsystem. From the study it can be concluded that, if farmers follow at least 50% of the GAP criteria then thefoods (shrimp/prawn) will be safer for human consumption.

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O’Keeffe, M., A. Conneely, K. M. Cooper, D. G. Kennedy, L. Kovacsics, Andrea Fodor, P. P. J. Mulder, J. A. van Rhijn, and G. Trigueros. "Nitrofuran antibiotic residues in pork." Analytica Chimica Acta 520, no. 1-2 (August 2004): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.053.

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