Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nitrifying

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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Nitrifying'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Nitrifying"

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Ayiti, Oluwatobi Esther, Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro, and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "16S Amplicon Sequencing of Nitrifying Bacteria and Archaea Inhabiting Maize Rhizosphere and the Influencing Environmental Factors." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091328.

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Nitrifying bacteria and archaea are ubiquitous and can transform ammonia locked up in soil or manure into nitrate, a more soluble form of nitrogen. However, nitrifying bacteria and archaea inhabiting maize rhizosphere have not been fully explored. This study evaluates the diversity and abundance of nitrifying bacteria and archaea across different growth stages of maize using 16S amplicon sequencing. Moreover, the influence of environmental factors (soil physical and chemical properties) on the nitrifying communities was evaluated. Rhizosphere soil DNA was extracted using Nucleospin Soil DNA extraction kit and sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform. MG-RAST was used to analyze the raw sequences. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were measured using standard procedure. The results revealed 9 genera of nitrifying bacteria; Nitrospira, Nitrosospira, Nitrobacter, Nitrosovibrio, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrococcus, unclassified (derived from Nitrosomonadales), unclassified (derived from Nitrosomonadaceae) and 1 archaeon Candidatus Nitrososphaera. The Nitrospirae phyla group, which had the most nitrifying bacteria, was more abundant at the tasselling stage (67.94%). Alpha diversity showed no significant difference. However, the Beta diversity showed significant difference (p = 0.01, R = 0.58) across the growth stages. The growth stages had no significant effect on the diversity of nitrifying bacteria and archaea, but the tasselling stage had the most abundant nitrifying bacteria. A correlation was observed between some of the chemical properties and some nitrifying bacteria. The research outcome can be put into consideration while carrying out a biotechnological process that involves nitrifying bacteria and archaea.
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Tsuneda, S., Y. Ejiri, T. Nagano, and A. Hirata. "Formation mechanism of nitrifying granules observed in an aerobic upflow fluidized bed (AUFB) reactor." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 11-12 (June 1, 2004): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0796.

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The influences of trace metals in the wastewater and shear stress by aeration were particularly examined to clarify the formation mechanism of nitrifying granules in an aerobic upflow fluidized bed (AUFB) reactor. It was found that Fe added as a trace element to the inorganic wastewater accumulated at the central part of the nitrifying granules. Another result obtained was that suitable shear stress by moderate aeration (0.07-0.20 L/min/L-bed) promoted granulation. Furthermore, it was successfully demonstrated that pre-aggregation of seed sludge using hematite promoted core formation, leading to rapid production of nitrifying granules. From these results, a nitrifying granulation mechanism is proposed: 1) as a first step, nitrifying bacteria aggregate along with Fe precipitation, and then the cores of granules are formed; 2) as a second step, the aggregates grow to be spherical or elliptical in form due to multiplication of the nitrifying bacteria and moderate shear stress in the reactor, and then mature nitrifying granules are produced. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis successfully visualized the change in the spatial distribution of nitrifying bacteria in the granules, which supports the proposed granulation mechanism.
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Lai, Zi Ni, Ying De Cui, Peng Gao, and Xun Jun Chen. "Modified PLA Carrier Material and its Performance in Immobilization of Nitrifying Bacteria." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.198.

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To prepare the renewable carrier materials for immobilization of nitrifying bacteria, polylactic acid (PLA) dichloromethane solution was added to chitosan aqueous solution, mixed by agitation at a speed of 150 rpm / min. The resultant PLA microspheres were fund to have diameter of 100 ~ 300 μm, thus underwent ammonolysis by a 6 % hexamethylenediamine / n-propanol solution for 8 min, hydroformylation by a 1% glutaraldehyde solution for 3 h, and grafted with 1% chitosan for 24 h, to improve the surface hydrophilic property. The static adsorption was applied for adhesion of nitrifying bacteria to the surface of the carrier, i.e. immobilization of nitrifying bacteria. The removal efficiency of ammonia by the immobilized nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment was tested. The results showed that the surface of the microsphere carrier was rough and osteoporosis, therefore it can adhere more nitrifying bacteria. When it was immersed in the suspension of nitrifying bacteria for 8 h, the rate of nitrification by the immobilized nitrifying bacteria reached the highest level and tended to be stable afterwards.
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Okabe, Satoshi, Tomonori Kindaichi, and Tsukasa Ito. "Fate of 14C-Labeled Microbial Products Derived from Nitrifying Bacteria in Autotrophic Nitrifying Biofilms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 7 (July 2005): 3987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3987-3994.2005.

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ABSTRACT The cross-feeding of microbial products derived from 14C-labeled nitrifying bacteria to heterotrophic bacteria coexisting in an autotrophic nitrifying biofilm was quantitatively analyzed by using microautoradiography combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH). After only nitrifying bacteria were labeled with [14C]bicarbonate, biofilm samples were incubated with and without NH4 + as a sole energy source for 10 days. The transfer of 14C originally incorporated into nitrifying bacterial cells to heterotrophic bacteria was monitored with time by using MAR-FISH. The MAR-FISH analysis revealed that most phylogenetic groups of heterotrophic bacteria except the β-Proteobacteria showed significant uptake of 14C-labeled microbial products. In particular, the members of the Chloroflexi were strongly MAR positive in the culture without NH4 + addition, in which nitrifying bacteria tended to decay. This indicated that the members of the Chloroflexi preferentially utilized microbial products derived from mainly biomass decay. On the other hand, the members of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster gradually utilized 14C-labeled products in the culture with NH4 + addition in which nitrifying bacteria grew. This result suggested that these bacteria preferentially utilized substrate utilization-associated products of nitrifying bacteria and/or secondary metabolites of 14C-labeled structural cell components. Our results clearly demonstrated that the coexisting heterotrophic bacteria efficiently degraded and utilized dead biomass and metabolites of nitrifying bacteria, which consequently prevented accumulation of organic waste products in the biofilm.
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Okabe, S., H. Naitoh, H. Satoh, and Y. Watanabe. "Structure and function of nitrifying biofilms as determined by molecular techniques and the use of microelectrodes." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2002): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0482.

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The phylogenetic diversity of a nitrifying bacterial community of two types of nitrifying biofilms, a domestic wastewater biofilm and an autotrophic nitrifying biofilm grown on rotating disk reactors (RDR), was characterized by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-cloning analysis. Thereafter, successional development of nitrifying the bacterial community within both biofilms was visualized in situ by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a set of fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeted DNA probes. In situ hybridization revealed that Nitrosomonas ureae was the numerically dominant species of the ammonia-oxidizing population in the domestic wastewater biofilm and that a population shift from N. urea to N. europaea and N. eutropha occurred when the culture medium was switched to the synthetic media from the domestic wastewater. After reaching the steady-state condition, microprofiles of NH4+, NO2−, NO3−, and O2 in the biofilms were measured by use of microsensors, and the spatial distributions of in situ nitrifying activities were determined. The relationship between the spatial organization of nitrifying bacterial populations and the in situ activity of these populations within the biofilms was discussed. Microelectrode measurements revealed that the active ammonia-oxidizing zone was vertically separated from the active nitrite-oxidizing zone. This vertical separation became more evident with increase of the substrate C/N ratio, leading to deterioration of nitrification efficiency. The combined use of these techniques made it possible to relate in situ nitrifying activity directly to the occurrence of nitrifying bacterial populations.
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Sarker, D. C., and A. Sathasivan. "Nitrification control by adjusting pH in severely nitrified bulkwaters." Water Supply 12, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.042.

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Nitrification control is complicated and expensive, especially when nitrification has reached a severely nitrifying stage. Under this condition, utilities usually apply re-chloramination with limited success. Adjusting pH may benefit utilities. However, it is not clear whether pH should be moved up or down, and pH adjustment will also alter the chloramine decay profile (biocide) and ammonia (food) concentration. It is important to understand how this behaviour will ultimately impact nitrifying bacterial activity. We collected samples from severely nitrifying bulkwaters and adjusted the pH within a practical range to know which pH benefits the most. Results showed that even a slight increase in pH can help in protecting the chloramine residual and suppressing nitrifying bacterial activity.
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Morgan, Guillian, and Rania Hamza. "Cultivation of Nitrifying and Nitrifying-Denitrifying Aerobic Granular Sludge for Sidestream Treatment of Anaerobically Digested Sludge Centrate." Processes 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091687.

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In this study, three 1.2-L aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors (AGS-SBRs) were used to cultivate nitrifying and nitrifying-denitrifying granules (w/supplemental carbon) and investigate sidestream treatment of synthetic-centrate and real-centrate samples from Ashbridges Bay Treatment Plant (ABTP) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Results showed that although the cultivation of distinct granules was not observed in the nitrifying reactors, sludge volume index (SVI30) values achieved while treating real and synthetic centrate were 72 ± 12 mL/g and 59 ± 11 mL/g (after day 14), respectively. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) removal in the nitrifying SBRs were 93 ± 19% and 94 ± 16% for real and synthetic centrate, respectively. Granules with a distinct round structure were successfully formed in the nitrifying-denitrifying SBR, resulting in an SVI30 of 52 ± 23 mL/g. NH3-N, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphorus (P) removal in the nitrifying-denitrifying SBR were 92 ± 9%, 94 ± 5%, and 81 ± 14% (7th to 114th day), respectively with a low nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) concentration in the effluent indicating simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) activity. High nutrient removal efficiencies via the nitrification and SND pathways shows that AGS technology is a viable process for treating sidestreams generated in a WWTP.
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Blew, R. D., and D. Parkinson. "Nitrification and denitrification in a white spruce forest in southwest Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-214.

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Nitrification and denitrification were measured in a 120-year-old Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss forest in southwestern Alberta. Nitrifying activity could not be detected using short-term incubations of F–H and upper mineral soil horizons. Long-term incubations for nitrifying potential indicated that nitrifying organisms were present. The results suggest that the population of nitrifying organisms must have been small, their activity was limited, or the microhabitat necessary for their activity was not adequately simulated by the soil slurries in the short-term incubations. Low rates of denitrification were detected but probably did not represent a substantial loss of N from the soil–plant system. Low rates of denitrification may have been due to a lack of substrate (NO3−), reflecting the low rates of nitrification.
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Fdz-Polanco, F., S. Villaverde, and P. A. García. "Temperature effect on nitrifying bacteria activity in biofilters: activation and free ammonia inhibition." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 11 (December 1, 1994): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0552.

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Nitrifying bacteria activity and concentrations depend on specific free ammonia concentration (ratio NH3/biomass), that is a function of temperature, pH, ammonium concentration and nitrifying biomass concentration. So, temperature is a key parameter in the nitrification process producing two opposite effects: bacteria activation and free ammonia inhibition. These phenomena are studied in an up-flow biological aerated filter (UBAF) settled by a nitrifying biofilm (measured as Volatile Attached Solids, VAS). The plug flow allows to disclosure of both effects, activation and inhibition. For Nitrosomonas bacteria only an activation effect was observed; their activity reaches a maximum at 28-29 °C. For Nitrobacter the free ammonia inhibition prevails against the activation effect for values greater than 1 mg N-NH3/mg VAS allowing nitrite accumulation of 80%; this inhibition threshold value for nitrifying biofilm is obtained measuring the specific rate of utilization of substratum per unit of biomass (μmax/Y) by activity test. The knowledge of this threshold in a biofilm process is fundamental in order to control the nitrite accumulation in nitrifying biofilm reactors.
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Hasebe, Yoshiaki, Hiroaki Meguro, Yuuki Kanai, Masahiro Eguchi, Toshifumi Osaka, and Satoshi Tsuneda. "High-rate nitrification of electronic industry wastewater by using nitrifying granules." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 11 (September 7, 2017): 3171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.431.

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Abstract Nitrifying granules have a high sedimentation property and an ability to maintain a large amount of nitrifying bacteria in a reaction tank. Our group has examined the formation process of nitrifying granules and achieved high-rate nitrification for an inorganic synthetic wastewater using these granules. In this research, a pilot-scale test plant with an 850-liter reaction tank was assembled in a semiconductor manufacturing factory in order to conduct a continuous water conduction test using real electronics industry wastewater. The aim was to observe the formation of nitrifying granules and determine the maximum ammonia removal rate. The average granule diameter formed during the experiment was 780 μm and the maximum ammonia removal rate was observed to be 1.5 kgN·m−3·day−1 at 20 °C, which is 2.5–5 times faster than traditional activated sludge methods. A fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that β-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria dominate the bacteria population in the granules, and their strong aggregation capacity might confer some benefits to the formation of these nitrifying granules.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nitrifying"

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Encarnacion, Gem Deangkinay. "Microbial ecology of nitrifying simulated premises plumbing." Diss., Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/encarnacion/EncarnacionG0512.pdf.

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Because of the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Rule limiting then concentration of disinfection by products in drinking water, the use of chloramine as an alternative to chlorine has been increasing. However, the ammonia introduced by chloramination can lead to nitrification which results in the production of nitrite and nitrate, leading to regulatory violations. Nitrification in reactors with copper and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces was established by indigenous organisms from Bozeman tap water and has been stably maintained for more than 6 years. Statistical analyses of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) profiles determined that the active bacterial populations were different in the two systems. The assemblage of the organisms was also different from the starting population (BAC influent) suggesting both material and ammonia/carbon source affect the population. No known ammonia oxidizing bacteria were detected suggesting the role of different group for ammonia oxidation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected archaea in the biofilm from both reactors. Archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were found to be phylogenetically affiliated with known archaeal ammonia oxidizers. Two archaeal amoA sequences were amplified from the system as determined by DGGE. We propose to provisionally classify a detected archaeon as Candidatus Nitrosotenuis bozemanii, based on its affinity to Nitrosotenuis uzonensis (Hatzenpichler et al., in preparation). Bacterial abundances were comparable in the two systems but archaeal abundances were higher in the PVC reactor suggesting material effect on the overall microbial population composition and density. Enrichment in modified synthetic Crenarchaeota medium yielded a culture of archaea and bacteria that consistently oxidizes ammonia to nitrate. Attempts to isolate the archaeal component using antibiotics failed, suggesting the disruption of a possible beneficial relationship between the archaea and bacteria. Genes involved in the transformation of nitrogen within the system were also investigated and hao distantly related to that of ammonia oxidizing bacteria was detected but its potential role remains unknown. This study provides evidence of archaea associated with biofilms in drinking water and while further analysis is needed to definitively elucidate their role, results of this study prompts the reevaluation of the current concept of nitrification in drinking water. 'Co-authored by Mark D. Burr, Anne K. Camper and Mohammad Shahedur Rahman.'
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McKinlay, Sarah M. "The interactions between ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338396.

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The effects of adhesion to surfaces on the specific growth rates of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp. were determined in batch culture systems both in monoculture and co-culture. It was found that the presence of a glass slide in co-cultures of these bacteria significantly reduced the specific growth rates of both species of bacteria. In monoculture, the specific growth rate of N. europaea was significantly lower in a mature biofilm system. The specific rates of production of ammonia by these four species of Pseudomonas were investigated in minimal medium. All four species converted approximately 60 - 80% of the provided L-alanine to ammonia, and this production of ammonia raised the pH of the medium. All four strains were capable of this when the initial pH of the medium was 5.5 or 7.5, however, lowering the initial pH of the medium reduced the specific rate of production of ammonia for P. cepacia, P. fluorescens and P. syringae, and reduced the final concentration of ammonia produced by P. cepacia. Ammonia produced by P. fluorescens could support the growth of N. europaea in liquid batch culture. The growth of the pseudomonad increased the pH of the medium from 5.5 to 6.8 and this increase in pH allowed growth of the nitrifier in the medium with the lower initial pH. The growth of N. europaea and P. fluorescens in continuous flow biofilm reactors was examined, and the addition of P. fluorescens to a nitrifying biofilm raised the pH of the bulk medium, thus removing the effects of pH inhibition on the ammonia oxidiser. Further investigations were carried out in continuous flow sand column systems and it was found that the rapid growth of the pseudomonad caused obstruction of the column.
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Schopf, Alexander Gerald. "Advancement of Nitrifying Wastewater Treatment Design and Operation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41961.

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There is an urgent need to develop ammonia removal treatment systems for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment due to the increasingly stringent ammonia effluent discharge regulations implemented by Canada, the United States, and the European Union. The objective of this dissertation is to develop new understanding and advance the current design and operation of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal via the moving bed biofilm reactor technology (MBBR) for municipal and industrial wastewaters. The first specific objective is to develop a passive, low operationally intensive, efficient and robust design strategy for municipal wastewater treatment to achieve partial nitritation (PN) as a pre-treatment to anammox treatment without using control strategies such as operating at low dissolved oxygen, or the use of inhibitors. This first objective includes developing new knowledge of the biofilm, biomass and microbiome of attached growth PN systems. The second specific objective is to investigate the impact of defining a maximum biofilm thickness, via bio-carrier design, to enhance the effects of free nitrous acid inhibition for PN of municipal wastewaters. The third objective is to investigate the effect of influent copper concentration on nitrifying MBBR systems over long-term operations, to demonstrate the feasibility of the nitrifying MBBR as a solution for TAN removal from gold mining wastewaters. The results pertaining to the first objective, achieved via a study investigating the operation of a nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactor at elevated TAN surface area loading rates (SALRs) of 3, 4, 5, and 6.5 g TAN/m²∙d with the aim of achieving passive PN, demonstrates that operating at a TAN SALR value of 6.5 g TAN/m²∙d can achieve PN without restricting dissolved oxygen or using inhibitors. Operating at a TAN SALR value of 6.5 g TAN/m²∙d achieves a TAN surface area removal rate (SARR) of 3.5 g TAN/m²∙d, and a nitrite accumulation of 99.8% of the oxidized TAN, demonstrating the suppression of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity, while achieving elevated TAN SARR values. At the molecular-scale, there is a statistically significant change in the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to NOB ratio from 1:2.6 to 8.7:1 as the TAN SALR increases from 3 to 6.5 g TAN/m²∙d; however, even at a TAN SALR value of 6.5 g TAN/m²∙d there is an NOB abundance of approximately 2%; thus demonstrating that NOB remain present in the biofilm, while their activity is suppressed by operation at elevated TAN SALR values. Furthermore, this system was shown to achieve stable PN consistently for over a period of 10 months of operation, demonstrating a robust, passive, low operational strategy for attached growth PN. The second objective of this dissertation is addressed through a study that compared the carrier design of defined maximal biofilm thickness (z-prototype carrier) to undefined maximal biofilm thickness (chip-prototype carrier) for PN via free nitrous acid inhibition of tertiary, low carbon, municipal wastewaters. The study demonstrates that defined maximal biofilm thickness is a preferred design choice to achieve attached growth PN. The chip-prototype carrier shows biofilm thicknesses and biofilm mass values that are ten-fold higher than the z-prototype carrier, which is shown to contribute to the impact of free nitrous acid on AOB and NOB activities. The z-prototype carrier shows PN is achieved after 3 hours of exposure to free nitrous acid while the chip-prototype carrier does not achieve PN within this same time of exposure. Therefore, the defined maximal biofilm thickness carrier is identified in this research as the preferred design option to achieve attached growth PN for municipal, low carbon, tertiary wastewater treatment. The results of the third objective, achieved via a study investigating the effects of influent copper concentrations on nitrifying MBBR during long term operations to gold mining wastewaters, demonstrates that there is no AOB inhibition in attached growth systems exposed to 0.1, 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 mg Cu/L for long exposure times. A trend of increasing nitrite accumulation with increasing influent copper concentrations is shown, indicating that NOB inhibition occurs at influent copper concentrations of 0.3 mg Cu/L and greater, with the greatest NOB inhibition observed with an influent copper concentration of 0.6 mg/L. There is no statistically significant difference in biofilm characteristics at the copper concentrations tested; however, there is a trend of increasing biofilm thickness and biofilm roughness with increasing copper concentrations. This study demonstrates the resilience of the nitrifying biofilm to copper inhibition and demonstrates that the nitrifying MBBR is a promising system for removing TAN in mining wastewater in the presence of copper.
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Cheatham, Amy Kathleen. "Responses of Nitrifying Bacteria to Aquaculture Chemotherapeutic Agents." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26879.

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As in any animal production industry, disease is inevitable; therefore, it is imperative that aquaculturists are able to effectively manage the disease and maintain their high production levels in an effort to bridge the gap between supply and demand in the seafood industry that has been caused in part by global over-fishing. This management responsibility lies not only in understanding the impact of the treatment on the cultured species, but also in understanding the impact of the treatment to the aquaculture system as an ecosystem. Currently, there is a narrow variety of chemicals approved by either the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the treatment of disease outbreaks and water quality issues in aquaculture. Approved chemotherapeutants include oxytetracycline, Romet-30®, copper, and formalin. Additionally, a number of chemicals, such as Chloramine-T and potassium permanganate, are used off-label for the treatment of aquaculture systems. In this research, these six more commonly used chemotherapeutants were analyzed for their impacts to the nitrifying bacteria in aquaculture systems. It was found that three of the chemotherapeutants: oxytetracycline, Romet-30®, and chelated copper caused inhibition to the nitrifying bacteria at the whole cell level as demonstrated in the results from water quality and specific oxygen uptake rate analyses. The nitrification process resumed once the chemotherapeutant was removed from the system, either by a mandatory water change or by natural degradation. The other three chemicals: formalin, Chloramine-T, and potassium permanganate did not result in any significant inhibition to the nitrification process. Experiments on laboratory-cultured nitrifying bacteria confirmed these findings. These experiments also resulted in the observation that the expression of amoA was upregulated by the copper exposure and inhibited by oxytetracycline and Romet-30®, but began to resume as the antibiotics degraded. Comprehensively, the findings of these analyses demonstrated that, although nitrifiers are well-known to be sensitive to their environment, the ability of nitrifying bacteria to continue their oxidative processes following exposure to chemical stress is inherent to the bacteria themselves rather than simply occurring under the protection of a biofilm community as has been suggested.
Ph. D.
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Forrest, Daina. "Tertiary Nitrifying Moving Bed-Biofilm Reactor: A Study of Carrier and Loading Effects on Nitrifying Kinetics, Biologically Produced Solids and Microbial Community." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31425.

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There is an increasing need for tertiary level wastewater treatment in Canada, driven in some cases by both provincial and federal regulation (Canada Gazette, 2012). Tertiary nitrification is the biologically mediated oxidation of nitrogen in the form of ammonia to nitrate following secondary treatment of carbonaceous material (Barnes & Bliss, 1983). The application of tertiary nitrification can prove challenging in the Canadian climate because of the temperature sensitive nature of nitrifiers (Hwang & Oleszkiewicz, 2007). Hence the greater than 1000 lagoon treatment plants currently in operation throughout country are susceptible to the full onslaught of weather effects and as such their nitrification processes become non-existent during the winter months (Delatolla et al., 2011,Hoang et al., 2014). The moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system has been studied and shows promise for continuous nitrification with prolonged exposure to cold temperatures (Hoang et al., 2014). They are marketed as cost effective and low operation intensive upgrade options for existing treatment plants as well as effective stand-alone systems and are currently in operation in many countries worldwide (WEF, 2011). Despite the MBBRs initial development as a nitrification technology, recent research has been focused on COD removal systems. Studies showing that MBBR performance is directly related to surface area loading rates (SALRs) and not carrier type or shape have been performed exclusively on COD removal systems. The influence of MBBR carrier type on system solids production has also been solely studied for COD removal and the principles learnt have been transferred to tertiary nitrification systems without confirmation that they hold true. There is an absence of research on tertiary nitrifying kinetics; the effect of loading and carrier type, the nature of the solids produced and the carrier biofilm characteristics. This study investigated three MBBR carrier types, the K3, M and P Anoxkaldnes carriers in an effort to quantify the effects of carrier type on nitrifying kinetics, biologically – produced solids and the bacterial community at normal and high loading conditions. Four tertiary nitrifying laboratory scale MBBRs were fed with synthetic wastewater and operated at a high loading condition (HLC) with a SALR of 1.89 ± 0.10 g-N/m2•d and a normal loading condition (NLC) with SALR of 0.91 ± 0.1 g-N/m2•d. At both HLC and NLC, results show no difference in the ammonia removal rates obtained by the different carrier types. It was however noticed that stressed operational conditions developed for the P and M carrier at the HLC due to the clogging of carrier pore spaces with biofilm and subsequent reductions in removal efficiency were observed. Despite the fact that larger surface area to volume carriers (such as the M and P) may lead to MBBR designs with smaller footprints and lower operational cost, the study revealed their greater propensity to become clogged under high loading conditions than the smaller surface area carriers (such as the K3 ). In addition the larger surface area carriers demonstrated longer transitional periods from high loading conditions to lower loading conditions. A reduction in effluent total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations and improved solids settleability was observed with the shift from HLC to NLC. These results suggest the avoidance of high loading conditions in tertiary nitrifying MBBR operation. If low loading rates are not achievable then system design may have to consider the incorporation of coagulant use or an advanced solids separation technique to meet effluent solids regulation. Variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) images at HLC showed the presence of water mites on the K3 carrier and nematodes and ciliates on the M and P carriers. While NLC images do not show these organisms. VPSEM also measured thicker biofilms during the HLC than the NLC for all carriers. The results demonstrate a difference in the meso-environments and suggest a difference in the micro-environments of the biofilm attached to each carrier. Microbial analysis showed no shifts in the dominant nitrifying species between the loading conditions, as well as no differences in the percent live /dead cell coverage. Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira were identified as the dominant AOB and NOB genera respectively at both the HLC and the NLC. Clear shifts in the microbial populations were observed for specific bacteria; with filamentous bacteria being observed at greater relative abundance at HLC than HLC. The increased relative abundance of filamentous organisms are also associated with the significantly poorer effluent settling characteristics observed at HLC.
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Song, Weining. "Some aspects of the utilization of inorganic nitrogen compounds and carbon compounds by "Nitrobacter hamburgensis" /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09as724.pdf.

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Ren, Baisha. "Understanding Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Nitrifying Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32879.

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Water and wastewater treatment solutions incorporating biofilm systems are becoming increasingly popular due to more stringent regulations pertaining to drinking water and wastewater effluent discharge in Canada and in other parts of the world. As a major component of biofilm, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been considered as an important factor affecting the physical and chemical properties of biofilm. Further, the selected method of EPS extraction and the methods of detecting the composition of the EPS have shown to affect the results of EPS measurements. In this research, protocols for EPS extraction and EPS composition analysis were investigated and optimized for nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) biofilm. In addition, the confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) spectra of EPS in nitrifying MBBR biofilm and the protein, polysaccharide and extracellular DNA (eDNA) percent concentrations of the EPS were investigated at various operating temperatures. Further, the CRM spectra and the protein, polysaccharide and eDNA percent concentration of EPS in nitrifying MBBR biofilm along with the biofilm morphology and thickness and the viability of the embedded cells were investigated at various hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The EPS was characterized at various temperatures and HRTs in order to investigate potential correlation between the EPS components of the nitrifying biofilm and the ammonia removal kinetics. The biofilm morphology and thickness along with the bacterial viability of the biofilm were also investigated at various HRTs. Biofilm morphology images and thickness measurements were acquired using a variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM). The percentages of viable embedded cells in the biofilm were quantified using live/dead staining in combination with confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) imaging. The research demonstrates that an increase in protein content and subsequently a decrease in polysaccharides and eDNA contents in the EPS of nitrifying MBBR biofilm were observed at the lowest operational HRT and the highest temperature in this work. In particular, the EPS protein to polysaccharide (PN/PS) ratio of nitrifying MBBR systems was shown to significantly decrease below a value of 3 when the system was underloaded (observed at the highest operational temperature in this study) or hydraulically overloaded (observed at the lowest HRT in this study). As such, data obtained at lower operational temperatures, with the system no longer underloaded, and at longer HRTs, with the system no longer hydraulically overloaded, all demonstrate an EPS PN/PS ratio of approximately 3. Correlations were observed between the chemically measured EPS PN/PS ratios and the measured Raman spectra intensity ratios; supporting the concept of higher PN/PS ratios of EPS in more optimal nitrifying MBBR operations. Further, the ammonia removal kinetics and EPS response at HRT values of 0.75 and 1.0 h indicate that nitrifying MBBR systems may be optimized to operate at HRTs as low as 0.75 to 1.0 hour as opposed to conventional HRTs of 2.0 to 6.0 h.
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Delatolla, Robert. "Nitrifying biofilms at cold temperatures: kinetics and in-situ characterization." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32550.

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The biological process of nitrification is currently the most economical and commonly employed means of removing ammonia from wastewater. Although nitrification is cost-effective and has been used in many treatment facilities in North America, the temperature sensitivity of suspended growth nitrifying bacteria is of considerable concern when designing wastewater treatment facilities in many North American cities. Notwithstanding the limited ability of suspended growth treatment systems to achieve nitrification at low temperature, there is evidence that attached growth nitrification processes have the potential to consistently achieve ammonia removal at low temperatures. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure to cold temperatures on the kinetics of attached growth nitrification in wastewater treatment facilities as well as the subsequent consequences on the nitrifying bacterial community. Methodological techniques to characterize the weight, nitrogen content and volume of the biofilm along with the volume of nitrifying biomass were developed that minimize loss of mass and manipulation of the biofilm samples. Subsequently, laboratory experiments were performed on attached growth nitrifiers at 4°C. In addition, field experiments were conducted on attached growth laboratory-scale and pilot-scale treatment systems at 4°C. The laboratory experiments demonstrated significant rates of attached growth nitrification at 4°C for the approximate span of a cold climate, North American winter. Specifically, significant nitrification rates were confirmed after 115 days at 4°C. A pronounced kinetic reduction of the rate of nitrificati
À présent, le processus biologique de nitrification est le moyen le plus économique d'enlever l'ammoniaque des eaux usées. Bien que cette méthode soit utilisée dans des installations de traitement à travers l'Amérique du Nord, la sensibilité des bactéries à la température est problématique pour la conception de certaines nouvelles installations. Même si les bactéries ont une plus faible capacité de nitrification à basse température, la recherche suggère que cette méthode pourrait enlever l'ammoniaque systématiquement même à basse température. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'investiguer l'effet d'une exposition prolongée à de basses températures sur la cinétique de nitrification de bactéries fixées dans une installation de traitement, ainsi que les effets subséquents sur la communauté de bactéries. Des techniques méthodologiques pour caractériser le poids, la teneur en azote, le volume de biofilm ainsi que le volume de bactéries nitrifiantes ont été développées qui minimisent la perte de masse et la manipulation des prélèvements de biofilm. Ensuite, des expériences ont été effectuées avec une biomasse nitrifiante fixée à 4°C. De plus, des expériences de terrain ont été accomplies avec des bactéries fixées à 4°C avec des unités pilote et de laboratoire. Les expériences ont démontré des taux significatifs de croissance des bactéries fixées et de nitrification à 4°C pendant une durée correspondant à un hiver froid nord-américain. En particulier, des taux significatifs de nitrification ont été confirmés après 115 jours à 4°C. Le taux a baissé immédiatement après la période d'acclimatation et après
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Song, June S. "Effect of copper on nitrifying and heterotrophic populations in activated sludge." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file., 142 p, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=954050351&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Smith, Timothy R. "Evaluating the effectiveness of commercial nitrifying bacteria in a constructed wetland." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020149.

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This research was conducted to determine the effects of commercially available nitrifying bacteria in a constructed wetland. The study was conducted at Paws, Inc., near Desoto, Indiana during the summer of 1995. The wetland, called Solar Aquatics Treatment System (SAS), was developed by Ecological Engineering Associates and constructed in a, greenhouse. The commercial nitrifying bacteria (Bacta-Pur), contained Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter Spp. and have been added to the wetland for the past five years to aid in the removal of nitrogen.Water samples were taken from the wetland and analyzed for ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ion concentrations and water temperature from Monday through Friday for three weeks. A baseline was established from these samples. After three weeks of testing the addition of Bacta-Pur to the wetland was discontinued.To determine whether these additional bacteria were needed, testing without the Bacta-Pur was conducted for three weeks. These samples were collected and analyzed for the same parameters as those used to establish baseline information.Ammonia concentrations were significantly lower without the addition of Bacta-Pur bacteria. There were no significant differences for concentrations of nitrite and nitrate. The water temperature was higher in the three weeks when no Bacta-Pur was added. This was due to the increase in ambient temperature which caused the water temperature in the SAS to increase. Since the nitrogen compounds either remained the same or decreased in concentration at the effluent without the addition of bacteria, the addition of Bacta-Pur is not needed in order to remain in compliance with EPA regulations for effluent standards.A container experiment was conducted to provide an' environment that had no introduced bacteria before the addition of Bacta-Pur. There were no significant differences for the nitrogen compounds between wastewater samples with addition and without addition of Bacta-Pur bacteria.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
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Books on the topic "Nitrifying"

1

Speitel, Gerald E. Cometabolism of trihalomethanes in nitrifying biofilters. Denver, Colo: Awwa Research Foundation, 2005.

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Moir, James W. B. Nitrogen cycling in bacteria: Molecular analysis. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2011.

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Zimmerman, Robert Allan. Acclimation of nitrifiers for activated sludge treatment: A bench-scale evaluation. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Research Foundation, 2004.

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Harrison, F. C. Co-operative experiments with nodule forming bacteria. Toronto: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Nyberg, Karin. Impact of organic waste residues on structure and function of soil bacterial communities with emphasis on ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006.

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Wong, Tommy S. W. Overland flow and surface runoff. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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I, Prosser James, and Society for General Microbiology, eds. Nitrification. Oxford: Published for the Society for General Microbiology by IRL Press, 1986.

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Juliette, Lisa Yvonne. In vivo and in vitro characterization of ammonia monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea. 1995.

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Duddleston, Khrystyne Noel. Properties of methyl bromide cooxidation by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. 1998.

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Keener, William Kelvin. Interactions of ammonia monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea with hydrocarbons and subtituted hydrocarbons. 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nitrifying"

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Spieck, Eva, and Eberhard Bock. "Nitrifying Bacteria." In Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology, 137–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28021-9_17.

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Schmidt, E. L., and L. W. Belser. "Nitrifying Bacteria." In Agronomy Monographs, 1027–42. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c48.

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Alexander, M., and Francis E. Clark. "Nitrifying Bacteria." In Agronomy Monographs, 1477–83. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c51.

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Schmidt, Edwin L., and L. W. Belser. "Autotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria." In SSSA Book Series, 159–77. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.2.c10.

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Saha, Mousumi, Agniswar Sarkar, and Bidyut Bandyopadhyay. "Phylogenetic Characterization of Nitrifying Bacteria Isolated from East Kolkata Wetland." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 114–22. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_12.

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AbstractEast Kolkata Wetland (EKW) is an “International Ramsar Site”, famous for broad biodiversity and insightful use of sewage for aquaculture. Native nitrifying bacteria of EKW play a significant role in maintaining water quality and controlling environmental pollution by converting ammonia into nitrate in wastewater. Therefore, the characterization of nitrifying bacteria is important in EKW. Thus, the main focus of this research was to identify and characterize the nitrifying bacteria, investigating their phylogeny and diversity in EKW. 16S rRNA and functional genes analysis may help in the proper evaluation of composition and distribution of nitrifying bacteria in some water bodies in EKW, which has not yet been explored. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization was targeted and achieved through 16S rRNA and functional gene analysis, followed by computational estimation. Resulted sequences were analysed to gain insight into the knowledge for global and local taxonomic orientation. Hence, a model can be created for characterizing the dynamics of nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment and sustainable aquaculture in different water bodies of EKW. Graphical Abstract
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Heyman, U., B. Heyman, and Bess B. Ward. "Cell Affinity Chromatography for a Marine Nitrifying Bacterium." In Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 100–116. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7642-2_6.

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Heyman, U., B. Heyman, and Bess B. Ward. "Cell Affinity Chromatography for a Marine Nitrifying Bacterium." In Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 100–116. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ln025p0100.

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Gooijer, C. D., R. H. Wijffels, and J. Tramper. "Dynamic Modeling the Growth of Immobilized Nitrifying Bacteria : Biofilm Development." In Biofilms — Science and Technology, 291–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1824-8_25.

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Abeliovich, Aharon. "Transformations of ammonia and the environmental impact of nitrifying bacteria." In Microorganisms to Combat Pollution, 131–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1672-5_10.

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Averill, Bruce A. "Transformation of Inorganic N-Oxides by Denitrifying and Nitrifying Bacteria." In Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds, 183–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9447-2_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nitrifying"

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Wenbo Na. "Optimization control system for nitrifying process." In 2011 International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmic.2011.5973735.

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Zeghal, S., L. BenYahia, Ch Lasseur, and F. Rogalla. "Study of the Nitrifying Compartment in MELISSA." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/941345.

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LUO, YUNJING, SHUANG CUI, LONG ZHANG, and RUGANG ZHONG. "EFFECTS OF METAL IONS ON PEROXYNITRITE NITRIFYING PROTEIN." In Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812839589_0093.

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Qunyan Shi, Peide Sun, Yingqi Song, and Shaoting Du. "Enrichment of nitrifying bacterial in sequencing batch reactors." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893238.

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Wei, Zaishan, and Hejingying Niu. "Biofiltetration of Nitrogen Oxides by Immobilized Nitrifying Bacteria Cells." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5516512.

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Lou, Xiaochun. "Intelligent control system for nitrifying process in dinitrochlorobenzene production." In 2010 Seventh International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2010.5569664.

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Luo, Yunjing, Qi Zhu, Shuang Cui, Dawei Zheng, and Jiangnan Suo. "Research on Specroscopy of Cu(II) on Peroxynitrite Nitrifying Fibrinogen." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515063.

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Elling, F. J., T. W. Evans, J. D. Hemingway, J. J. Kharbush, V. Nathan, B. Bayer, A. E. Santoro, E. Spieck, R. E. Summons, and A. Pearson. "Marine and Terrestrial Nitrifying Bacteria are Sources of Diverse Bacteriohopanepolyols." In 30th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (IMOG 2021). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202134112.

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Lu, Min, Tong Ouyang, Zhilong Ye, and Yaoxing Liu. "Raw Oyster Shells as Carrier for Nitrifying Biofilm in Aerated Biofilter." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5517618.

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Na, Wenbo, Wei Liu, Xin Hong, and Lidong Fan. "Optimization of control system for Nitrifying Process in two nitro chlorobenzene production." In 2015 34th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2015.7260011.

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Reports on the topic "Nitrifying"

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Shi, Cindy. Development of Novel Random Network Theory-Based Approaches to Identify Network Interactions among Nitrifying Bacteria. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1194724.

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Van Rijn, Jaap, Harold Schreier, and Yossi Tal. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation as a novel approach for water treatment in marine and freshwater aquaculture recirculating systems. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696511.bard.

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Ammonia waste removal in recirculating aquaculture systems is typically accomplished via the action of nitrifying bacteria in specially designed biofilters that oxidize ammonia to produce nitrate. In the majority of these systems nitrate is discharged to the environment through frequent water exchanges. As environmental considerations have made it necessary to eliminate nitrate release, new strategies for nitrate consumption are being developed. In the funding period we showed that ammonia removal from wastewater could take place by an anaerobic ammonia oxidation process carried out by bacterial Planctomycetessp. Referred to as “anammox”, this process occurs in the absence of an organic source and in the presence of nitrite (or nitrate) as an electron acceptor as follows: NH₃ + HNO₂ -> N₂ + 2H₂O. Annamox has been estimated to result in savings of up to 90% of the costs associated with was wastewater treatment plants. Our objective was to study the applicability of the anammox process in a variety of recirculating aquaculture systems to determine optimal conditions necessary for efficient ammonia waste removal. Both seawater and freshwater systems operated with either conventional aerobic treatment of ammonia to nitrate (USA) or, in addition, denitrifying biofilters as well as anaerobic digestion of sludge (Israel) were tested. Molecular tools were used to screen and monitor different treatment compartments for the presence of Planctomycetes. Optimal conditions for the enrichment of the anammox bacteria were tested using laboratory scale biofilters as well as a semi-commercial system. Enrichment studies resulted in the isolation of some unique heterotrophic bacteria capable of plasmid-mediated autotrophic growth in the presence of ammonia and nitrite. Our studies have not only demonstrated the presence and viability of Planctomycetes spp. in recirculating marine and freshwater systems biofilter units but also demonstrated the applicability of the anammox process in these systems. Using our results we have developed treatment schemes that have allowed for optimizing the anammox process and applying it to recirculating systems.
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