Journal articles: 'Nitric acid extract'

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Handani, Sri, Sri Wildani, and Emriadi. "PENGARUH INHIBITOR EKSTRAK DAUN INAI (lawsonia inermis) TERHADAP LAJU KOROSI BAJA ST. 37 DIUKUR DENGAN METODE PENGURANGAN MASSA." Jurnal Riset Kimia 4, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v4i1.148.

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Vol. 4, No. 1ABSTRACT The corrosion tests and micro structure analysis of St. 37 steel had been investigated. These investigation were conducted in nitric acid (HNO3). The range of concentration added was from 0-0.5 N with extract of henna leaves as inhibitors. The method used was losing mass by measuring loss mass of steel before and after corrosion. The boiling method was used to get the extract of henna leaves. Optical photo Carton Stereo Trinokuler were used for micro structure. Corrosion rate can be reduced by adding inhibitor and inhibition efficiency is measured if its ability to suppress corrosion. The result of the immersion tests show that the inhibition efficiencies are different on 0-0.5 N concentration are 81.96 %, 78.92 %, 53.74 %, 44.85 %, 44.45 % and 39.65 %. Addition of 50 g/1000 mL extrac of henna leaves results in the highest efficiency for HNO3 environment. The photo showed the surface structure of steel before corrosion, in layer with extract of henna leaves and after corrosion in medium nitric acid. Keywords: Corrosion rate, Inhibition efficiency, Extract of henna leaves, Nitric acid.

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Nguyen, Huong Thi Diem, Son Hong Phan, Huong Dang Thien Bui, Hoai Thi Cam Ho, and Mai Thi Thanh Nguyen. "BIOACTIVITIES AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF A VIETNAMESE MEDICINAL PLANT VANG SE JASMINUM SUBTRIPLINERVE BLUME." Science and Technology Development Journal 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v15i3.1815.

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From the total crude ethanol extract of Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume.’s leaves and stems, (Vang se in Vietnamese), four extracts were obtained by partitioning with petroleum ether, cloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol solvents. These four extracts were tested for antioxydative activity, determined using the DPPH●.radical scavenging and nitric oxyde-inhibitory assay. All the extracts showed antioxidative activity except the petroleum ether extracts. Among the crude extracts, the acetate ethyl extract was the most potent extract in both assays with the SC50 values of 8.2 μg/mL and 80.7 μg/mL, respectively. From the VS3 substract, three compounds were isolated, including two acids namely 3,4- dihidroxybenzoic acid (1), 3,4,5-trihidroxybenzoic acid (2) and a glycoside, verbascoside (3). The structure of those compounds was elucidated by spectrometric methods IR, MS, LC-MS, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR.

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Pakdil, N. B., and A. Filibeli. "Effects of organic and inorganic acids on phosphorus release from municipal sludge." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 9 (November 1, 2007): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.707.

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This paper reports on the effects of inorganic acids (sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid) and organic acids (citric acid, oxalic acids) for phosphorus recovery from sludge and struvite precipitation results. It was observed that both inorganic acid and organic acids were effective at phosphorus release. The studies on precipitation of released phosphorus from sludge as magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) were also done using nitric and oxalic acids. Phosphorus and heavy metals of leachate were analyzed before and after precipitation. It was observed that heavy metal concentrations in the extracted samples decrease after precipitation. Precipitation was accomplished by using extract derived with nitric acid; however, in oxalic acid applications, it was not achieved. When the chemical constituents of the dried material were examined oxygen, sodium and nitrogen were found to be the major elements.

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Abu, T., O. O. Ogbole, and E. O. Ajaiyeoba. "Radical Scavenging Activity, Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay and HPLC Analysis of Methanol Extracts of Secamone afzelii." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v17i2.9.

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Background: Medicinal plants produce several phytochemicals with strong free radical scavenging activities. Objectives: To evaluate radical scavenging activity, brine shrimp toxicity and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the methanol extracts of Secamone afzelii (SA) leaves and Ceiba pentandra (CP) stem-bark.Materials and methods: The leaves of SA and CP stem-bark were extracted with methanol and the total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts was determined and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The extracts were evaluated for their nitric oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, toxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) and phytochemical constituents using HPLC. Results: The TPC in SA extract was 21.26±1.29 while that of CP extract was 95.31±8.71 mg GAE. The SA and CP extracts showed antioxidant activity by DPPH with IC50 of 97.60 and 22.35 μg/mL as compared to ascorbic acid (1.4±0.34) and gallic acid (2.8±0.78) Similarly, the extracts showed nitric oxide scavenging activity of 22.50±1.3 and 5.40±0.3 µg/mL respectively compared to gallic acid with IC50 value of 1.1±0.1 µg/mL. In BSLA, SA extract had LC50 value of >1000 μg/mL while CP extract and Cyclophosphamide (standard) had LC50 value of <1000 μg/mL. HPLC analysis suggested that 8-β-L-arabinofuranosyl-6-β-D-glucopyranosylapigenin, kaempferol-3-0-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6''-malonyl-glucoside), kampferol-3-O-rhamnoglucoside and palitantin were the major components in SA extract while the major components in CP extract were lateritin/beauvericin, procyanidin B2, pavetannin, (-)-catechin and genistein-8-C-glucoside .Conclusion: The results demonstrate the free radical scavenging properties of SA and CP extracts which could be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds.

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Choi, Jieun, Young Yun Jung, In Jin Ha, Seung Ho Baek, Zhiyun Zhang, Soo-Yong Kim, Yejin Hong, et al. "In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Moisturizing Properties of Pilea martini (Levl.) Hand.-Mazz. Extracts." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 11 (November 2020): 1934578X2096786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20967866.

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The in vitro anti-inflammatory and skin moisturizing activities of Pilea martini (Levl.) Hand.-Mazz. were investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and human immortalized keratinocytes. Chromatographic analysis was performed to identify the chemical composition of the extracts. Pilea martini extracts significantly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α production in dose-dependent manners. In addition, the extracts inhibited LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins and their mRNA expression through causing a downregulation of nuclear factor-κB, activator protein 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades. The extracts increased the production of hyaluronic acid levels and enhanced the expression levels of both filaggrin and serine palmitoyltransferase regulation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis showed that the extracts contained 6 different compounds (malic acid, tryptophan, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and isoquercetin) that may contribute to their bioactivities. Taken together, Pilea martini extract showed remarkable promise as an anti-inflammatory and moisturizing agent.

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Pranaya P and AkilaDevi D. "An Investigation of free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Olax scandens (family Olacaceae)." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1833.

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Olax scandens Roxb. (family Olacaceae) Available in throughout tropical India. The current study, aerial parts of different extracts of Olax scandens by different in-vitro methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(OH radical), Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity(NO radical), and total antioxidant activity (Phosphomolybdic acid method) with reference standard Ascorbic acid. An IC50 value was originated that methanolic extracts of Olax scandensis more efficient in Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity than that of EA and petroleum ether extract. The methanolic extracts of Olax scandens & ascorbate exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 253µg/ml & 135µg/ml (NO radical ), 205µg/ml & 57µg/ml (Phosphomolybdic acid method), 265µg/ml & 65µg/ml (OH radical) respectively. But when compared to all the three extracts with ascorbate (standard), the methanolic extract of the Olax scandens showed a better result. Moreover, the results were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously showed that methanolic extracts of Olax scandens have better antioxidant activity. These results indicate that aerial parts of methanolic concentrates Olax scandals could serve as a natural antioxidant, which may be useful to prevent free radical-induced diseases.

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Seo, Chang-Seob, Hye-Sun Lim, Soo-Jin Jeong, Hyekyung Ha, and Hyeun-Kyoo Shin. "HPLC-PDA Analysis and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Mori Cortex Radicis." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 10 (October 2013): 1934578X1300801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300801027.

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Mori Cortex Radicis (MCR, Moraceae) is used traditionally in the treatment of jaundice, hematemesis, edema, and pollakisuria in Korea. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of MCR extract were investigated using RAW 264.7 cells. The simultaneous analysis of five components present (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid) in the MCR extract was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array (PDA) detection. We determined the effects of MCR extract and its components on the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 cells. MCR extract suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. None of the five components of the MCR extract had any influence on the production of NO. However, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid inhibited the production of PGE2 and mRNA expression of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. Our results suggest that MCR extract may offer potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation. The method we have established will help to improve the quality control of MCR extracts.

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Mitu, Liviu, Sweetlin Rajula Rubavathi, Muthupoongodi Subramani, T. Linda, and S. Balakumar. "Azadirachta indica Leaf as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Coper in Nitric Acid." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.2.6960.

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The effect of Azadirachta indica leaf (AIL) extract on the corrosion of copper in 1M HNO3 was investigated by weight loss technique. The result showed that the corrosion rate decreased in the presence of plant extract and inhibition efficiency increased with increasing the concentration of extract. The decreased corrosion rate was due to adsorption of plant extract which was discussed on the basis of Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

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Kim, Gyoung-Deuck, Jin Lee, and Joong-Hyuck Auh. "Metabolomic Screening of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from the Leaves of Actinidia arguta (Hardy Kiwi)." Foods 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8020047.

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The metabolomic screening of potential anti-inflammatory compounds in the leaves of Actinidia arguta was performed by using LC-MS/MS. Ethanol extracts were prepared, and the anti-inflammatory effects were investigated based on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The 75% ethanol extract showed the highest inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, and it was further separated by in vitro bioassay-guided fractionation using preparative LC with reversed-phase column separation. Through multiple steps of fractionation, sub-fraction 1-3 was finally purified, and caffeic acid derivatives, such as caffeoylthreonic acid and danshensu (salvianic acid A), were successfully identified as key anti-inflammatory compounds by LC-MS/MS and metabolomics analyses. This is the first study identifying anti-inflammatory compounds in A. arguta (Actinidia arguta) leaves through bioassay-guided fractionation and metabolomics screening. Results of this study would be useful for the application of A. arguta leaves as a nutraceutical.

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Sarwar, Shammy, Asif Hasan Malik, Muhammad Ashikur Rahman, Md Zakiur Rahman, and Md Sohel Rana. "Antioxidant, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of the methanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula Retz." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 3, no. 1 (December 9, 2013): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i1.17296.

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The present study was aimed to investigate antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits. Antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated by using nitric oxide scavenging assay, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared to ascorbic acid in a dose dependent mode. In nitric oxide scavenging assay, the IC50 value of the extract was found to be 51.3 µg/mL while the IC50 value of ascorbic acid was 77.4 µg/mL. In addition to strong reducing power, total antioxidant activity of the extract was also found to increase in a dose dependent manner. The analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. The extract, at a dose of 500 mg/kg, showed a maximum of 44.17 % inhibition (p < 0.05) of writhing reaction compared to the reference drug diclofenac-sodium (66.96 %). The extract also showed moderate cytotoxic activity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the LC50 value was found to be 97.36 µg/mL.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i1.17296 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, December 2013, 3(1): 219-222

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Hellal, Khaoula, M. Maulidiani, Intan Safinar Ismail, Chin Ping Tan, and Faridah Abas. "Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities of Six Algerian Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Study of the Active Extract." Molecules 25, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051247.

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Claims of effective therapy against diabetes using plants including Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllum album, Anacyclus valentinus L., Ammodaucus leucotrichus, Lupinus albus, and Marrubium vulgare in Algerian empirical medicine prompted our interest in evaluating their antidiabetic activity by screening their free radical scavenging (DPPH), α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities as well as the total phenolic content (TPC). Extracts of the selected plants were prepared using different ratios of ethanol (0, 50, 80, and 100%). In this study, 100%, and 80% ethanol extracts of L. albus were found to be the most potent, in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 6.45 and 8.66 μg/mL, respectively. The 100% ethanol extract of A. leucotrichus exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 26.26 μg/mL. Moreover, the highest TPC of 612.84 μg GAE/mg extract was observed in M. vulgare, extracted with 80% ethanol. Metabolite profiling of the active extract was conducted using 1H-NMR metabolomics. Partial least square analysis (PLS) was used to assess the relationship between the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of L. albus and the metabolites identified in the extract. Based on the PLS model, isoflavonoids (lupinoisoflavone G, lupisoflavone, lupinoisolone C), amino acids (asparagine and thiamine), and several fatty acids (stearic acid and oleic acid) were identified as metabolites that contributed to the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. The results of this study have clearly strengthened the traditional claim of the antihyperglycemic effects of L. albus.

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Stoilova, A., M. Kratchanova, and C. Kratchanov. "Comparative Investigations of the Influence of Polyvalent Alcohols and Fruit Extracts on the Physicochemical Properties of Tobacco." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 16, no. 1 (May 1, 1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0629.

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AbstractLaboratory investigations have been carried out into the application of water pectin extracts from dry apple pressings and orange peels as a moisture-retentive substance for use with tobacco from the unaromatizedRodopi blend. It has been established from comparative experiments with extracts, water pectin solutions and commonly applied humectants such as glycerol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol that fruit pectin extracts can be used as humectants in tobacco production. The increase in the pectin content of the extract improves the moisture-retentive ability of tobacco, as does the addition of enzyme hydrolysate to the extract. The type of extracting acid has a definite effect. Tobacco treated with a nitric acid extract has better moisture absorption properties. The extracts decrease the tar and carbon monoxide deliveries in tobacco smoke compared to the usual humectants, glycerol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol. The application of pectin extracts has a greater effect than the application of pure pectin solutions on the moisture-retentive properties of tobacco and the composition of tobacco smoke.

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Chansiw, Nittaya, Kamonnaree Chotinantakul, and Somdet Srichairatanakool. "Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts from Leaves and Stems of Polygonum odoratum Lour." Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871523017666181109144548.

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Background: Polygonum odoratum is an indigenous vegetable that has been used as a favoring agent and also used as a Thai traditional medicine to treat flatulence. Objective: To analyze active ingredients, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities from leaf and stem extracts of P. odoratum. Methods: Leaves and stems were dried and extracted by using methanol, dichloromethane and water for obtaining Methanolic Leaf Extract (MLE), Methanolic Stem Extract (MTE), Dichloromethane Leaf Extract (DLE), Dichloromethane Stem Extract (DTE), Water Leaf Extract (WLE) and Water Stem Extract (WTE). The extracts were quantified for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents by spectrophotometry and active compounds were analyzed by using GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH radicals scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested by the inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Results: The DLE exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 53.75±0.72 µg/mL). MLE exhibited strong antioxidant activity and contained the highest concentration of phenolic compounds (52.59±0.58 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoid (19.97+0.11 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract). E-15-Heptadecenal and 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2- hexadecen-1-ol were found predominantly in the methanol extracts. Conclusion: The leaf extract of P. odoratum showed potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, mediated by DLE and MLE, respectively.

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Rouamba, Ablassé, Moussa Compaoré, Maurice Ouédraogo, and Martin Kiendrebeogo. "Human Lymphocyte-Protective Effects of an Ethanol Extract from Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr. (Caesalpiniaceae) Fruit Pulp." Antioxidants 7, no. 8 (August 4, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7080104.

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The current study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the antioxidant capacity and the human lymphocyte-protective effect of the ethanolic extract from Detarium microcarpum fruit pulp against oxidative stress damage. Human lymphocytes were incubated with different concentrations of extract, followed by the addition of hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Cell viability was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, the antioxidant property of the extract was evaluated in vitro using hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radical-scavenging assays. Compared to the vehicle, the fruit pulp ethanol extract did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect on human lymphocytes. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide to human lymphocytes was significantly reduced by fruit extract pretreatment. The extract and ascorbic acid exhibited similar cytoprotective activity (p > 0.05). The fruit pulp extract showed more antioxidant activity than gallic acid in the hydrogen peroxide-scavenging model, while in the nitric oxide-quenching model, the fruit extract and gallic acid showed similar activity. The fruit pulp of D. microcarpum contains potent antioxidant and cell-protective compounds. The use of the fruit pulp of D. microcarpum as a food supplement could rescue cellular oxidative damage responsible for numerous pathologies.

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Alam, M. Ashraful, Abdul Ghani, Nusrat Subhan, M. Mostafizur Rahman, M. Shamsul Haque, Muntasir M. Majumder, M. Ehsanul H. Majumder, Raushan A. Akter, Lutfun Nahar, and Satyajit D. Sarker. "Antioxidant and Membrane Stabilizing Properties of the Flowering Tops of Anthocephalus Cadamba." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 1 (January 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300114.

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The hydroethanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba displayed remarkable antioxidative potential in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the hydrogen peroxide, the nitric oxide scavenging, the reducing power, the total antioxidant capacity, the lipid peroxidation inhibition (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances production), and the RBC membrane stabilization assays. While in the DPPH assay the IC50 value of the extract was 146.5 μg/mL, it was 24.8 μg/mL in the nitric oxide scavenging assay.

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Malik, Rayees Ahmad, Mabroukah Massuod Saad, and Surabhi Tiwari. "Effect of Extraction Time and Solvent Power on Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Momordica charantia L. Fruit Extracts." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 3 (2019): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21715.

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This work reports the analysis of phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia L. fruit extracts at different extraction conditions. The standard procedures are achieved by ferric reducing antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging assay methods. Extraction under different maceration periods viz. 6, 12, 24 and 48 h organic solvent especially ethanol was found more effective followed by water extract, acetone and ethyl acetate. The maximum number of phytochemicals were observed at 12 h followed by 6 h. Hence, the medium time duration influences the extraction of phytochemicals at 12, 6 h rather than 24 and 48 h. The ferric reducing antioxidant activity was observed maximum at 12 h (0.156 ± 0.012, 79.31 %) followed by 6 h (0.149 ± 0.022, 71.26 %), 24 h (0.143 ± 0.032, 64.36 %) and 48 h (0.139 ± 0.023, 59.77 %) in ethanolic extract. Similarly the nitric oxide scavenging activity was observed maximum at 12 h (0.093 ± 0.023, 76.53 %) followed by 6 h (0.113 ± 0.043, 71.17 %), 24 h (0.134 ± 0.031, 65.81 %) and 48 h (0.161 ± 0.053, 58.92 %) in ethanolic extract followed by aqueous, acetone, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and hexane extracts at 12 h with respect to standard (ascorbic acid). The results show that the ethanol is more effective for extraction of phytochemicals followed by water extract. The maximum number of phytochemicals are obtained at medium time duration (12 h) in ethanolic extract. Hence demonstrates that fruit extracts are important sources of natural antioxidant agents.

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Sánchez, M., Mauro Cesar Terence, and Juan Alfredo Guevara Carrió. "An Improved Method to Extract Crystalline Cellulose from Alternatives Sources." Defect and Diffusion Forum 371 (February 2017): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.371.128.

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Crystalline cellulose can be obtained from alternative sources like waste wood by hydrolysis with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In this study we report a process for producing crystals with high cellulose crystallinity index of approximately 82%. We chose to work with eucalyptus FSC certified as a way to ensure the reproducibility of experiments. Said wood samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis with nitric acid. The resulting mass was dried out and measured by the X-ray diffraction method.

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Basalingappa, Kanthesh M., Kavitharaj V, Avinash KO, Kumar JR, Murugesan Karthikeyan, Ashok Gnanasekaran, and Chandrashekrappa GK. "In vitro antioxidant activities of stem bark, leaves and callus extracts from Amoora rohituka." International Journal of Phytomedicine 9, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/09750185.2179.

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AbstractThe present work examined the in vitro antioxidant activity of sequentially extracted, solvent extracts (Petroleum ether, chloroform and Methanol) of stem bark, leaves and callus from Amoora rohituka. The antioxidative capacity of the extracts were examined by using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) and NOS (Nitric oxide scavenging) assays by using Gallic acid as standard control. Among the tested extracts, methanol extract of stem bark showed better antioxidative capacity. The total antioxidant activity was expressed as µg equivalent of Gallic acid per gram on dry weight basis. IC50 values for methanol extract of stem bark were 7.53 µg/ml; 34.92 µg/ml and 56.31 µg/ml in ABTS, DPPH and NOS assays respectively. Whereas, leaves and callus extracts showed moderate antioxidative properties.

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Kalidasan, Kaliyamoorthy, Laurent Dufossé, Gunasekaran Manivel, Poomalai Senthilraja, and Kandasamy Kathiresan. "Antioxidant and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Properties in Methanolic Extract of Mangrove-Derived Schizochytrium sp." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030431.

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This work studied the antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer properties of a potential strain of thraustochytrids, Schizochytrium sp. (SMKK1), isolated from mangrove leaf litter. The biomass was extracted with methanol and screened for antioxidant activity using six different assays. The extract exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (87.37 ± 1.22%) and the lowest nitric oxide radical (75.12 ± 2.22%), and the activity increased with the concentration of the extract. The methanolic extract was further tested for in vitro cytotoxicity on the colon cancer cell line (HT29). The extract was also analyzed for polyunsaturated fatty acids using GC-MS. The five predominant HTVS-based compounds, viz., arachidonic acid, linolenic acid (alpha-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, were identified in the extract, and these were tested against the colon cancer protein IGF binding (IGF-1) using the in silico docking method. The results revealed that all the five compounds were capable of destroying the colon oncoprotein responsible for anti-colon carcinogen, based on activation energy and also good hydrogen bond interaction against IGF binding proteins. Of the compounds, docosahexaenoic acid was the most effective, having a docking score of −10.8 Kcal/mol. All the five fatty acids passed the ADMET test and were hence accepted for further clinical trials towards the development of anticancer drugs.

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Liu, Jingwen, Suting Luo, Jun Yang, Fazheng Ren, Yu Zhao, Hailing Luo, Keshan Ge, and Hao Zhang. "The Protective Effect of Sheep Placental Extract on Concanavalin A-induced Liver Injury in Mice." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010028.

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Though the biological effects of human placental extract have been widely studied, it has limited availability and its use poses ethical problems. Thus, domestic animal placental extracts are suggested as alternatives. In this study, the protective effect of sheep placental extract (SPE) on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced liver injury was investigated. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups, including one normal group and five experimental groups, which received different oral doses of SPE (0, 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) or a mixture of amino acids for 3 days before Con A injection. Compared with Con A-induced model group, the SPE administration significantly decreased serum aminotransaminase activity, alleviated pathological changes, recovered liver antioxidant capacity and prevented the increase of nitric oxide. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum decreased and mRNA expression of hepatic intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interferon-inducible chemokine 10 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were downregulated, while B-cell lymphoma-2 expression increased. The administration of amino acids mixture had no significant effect in most measurements compared with the model group, which indicated proteins and peptides, rather than individual amino acid, were largely responsible for the bioactivity of SPE. The results indicate SPE has potential therapeutic effects against immune-mediated hepatitis.

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Amaeze, O. U., G. A. Ayoola, M. O. Sofidiya, A. A. Adepoju-Bello, A. O. Adegoke, and H. A. B. Coker. "Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity ofTetracarpidium conophorum(Müll. Arg) Hutch & Dalziel Leaves." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/976701.

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This study evaluated the antioxidant activity as well as bioflavonoid content of the methanol and ethanol-water extracts of the fresh and dried leaves ofTetracarpidium conophorum. Antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometric methods using DPPH free radical, nitric oxide radical inhibition and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. In addition, total phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidin content were also determined. The ethanol: water extract of the dried leaves had the highest antioxidant activity with a 50% inhibition of DPPH at a concentration of 0.017 mg/mL compared to the standards, Vitamin C and Vitamin E with inhibition of 0.019 and 0.011 mg/mL, respectively. This extract also showed nitric oxide radical inhibition activity comparable to that of rutin, 54.45% and 55.03% for extract and rutin, respectively, at 0.1 mg/mL. Ferric reducing power was also comparable to that of ascorbic acid (281 and 287 μM Fe (11)/g, resp.) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The methanol extract of both the dried and the fresh leaves had higher phenolic, flavonoids and proanthocyanidin content than the ethanol : water extract. The study reveals thatT. conophorumcan be an interesting source of antioxidants with their potential use in different fields namely food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

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Castejón, Maria Luisa, Maria Ángeles Rosillo, Isabel Villegas, Marina Sánchez-Hidalgo, Lila Hadidi, Farid Zaidi, and Catalina Alarcón-de-la-Lastra. "Quercus ilex Extract Ameliorates Acute TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats." Planta Medica 85, no. 08 (April 24, 2019): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0889-6132.

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Abstract Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) is one of the most commonly used plants in folk medicine in the Mediterranean region to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a polyphenol extract from mature leaves of Q. ilex on acute 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. A polyphenol extract from mature leaves of Q. ilex (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) was administered by gavage 48, 24, and 1 h prior to the induction of colitis with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid as well as 24 h later. The inflammation response was assessed by histology, myeloperoxidase activity, and Th1 proinflammatory cytokine production. The protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and signaling pathways were studied by Western blotting in the colon tissues. The polyphenol extract from mature leaves of Q. ilex decreased neutrophil infiltration, interleukin-1β and TNF-α production, and proinflammatory proteins cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase overexpression. Also, the polyphenol extract from mature leaves of Q. ilex was capable of blocking the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear transcription factor-kappa B. Furthermore, the reduction of inflammation by polyphenol extract from mature leaves of Q. ilex treatment was accompanied by a recovery of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 protein expression levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a polyphenol extract from mature leaves of Q. ilex improves 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, probably through mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear transcription factor-kappa B inhibition and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 activation signaling pathways, thus reducing the production of Th1 proinflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase overexpression.

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de Melo, Mariza Pires. "Antioxidant actions of olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) on reactive species scavengers." Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2020.09.00354.

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This study aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant action of olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) by: i) Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) by ABTS•+, DPPH and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; ii) scavenging of superoxide anion (O2•-), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and nitric oxide (NO), compared to ascorbic acid. Results showed TEAC values as 0.148±0.015, 0.215±0.076 and 0.282±0.023 gram of trolox equivalent per gram of dry extract weight, to respective ABTS•+, DPPH• and FRAP. Olive leaf extract was better antioxidant than ascorbic acid on O2•- scavenging, at concentrations over 50 µg/mL; similar effects on NO scavenging for both was seen and on HOCl inhibition, the extract showed lower antioxidant action than ascorbic acid at all concentrations. Olive leaf extract showed potentiality to be used as antioxidant in biological systems.

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Silva, Amélia M., Carlos Martins-Gomes, Eliana B. Souto, Judith Schäfer, João A. Santos, Mirko Bunzel, and Fernando M. Nunes. "Thymus zygis subsp. zygis an Endemic Portuguese Plant: Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities." Antioxidants 9, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060482.

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Thymus zygis subsp. zygis is an endemic Portuguese plant belonging to the Thymus zygis species. Although T. zygis is commonly used as a condiment and as a medicinal herb, a detailed description of the polyphenol composition of hydroethanolic (HE) and aqueous decoction (AD) extracts is not available. In this work, we describe for the first time a detailed phenolic composition of Thymus zygis subsp. zygis HE and AD extracts, together with their antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Unlike other Thymus species, T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts contain higher amounts of luteolin-(?)-O-hexoside. However, the major phenolic compound is rosmarinic acid, and high amounts of salvianolic acids K and I were also detected. T. zygis subsp. zygis extracts exhibited significant scavenging activity of ABTS+, hydroxyl (•OH), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals. Regarding the anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effect, tested against Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, the AD extract only slightly reduced cell viability at higher concentrations (IC50 > 600 µg/mL, 48 h exposure), denoting very low toxicity, while the HE extract showed a high anti-proliferative effect, especially at 48 h exposure (IC50 of 85.01 ± 15.10 μg/mL and 82.19 ± 2.46 μg/mL, for Caco-2 and HepG2, respectively). At non-cytotoxic concentrations, both extracts reduced the nitric oxide (NO) release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (at 50 μg/mL, HE and AD extracts inhibited NO release in ~89% and 48%, respectively). In conclusion, the results highlight the non-toxic effect of aqueous extracts, both resembling the consumption of antioxidants in foodstuff or in functional food. Furthermore, the HE extract of T. zygis subsp. zygis is a source of promising molecules with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, highlighting its potential as a source of bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

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Veliscek-Carolan, J., K. A. Jolliffe, and T. L. Hanley. "Effective Am(iii)/Eu(iii) separations using 2,6-bis(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine (BTP) functionalised titania particles and hierarchically porous beads." Chemical Communications 51, no. 57 (2015): 11433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc03957f.

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Choi, Yun-Hyeok, Jae Yeon Lee, Ji Eun Lee, Yeon Woo Jung, Wonsik Jeong, Seong Su Hong, Young-Rak Cho, and Chun Whan Choi. "Skin-Related Properties and Constituents from the Aerial Parts Extract of Persicaria senticosa." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (December 19, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6627752.

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In the course of screening for cosmetic ingredients by measuring antioxidant and antiwrinkle and whitening and anti-inflammatory activities, skin-related activity was tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2 ′ -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, elastase inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition, and nitric oxide assay. Several Polygonaseae extracts were found to show potent activity. The results showed that the Persicaria senticosa methanolic extract has the 1,1diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS radical scavenging activities (IC50 61.0 and 17.5 μg/mL). In the elastase inhibition assay and nitric oxide assay, the IC50 of methanolic extract of Persicaria senticosa was 739.7 μg/mL and 71.8 μg/mL. The Persicaria senticosa 70% ethanolic extract partitioned with n-hexane, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and aqueous fractions. The purification of EtOAc soluble layer was by column chromatography separation and MPLC analysis of Compounds 1-7. It was identified as loliolide (1), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (2), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (3), 4-methoxy caftraric acid (4), kaempferol-3-(6-methylglucuronide) (5), quercetin-3-(6-methylglucuronide) (6), and quercetin (7). Structure was elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR and MS spectrometry as well as comparison with reported literatures. Radical scavenging effect on DPPH, tyrosinase inhibition, and nitric oxide assay on several compounds from Persicaria senticosa was found to show potent activity. The results showed that Compound 7 has the NO assay (IC5029.7 μM). For DPPH, the IC50 of Compounds 2, 3, 5, and 7 was 39.6, 31.2, 37.0, and 22.7 μM. In tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the IC50 of Compound 7 was 14.3 μM.

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Moukette, Bruno Moukette, Anatole Constant Pieme, Prosper Cabral Nya Biapa, Jacques Romain Njimou, Marco Stoller, Marco Bravi, and Jeanne Yonkeu Ngogang. "In VitroIon Chelating, Antioxidative Mechanism of Extracts from Fruits and Barks ofTetrapleura tetrapteraand Their Protective Effects against Fenton Mediated Toxicity of Metal Ions on Liver Homogenates." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/423689.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and protective potential ofT. tetrapteraextracts against ion toxicity. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was investigated spectrophotometrically against several radicals (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•), hydroxyl radical (HO•), and nitric oxide (NO•)), followed by the ferric reducing power, total phenols, flavonoid, and flavonol contents. The effects of the extracts on catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase activities were also determined using the standard methods as well as the polyphenol profile using HPLC. The results showed that the hydroethanolic extract ofT. tetraptera(CFH) has the lowest IC50value with the DPPH, ABTS, OH, and NO radicals. The same extract also exhibited the significantly higher level of total phenols (37.24 ± 2.00 CAE/g dried extract); flavonoids (11.36 ± 1.88 QE/g dried extract); and flavonols contents (3.95 ± 0.39 QE/g dried extract). The HPLC profile ofT. tetrapterarevealed that eugenol (958.81 ± 00 mg/g DW), quercetin (353.78 ± 00 mg/g DW), and rutin (210.54 ± 00 mg/g DW) were higher in the fruit than the bark extracts. In conclusion, extracts fromT. tetrapteramay act as a protector against oxidative mediated ion toxicity.

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Aslanipour, Behnaz, Reza Heidari, and Neda Farnad. "Phenolic Combination and Comparison of Antioxidant Activity in Three Different Alcoholic Extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (March 26, 2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i3.199-206.812.

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Dracocephalum moldavica L. has been used as both treatment of coronary heart disorders and food supplements. In the present study, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content in methanol, ethanol and methanol/ethanol extracts of leaf was studied in Iranian Moldavian balm for the first time. Antioxidant activity of the studied plant was also measured. The methanol extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, anthocyanin, DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activity. The ethanol extract showed the least amount of all. The methanol/ethanol extract showed the highest amount in two oxides including nitric and superoxide radical scavenging activities; it also showed the highest Ferric Reducing Ability Power. The obtained chromatograms of the plant using High Performance Liquid Chromatography showed that the highest and the lowest found phenolic compounds were caffeic acid and vanilic acid, respectively. The results show that this plant is a suitable natural antioxidant to reduce the oxidative stress in human being.

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Afonso, Andrea F., Olívia R. Pereira, Ângela Fernandes, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Artur M. S. Silva, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, and Susana M. Cardoso. "Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Effects of Salvia africana, Salvia officinalis ‘Icterina’ and Salvia mexicana Aqueous Extracts." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 4327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234327.

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In the present study, aqueous extracts of Salvia africana, Salvia officinalis ‘Icterina’ and Savia mexicana origin were screened for their phenolic composition and for antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. The three aqueous extracts contained distinct phenolic compounds, with S. africana presenting the highest total levels (231.6 ± 7.5 μg/mg). Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in all extracts, yet that of S. africana origin was characterized by the present of yunnaneic acid isomers, which overall accounted for about 40% of total phenolics. In turn, S. officinalis ‘Icterina’ extract presented glycosidic forms of apigenin, luteolin and scuttelarein, and the one obtained from S. mexicana contained several simple caffeic acid derivatives. S. africana aqueous extract exhibited high antioxidant potential in four methods, namely the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging ability, iron-reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), for which EC50 values were equal or only 1.3–3.1 higher than those of the standard compounds. Moreover, this extract was able to lower the levels of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages (EC50 = 47.8 ± 2.1 μg/mL). In addition, the three sage aqueous extracts showed promising cytotoxic effect towards hepatocellular HepG2, cervical HeLa, and breast carcinoma cells MCF-7. Overall this study highlights the potential of three little-exploited Salvia species, with commercial value for applications in food or pharmaceutical industries.

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Akhand, Pooja N., Veena Sharma, and Anupam K. Pathak. "Comparative Studies of Phytochemicals Analysis and in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Various Solvent Extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus Collected from three Different Climatic Zones of Central India." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 9 (2021): 2237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23413.

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In present study, the total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin contents and the antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus collected from three different regions of central India were assessed. Plants extracts were prepared using Soxhlation method, while the total phenols, flavonoids and tannins were measured by the spectrophotometric method. DPPH, metal chelating, nitric oxide, superoxide oxide scavenging activity and FRAP, reducing power, total antioxidant assays were also evaluated. The highest phenolic contents 268.22 GAE equivalent, flavonoids 441.33 QE equivalents and tannin content was 120.32 tannic acid equivalents (mg/g) obtained from ethanolic extracts of sample SIEE-1 compared to other two plants extract. Similarly, the highest flavonoid contents was observed in SIAE-1 aqueous extract and lowest in SIAE-2 and SIAE-3. Extract of SIEE-1 possessed maximum antioxidant potentiality and SIAE-2 shown the least antioxidant activity in all assays. It could be concluded that different agroclimatic conditions have effects on the total phenolics, flavonoids, tannin contents and antioxidant potentiality of S. indicus plant.

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Patil, U. S., D. D. Bandawane, K. H. Bibave, and P. D. Chaudhari. "ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF PUNICA GRANATUM LINN. IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS." INDIAN DRUGS 50, no. 02 (February 26, 2013): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.50.02.p0039.

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The present study was undertaken to evaluate antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of leaves of Punica granatum. The aqueous and methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the leaves were tested for their efficacy in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (4 mg/kg), p.o. and insulin (5 unit/kg s.c.) were used as standard drugs. The maximum reduction in fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats was observed with aqueous extract as compared to methanolic extract. Oral glucose tolerance test in normal rats showed reduction in fasting blood glucose level at 60 min of extract administration. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of leaves of Punica granatum exhibited scavenging effect in concentration dependent manner on 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide and reducing power assay. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard. The findings of the present study suggested that Punica granatum possess significant antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity.

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Patel, Neeraj K., Ramandeep, and Kamlesh K. Bhutani. "Activity-guided Fractionation of Ipomea fistulosa Leaves for Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Constituents." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 12 (December 2014): 1934578X1400901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400901223.

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In the continuous search for new anti-inflammatory agents from natural products, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of Ipomea fistulosa leaves were evaluated for inhibition of production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated J774A.1 cells. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract was found to be most active and activity based fractionation of this extract by column chromatography led to the identification of seven compounds for the first time from this plant. Furthermore, 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid (1) exhibited two folds more potent inhibition of LPS-induced NO production (IC50 = 10.7 μg/mL) as compared with the standard, L-NAME (IC50=19.8 μg/mL). The present study supports the use of Ipomea fistulosa leaves for the treatment of inflammation.

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Dechayont, Bhanuz, Pimnapa Ruamdee, Sukrita Poonnaimuang, Khwanchanok Mokmued, and Jitpisute Chunthorng-Orn. "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth." Journal of Botany 2017 (March 29, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8310275.

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Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaves from P. cablin extracts were investigated. The water extracts had the highest total phenolic content 116.88±0.48 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry plant extract. Nevertheless, high levels of total flavonoid content were found in ethanolic extracts 280.12±2.04 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry plant extract. The highest antioxidant activities were found for the ethanolic extract (IC50=18±0.90, 20±0.24 μg/mL) by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, respectively. Both extracts showed moderate inhibition of superoxide inhibition (O2∙-) and nitric oxide (NO) production in concentration-dependent manner. Antibacterial activity was calculated by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC). The ethanolic extract had the greatest activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin sensitive S. aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes with zone diameters of 11.67±1.53, 10.33±2.52, and 10.33±1.15 mm, respectively. The corresponding MIC and MBCs were 5, 0.625, and 0.039 mg/mL. P. cablin extracts contain antioxidant and antibacterial properties that should be exploited for possible clinical application.

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Chen, Yi-Ming, Huashuai Li, Yen-Shuo Chiu, Chi-Chang Huang, and Wen-Chyuan Chen. "Supplementation of L-Arginine, L-Glutamine, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, and Green Tea Extract Enhances Serum Nitric Oxide Content and Antifatigue Activity in Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (April 11, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8312647.

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It has been reported that abundant nitric oxide content in endothelial cells can increase exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of a combined extract comprising L-arginine, L-glutamine, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, and green tea extract (LVFG) on nitric oxide content to decrease exercise fatigue. Male ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups and orally administered LVFG for 4 weeks. The 4-week LVFG supplementation significantly increased serum nitric oxide content in the LVFG-1X and LVFG-2X groups. Antifatigue activity and exercise performance were evaluated using forelimb grip strength, exhaustive swimming test, and levels of serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) after an acute swimming exercise. LVFG supplementation dose-dependently improved exercise performance and nitric oxide content, and it dose-dependently decreased serum ammonia and CK activity after exhaustive swimming test. LVFG’s antifatigue properties appear to manifest by preserving energy storage (as blood glucose) and increasing nitric oxide content. Taken together, our results show that LVFG could have the potential for alleviating physical fatigue due to its pharmacological effect of increasing serum nitric oxide content.

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Bytnerowicz, A., P. J. Temple, and O. C. Taylor. "Effects of simulated acid fog on leaf acidification and injury development of pinto beans." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-123.

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Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. UI 111) were exposed for 8 h to simulated fog solutions made up of 2:1 nitric acid: sulfuric acid plus background ions, acidified to pH 3.2, 2.8, 2.4, and 2.0. Rate of fog deposition was ca. 1 mm h−1. Examination of visible foliar injury development, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, and measurement of leaf extract pH were performed every 2 h. Both visual and SEM observations during exposure showed no change in leaf surface characteristics for plants exposed to pH 3.2 and 2.8 fog solutions but 1 week after pH 2.8 exposures, injury was seen on primary leaves and young trifoliate leaves. The first indications of injury at pH 2.4 were seen under SEM after 8 h of exposure. Foliar injury was apparent after only 2 h of exposure at pH 2.0 and severe acid necrosis developed after 24 h. Changes in acidity of leaf extracts were closely correlated with subsequent injury development. No changes were observed in extracts of plants exposed to pH 3.2 simulated fog compared with controls. After 8 h of exposure, leaf extracts of plants exposed to pH 2.8 fog had dropped 0.05 pH units. Plants exposed to pH 2.4 and pH 2.0 for 8 h had leaf extracts that were 0.12 and 0.18 pH units lower, respectively. Comparison of the three measured parameters of acid fog effects (visible injury development, SEM examination of leaf surfaces, and determination of leaf extract pH) showed extract pH to be a simple, quantifiable, and sensitive indicator of the negative effects of acid precipitation on plants.

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Wu, Changzong, Meimei Zhao, Xueying Bu, Ziya Qing, Libo Wang, Yaqin Xu, Yu Yang, and Jingwen Bai. "Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of selenized polysaccharides from blackcurrant." RSC Advances 10, no. 54 (2020): 32616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra06462a.

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An ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method was used to extract the polysaccharides from blackcurrant fruits (BP), and then a nitric acid-sodium selenite method was employed to prepare twelve kinds of selenized blackcurrant polysaccharides (SBPs).

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Kim, Sun Min, A. Young Kim, and Kyoung In Lee. "Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Effects of Three Caffeoylquinic Acids Isolated from Hot Water Extract of Eriobotrya japonica L. Leaves." Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2020.28.4.245.

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Nallathamby, Neeranjini, Lee Guan Serm, Jegadeesh Raman, Sri Nurestri Abd Malek, Sharmili Vidyadaran, Murali Naidu, Umah Rani Kuppusamy, and Vikineswary Sabaratnam. "Identification and in vitro Evaluation of Lipids from Sclerotia of Lignosus rhinocerotis for Antioxidant and Anti-neuroinflammatory Activities." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 10 (October 2016): 1934578X1601101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601101016.

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Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (Tiger milk mushroom) is traditionally used to treat inflammation triggered symptoms and illnesses such as cough, fever and asthma. The present study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of the extract and fractions of sclerotia powder of L. rhinocerotis on brain microglial (BV2) cells. The ethyl acetate fraction had a total phenolic content of 0.30 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g. This fraction had ferric reducing capacity of 61.8 ± 1.8 mg FSE/g, ABTS•+ scavenging activity of 36.8 ± 1.8 mg TE/g and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 21.8% ± 0.7. At doses ranging from 0.1 μg/mL – 100 μg/mL, the extract and fractions were not cytotoxic to BV2 cells. At 100 μg/mL, the crude hydroethanolic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction elicited the highest nitric oxide reduction activities of 68.7% and 58.2%, respectively. Linoleic and oleic acids were the major lipid constituents in the ethyl acetate fraction based on FID and GC-MS analysis. Linoleic acid reduced nitric oxide production and down regulated the expression of neuroinflammatory iNOS and COX2 genes in BV2 cells.

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Cui, YU, Sun Sixiu, Sun Guoxin, Zhang Zhenwei, and LI Yexin. "Extraction of Dy(III) and Sm(III) with N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dioctylsuccinamide." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 2 (2005): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0502223c.

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This work was focused on the applicability of a new diamide N,N?-dimethyl- N,N?-dioctylsuccinamide (DMDOSA) employing cyclohexane as the diluent to extract Dy(III) and Sm(III) from nitric acid solutions. The extraction from HNO3 was investigated by distributionmeasurements. The stoichiometry of the predominant adducts of DMDOSA with HNO3 is 1:1 (HNO3.DMDOSA) under the studied conditions. The effect of the concentrations of nitric acid, lithium nitrate and extractant on the distribution ratio was investigated. An IR spectral study was also made of the extracted species.

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R, Gomathi, Banu S, and Usha K. "PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF MEDICAGO SATIVA SEEDS." Kongunadu Research Journal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj82.

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Phytochemical analysis and in vitro free radical scavenging activities were analyzed in the various extracts of Medicago sativa seeds. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, terpenoids and phenols. Among the various extracts, phytochemicals were extracted best in ethanol. Free radical scavenging activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, superoxide, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferrous ion chleating activity and non radicals such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide were analyzed in the various extracts of Medicago sativa seeds and were compared with standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. All the extracts of Medicago sativa seeds scavenged the free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. The antioxidative activity of all the extracts was found to be more pronounced than that of the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. Among the various extracts, the antioxidant activity was found to be more pronounced in ethanolic extract of Medicago sativa seeds

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Semwal, Sushmita. "ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT OF URTICA DIOICA (WHOLE PLANT)." Journal of Applied Pharmacy 7 (2015): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21065/19204159.7.98.

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Whole plant of Urticadioica Linn. (Urticaceae) were subjected to extraction with different solvent according to polarity and further to obtain antioxidant rich extract. Different concentrations of different solvent extracts were subjected to antioxidant assay by DPPH, Nitric oxide NO scavenging method and Total phenolic contents. The IC50 values for different solvent extracts (Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol) of Urticadioica Linn.(UD) were found to be 215.96 Â± 0.066, 78.99 Â± 0.171, 168.24 Â± 0.346 and 302.90 Â± 0.141 respectively in comparison to L-Ascorbic acid as standard with IC50 values of 26.24 Â± 0.193 respectively in DPPH model.

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Ahmad, Tarek, David Rudd, Michael Kotiw, Lei Liu, and Kirsten Benkendorff. "Correlation between Fatty Acid Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Common Australian Seafood by-Products." Marine Drugs 17, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17030155.

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Marine organisms are a rich source of biologically active lipids with anti-inflammatory activities. These lipids may be enriched in visceral organs that are waste products from common seafood. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analyses were performed to compare the fatty acid compositions of lipid extracts from some common seafood organisms, including octopus (Octopus tetricus), squid (Sepioteuthis australis), Australian sardine (Sardinops sagax), salmon (Salmo salar) and school prawns (Penaeus plebejus). The lipid extracts were tested for anti-inflammatory activity by assessing their inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse cells. The lipid extract from both the flesh and waste tissue all contained high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and significantly inhibited NO and TNFα production. Lipid extracts from the cephalopod mollusks S. australis and O. tetricus demonstrated the highest total PUFA content, the highest level of omega 3 (ω-3) PUFAs, and the highest anti-inflammatory activity. However, multivariate analysis indicates the complex mixture of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids may all influence the anti-inflammatory activity of marine lipid extracts. This study confirms that discarded parts of commonly consumed seafood species provide promising sources for the development of new potential anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals.

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Ruskin, R. shabi. "IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF CANTHIUM COROMANDELICUM(BURM.F.) ALSTON." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17221.

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Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to explore the antioxidant potential of various leaf extracts (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) of Canthium coromandelicum, which is considered traditionally as an important medicinal plant.Methods: Antioxidant properties of the extracts were assessed using 1, 1- diphenyl -2- picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays for ascorbic acid equivalents. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also investigated to determine their correlation with the antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts and expressed in Gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively.Results: The results showed that the content of total phenols and flavonoids was found to be high in ethyl acetate extract which was recorded as 61.02±1.30 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g) and 81.72±0.61 QE/g, respectively. Compared to other extracts, ethyl acetate leaf extract was found to possess high antioxidant activity at p<0.05 level, with high percentage of inhibition at 100 μg/ml concentration (82.70%) toward hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging with IC50 value 62.94 μg/ml. Statistically, two-tailed Pearson’s correlation showed strong positive correlations between hydrogenperoxide radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents (TPC) (r=1.000) at p<0.05 level.Conclusion: The results obtained in this study clearly signifies that the ethyl acetate leaf extract of C. coromandelicum has high content of total phenols which are correlated to its antioxidant activity and thus has the potential to use as a source of natural antioxidants and can be explored as a therapeutic agent in free radical induced diseases.Keywords: Canthium coromandelicum, In-vitro antioxidant activity, Ethyl acetate extract, Pearson’s correlation, 1, 1- diphenyl -2- picrylhydrazyl, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric oxide, Superoxide.

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Pattananandecha, Thanawat, Sutasinee Apichai, Jakaphun Julsrigival, Malyn Ungsurungsie, Suched Samuhasaneetoo, Pat Chulasiri, Pakakrong Kwankhao, et al. "Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Photoaging Effects on UVA-Irradiated Human Fibroblasts of Rosmarinic Acid Enriched Extract Prepared from Thunbergia laurifolia Leaves." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081648.

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The current study investigated the inhibiting effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production in a cell-based study of standardized rosmarinic acid enriched extract (SRAEE) prepared from Thunbergia laurifolia leaves. HPLC chromatogram revealed that rosmarinic acid is a major component in prepared SRAEE, followed by caffeic acid. SRAEE exhibited antioxidant activity both in vitro and cell-based studies. SRAEE showed scavenging effects on nitric oxide and superoxide anion and inhibition effects on lipid peroxidation in vitro. SRAEE also inhibited ROS and MMP-1 production in normal human dermal fibroblast cells induced by H2O2 and UVA, respectively, without exerted cytotoxicity. Additionally, collagen degradation was protected by SRAEE induced by UVA. Nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) productions were also inhibited by SRAEE in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells induced by combined lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The results indicated that SRAEE is a potential candidate as a natural pharmaceutical active ingredient for cosmeceutical product application.

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Sugiyama, Shigeru, Ippei Shinomiya, Ryuta Kitora, Keizo Nakagawa, and Masahiro Katoh. "Recovery and Enrichment of Phosphorus from the Nitric Acid Extract of Dephosphorization Slag." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 47, no. 6 (2014): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.13we065.

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Akpor, Oghenerobor, Tomilola Olaolu, and Damilare Rotimi. "Antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of leave extracts of Helianthus annuus." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1228.

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Helianthus annuus has been widely used for its medicinal and nutritional properties. This study was aimed at assessing the ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methanol extracts of Helianthus annuus for antibacterial and antioxidant potentials. The phytochemical screening, total phenols, DPPH radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity were carried out following standard procedures. Preliminary screening of the antibacterial activities of the extracts was carried out on five bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae), using the agar-diffusion method. Growth rate studies in presence of the extract was investigated on two bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis and E. coli). The methanol extract was observed to inhibit the growth of the five bacterial species while ethyl acetate and N-hexane extracts showed inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extended lag periods of 5 – 6 h were observed when the Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were grown in broth medium that contained the respective extracts. In broth medium with mixture of extract and ascorbic acid, there was no observed growth of the Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli throughout the 7 h incubation period. The total phenolics content of the extracts revealed concentrations of 6.66 ±0.45, 5.58 ±0.11 and 6.06±0.41 mg TAE.g-1) for the methanol, N-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging assay results displayed gradual increase in percentage inhibition from the lowest to the highest concentration across all the standard groups, a similar trend was observed with the extracts, the ethyl acetate extract showed highest percentage inhibition amongst the other extracts. All the extracts showed high reducing power ability. The nitric oxide scavenging ability of the extracts showed constant increase with increase in concentration. Helianthus annus, it could be a good source of antimicrobial and antioxidant especially in a world where resistance to antibiotic has increasingly become a global concern.

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Palagati Rohithkumar Reddy, Priyadurairaj, and RajeswaryHari. "Antioxidant and antiproloferative activity of methanolic and ethanolic extract of Excoecarica Agallocha leaves on human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (December 7, 2019): 3805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1772.

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A comparative free radical scavenging and antiproliferative potential of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Excoecaria agallocha (MEEA, EEEA) were investigated. The free radicals such as superoxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were evaluated using standard protocols. Tryptan blue assay was performed to evaluate the antiproliferative activity. Quantitative estimation phenols and flavonoids were also done. The EEEA extract exhibited significant antiproliferative and antioxidant activity than the MEEA extract which was comparable to the positive drug doxorubicin and ascorbic acid used in the present study which may be due to the presence of phenols and flavanoids. The antioxidant and anticancer activity observed in the present study may be due to the presence of phytochemicals along with the phenols and flavanoids.

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Rebai, Olfa, Sami Fattouch, and Mohamed Amri. "Nephroprotective effect of aqueous acetonic extract of Morus alba and its underlying mechanisms against glyphosate-induced toxicity - in vivo model." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 36, no. 1 (2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif2101045r.

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Glyphosate, the active substance in RoundupR, is the most widely used pesticide in the world and may be present as a residue in derived foods and drinking water. Previous reports have confirmed that extracts from leaves of Morus alba exert many pharmacological activities. However, renoprotective effects of M. alba extract and its underling molecular mechanism is still unknown. Wistar rats (180-200 g) were used in this study (n=5-6). A control group received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneally (i.p) once daily for two weeks. Control animals received standard diet. Treated groups received either polyphenolic extract (100 mg/kg,i.p) or glyphosate (100 mg/kg, i.p), or co-administration (extract ?g ml?1 kg b.w. and glyphosate 100 mg kg?1 b.w, i.p), daily until the 15thday of treatment. Lactate deshydrogenase LDH, serum concentrations of blood urea, creatinine and nitric oxide were measured using standard coloromertic methods. Renal oxidative stress, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl levels and decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, was significantly alleviated by mulberry leaves extract (MLE) administration. MLE also appears to be able to modulate altered biochemical parametres by maintaining free iron and Ca2 + homeostasis, and regulate the endogenous antioxidant enzymes system. It seems that concurrent use of the aqueous acetonic fraction of M. alba, rich in chlorogenic acid and its isomeres, can protect kidneys from glyphosate-induced nephrotoxicity. Overall, MLE may possess protective activity against glyphosate-induced toxicity, which may be attributed to chlorogenic acid and its isomers, the most abundant phenolic acids present in its extracts. Mulberry leaves are a source of phenolic compounds and can be a good start towards discovering a new chemical compound which may lead to a new drug. A mulberry extract supplement could serve as a candidate for developing a safe, and promising nutraceutical product for the management of nephrotoxicity.

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Hong, Riwon, Kyoung Soo Kim, Gwang Muk Choi, Mijung Yeom, Bombi Lee, Sanghyun Lee, Ki Sung Kang, Hyang Sook Lee, Hi-Joon Park, and Dae-Hyun Hahm. "Continentalic Acid Rather Than Kaurenoic Acid Is Responsible for the Anti-Arthritic Activity of Manchurian Spikenard In Vitro and In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 5488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215488.

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The aim of this study was to identify the active compound responsible for the pharmacological activities of Manchurian spikenard (Aralia continentalis Kitag.). Interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated human chondrocytes and monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritic rats were treated with the 50% ethanolic extract of spikenard or its major components, such as continentalic acid (ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene-19-oic acid) and kaurenoic acid (ent-kaura-16-en-19-oic acid). The spikenard extract significantly inhibited IL-1β-stimulated production of IL-6, IL-8, metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-13, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and prostaglandin(PG)E2 in a dose-dependent manner but not MMP-3 production. The extract also inhibited the IL-1β-induced translocation of NF-κB/p65 into the nucleus and dose-dependent phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Continentalic acid exhibited significant anti-arthritic activity corresponding exactly to that of the extract containing an equivalent amount of continentalic acid. On the other hand, kaurenoic acid exhibited a compatible activity at about a 10-times higher molar concentration than that of continentalic acid. In vitro anti-arthritic activities of the spikenard extract and continentalic acid were also confirmed in MIA-induced osteoarthritic rats. The 50% ethanolic extract of Manchurian spikenard exhibited promising anti-arthritic activities in the in vitro and in vivo osteoarthritis models, and continentalic acid, not kaurenoic acid, was most probably responsible for those activities.

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Guo, Sa, Mingzhen He, Mi Liu, Wengping Huang, Hui Ouyang, Yulin Feng, Guoyue Zhong, and Shilin Yang. "Chemical Profiling of Embelia ribes by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities In Vitro." Journal of Chromatographic Science 58, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmz097.

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Abstract Embelia ribes is a traditional Chinese medicine compound used as a remedy for various diseases. Nevertheless, detailed information regarding its chemical composition is unavailable. Herein, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was used to characterize the components of E. ribes. A total of 56 compounds, including 16 phenolics, 16 flavonoids, 4 coumarins, 5 fatty acids and 15 other compounds were identified. Furthermore, the total phenolic and total flavonoid content was also assessed; the acetic ether extract of E. ribes was an ideal source of phenolics (308.16 ± 0.00 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of extract) and flavonoids (62.00 ± 0.01 mg rutin equivalents/g of extract). Additionally, acetic ether extract exhibited a high antioxidation effect (ferric reducing activity power: 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/mL; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/mL; 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid: 0.06 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Further, the nitric oxide concentration in lipopolysaccharide-simulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were suppressed by acetic ether extract. These findings support the notion that E. ribes is an ideal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitric acid extract'

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