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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nitration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Waller, A. G. "Ipso-nitration studies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8002.

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Reaction of 2,4,6-trialkyl phenols with nitrogen dioxide in organic solvents is known to yield trinitro and dinitro hydroxy cyclohexenones as major products of reaction. These compounds have been postulated as forming via the transient intermediacy of 6-nitrocyclohexa-2,4-dienones. In the first part of the thesis the reactions of the C6-benzyl analogues of 4-t-butyl-2,6- dimethylphenol (206) and 2-t-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol (216), compounds (229) and (230) respectively, with nitrogen dioxide are shown to give products analogous to those observed in the reactions of the parent phenols. Reaction

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2

Readman, J. M. "Ipso-nitration studies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8784.

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Nitration of 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol (40a) with fuming nitric acid gives the pair of C2-epimeric cyclohex-3-enones, (41) and (42), the dihydroxy cyclohex-3-enone and the 2,6-dimethyl-3,4-dinitrophenol (43). Reaction of the nitro phenol (40a) with nitrogen dioxide also gives compounds (41), (42), (43) and (44). The nitration of 2,6-dimethyl-4-bromophenol (40c) with fuming nitric acid (addition of the phenol to the acid) yields both possible C2-epimeric cyclohex-3-enones, (53) and (54), the trinitro cyclohex-3-enone (55) which decomposes to give the dinitro phenol (43), nitro phenol (58) and

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3

Thompson, Claire. "Aromatic nucleophilic nitration." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390199.

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4

Gibbons, Linda Maria. "Nitration in inert fluids." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4534/.

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Nitration in Inert Fluids Traditional methods of nitration have several disadvantages including the environmental problem of disposal of the spent acid. A main aim of this work was to investigate alternative methods for nitration while minimising the amount of acid required. Perfluorocompounds have been used as bulking agents to replace partially the acid solvent. They are chemically inert and may be reused without the need for purification. Mechanistic and synthetic studies of nitration reactions have been made. Toluene was successfully nitrated to trinitrotoluene using less sulfuric acid tha

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5

Noble, Darren Robert. "Regiospecific aromatic nitration via nitrosation." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263236.

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6

Van, Niekerk Rudolf Jacob Francois. "Evaluation of Lewis acid catalysed and other nitration strategies for the selective nitration of cresols." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60.

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The nitration of m- and p-cresol was investigated under mild reaction conditions in a number of solvents; the effects of certain nitration catalysts were also evaluated. These different reaction parameters were evaluated in terms of their effect on a number of important reaction responses. Other important factors that were investigated were the manipulation of the isomer ratios by changing reaction parameters, as well as important process chemistry information, such as product distribution, isolation and purification, identification of side products formed, and evaluation of the heat of reacti

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7

Ruhweza, Moses. "Computer simulation of Dinitrotoluene Nitration Process." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-66259.

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p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 11.5px Garamond} This paper presents an approach for modelling a commercial dinitrotoluene (DNT) production process using the CHEMCAD simulation software. A validation of the model was performed based on results of an experimental study carried out at Chematur Engineering AB, Sweden. Important parameters such as fluid properties, temperature profile and other operating conditions for CHEMCAD steady state model were selected so as to obtain the crude DNT yield as well as the acid –and organic phase compositions within the same range as the reference

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8

Belson, D. J. "Aromatic nitration using aqueous nitric acid." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1989. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11976.

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The rates of nitration of benzene, toluene, anisole, p-xylene and mesitylene in aqueous nitric acid have been determined for concentratians in the range 24-41 mol % HNO3 and at temperatures between 293 and 333K. Correlation of rate constants with values of acidity function confirms that the mechanism of nitration in aqueous nitric acid is similar to that in aqueous Sulphuric acid.

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9

Beake, Benjamin David. "Nitration and oxidation with nitrous acid." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240290.

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10

O'Sullivan, Brian. "Nitration via the nitrosation/oxidation pathway." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549310.

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11

Akouz, Toufiq. "Nitration aromatique sur catalyseurs acides solides." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20147.

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La nitration des composes aromatiques en phase gazeuse par le peroxyde d'azote est catalysee par les silicoaluminates amorphes (silice-alumine) ou crystallises (zeolithes). Les resultats cinetiques sont en accord avec un mecanisme par transfert monoelectronique conduisant a un radical cation aromatique intermediaire. L'etude comparative de divers catalyseurs montre que l'activite est liee au nombre et a la force des sites acides ainsi qu'a leur accessibilite. L'addition de vapeur d'eau ameliore la stabilite des catalyseurs ainsi que l'activite des zeolithes mais diminue l'activite de la silice

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12

Petit, Fabien. "Optimisation de la nitration et de la dépolymérisation de la cellulose." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13730.

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13

Langlet, Abraham. "Nitration of Oxo-pyramidines and Oxo-imidazoles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-601.

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This thesis is mainly focused on the reactions of oxo-pyrimidines and oxo-imidazoles with nitric acid in sulfuric acid and properties of the gem-dinitro products formed in this process. Low temperature nitrations of 2-methylimidazoles produced – in addition to the known 2-methyl-5(4)-nitroimidazole – 2-(dinitromethylene)-5,5-dinitro-4-imidazolidinone and parabanic acid. This tetranitro compound was also obtained via nitration of 2-methyl-4,4-dihydro-(1H)-5- imidazolone. Thermal decomposition of 2-(dinitromethylene)-5,5-dinitro-4-imidazolidinone yielded 2-(dinitromethylene)-4,5-imidazolidinedio

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14

Langlet, Abraham. "Nitration of oxo-pyrimidines and oxo-imidazoles /." Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-601.

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15

Sanderson, A. J. "Nitration with dinitrogen pentoxide in nitric acid." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232979.

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16

Melhuish, M. W. "Nitration and chlorination of deactivated aromatic compounds." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379462.

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17

Ajarim, Mansour Dahish S. "Nitration of simple aromatics over zeolite catalysts." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54963/.

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The aim of this study was to develop new nitration systems using zeolite catalysts for the nitration of a highly activated compound, phenol, and for highly deactivated aromatics. It was hoped that such systems would produce high yields of the nitro products and in high pora-selectivity. Chapter One Chapter one describes the important role of Green Chemistry in the chemical industry. For example, modern synthetic methods should ideally be safe, be atom efficient, generate minimal waste, not involve solvent, have minimal energy requirement, be based on renewable resources, and be environmentally

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18

FAVRESSE, FABIEN. "Nouvelle methode de nitration des heterocycles aromatiques." Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT2089.

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La chimie des materiaux hautement energetiques (explosifs) fait intervenir le plus souvent des molecules nitrees avec une avancee vers des molecules polycycliques tendues susceptibles de realiser un bon compromis entre performance et securite. Dans ce contexte, notre approche a consiste a tenter des nitrations d'heterocycles aromatiques prealablement silyles ou stannyles dans des conditions aussi neutres que possible (utilisation de tetranitromethane ou de tetraoxyde de diazote). Les precurseurs trimethylstannyles nous ont permis d'atteindre le 2-nitrobenzobfurane, le 2-nitrobenzobthiophene, l

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19

Bertea, Leopold E. "Catalytic vapour-phase nitration of benzene over zeolites /." [S.l.], 1993. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=10258.

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20

Voisin, Laurent. "Nitration du mononitrochlorotertiobutylbenzene en reacteurs diphasiques liquide-liquide." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0102.

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21

Voisin, Laurent. "Nitration du mononitrochlorotertiobutylbenzène en réacteurs diphasiques liquide-liquide." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376191768.

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22

Dagade, S. P. "Nitration of aromatic compounds over solid acid catalysts." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2002. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2855.

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23

Kendall, Georgina. "Electrochemical modification of proteins for biosensors." Thesis, Coventry University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247679.

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24

Lennon, Christopher William. "Probing Isoforms of the Prion Protein through Tyrosine Nitration." The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-08282007-194643/.

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The prion protein (PrP) has multiple stable isoforms. When PrP misfolds, it aggregates and causes neurological disease and death in mammals. The structure of the non-pathogenic isoform has been determined while the structures of the disease related isoforms are unknown. The nitration labeling patterns of three PrP isoforms with peroxynitrite and tetranitromethane, as detected by mass spectrometry, are reported. Two conserved tyrosine residues (tyrosines 149 and 150) are not labeled by either reagent in the normal cellular form of the prion protein but these residues become reactive after the p

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25

Campbell, Colin James. "The electrochemical nitration of proteins and protein model systems." Thesis, Coventry University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361652.

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26

Mika, Anna. "Evaluation of Nitration/Anammox process by bacterial activity tests." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173853.

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Partial Nitritation/Anammox process (deammonification process), by which occurs oxidation of ammonium to nitrogen gas by autotrophic bacteria in anaerobic conditions, considered to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of nitrogen removal. Present research work focuses on achieving a high nitrogen removal degree, thanks to Anammox bacteria, while providing the best performance of the ongoing process. Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor was supplied with the main stream of the wastewater after UASB reactor, characterized by low concentration of nitrogen and org

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27

Al-Obaidi, U. "Nitrous acid catalysed nitration of phenols in sulphuric acid." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373818.

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28

Torres, Rasgado Enrique. "Nitration de la Tyrosine dans l’albumine et les lipoprotéines." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30046.

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Nous avons étudié par CG-SM l’effet de l’albumine (Alb) sur la nitration douce de la tyrosine du complexe LDL-Alb (LAC), naturellement présent dans le plasma, par un générateur de peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Dans nos conditions, le taux de nitration de Tyr (3-NO2-Tyr/Tyr) de l’albumine seule est de 4,4 x 10-3 mol/mol en présence de HCO3-. L’albumine non nitrée ajoutée diminue le taux de nitration de LAC de 2,5 x 10-3 à 0,6 x 10-3 mol/mol. Nous avons ensuite posé la question de la réversibilité de la nitration. Nous avons montré l’existence d’une activité de dénitration portée par LAC et HDL vis à v

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29

Short, Robert D. "An investigation of the surface and bulk nitration of cellulose." Thesis, Durham University, 1986. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7098/.

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Modern analytical techniques have been employed to investigate the nitration reaction of cellulose. The nitronium ion, NO(_2)(^+), is shown to be the important nitrating species of cellulose in the nitrating media employed. In mixes of high nitronium ion concentration, nitration at the cellulose surface is observed, by ESCA, to be extremely rapid, while in mixes of low nitronium ion concentration it is observed to be comparatively slow. It is shown that the degree of substitution (DOS) achieved at the fibre surface is equilibrium controlled. However, it is also shown that cellulose morphology

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30

Sasaki, Mikio. "Synthetic Studies on Nitro Compounds and Aziridines." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/49752.

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学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-11-26 ; 学位の種類: 新制・論文博士 ; 学位記番号: 論工博第3971号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1422 ; 整理番号: 25647<br>Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・論文博士<br>博士(工学)<br>乙第12135号<br>論工博第3971号<br>新制||工||1422(附属図書館)<br>25647<br>UT51-2007-S505<br>(主査)教授吉田潤一, 教授檜山爲次郎, 教授杉野目道紀<br>学位規則第4条第2項該当

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31

Husaini, Roslina. "Towards the Investigation of the Effects of Nitration on the Activity of the Human p53 Tumour Suppressor Protein. Nitration of the p53 Tumour Suppressor Protein." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14788.

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Upon responding to cellular stress, p53 protein becomes stabilised and acts as a transcription factor mainly resulting from phosphorylation and acetylation of the protein. Nitration of p53 protein is poorly characterised by comparison with phosphorylation and acetylation. The main aim of this work was to study the effects of nitration on p53 functional activities and on p53-MDM2 protein-protein interactions. Preliminary work was to characterise the nitration of p53 protein over-expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) which was then purified by a series of column chromatography. GST-MDM2 protein along w

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32

Hervé, Grégoire. "Progrès récents dans la chimie des molécules énergétiques : accès à de nouveaux hétérocycles azotés aromatiques très performants." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30031.

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L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à mettre au point des molécules explosibles thermiquement stables, hautement énergétiques, à faible sensibilité selon des procédés de synthèse économiques et industriels. Certains composés énergétiques aromatiques bien ciblés, synthétisés dans le cadre de ces travaux, présentent des caractéristiques jamais égalées en terme de performance et de sensibilité (sûreté de fonctionnement). Ces avancées techniques offrent de nouvelles perspectives dans l’exploitation, la fabrication et l’utilisation de nouveaux matériaux énergétiques de défense performants à plus fai

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33

Diop, Adji Dieynaba. "Synthèse d'un additif procétane biosourcé par nitration : Modélisation et étude cinétique par calorimétrie réactionnelle." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR101.

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L’utilisation d’additifs procétanes est indispensable pour respecter la réglementation en matière de lutte contre la pollution liée au moteur diesel. Ces molécules actives sont destinées à augmenter les performances du carburant. Aujourd’hui, l’additif procétane le plus utilisé est le 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN), obtenu par nitration de l’iso-octanol (dérivé du pétrole). L’objectif de ce travail est de synthétiser un substitut biosourcé à l’EHN en réalisant la nitration d’un biodiesel. Cette étude sera complétée par une modélisation et une estimation des paramètres cinétiques et énergétiques as

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34

Cheung, Clement. "Studies of the nitration of cellulose - application in new membrane materials." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46048.

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35

Liu, Shifang. "Nitration of simple aromatics and epoxidation of alkenes in ionic liquids." Thesis, Swansea University, 2003. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42847.

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36

Maffioli, E. M. "PROTEIN TYROSINE NITRATION UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN CELLULAR AND ANIMAL MODELS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/217446.

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The significance of NO2Tyr in vivo is highlighted by observations that nitrated proteins are markedly elevated in a broad range of human diseases and clinical disorders. The presence of nitrated tyrosine residues was detected in human fluids and pathological tissues such as atherosclerotic plaques of coronary vessels, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s lesions, among many others. Although the accumulation of nitrated proteins correlates well with many disease states and is considered a marker of oxidative stress under pathological conditions, substantial evidence has accrued that

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37

Hochstrasser, Patrick. "Procédé continu de nitration du benzène avec distillation azéotropique du mélange réactionnel /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1985. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=571.

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38

Sharp, Michael W. "Studies of the synthesis and nitration of dibenzotetra-azapentalenes and related systems." Thesis, Brunel University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294500.

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39

Barden, Joel M. "A study of the regioselectivity in the zeolite-assisted nitration of toluene /." Electronic version (PDF), 2003. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2003/bardenj/joelbarden.html.

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40

From, Malin, Johanna Ejerhed, Artin Fattah, Markus Lindén, and Alex Karlstens. "Heat Resistant Steel Alloys : Atlas Copco." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256662.

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Atlas Copco is interested in investigating the friction in the top-hammer drilling tool threads thatcauses the steel to heat up, leading to a phase transformation and a softer steel in the threads. Theaim of this project is to find a steel alloy or surface finishing that will retain its hardness atelevated temperatures better than the presently used threads material. The solution is intended tobe used as a replacement material for the threads. The potential material is meant to combat thepremature breakdowns of the threads and thus minimizing the economical losses. To achieve ourproject goal,

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41

Mori, Tadashi. "Mechanistic Aspects of the Ozone-mediated Nitration of Aromatic Compounds with Nitrogen Dioxide." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202479.

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42

Guo, Xinxin. "Laboratory studies of the Henry's Law constants and nitration of phenol and nitrophenols." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518353.

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43

Seeley, Kent W. "Mass Spectrometry-based Methods for the Detection and Characterization of Protein-Tyrosine Nitration." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4766.

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Protein tyrosine nitration (PTN) is a posttranslational modification resulting from oxidative/nitrosative stress that has been implicated in a wide variety of disease states. Characterization of PTN is challenging due to several factors including its low abundance in a given proteome, preferential site modification, multiple target site proximity within unique peptide sequences, and analytical method and instrument limitations. Current analytical techniques are insufficiently sensitive to identify endogenous nitration sites without incorporation of either nitrotyrosine or target protein enrich

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44

Rodriguez, Medina Inmaculada Concepcion. "Studies on oxidative aromatic substitution." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390923.

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45

Lugadet-Pe, Françoise. "Modification chimique de polymères polyinsaturés : étude de la nitration et de l'azidation de polybutadiennes hydroxytéléchéliques." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10599.

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La nitration des polybutadienedihydroxy a ete effectuee par nitromercuration, l'azidation par iodoazidation deioduration. Les polymeres modifies sont caracterises au plan de leur structure et de leurs proprietes physiques

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46

Benamar, Ahmad. "Nitruration des couches minces d'oxyde de silicium par activation thermique et par simulation electronique." Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0067.

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La nitration superficielle des couches très minces (130 À) de Si02 est réalisée par différentes techniques : à basse pression et à basse température (BT) ou à haute température (HT) et par recuit thermique rapide ( RTN) à la pression atmosphérique. Le procédé basse pression ( BT ou HT) permet de stimuler la réaction de nitruration à la surface de la silice, empêchant ainsi la diffusion, vers l'interface , des espèces nitrurantes. De même, la RTN évite la migration des espèces azotées et hydrogénées dans la masse de la silice et la redistribution des dopants. L'analyse physico-chimique (SIMS, A

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47

Anantharaman, Muthuswamy. "NITRATION AND INACTIVATION OF MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN METABOLIC SWITCH." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/665.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disease. Oxidative stress hypothesis is most prevalent and is gaining significant support. Inspite of the progress achieved on oxidative stress related damages in AD brain; the modification occurring on the various cellular antioxidant enzymes antioxidant has not been identified. Tyrosine nitration, a marker for peroxynitrite induced oxidative damage to protein is widespread in AD brain and Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), primary mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme is prone to peroxynitrite induced ni

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48

Sultana, Razia. "Partial Nitration/anammox process in the moving bed biofilm reactor operated at low temperatures." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145324.

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49

Jean-Gilles, Riffard P. "Acetyl-nitrate nitration of toluene by zeolite catalysts and methods of oxidation of graphite nanofibers." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1375524701&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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50

Philbin, Simon Patrick. "Studies of novel nitro-substituted nitrogen heterocyclic compounds." Thesis, Brunel University, 2001. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2165.

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The novel candidate high energy insensitive explosive; 2,5-diamino-3,6-dinitropyrazine (ANPZ-i) has been prepared in acceptable overall yield. ANPZ-i was synthesised by the nitration of 2,5-diethoxypyrazine using nitronium tetrafluoroborate (NO2+BF4-) in sulfolane and the subsequent amination of 2,5-diethoxy-3,6-dinitropyrazine, under autoclave conditions. Oxidation studies towards the dioxide derivative of ANPZ-i, 2,5-diamino-3,6-dinitropyrazine-1,4-dioxide (PZDO), were unsuccessful. The synthesis of existing high explosives; 2,6-diamino-3,5-dintropyrazine (ANPZ) and 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropy

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