Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nitration

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Nitration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Nitration"

1

Arasimowicz-Jelonek, Magdalena, and Jolanta Floryszak-Wieczorek. "A physiological perspective on targets of nitration in NO-based signaling networks in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 17 (July 25, 2019): 4379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz300.

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Abstract Although peroxynitrite (ONOO−) has been well documented as a nitrating cognate of nitric oxide (NO) in plant cells, modifications of proteins, fatty acids, and nucleotides by nitration are relatively under-explored topics in plant NO research. As a result, they are seen mainly as hallmarks of redox processes or as markers of nitro-oxidative stress under unfavorable conditions, similar to those observed in human and other animal systems. Protein tyrosine nitration is the best-known nitrative modification in the plant system and can be promoted by the action of both ONOO− and related NO-derived oxidants within the cell environment. Recent progress in ‘omics’ and modeling tools have provided novel biochemical insights into the physiological and pathophysiological fate of nitrated proteins. The nitration process can be specifically involved in various cell regulatory mechanisms that control redox signaling via nitrated cGMP or nitrated fatty acids. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that nitrative modifications of nucleotides embedded in DNA and RNA can be considered as smart switches of gene expression that fine-tune adaptive cellular responses to stress. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the potential implications of biotargets in the regulation of intracellular traffic and plant biological processes.
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Fujisawa, Yasuko, Kazunobu Kato, and Cecilia Giulivi. "Nitration of tyrosine residues 368 and 345 in the β-subunit elicits FoF1-ATPase activity loss." Biochemical Journal 423, no. 2 (September 25, 2009): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20090594.

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Tyrosine nitration is a covalent post-translational protein modification associated with various diseases related to oxidative/nitrative stress. A role for nitration of tyrosine in protein inactivation has been proposed; however, few studies have established a direct link between this modification and loss of protein function. In the present study, we determined the effect of nitration of Tyr345 and Tyr368 in the β-subunit of the F1-ATPase using site-directed mutagenesis. Nitration of the β-subunit, achieved by using TNM (tetranitromethane), resulted in 66% ATPase activity loss. This treatment resulted in the modification of several asparagine, methionine and tyrosine residues. However, nitrated tyrosine and ATPase inactivation were decreased in reconstituted F1 with Y368F (54%), Y345F (28%) and Y345,368F (1%) β-subunits, indicating a clear link between nitration at these positions and activity loss, regardless of the presence of other modifications. Kinetic studies indicated that an F1 with one nitrated tyrosine residue (Tyr345 or Tyr368) or two Tyr368 residues was sufficient to grant inactivation. Tyr368 was four times more reactive to nitration due to its lower pKa. Inactivation was attributed mainly to steric hindrance caused by adding a bulky residue more than the presence of a charged group or change in the phenolic pKa due to the introduction of a nitro group. Nitration at this residue would be more relevant under conditions of low nitrative stress. Conversely, at high nitrative stress conditions, both tyrosine residues would contribute equally to ATPase inactivation.
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Chikina, Maya V., Daria A. Kulagina, and Sergey V. Sysolyatin. "Nitration of 2,6,8,12-Tetraacetyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexaazaisowurtzitane Derivatives." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 7880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227880.

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The nitration of novel bioactive derivatives of 2,6,8,12-tetraacetyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane in different nitrating systems was examined. The yield of CL-20, the known product from the nitration of hexaazaisowurtzitane compounds, was found to depend on the nature of substituents at the 4,1 positions and on the composition of the nitrating mixture.
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Li, Bin Dong, Jian Wu, and Xiao Ming Ma. "Study on the Green Nitration of Toluene in a Microglass Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2018.

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Continuous processing in the microreactor represents a novel way for the safe and expedient conduct of high energetic nitration. Apart from handling benefits,nitration in microreactors proceed under precisely controlled conditions providing improved yields and selectivity. This paper studied the nitration of toluene in the microglass reactor using concentrated nitric acid as the nitrating agent and SO3H-functional ionic liquids, Lanthanide(iii) trifluoroacetate as recyclable catalysts. We described a mild, efficient process for the nitration of toluene.
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Elfering, S. L., V. L. Haynes, N. J. Traaseth, A. Ettl, and Cecilia Giulivi. "Aspects, mechanism, and biological relevance of mitochondrial protein nitration sustained by mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 1 (January 2004): H22—H29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00766.2003.

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The goal of this study was to explore the occurrence of nitrated proteins in mitochondria given that these organelles are endowed with a mitochondrial nitric oxide (NO·) synthase and considering the important role that mitochondria have in energy metabolism. Our hypothesis is that nitration of proteins constitutes a posttranslational modification by which NO· exhibits long-term effects above and beyond those bioregulatory ones mediated through the interaction with cytochrome c oxidase. Our studies are aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the nitration of proteins in mitochondria and the biological significance of such a process in the cellular milieu. On promoting a sustained NO· production by mitochondria, we investigated various aspects of protein nitration. Among them, the localization of nitrated proteins in mitochondrial subfractions, the identification of nitrated proteins through proteomic approaches, the characterization of affected pathways, and depiction of a target sequence. The biological relevance was analyzed by considering the turnover of native and nitrated proteins. In this regard, mitochondrial dysfunction, ensuing nitrative stress, may be envisioned as the result of accumulation of nitrated proteins, resulting from an overproduction of endogenous NO· (this study), a failure in the proteolytic system to catabolize modified proteins, or a combination of both. Finally, this study allows one to gain understanding on the mechanism and nitrating species underlying mitochondrial protein nitration.
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6

Petre, Brínduşa-Alina, Nikolay Youhnovski, Juho Lukkari, Reinhold Weber, and Michael Przybylski. "Structural Characterisation of Tyrosine-Nitrated Peptides by Ultraviolet and Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 11, no. 5 (October 2005): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.777.

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Nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins may occur in cells upon oxidative stress and inflammation processes mediated through generation of reactive nitroxyl from peroxynitrite. Tyrosine nitration from oxidative pathways may generate cytotoxic species that cause protein dysfunction and pathogenesis. A number of protein nitrations in vivo have been reported and some specific Tyrosine nitration sites have been recently identified using mass spectrometric methods. High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI) FT-ICR-MS) is shown here to be a highly efficient method in the determination of protein nitrations. Following the identification of nitration of the catalytic site Tyr–430 residue of bovine prostacyclin synthase, we synthesised several model peptides containing both unmodified tyrosine and 3-nitro-tyrosine residues, using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The structures of the nitrotyrosine peptides were characterised both by ESI- and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI)-FT-ICR-MS, using a standard ultraviolet (UV) nitrogen nitrogen laser and a 2.97 μm Nd-YAG infrared laser. Using UV-MALDI-MS, 3-nitrotyrosyl-peptides were found to undergo extensive photochemical fragmentation at the nitrophenyl group, which may hamper or prevent the unequivocal identification of Tyr-nitrations in cellular proteins. In contrast, infrared-MALDI-FT-ICR-MS did not produce fragmentation of molecular ions of Tyr-nitrated peptides.
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Haynes, Virginia, Nathaniel J. Traaseth, Sarah Elfering, Yasuko Fujisawa, and Cecilia Giulivi. "Nitration of specific tyrosines in FoF1 ATP synthase and activity loss in aging." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 5 (May 2010): E978—E987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00739.2009.

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It has been reported that C-nitration of proteins occurs under nitrative/oxidative stress; however, its role in pathophysiological situations is not fully understood. In this study, we determined that nitration of Tyr345 and Tyr368 in the β-subunit of the mitochondrial FoF1-ATPase is a major target for nitrative stress in rat liver under in vivo conditions. The chemical characteristics of these Tyr make them suitable for a facilitated nitration (solvent accessibility, consensus sequence, and p Ka). Moreover, β-subunit nitration increased significantly with the age of the rats (from 4 to 80 weeks old) and correlated with decreased ATP hydrolysis and synthesis rates. Although its affinity for ATP binding was unchanged, maximal ATPase activity decreased between young and old rats by a factor of two. These changes directly impacted the available ATP concentration in vivo, and it was expected that they would affect multiple cellular ATP-dependent processes. For instance, at least 50% of available [ATP] in the liver of older rats would have to be committed to sustain maximal Na+-K+-ATPase activity, whereas only 30% would be required for young rats. If this requirement was not fulfilled, the osmoregulation and Na+-nutrient cotransport in liver of older rats would be compromised. On the basis of our studies, we propose that targeted nitration of the β-subunit is an early marker for nitrative stress and aging.
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Buan, Ivy Joyce Arenas, and Dyanne Jane Cid Duldulao. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Para-Nitrophenol Using Calcium Nitrate." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370134.

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Conventional process of nitrating phenolic compounds involves the use of excess corrosive reagents that impose environmental threats. Rapid and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted nitration of phenol has been employed to limit the use of corrosive nitric acid and sulfuric acid. In this study, phenol is reacted to calcium nitrate and acetic acid, which served as nitrating agents. The solution is irradiated under microwave to complete the nitration process. This microwave-assisted- synthesis is a rate- enhanced process that showed complete nitration in a short reaction time of 1 min with a high yield of 89%. Bands of phenyl ring, OH, CO, and nitro groups observed in the FTIR spectra correspond to the vibration modes of para-nitrophenol. GCMS analysis showed a retention time of 7 min for the product with 139m/z base peak with matches that confirms the synthesis of para- nitrophenol. This microwave-assisted method can be employed as an efficient, environmentally safe, and rapid alternative nitration method for the synthesis of para-nitrophenol.
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Zhan, Xianquan, Yuda Huang, and Shehua Qian. "Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Lung Cancer: Current Research Status and Future Perspectives." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 29 (September 26, 2018): 3435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180221140745.

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Oxidative/nitrative damage is a crucial element among the complex factors that contribute to lung carcinogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) free radicals, through chemical modifications such as tyrosine nitration, are significantly involved in lung carcinogenesis and metastasis. NO-mediated protein nitration, which is the addition of the nitro group (–NO2) to position 3 of the phenolic ring of a tyrosine residue, is an important molecular event in lung cancer, and has been studied with mass spectrometry. Nitration is involved in multiple biological processes, including signal transduction, protein degradation, energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, enzyme inactivation, immunogenic response, apoptosis, and cell death. This article reviews the relationship of NO and its derivates and lung cancer, formation and roles of tyrosine nitration in lung cancer, differences of protein nitration between lung cancer and other inflammatory pulmonary diseases, current status of protein nitration and nitroproteomics in lung cancer, and future perspectives to achieve a better understanding of lung carcinogenesis, for biomarker discovery; and for new diagnostic and prognostic monitoring, and therapeutic targets.
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Aulak, Kulwant S., Thomas Koeck, John W. Crabb, and Dennis J. Stuehr. "Dynamics of protein nitration in cells and mitochondria." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 1 (January 2004): H30—H38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00743.2003.

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Nitric oxide is a precursor of reactive nitrating species such as peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide that modify proteins to generate 3-nitrotyrosine. Many diseases are associated with increased levels of protein-bound nitrotyrosine, and this is used as a marker for oxidative damage. However, the regulation of protein nitration and its role in cell function are unclear. We demonstrate that biological protein nitration can be a specific and dynamic process. Proteins were nitrated in distinct temporal patterns in cells undergoing inflammatory activation, and protein denitration and renitration occurred rapidly in respiring mitochondria. The targets of protein nitration varied over time, which may reflect their sensitivity to nitration, expression pattern, or turnover. The dynamic nature of the nitration process was revealed by denitration and renitration of proteins occurring within minutes in mitochondria that were subject to hypoxiaanoxia and reoxygenation. Our results have implications that are particularly important for ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nitration"

1

Waller, A. G. "Ipso-nitration studies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8002.

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Reaction of 2,4,6-trialkyl phenols with nitrogen dioxide in organic solvents is known to yield trinitro and dinitro hydroxy cyclohexenones as major products of reaction. These compounds have been postulated as forming via the transient intermediacy of 6-nitrocyclohexa-2,4-dienones. In the first part of the thesis the reactions of the C6-benzyl analogues of 4-t-butyl-2,6- dimethylphenol (206) and 2-t-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol (216), compounds (229) and (230) respectively, with nitrogen dioxide are shown to give products analogous to those observed in the reactions of the parent phenols. Reaction of 6-benzyl-4-t-butyl-2,6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone (229) with nitrogen dioxide in benzene solution is shown to give all four stereoisomeric 2,5-dinitrocyclohex-3-enones (240)-(243), and three of the four possible stereoisomeric 2-hydrox:y-5-nitrocyclohex-3-enones (244)(246). In contrast, reaction of 6-benzyl-2-t-butyl-4,6-dimethylcyclohexa- 2,4-dienone (230) with nitrogen dioxide in dichloromethane solution is shown to yield cyclohex-2-enones as the major products of reaction - namely, the four stereoisomeric 4,5-dinitrocyclohex-2-enones (231)-(234). The cyclohex-3-enones (235)-(238) are isolated as minor products of reaction. In the second part of the thesis, the reactions of p-cymene (401) with nitrogen dioxide in acetic anhydride and dichloromethane solutions are explored. In dichloromethane solution, all the products of reaction, with the exception of 2-nitro-p-cymene (403) and p-nitrotoluene (405), can be accounted for in terms of a mechanism involving initial hydrogen atom abstraction from the iso-propyl group of the p-cymene molecule. In contrast, the reaction of p-cymene in acetic anhydride solution is shown to yield a multitude of products, including 2-nitro-p-cymene (403) and p-nitrotoluene (405), the two substituted aromatic compounds (414) and (415), and the eleven substituted cyclohexenes (410)-(413), (416)-(421) and (434). The mode of formation of these cyclohexenes in particular, is discussed in terms of an overall mechanistic scheme for the reaction of p-cymene in acetic anhydride solution. Throughout the thesis, extensive use is made of single crystal X-ray structure analysis, and high field Fourier transform n.m.r. techniques, in determining molecular structure. The structures of fifteen compounds have been determined by single crystal X-ray structure analyses.
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Readman, J. M. "Ipso-nitration studies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8784.

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Nitration of 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol (40a) with fuming nitric acid gives the pair of C2-epimeric cyclohex-3-enones, (41) and (42), the dihydroxy cyclohex-3-enone and the 2,6-dimethyl-3,4-dinitrophenol (43). Reaction of the nitro phenol (40a) with nitrogen dioxide also gives compounds (41), (42), (43) and (44). The nitration of 2,6-dimethyl-4-bromophenol (40c) with fuming nitric acid (addition of the phenol to the acid) yields both possible C2-epimeric cyclohex-3-enones, (53) and (54), the trinitro cyclohex-3-enone (55) which decomposes to give the dinitro phenol (43), nitro phenol (58) and the 1,4-benzoquinone derivative (59). Nitration of the bromo phenol (40c) in fuming nitric acid (addition of the acid to the phenol) and reaction of the bromo phenol (40c) with nitrogen dioxide both lead to extensive nitrodebromination. The possible reaction pathways for phenols (40a) and (40c) are discussed. Nitration of 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene (66a) with fuming nitric acid gives the tetramethylnitrobenzene (85), products of side-chain modification (86)-(90), the rearranged 6,6-dimethylcyclohexenones (91), (92), (93) and (94), and 2,3,4,6-tetramethyl ketone derivatives (73)-(76), (95) and (96). Reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetramethylphenol (71) with nitrogen dioxide gives the hydroxy dinitro ketone (72) in addition to the trinitrocyclohexenones (74)-(77) and (82). The possible modes of formation of these compounds are discussed. Nitration of 1,2,3-trimethyl-4,6-dinitrobenzene (103) with fuming nitric acid gives dimethylpropanedioic acid (108) (72%), hydroxy dienone (110) (8%) and the substituted benzoic acid (109) (9%). Corresponding nitration of 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl- 3,6-dinitrobenzene (117) gives the nitro dicarboxylic acid (119) (33%), dimethylpropanedioic acid (108) (11%) and the substituted benzoic acid (118) (49%). Compounds (108) and (119) are products of reaction pathways involving ipsosubstitution, followed by methyl migration. Nitration of 2,4-dimethyl-6-nitrophenol (128) with fuming nitric acid gives two 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives (129) and (130), in addition to the two C4-epimeric cyclohex-2-enones (131) and (132), and a single cyclohex-3-enone (133). In addition, reaction of 2,4-dimethyl-6-nitrophenol (128) with nitrogen dioxide also gives (129), (130), (131), (132) and (133). Comment is made on the reaction mechanism and on the probable mode of conversion of the cyclohex-3-enone (133) to give the C4-epimeric cyclohex-2-enones (131) and (132). The structures of nine compounds (42), (44), (54), (74), (82), (92), (93), (94) and (96), have been determined unambiguously by single crystal X-ray structure analyses.
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Thompson, Claire. "Aromatic nucleophilic nitration." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390199.

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Gibbons, Linda Maria. "Nitration in inert fluids." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4534/.

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Nitration in Inert Fluids Traditional methods of nitration have several disadvantages including the environmental problem of disposal of the spent acid. A main aim of this work was to investigate alternative methods for nitration while minimising the amount of acid required. Perfluorocompounds have been used as bulking agents to replace partially the acid solvent. They are chemically inert and may be reused without the need for purification. Mechanistic and synthetic studies of nitration reactions have been made. Toluene was successfully nitrated to trinitrotoluene using less sulfuric acid than in traditional methods. Benzene, styrene and trans-stilbene have been nitrated using nitric acid or dinitrogen pentoxide in perfluorocompounds. Kinetic results have been obtained for the homogeneous nitrations by N(_2)O(_5) in perfluorodecalin of substrates including 4-chloroanisole, 4-bromophenetole, 4- bromophenol and various chlorophenols. The rate constants have been determined and some mechanistic conclusions have been made. The nitration of various amines using dinitrogen pentoxide or nitric acid in perfluorocarbons has been studied. Nitrated derivatives of morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, oxazolidinone and pyrimidine were successfully obtained using N-(^t)butoxycarbonyl, acetyl or silyl amines.
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Noble, Darren Robert. "Regiospecific aromatic nitration via nitrosation." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263236.

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Van, Niekerk Rudolf Jacob Francois. "Evaluation of Lewis acid catalysed and other nitration strategies for the selective nitration of cresols." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60.

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The nitration of m- and p-cresol was investigated under mild reaction conditions in a number of solvents; the effects of certain nitration catalysts were also evaluated. These different reaction parameters were evaluated in terms of their effect on a number of important reaction responses. Other important factors that were investigated were the manipulation of the isomer ratios by changing reaction parameters, as well as important process chemistry information, such as product distribution, isolation and purification, identification of side products formed, and evaluation of the heat of reaction. Use was made of an experimental design system to evaluate the effect of reaction parameters on the chosen design responses. It was found that the ratio of para to ortho nitrocresol products could be influenced slightly by using low concentrations of nitric acid and low reaction temperatures. A different mechanism for the formation of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (from mcresol nitration) was proposed (compared with that previously reported), which could explain a “one mole nitric acid” pathway and the fact that only the pbenzoquinone isomer was observed. Reaction side products were identified and found to consist of dimers of cresol and nitrocresol, which were probably the result of oxidation of the cresol, subsequent formation of a quinomethide intermediate and reaction with either the product or the substrate. The heat of nitration was determined for various reaction systems and found to be governed by two factors, namely the actual nitration process and also an oxidation process, which is responsible for the formation of side products.
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Ruhweza, Moses. "Computer simulation of Dinitrotoluene Nitration Process." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-66259.

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p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 11.5px Garamond} This paper presents an approach for modelling a commercial dinitrotoluene (DNT) production process using the CHEMCAD simulation software. A validation of the model was performed based on results of an experimental study carried out at Chematur Engineering AB, Sweden.  Important parameters such as fluid properties, temperature profile and other operating conditions for CHEMCAD steady state model were selected so as to obtain the crude DNT yield as well as the acid –and organic phase compositions within the same range as the reference values from the experimental study. The results showed that the assumption of the steady state model was correct, and that acid –and organic phase compositions were in good agreement, although with a slightly lower sulphuric acid concentration than that observed in the experimental study.  Also, a detailed study was carried out to analyse the effects of physicochemical conditions on the desired product yield. Both the results from the experimental study and the simulated model agree that the effects of mixed acids or heats of mixing acids contribute significantly to the energy balance.  For the appropriateness of the thermodynamics, a NRTL model was chosen and the reactor system was optimized by an equilibrium based approach, producing MNT in 99.8% yield and crude DNT in 99.9% yield. An 80.1/19.9 DNT isomer ratio of the main isomers was achieved and a reduction of by-products in the crude DNT shows a good agreement between the model and the experimental study.
p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 11.5px Garamond} I denna rapport presenteras en metod för att modellera en kommersiell nitreringsprocess för tillverkning av dinitrotoluen (DNT) med simuleringsprogrammet CHEMCAD. En validering av modellen gjordes baserat på resultat från en experimentell studie utförd hos Chimärer Engineering AB, Sverige.  CHEMCAD-modellen utgår från ”steady-state” drift av anläggningen. Viktiga parametrar såsom fluidegenskaper, temperaturprofil och andra driftsbetingelser i CHEMCAD-modellen valdes för att erhålla ett utbyte av DNT samt sammansättningar av såväl syrafas som organisk fas i god överensstämmelse med referensvärdena från den experimentella studien.  Resultaten visade att antagandena i modellen var korrekta och sammansättningarna för syrafasen och den organiska fasen överensstämde med data från den experimentella studien.  Det genomfördes också en detaljerad studie för att analysera effekterna av fysikalisk-kemiska betingelser på det önskade produktutbytet. Både resultaten från den experimentella studien och data från anläggning i drift överensstämde med den simulerade modellen avseende utspädningsvärmens bidrag till energibalansen.  För att erhålla en lämplig beskrivning av reaktionssystemets termodynamik valdes en NRTL-modell och reaktorsystemet optimerades, vilket gav 99,8 % utbyte av MNT och 99,9 % DNT utbyte. Ett förhållande på 80,1 / 19,9 mellan de två huvudisomererna av DNT uppnåddes och en minskning av biprodukter i DNT produktblandningen. Detta är två exempel på en bra överensstämmelse mellan modellen och experimentstudien.
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Belson, D. J. "Aromatic nitration using aqueous nitric acid." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1989. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11976.

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The rates of nitration of benzene, toluene, anisole, p-xylene and mesitylene in aqueous nitric acid have been determined for concentratians in the range 24-41 mol % HNO3 and at temperatures between 293 and 333K. Correlation of rate constants with values of acidity function confirms that the mechanism of nitration in aqueous nitric acid is similar to that in aqueous Sulphuric acid.
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Beake, Benjamin David. "Nitration and oxidation with nitrous acid." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240290.

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O'Sullivan, Brian. "Nitration via the nitrosation/oxidation pathway." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549310.

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Books on the topic "Nitration"

1

Albright, Lyle F., Richard V. C. Carr, and Robert J. Schmitt, eds. Nitration. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0623.

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A, Olah George. Nitration: Methods and mechanisms. New York, N.Y: VCH Publishers, 1989.

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Olah, George A. Nitration: Methods and Mechanisms. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 1989.

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Ripudaman, Malhotra, and Narang Subhash C, eds. Nitration, methods and mechanisms. New York: VCH, 1989.

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Hoggett, J. G. Nitration and aromatic reactivity. Cambridege: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Sivenkov, V. I. Ėmulʹsionnye vzryvchatye veshchestva i neėlektricheskie sistemy init︠s︡iirovanii︠a︡. Moskva: Shchit-M, 2013.

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Guggenheim, Thomas L., ed. Chemistry, Process Design, and Safety for the Nitration Industry. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1155.

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8

Ribas, Xavier. Nitrato. Barcelona, España: MACBA, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, 2014.

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Ferreri, Marco. Nitrato d'argento. Milano: Ubulibri, 1996.

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Llavina, Jordi. Nitrato de Chile. [Barcelona]: Ediciones Destino, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nitration"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Nitration." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 485. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7907.

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Zhan, Xianquan, Ying Long, and Dominic M. Desiderio. "Tyrosine Nitration." In Analysis of Protein Post-Translational Modifications by Mass Spectrometry, 197–233. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119250906.ch5.

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Tawfik, Dan S. "Nitration of Tyrosines." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 353–55. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-259-9_56.

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Tawfik, Dan S. "Nitration of Tyrosines." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 855–58. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-198-7_87.

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Corma, Avelino, and Sara Iborra. "Nitration of Aromatic Compounds." In Catalysts for Fine Chemical Synthesis, 105–23. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470094214.ch5.

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Davies, Sean S., and Lilu Guo. "Lipid Peroxidation and Nitration." In Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress, 49–70. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118355886.ch2.

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Coombes, Robert G., Panicos Hadjigeorgiou, Doron G. J. Jensen, and David L. Morris. "Nitrocyclohexadienones in Aromatic Nitration." In ACS Symposium Series, 19–30. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0623.ch003.

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Liu, Jiping. "Nitration Reaction Reactor and Operation Technology." In Nitrate Esters Chemistry and Technology, 127–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6647-5_3.

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Schliess, F., B. Görg, N. Foster, H. J. Bidmon, R. Reinehr, R. Fischer, P. Desjardins, et al. "Astroglial protein tyrosine nitration by ammonia." In Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism in Liver Failure, 287–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0159-5_29.

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Boersma, Brenda J., Stephen Barnes, Rakesh P. Patel, Marion Kirk, Donald Muccio, and Victor M. Darley-Usmar. "Bromination, Chlorination, and Nitration of Isoflavonoids." In ACS Symposium Series, 251–61. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0807.ch019.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nitration"

1

Muller, B., U. Poschl, Y. Zhang, H. Yang, R. Teich, and H. Garn. "Nitration of Allergens Triggers Allergic Immune Responses." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a2889.

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Shobana, R., C. Sreepradha, S. Sobana, and Rames C. Panda. "Identification and Estimation of temperature in Nitration process." In 2015 IEEE Technological Innovation in ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiar.2015.7358551.

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R, Shobana, Rajesh Kumar, and Bhavnesh Jaint. "Fuzzy Logic Control of Temperature in Nitration Process." In 2021 International Conference on Disruptive Technologies for Multi-Disciplinary Research and Applications (CENTCON). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/centcon52345.2021.9688127.

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Prokoshev, Valerii G., T. A. Obgadze, N. N. Bukharov, S. I. Shishin, S. D. Parfionov, and Sergei M. Arakelian. "Dynamics of laser thermochemical nitration of a metal surface." In 6th International Conference on Industrial Lasers and Laser Applications '98, edited by Vladislav Y. Panchenko and Vladimir S. Golubev. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.337523.

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Ciossek, Andreas, Peter Lehmann, Stefan Patzelt, and Gert Goch. "In-process characterization of surface topography changes during nitration." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Zu-Han Gu and Alexei A. Maradudin. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.401658.

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Reszka, KJ, DW McGraw, and BE Britigan. "Airway Peroxidases Can Catalyze Inactivating Oxidation/Nitration of β-Agonists." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a3643.

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Akhmadeev, Ju X., Ju F. Ivanov, N. N. Koval, and P. M. Stchanin. "Nitration of Technically Pure Titanium in Glow Discharge with Hollow Cathode." In 2005 International Conference Modern Technique and Technologies (MTT 2005). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spcmtt.2005.4493211.

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Zelenov, Victor, Sergey Bukalov, and Ivan Troyanc. "TRIFLUOROACETYL NITRATE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR NITRATION AND SYNTHESIS OF NITRONIUM SALTS." In Chemistry of nitro compounds and related nitrogen-oxygen systems. LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m743.aks-2019/164-167.

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Bittner, Shmuel, and Thida Win. "Direct Nitration of 3-Arylamino-2-Chloro-1,4-Naphthoquinones; Novel Quinone Derivatives." In The 9th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-9-01473.

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Liu, Zhangrui, Wanghua Chen, and Jinhua Peng. "Technical Improvement and Hazard Research of the Second Stage Semi-Batch Toluene Nitration." In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5661391.

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Reports on the topic "Nitration"

1

Myhre, P. C. Ipso Nitration. Regiospecific Nitration via Ipso Nitration Products. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada157688.

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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES. Nitration and Nitrocompounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada243380.

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Ross, David S., Georgina P. Hum, and Chee L. Gu. Nitration Studies in Oxynitrogen Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada176409.

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Yu, Liya, J. Dadamio, L. Hildemann, and S. Niksa. Nitration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in coal combustors and exhaust streams. [Determination of conditions of nitration, reactions,etc]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7193853.

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Yu, L., J. Dadamio, L. Hildemann, and S. Niska. Nitration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in coal combustors and exhaust streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6648102.

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Yu, L., J. Dadamio, L. Hildemann, and S. Niska. Nitration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in coal combustors and exhaust streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6648119.

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Yu, L., J. Dadamio, L. Hildemann, and S. Niska. Nitration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in coal combustors and exhaust streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6491104.

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Bonnesen, P. V. Stability of the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) Process Solvent: Effect of High Nitrite on Solvent Nitration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814158.

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Yu, L., S. Cho, L. Hildemann, and S. Niksa. Nitration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in coal combustors and exhaust streams. Quarterly report, April 1, 1993--June 30, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10106059.

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Yu, L., S. Cho, L. Hildemann, and S. Niksa. Nitration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in coal combustors and exhaust streams. Quarterly report, July 1, 1993--September 30, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141190.

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