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1
Machado, Genikelly Cavalcanti. "Determinação sequencial de nitrato e nitrito por voltametria de pulso diferencial empregando um ultramicroeletrodo de ouro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-20092010-144502/.
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Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um método eletroanalítico para determinação sequencial de nitrito (NO2-) e nitrato (NO3-), utilizando como técnica, a voltametria de pulso diferencial. O método se baseia na redução eletroquímica dos íons nitrato sobre um ultramicroeletrodo de ouro modificado in situ com cádmio depositado em regime de subtensão, e na seqüência, a remoção da monocamada de cádmio e a oxidação eletroquímica dos íons nitritos sobre o ultramicroeletrodo não modificado. Os ensaios voltamétricos para determinação quantitativa de nitrato e nitrito foram realizados em solução de NaClO4 0,1 molL-1 + HClO4 1,0x 10-3 molL-1 (pH = 3,3) preparada com água ultrapura. Utilizando as condições experimentais e os parâmetros voltamétricos otimizados, foram construídas curvas analíticas para determinação de nitrito e nitrato separadamente e também para determinação sequencial dos dois analitos. Para a determinação do NO2-, foi observado uma relação linear entre a corrente de pico e a concentração desse íon dentro do intervalo de concentração de 1,0 x 10-5 molL-1 a 1,1 x 10-4 molL-1, com um limite de detecção igual a 1,151 ± 0,091 µmolL-1 e limite de quantificação igual a 3,838 ± 0,091 µmolL-1. Para a determinação do NO3-, também foi observado uma relação linear entre corrente de pico e concentração desse analito dentro do intervalo estudado, que foi de 2,00 x 10-5 molL-1 a 2,50 x 10-4 molL-1. O limite de detecção encontrado foi 4,839 ± 0,275 µmolL-1 e o limite de quantificação 16,131 ± 0,275 µmolL-1. A determinação sequencial de nitrito e nitrato foi avaliada dentro do intervalo de concentração de 5,00 x 10-5 molL-1 a 2,50 x 10-4 molL-1 para NO3- e 1,00 x 10-5 molL-1 a 4,50 x 10-5 para NO2-. Para ambos os casos, a relação entre corrente de pico versus concentração do analito foi linear. Para a determinação sequencial os limites de detecção são 16,177 ± 0,794 µmolL-1 para NO3- e 2,243 ± 0,179 µmolL-1 para NO2- e os limites de quantificação são 53,922 ± 0,794 µmolL-1 para o NO3- e 7,476 ± 0,179 µmolL-1 para o NO2-. Os limites de detecção, os limites de quantificação e demais parâmetros estatísticos apresentados nesse trabalho, foram obtidos a partir de cálculos baseados em procedimentos descritos em Miller e Miller68 e Silva69.<br>This work describes the development of an electroanalytical method for sequential determination of nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), using as a technique, differential pulse voltammetry. The method is based on the electrochemical reduction of nitrate ions on a gold ultramicroelectrode modified in situ by underpotential deposition of cadmium, and subsequently, the removal of cadmium monolayer and the electrochemical oxidation of nitrite on ultramicroelectrode unmodified. The voltammetric analysis for quantitative determination of nitrate and nitrite were carried out in NaClO4 0.1 molL-1 + HClO4 1.0 x 10-3 molL-1 (pH = 3.3) prepared with ultrapure water. Using the optimized experimental conditions and voltammetric parameters, analytical curves were constructed for determination of nitrite and nitrate separately and for sequential determination of the two analytes. The relationship between peak current and concentration of NO2- were found to be linear in the concentration range between 1.0 x 10-5 molL-1 and 1.1 x 10-4 molL-1, with a detection limit of 1.151 ± 0.091 µmolL-1 and quantification limit of 3.838 ± 0.091 µmolL-1. For determination of NO3- was also observed a linear relationship between peak current and concentration of analyte within the concentration range studied, which was from 2.00 x 10-5 molL-1 to 2.50 x 10-4 molL-1. The detection limit was 4.839 ± 0.275 µmolL-1 and the quantification limit was 16.131 ± 0.275 µmolL-1. The sequential determination of nitrite and nitrate was assessed within concentration range from 5.00 x 10-5 molL-1 to 2.50 x 10-4 molL-1 for NO3- and from 1.00 x 10-5 molL-1 to 4.50 x 10-5 for NO2-. In both cases, the relationship between peak current versus analyte concentration were found to be linear. The detection limits for sequential determination are 16.177 ± 0.794 µmolL-1 for NO3- and 2.243 ± 0.179 µmolL-1 for NO2- and the quantification limits are 53.922 ± 0.794 µmolL-1 for NO3- and 7.476 ± 0.179 µmolL-1 for NO2-. The detection and quantification limits and other statistical parameters presented in this work were obtained from calculations based on procedures described in Miller and Miller68 and Silva69.
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Jiquiriçá, Paulo Ricardo Ilha. "Efeitos letais e subletais da poluição por nitrogênio em larvas de anuros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-13122010-144109/.
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As atividades humanas vêm aumentando dramaticamente a quantidade de nitrogênio inorgânico liberado nos ecossistemas, seja através da aplicação de fertilizantes na agricultura, da descarga de dejetos humanos e de seus rebanhos, ou da queima de combustíveis fósseis. Os excessos de nitrogênio são eventualmente transportados para corpos d´água, onde podem, na forma de nitrato, nitrito e amônio, atingir concentrações tóxicas para organismos aquáticos. Nesta pesquisa tive dois objetivos principais. O primeiro foi testar em laboratório a toxicidade relativa dos íons nitrato, nitrito e amônio, e a variação interespecífica na sensibilidade a esses íons, em larvas de cinco espécies de anuros (Rhinella ornata, Hypsiboas faber, Hypsiboas pardalis, Physalaemus cuvieri e Physalaemus olfersii ). Para isso utilizei bioensaios seguindo protocolos internacionalmente padronizados para testes de ecotoxicidade com organismos aquáticos, e que portanto permitem máximas reprodutibilidade e comparabilidade de resultados entre compostos, espécies, e laboratórios. No entanto, estes bioensaios carecem de realismo uma vez que simulam um cenário de exposição aguda a altas concentrações de contaminantes quando na natureza o cenário de exposição tende a ser crônico e prolongado a baixas concentrações. Além disso, bioensaios usam mortalidade como principal variável de resposta, quando também efeitos subletais podem influenciar a persistência de populações ao modular o sucesso dos indivíduos. Por isso, meu segundo objetivo foi testar em laboratório se concentrações relativamente baixas e ecologicamente relevantes de nitrato, nitrito e amônio podem afetar a sobrevivência, o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e o comportamento das larvas de R. ornata, P. cuvieri e H. faber. Demonstrei através dos bioensaios de exposição aguda que nitrato, a forma mais abundante na natureza, é de baixa toxicidade quando comparada a nitrito e amônio. Demonstrei também que há significativa variação interespecífica na sensibilidade ao nitrogênio inorgânico, e que o ranqueamento de sensibilidade das espécies ao nitrato e ao nitrito foram similares, possivelmente por conta de mecanismos comuns de ação tóxica. Através de experimentos de exposição crônica demonstrei que concentrações relativamente baixas de nitrogênio inorgânico podem causar efeitos letais e subletais às larvas de anuros se houver exposição prolongada. O nitrato causou redução no desenvolvimento larval de P. cuvieri e o amônio na sobrevivência e nas taxas de atividade nos girinos de H. faber. A exposição crônica ao nitrito também reduziu significativamente a sobrevivência das três espécies testadas, o crescimento de H. faber e as taxas de atividade de R. ornata. Contudo, é improvável que as concentrações de nitrito que manipulei em laboratório sejam comuns na natureza, especialmente em condições aeróbicas. Esta pesquisa, além de fornecer importantes informações sobre os possíveis efeitos da poluição por nitrogênio em larvas de anuros, contribui para o avanço da ecotoxicologia no Brasil ao estabelecer as bases para o emprego de espécies nativas de anfíbios como sistema-modelo experimental. Estudos futuros que almejem avaliar o risco ambiental da contaminação por nitrogênio deverão por um lado monitorar concentrações em hábitats naturais e por outro avaliar as consequências das interações sinérgicas entre nitrogênio inorgânico e outros estressores físicos, químicos ou biológicos para larvas de anfíbios.<br>Human activities dramatically increased the amount of inorganic nitrogen released in ecosystems through the application of fertilizers in agriculture, the generation of human and livestock waste, and the combustion of fossil fuels. This nitrogen eventually reaches water bodies where it can, in the form of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium, be toxic to aquatic organisms. In this study I had two main objectives. The first was to test the relative toxicity of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium, and the interspecific variation in sensitivity to these ions, in tadpoles of five anuran species (Rhinella ornata, Hypsiboas faber, Hypsiboas pardalis, Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus olfersii ). This objective was accomplished by laboratory bioassays following internationally standardized protocols for ecotoxicity tests with aquatic organisms, therefore allowing maximum reproducibility and comparability of results among compounds, species and laboratories. However, these bioassays lack realism for simulating a scenario of acute exposure to high concentrations of contaminants, while exposure in nature tends to be chronic and prolonged at low concentrations. Furthermore, bioassays use mortality as the main response variable, whereas sublethal effects may also influence the persistence of populations by modulating individual success. My second objective was therefore to test in the laboratory if low and environmentally relevant concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium affect survival, growth, development and behavior of R. ornata, P. cuvieri and H. faber larvae. Through acute exposure bioassays I demonstrated that nitrate, the most abundant N form in nature, has low toxicity when compared to nitrite and ammonium. I also demonstrated that there is significant interspecific variation in the sensitivity to inorganic nitrogen, and that the ranking of species sensitivity to nitrate and nitrite were similar, possibly due to common mechanisms of toxic action. Through chronic exposure I demonstrated that relatively low concentrations of inorganic nitrogen can cause lethal and sublethal effects on anuran larvae if there is extended exposure. Nitrate decreased developmental rate in P. cuvieri and ammonia decreased survival and activity rates in H. faber tadpoles. Chronic exposure to nitrite also significantly reduced survival of all three species tested, growth of H. faber and activity rates of R. ornata. However, it is unlikely that the concentrations of nitrite manipulated in the laboratory are common in nature, especially in aerobic conditions. This is the first study to document deleterious effects of nitrogen pollution to Brazilian amphibian species, and contributes to the development of ecotoxicology in Brazil by establishing the basis for the employment of native amphibians as model experimental system. Future studies that aim to assess the environmental risk of nitrogen contamination should monitor concentrations in natural habitats and evaluate the effects of synergistic interactions between inorganic nitrogen and other physical, chemical or biological stressors to amphibian larvae.
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Pinheiro, Lucas Cézar. "Estudo de mecanismos anti-hipertensivos do nitrito de sódio na hipertensão renovascular experimental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17133/tde-18032015-230532/.
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O NO regula diversos sistemas orgânicos. No sistema cardiovascular participa ativamente na regulação do tônus vascular entre outras funções. Disfunções na produção ou disponibilidade de NO podem comprometer sua atuação fisiológica. No âmbito vascular isto pode participar da hipertensão. Além da produção de NO pelas óxido nítrico sintases, outras vias paralela de produção fisiológica de NO a partir do nitrito tem sido descritas. O nitrito é o produto inicial da oxidação do NO, sendo posteriormente oxidado a nitrato. Sabe-se que estas três moléculas formam um ciclo dentro do organismo, onde o nitrato é excretado na saliva e convertido a nitrito pelas bactérias bucais.Este nitrito é deglutido com a saliva e exerce seus efeitos, através da conversão a NO. A conversão de nitrito a NO pode ocorrer de forma enzimática ou não enzimática. Como forma não enzimática, o nitrito é convertido a NO pela reação com H+. Esta redução ocorre principalmente no estômago. Esta tese visa elucidar possíveis mecanismos responsáveis pelos efeitos anti-hipertensivos do nitrito de sódio. Avaliamos ratos 2 rins 1 clipe (2R1C) tratados com nitrito e nitrato e verificamos os efeitos anti-hipertensivo destes. De forma Interessante, o aumento do pH gástrico com omeprazol impediu o efeito anti-hipertensivo tanto do nitrito quanto do nitrato. O omeprazol não gerou qualquer diferença na concentração plasmática de nitrito e nitrato. Foi verificado que o tratamento com nitrito e nitrato resultou em aumento das espécies nitrosiladas no plasma e este aumento foi impedido pelo omeprazol. Também testamos a influência do ciclo entero-salivar no efeito do nitrito e nitrato. Verificamos que o tratamento com enxaguante bucal levou ao bloqueio do efeito anti-hipertensivo do nitrato, mas não alterou este efeito nos animais tratados com nitrito. Em todas as abordagens experimentais o efeito anti-hipertensivo do nitrito apenas ocorreu quando houve aumento da concentração plasmática de espécies nitrosiladas.<br>Nitric Oxide plays many functional roles in physiological systems. In the cardiovascular system it participates in a unique way in the regulation of vascular tone among other functions. Dysfunctions in the production or availability of NO may compromise their physiological activity and participate in hypertension. Besides the production of NO by the nitric oxide synthase, other physiological pathways of NO production from nitrite have been described. The nitrite and nitrate are oxidation products of NO. Further nitrite is oxidized to nitrate. These three molecules are known to forma cycle in the body. Nitrate is excreted in saliva and reduced to nitrite by oral bacteria. Nitrite then is swallowed with the saliva and exerts its effects through conversion to NO. The conversion of nitrite to NO may occur by enzymatic or non-enzymatic manner. As a non-enzymatic way nitrite is reduced to NO by reaction with H+.This reaction occurs mainly in the stomach. This thesis aims to elucidate possible mechanisms responsible for the antihypertensive effects of sodium nitrite. We studied 2K1C rats treated with nitrite and nitrate and checked anti-hypertensive effects of these molecules. The increased gastric pH by omeprazole prevented the anti-hypertensive effect of nitrite and nitrate. Omeprazole did not cause any differences in plasma nitrite and nitrate. It was found that treatment with nitrite and nitrate resulted inincreased nitrosylated species in the plasma, and this increase was blocked by omeprazole. We also tested the influence of the entero-salivarycycle effect of nitrite and nitrate. We found that treatment with mouthwash blunted the antihypertensive effect of nitrate but this effect did not change in animals treated with nitrite. Interestingly in all experimental approaches the anti-hypertensive effect of nitrite only occurred when there was an increase in the plasma concentration of nitrosylated species
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Lanza, Luciana Nunes Menolli 1981. "Tolerância ao estresse por hipóxia em soja = os efeitos do nitrato." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315219.
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Orientador: Ladaslav Sodek<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Esstadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T18:53:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: A soja é a leguminosa de maior importância econômica no Brasil com produção de 72,23 milhões de toneladas na safra de 2010/2011. O cultivo de soja em regiões que sofrem alagamento é uma das principais causas de perda de produtividade no Brasil. Nestas condições, ocorre redução na taxa de oxigênio do solo, e o sistema radicular da planta entra em hipoxia prejudicando o desenvolvimento e a produtividade das plantas. Existem evidências de que a adição de nitrato em condições de alagamento do sistema radicular (hipoxia) promove tolerância ao estresse, entretanto os mecanismos bioquímicos que envolvem essa tolerância ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Analisando as alterações no metabolismo de nitrogênio em hipoxia, em plantas submetidas a diferentes condições experimentais, observou-se redução do conteúdo de nitrato dentro da planta, aumento no teor de aminoácidos solúveis totais, aumento na composição dos aminoácidos livres: Ala e Gaba, e redução de Asn, em plantas não noduladas e noduladas, além de redução no conteúdo de ureídeos totais em plantas noduladas. A adição de nitrato promoveu maior conteúdo de nitrato nas raízes, seiva do xilema e nódulos, maior teor de aminoácidos solúveis totais, maior conteúdo de proteínas solúveis totais nas raízes e menor nas folhas. A atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato in vivo em condições de hipoxia reduziu nas raízes das plantas não noduladas e nas raízes e folhas das plantas noduladas. A inclusão de K15NO3 no meio demonstrou que o nitrato é, de fato, absorvido em condições de hipoxia, pois as raízes, folhas e nódulos todos incorporaram o 15N. Entretanto, absorção do nitrato sob hipoxia foi bem menor do que sob normoxia. Tanto em normoxia como hipoxia as raízes apresentaram o maior grau de enriquecimento com 15N enquanto que a incorporação nos nódulos foi menor. Houve incorporação de 15N em aminoácidos em todos os tecidos, o que permite concluir que o nitrato não é apenas absorvido pelas raízes sob hipoxia mas também assimilado e transportado para a parte aérea. Os aminoácidos mais próximos ao processo de assimilação de nitrato, Asp, Glu, Ala e Asn, foram os que mais incorporaram o 15N. No entanto, em geral um grau menor de incorporação foi encontrado sob hipoxia. A adição de nitrato, no dia 7, na solução do vaso de cinco cultivares de soja cujo sistema radicular estava alagado promoveu, na cultivar IAC Foscarin-31, maior crescimento da planta quando comparada às plantas com nitrato desde o início do experimento; na cultivar IAC-23, maior massa seca do sistema radicular; nas cultivares IAC-17 e IAC-18 foi evidenciado o mesmo crescimento da planta que as demais com nitrato; e na cultivar IAC-24, houve menor crescimento da planta. A adição também promoveu maior formação de aerênquima no caule, na raiz principal e adventícia, além de estimular a maior formação de raízes adventícias. Os dados sugerem que em condições de hipoxia, embora em quantidades bastante reduzidas e num processo mais lento, o nitrato é absorvido pelas raízes, sendo parte, convertida a aminoácidos e menos de 40% convertidos a nitrito, o qual é eliminado para o meio. A redução do nitrato via redutase do nitrato, passo inicial de sua metabolização, não é um passo limitante, uma vez que há produção de nitrito, produto da atividade da enzima. Com a adição de nitrato na solução do vaso de cinco cultivares de soja foram observadas tendências para suprir a ausência de nitrogênio e manter o desenvolvimento da plantas em condições de alagamento. A cultivar IAC Foscarin-31 e IAC-24 apresentaram crescimento geral da planta, sendo maior o crescimento observado na cultivar IAC Foscarin-31. Na cultivar IAC-23 houve maior crescimento do sistema radicular; na cultivar IAC-17, da parte aérea, assim como na IAC-18<br>Abstract: Soybean is a legume of great economic importance in Brazil with a production of some 72.23 million tons (2010/2011 harvest). One of the main causes of diminished yields of the cultivars produced in Brazil is their cultivation in regions subject to flooding. Under such conditions reduced availability of oxygen in the soil leads to hypoxia of the root system which impairs plant development and yield. There is evidence that the presence of nitrate during flooding can improve tolerance to hypoxic stress. However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. After analysis of the changes in nitrogen metabolism that occur under hypoxia, in plants subjected to a variety of experimental conditions, it was observed that there was a reduction in plant nitrate content, an increase in total soluble amino acids, an increase in the relative abundance of free Ala, Gaba, and a reduction in Asn, in both nodulated and non-nodulated plants, as well as a reduction of ureides in nodulated plants. The addition of nitrate during flooding resulted in a higher nitrate content of the root, nodule and xylem sap. Total soluble amino acids and soluble proteins also increased in the root under these conditions but decreased in the leaf. Under hypoxia the in vivo nitrate reductase activity declined in the roots of non-nodulated plants and in both the roots and leaves of nodulated plants. The inclusion of K15NO3 in the nutrient solution confirmed the uptake of nitrate under hypoxia, since roots, leaves and nodules became labelled. However, uptake under hypoxia was much lower than that observed under normoxia. Under both normoxia and hypoxia the roots showed the highest degree of 15N enrichment while the nodules showed the weakest. Incorporation of 15N in amino acids of all tissues shows that 15NO3 was not only taken up by the roots under hypoxia but that it was assimilated and transported to the shoot. The amino acids considered closest to N assimilation, Asp, Glu, Ala and Asn, were the most highly labelled. Nevertheless, lower levels of incorporation were generally found under hypoxia. The addition of nitrate to the hydroponic nutrient solution of five soybean cultivars, 7 days after flooding the root system, stimulated greater growth of the cultivar IAC Foscarin-31 as compared to plants with nitrate from the beginning of the experiment. It also stimulated greater root dry mass of the cultivar IAC-23, produced a similar growth increase of cultivars IAC-17 and IAC-18 compared to those with nitrate from the beginning, but resulted in less growth for the cultivar IAC-24. The addition of nitrate also stimulated formation of adventitious roots as well as aerenchyma which formed on both the stem and the main and adventitious roots. The data show that under conditions of hypoxia, nitrate is taken up by the roots although at a much lower rate than under normoxia, and in part is assimilated into amino acids while nearly 40% is reduced to nitrite which is excreted to the surrounding medium. The reduction of nitrate by the enzyme NR, the first step of nitrate metabolism, does not appear to be limiting since large quantities of the reaction product, nitrite, accumulate. With the addition of nitrate to the flooding medium of five soybean cultivars there was a tendency to overcome the absence of nitrogen and maintain plant development under flooded conditions. Of the five cultivars studied, IAC Foscarin-31 and IAC-24 responded positively through overall plant growth, with Foscarin-31 showing the greatest growth. Cultivar IAC-23 responded with greater root growth while IAC-17 and IAC-18 presented greater shoot growth<br>Doutorado<br>Biologia Vegetal<br>Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
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Castro, Leonidia Maria de. "Interferência dos metais zinco, chumbo e cobre, no processo de nitrificação no tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria química: estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-27012017-162144/.
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Durante o estudo de um sistema de tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria química, contendo em suas águas residuárias vários metais pesados foi observada a ineficiência no processo de nitrificação do efluente tratado. Diante dessa constatação, desenvolveu-se este trabalho visando estudar as interferências dos metais pesados, Pb2+, Zn2+ e Cu2+ no desempenho do processo de nitrificação em um sistema similar de tratamento. Para observação dos efeitos dos metais Zn2+, Pb2+ e Cu2+ isoladamente, foram montados 3 reatores e simuladas as concentrações afluentes do tanque de aeração da indústria. Outros três reatores alimentados com soluções contendo Zn+Cu, Zn+Pb e Pb+Cu utilizados para observação de possíveis efeitos de sinergismo e antagonismo. Um outro reator foi alimentado com a solução dos três metais (Zn2+, Cu2+ e Pb2+). Todos os reatores, recebendo adição de metal ou não, apresentaram concentrações muito elevadas de nitrito. Na realização do ensaio de NMP ficou evidente a inibição dos organismos oxidantes de nitrito, que pode ter ocorrido pela alta concentração do próprio nitrito, ácido nitroso ou amônia livre. Efeitos dos metais Zn2+ e Cu2+ não foram evidentes, o Pb2+ foi o único metal que apresentou efeito de inibição no processo de nitrificação. Os reatores que receberam combinação de íons metálicos não evidenciaram efeitos de sinergismo nem antagonismo, sendo que o reator que recebeu adição dos três íons apresentou menor eficiência.<br>During the study of the chemical industry effluent treatment system containing, several heavy metals, was observed an inefficiency in the nitrification process in final effluent. Therefore, this work was deve!oped to find out ofthe study of the interference of the heavy metals, Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ on the performance of nitrification process in a similar system of treatment. For observation of the effects of metals Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ separately, were established three reactors and simulate the influent concentration in the aeration tank of the industry. Other three reactors were fed with solution containing Zn+Cu, Zn+Pb and Pb+Cu for observation of possible synergism or antagonism effects. The other reactor was fed with a solution of the three metals (Zn2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+). All the reactors, receiving the addition of metaIs or not, presented very high concentrations of nitrite. In the realization of the test of NMP, the inhibition of the nitrite oxidizers organisms was evident, that might have happened due to high concentration of nitrous acid, free ammonia and nitrite. The effects of the metals Zn2+ and Cu2+ were not evident; but the Pb2+ was the only metal that presented inhibition effect in the nitrification process. The reactors that received the metallic ion combination didn\'t evidence neither synergism nor antagonism effects, however the reactor that received the addition of the three ions presented smaller efficiency.
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Melane, Pumeza. "Kinetics reactions of Ammonium Nitrate-Sodium Nitrite Reaction and Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion Explosives." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6333.
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The aim of this study was to understand and control the gasification rates in ammonium nitrate emulsion explosive using ammonium nitrate-sodium nitrite reaction. This reaction produces N2 gas which is the sensitizer in emulsion explosives. The NH4NO3-NaNO2 gassing reaction produces N2 gas and so the reaction could be followed by the pressure increase in a closed reaction vessel. The reaction is pH sensitive, so the role of pH was investigated in the pH range 2 to 5. Gasification reactions for unbuffered NH4NO3-NaNO2 reaction were found to be rapid below pH = 3 and maximum pressure was attained within 2 hours of starting the reaction. At pH = 4.5 and 5 the reaction failed to attain maximum pressure. Initial rate of reaction showed sensitivity to pH, the rate of reaction decreasing with increasing pH. The reaction was found to be second order with respect to nitrite species. The effects of three different buffers (potassium hydrogen phthalate, sodium formate and sodium citrate) were also investigated. At pH = 3 pressure traces for the buffered reactions had attained maximum pressure while at pH = 3.5 only sodium citrate buffer had reached a pressure stable state. The presence of the buffers resulted in a lower overall pressure change and absolute pH change and higher rate constants and initial rate of reaction than in their absence. iv A Lewis acid (Zinc Nitrate) was added to the buffered and unbuffered NH4NO3-NaNO2 reactions to investigate a patent claim that addition of a Lewis acid would increase the rate of reaction. The presence of zinc nitrate in the buffered reactions resulted in rapid pressure increase; higher initial rate of reactions than the unbuffered with zinc nitrate. Ammonium nitrate solution was emulsified resulting in an ammonium nitrate emulsion explosive and kinetics of gasification was investigated. The gasification reactions were found to be rapid at pH 3.2, slowing significantly with increased pH as indicated by initial rates of reaction and as predicted by the gasification reaction rate law. Maximum pressure increase was attained within three hours at pH 3.2, whereas reactions conducted at pH 4.0 and 4.5 failed to reach maximum pressure even after 24 hours as evidenced by plots of pressure versus time. The effect of buffers in the ammonium nitrate emulsions was also investigated.
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Fletgen, Marie Christine. "Le devenir des nitrates et des nitrites dans l'organisme humain et leur danger potentiel : problème des nitrosamines." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P241.
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Hüsler, Bruno R. "Nitrite/nitrate status in veal calves: effects of feeding nitrite, nitrate, arginine, and iron and of endotoxin administration /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://www.stub.unibe.ch/html/haupt/datenbanken/diss/bestell.html.
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Melchert, Wanessa Roberto. "Desenvolvimento de procedimentos analíticos limpos em sistemas de análises em fluxo para determinação de espécies de interesse ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-20102006-084230/.
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A química limpa tem como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento e a implementação de processos e produtos químicos para reduzir ou eliminar o uso ou a geração de substâncias nocivas à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos procedimentos analíticos limpos para a determinação de nitrato e nitrito em águas naturais e para o tratamento dos resíduos gerados na determinação espectrofotométrica de nitrito e fenóis. Para tanto, foram exploradas as principais estratégias empregadas em química limpa: substituição dos reagentes tóxicos, minimização do consumo dos reagentes e dos resíduos gerados e tratamento desses resíduos. O procedimento analítico limpo para a determinação de nitrato em águas naturais foi baseado em medidas diretas no ultravioleta, após separação de nitrato dos interferentes utilizando um sistema de análises em fluxo com coluna de resina aniônica. O método desenvolvido emprega um único reagente (HClO4) em quantidades mínimas (18 µL/determinação) e permite a determinação de nitrato entre 0,50 e 25,0 mg L-1, sem interferência de ácido húmico, NO2-, PO43-, Cl-, SO42- e ferro(III) nas quantidades usuais em águas naturais. A freqüência de amostragem e o coeficiente de variação (n = 20) foram estimados em 17 determinações h-1 e 0,7%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos para amostras de águas de diferentes procedências foram concordantes com o método de referência (redução a nitrito por limalhas de cádmio cobreado seguida por reação de diazo-acoplamento) a nível de confiança de 95%. O tratamento do resíduo gerado na determinação de nitrito, empregando irradiação (UV) na presença do reagente de Fenton (80 mmol/L H2O2 e 1 mmol/L Fe2+), promoveu completa descoloração do resíduo com diminuição de ca. 87% na concentração de carbono orgânico total. A fotodegradação também foi aplicada no tratamento do resíduo gerado na determinação de fenóis totais com 4-aminoantipirina. A degradação ocorreu na presença de H2O2 e irradiação (UV). A completa supressão da absorção de radiação pela 4-aminoantipirina foi observada após 30 min de recirculação da solução no foto-reator, à vazão de 4 mL/min. O procedimento analítico para a determinação de nitrito foi baseado em sistema de análises em fluxo com multicomutação empregando mini-bombas solenóides para o gerenciamento das soluções. O sistema foi acoplado a um foto-reator para a degradação em linha dos resíduos gerados. O método desenvolvido minimiza as quantidades de reagentes (0,6 mg sulfanilamida e 0,03 mg N-naftil-etilenodiamina por determinação) e permite a determinação de nitrito entre 0,10 e 1,00 mg L-1 (r = 0,998) com sensibilidade comparável à alcançada no procedimento com adição contínua de reagentes. O limite de detecção (99,7% de confiança), coeficiente de variação (n = 20) e freqüência de amostragem foram estimados em 17 µg L-1, 2,6% e 80 determinações h-1, respectivamente.<br>Green chemistry has as principal objective the development and implementation of chemical processes and products to minimize or eliminate the use or generation of harmful substances to the human health and the environment. In this work, clean analytical procedures for determination of nitrate and nitrite in natural waters and for the treatment of wastes generated in the spectrophotometric determination of nitrite and phenol were developed. The principal strategies employed in green chemistry were explored to achieve these goals: replacement of the toxic reagents, minimization of reagent consumption and waste generation and waste treatment. The clean analytical procedure for nitrate determination in natural waters was based on the direct spectrophotometric measurement in the ultraviolet, after separation of nitrate from interfering species in a flow-injection system with an anion-exchange resin. The developed method employ only one reagent (HClO4) in minimum amount (18 µL/determination) and can be applied for nitrate determination within 0.50 and 25.0 mg L-1, without interference of humic acid, NO2-, PO43-, Cl-, SO42- and iron(III) in concentrations typically found in natural waters. The sampling rate and the coefficient of variation (n = 20) were estimated as 17 determinations per hour and 0.7%, respectively. Results obtained for natural water samples of different origin were in agreement with the reference method (reduction to nitrite by copperized cadmium filings followed by a diazo-coupling reaction) at the 95% confidence level. The treatment of the waste generated in nitrite determination employing UV irradiation in the presence of Fenton reagent (80 mmol/L H2O2 and 1 mmol/L Fe2+) caused the complete discoloration of the waste and reduced the total organic carbon concentration in 87%. The photodegradation was also applied for the treatment of the waste generated in the determination of total phenols with 4-aminoantipyrine. The degradation occurred in the presence of H2O2 and UV irradiation. Radiation absorption by 4-aminoantipyrine was completely suppressed after 30 min of treatment of solution in the recirculation mode at 4mL/min. The analytical procedure for nitrite determination was based on a flow system with multicommutation employing solenoid micro-pumps for the solution handling. The developed method minimizes the reagent amounts (0.6 mg sulfanilamide and 0.03 mg N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylene-diamine per determination) and can be applied for nitrite determination within 0.10 and 1.00 mg L-1 (r = 0.998) with sensitivity comparable to the achieved in the procedure with continuous reagent addition. The detection limit (99.7% of confidence), coefficient of variation (n = 20) and sampling rate were estimated as 17 µg L-1, 2.6% and 80 determinations per hour, respectively.
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Ferreira, Paulo Eduardo Gomes. "Efeito de um programa pré-operatório de fortalecimento supervisionado da musculatura inspiratória na evolução hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a operações cardíacas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17137/tde-05042013-230022/.
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Introdução: A disfunção respiratória é uma das complicações mais frequentes após operações cardíacas. Vários fatores contribuem para que as disfunções respiratórias ocorram, dentre eles está a disfunção da musculatura inspiratória que, por sua vez, pode ser multifatorial. Objetivo: O condicionamento da musculatura inspiratória no período pré-operatório poderia ajudar a reduzir a incidência de complicações respiratórias no pós-operatório de operações cardíacas. Métodos: No presente trabalho 21 pacientes voluntários, de ambos os sexos, com idade mínima de 50 anos, com fraqueza de musculatura inspiratória e candidatos à operação de revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio e/ou operação valvar cardíaca no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-USP foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos. Em um grupo, 10 pacientes foram submetidos a um período mínimo de 9 dias de treinamento da musculatura inspiratória utilizando um incentivador respiratório marca Threshold® IMT (Respironics, Cedar Grove, NJ, EUA), com carga de 40, 60 e 80% da pressão inspiratória máxima. Os outros 11 pacientes receberam apenas orientações gerais, sem treinamento objetivo da musculatura respiratória. Comparamos os valores espirométricos antes e após o treinamento dentro de cada grupo. A evolução da pressão inspiratória máxima, da pressão expiratória máxima e da gasometria arterial de ambos os grupos, antes e após o treinamento, bem como a sua evolução temporal no pós-operatório, além dos valores de nitrito/nitrato no condensado do exalado pulmonar. Comparamos também a evolução clínica de ambos os grupos. Resultados: Observamos que o treinamento causou elevação significativa do pico de fluxo expiratório (p=0,028) e diminuição nos valores de nitrito/nitrato no condensado do exalado pulmonar (p=0,05) e redução das complicações pós operatórias (p=0,057), sendo as duas últimas não significativas. Todavia, não houve diferença na evolução gasométrica e nem da pressão inspiratória máxima ou da pressão expiratória máxima entre ambos os grupos. Conclusão: O treinamento da musculatura respiratória inspiratória em pacientes internados, além de factível e seguro, resulta em maior fortalecimento dessa musculatura, reduz a morbidade pós-operatória e os níveis de nitrito/nitrato no condensado do exalado pulmonar<br>Introduction: Respiratory dysfunction is one of the most common complications after cardiac operations. Several factors contribute to respiratory dysfunctions that occur among them is inspiratory muscle dysfunction that, in turn, may be multifactorial. Objective: The conditioning of inspiratory muscles on preoperative could help reduce the incidence of respiratory complications in the postoperative period of cardiac operations. Methods: In this study 21 patients volunteers of both sexes, aged 50 years, with weakness of inspiratory muscles and candidate operation of CABG and / or heart valve surgery at the Hospital of the Medical College of Ribeirão Preto-USP were randomized into 2 groups. In one group, 10 patients underwent a minimum of 9 days of inspiratory muscle training using an incentive spirometry \"Threshold® IMT\" (Respironics, Cedar Grove, NJ, USA) with a load of 40, 60 and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure. The other 11 patients received only general guidelines without respiratory muscle training goal. We compared spirometric values before and after training within each group. The evolution of maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure and arterial blood gas analysis of both groups before and after training, as well as its temporal evolution postoperatively, and the values of nitrite / nitrate in exhaled breath condensate. We also compared the clinical outcomes in both groups. Results: We observed that the training caused significant peak expiratory flow (p=0,028) and decrease in nitrite/nitrate in exhaled breath condensate (p=0,05) and reduction of postoperative complications (p=0,057), the last two being non-significant. However, there was no difference in blood gas evolution nor maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure between both groups. Conclusion: The inspiratory muscle training in patients hospitalized, and feasible and safe, results in further strengthening these muscles, reduces postoperative morbidity and levels of nitrite / nitrate in exhaled breath condensate
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Bernardo, Patrícia Ramalheiro. "Caracterização de perigos químicos em enchidos curados tradicionais : nitrosaminas e seus precursores." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21238.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Segurança Alimentar<br>O salpicão é um enchido curado tradicional português, que pertence a um vasto grupo de produtos cárneos. Para além de representarem parte da dieta mediterrânica, estes produtos são importantes para as economias rurais e para a preservação da herança. No entanto, em 2015, a IARC avaliou a carcinogenicidade do consumo de carne processada. Como resultado, a carne processada foi classificada como carcinogénica para humanos (Grupo 1), com base em evidência suficiente de que o consumo de carne processada causa cancro colorretal. As N-nitrosaminas inserem-se no grupo das substâncias responsáveis por este efeito carcinogénico. Desta forma, é importante saber se estes compostos estão presentes nos produtos cárneos, particularmente no salpicão. Mais ainda, é importante perceber se estão reunidas as condições para a sua formação, nomeadamente precursores e ambiente ácido. Por estes motivos, analisaram-se amostras de salpicão, de três unidades fabris distintas, quanto aos teores de nitratos, nitritos, aminas secundárias e N-nitrosaminas. Também o pH das amostras foi analisado. As análises químicas foram efetuadas nos seguintes pontos temporais: carne (T0), pré-enchimento (T1), meia cura (T2), produto final (T3), meio do prazo de validade (T4) e final do prazo de validade (T5). Os valores de pH variaram entre 5,6 e 5,8 na carne (T0) e mantiveram-se dentro da gama esperada para produtos fermentados. Não se detetaram nitratos (acima do Limite de Quantificação). Quanto à determinação de nitrito residual, apenas se detetaram (acima do Limite de Quantificação) nas amostras da unidade fabril C, mas sempre em teores muito inferiores ao permitido na legislação da EU (100 mg NaNO2/kg). Não se detetaram aminas secundárias nas amostras da unidade fabril B. Detetaram-se aminas secundárias em algumas amostras da unidade fabril A (T1 e T5) e da unidade fabril C (T0, T1 e T5), sendo que os valores médios mais elevados foram: 7,4 mg de Piperdina/kg, 11,0 mg de Di-n-propilamina/kg, 20,9 mg de Pirrolidina/kg, 22,6 mg de Morfolina/kg e 26,2 mg de Dimetilamina/kg. Não se detetaram nitrosaminas nas amostras analisadas. Apesar de existir uma válida preocupação em torno das N-nitrosaminas, estes compostos não foram detetados nos produtos em estudo, nem os seus precursores em concentrações suficientes, para a sua formação. É necessário continuar a estudar este assunto para que se consiga compreender a relação entre o consumo de diferentes tipos de carne processada e o verdadeiro risco para a saúde do Homem.<br>ABSTRACT - Characterization of chemical hazards in traditional cured meat sausages: nitrosamines and precursors - “Salpicão” is a traditional Portuguese cured sausage, and it belongs to a wide group of meat products. These products not only represent part of the Mediterranean diet, but also have great value for the economy of rural areas and for the preservation of heritage. However, in 2015, IARC has evaluated the carcinogenicity associated to the consumption of processed meat. As a result, processed meat was classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer. N-nitrosamines are among the responsible substances for the assessed carcinogenic effect. Therefore, there is a need to understand if these compounds are present in meat products, particularly in “salpicão”. Moreover, it is also important to know if the combination of precursors and acidic environment are gathered, to generate N-nitrosamines. For this purpose, samples of “salpicão”, from three distinct factories, were analysed for the quantification of nitrate, nitrite, secondary amines, and N-nitrosamines levels. The pH levels were also evaluated. The chemical analyses and pH evaluation were performed at the following time points: raw meat (T0), before stuffing (T1), middle of curing process (T2), finished product (T3), middle of shelf-life (T4), and end of shelf-life (T5). The pH values of all meat samples ranged between 5,6 and 5,8 and remained within the expected for fermented products. No residual nitrate levels were found to be above the Limit of Quantification. As for residual nitrite levels, those were only detected (above Limit of Quantification) in the samples from factory C, but always considerably under the legal EU limit (100 mg NaNO2/kg). No secondary amines were detected in the samples from factory B. Secondary amines were detected in few samples of the factory A (T1 and T5) and factory C (T0, T1 and T5), with the highest mean values of 7,4 mg of Piperdine/kg, 11,0 mg of Dipropylamine/kg, 20,9 mg of Pyrrolidine/kg, 22,6 mg of Morpholine/kg and 26,2 mg of Dimethylamine/kg. No nitrosamines were detected in the analysed samples. Although nitrosamines may be substances of great concern, they were not found in these meat products, nor their precursors, in sufficient concentrations. Further studies are required to fully understand the link between the consumption of different kinds of processed meat and the actual risk that they represent to human health.<br>N/A
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Petersson, Joel. "Nitrate, Nitrite and Nitric Oxide in Gastric Mucosal Defense." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Cell Biology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8624.
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<p>The human stomach normally contains high levels of bioactive nitric oxide (NO). This NO derives from salivary nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) that is converted to nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) by oral bacteria and thereafter non-enzymatically reduced in the acidic gastric lumen to NO. Nitrate is a common component in vegetables, and after ingestion it is absorbed in the small intestine. Interestingly, circulating nitrate is then concentrated by the salivary glands. Hence, intake of nitrate-rich vegetables results in high levels of NO in the stomach. The physiological effects of the high concentration of NO gas normally present in the gastric lumen have been hitherto unknown, and the present investigations were therefore conducted to address this issue.</p><p>NO produced in the gastric lumen after nitrate ingestion increased gastric mucosal blood flow and the thickness of the firmly adherent mucus layer in the stomach. The blood flow and mucus layer are essential defense mechanisms that protect the mucosa from luminal acid and noxious agents. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly prescribed and effective drugs for treating pain and inflammation, but are associated with severe gastrointestinal side effects. We demonstrated that a nitrate-rich diet protects against NSAID-induced gastric damage, as a result of the increased formation of NO in the stomach. We also showed that the gastroprotective effect attributed to nitrate depended completely on conversion of nitrate to nitrite by the bacterial flora colonizing the tongue, and that the oral microflora is therefore important in regulating physiological conditions in the stomach.</p><p>In summary, this thesis challenges the current dogma that nitrate intake is hazardous, and on the contrary suggests that dietary nitrate plays a direct role in regulating gastric homeostasis. It is likely that a sufficient supply of nitrate in the diet together with the oral microflora is essential for preventing pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.</p>
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Dhakal, Prakash. "ABIOTIC NITRATE AND NITRITE REACTIVITY WITH IRON OXIDE MINERALS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/30.
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Under iron (Fe3+)-reducing conditions where aqueous Fe2+ and unreduced solid Fe3+-oxides commonly coexist, soil Fe2+ oxidation has been shown to be coupled with nitrate (NO3-) reduction. One possible secondary reaction is the involvement of NO3- and nitrite (NO2-) with Fe-oxide minerals found in many natural environments. Yet, spectroscopic measurements and kinetic data on reactivity of NO3- and NO2- with Fe-containing oxide minerals such as goethite (a-FeOOH), and magnetite (Fe3O4) are not found in the literature. The reactivity of goethite and magnetite with NO3- and NO2- was studied over a range of environmentally relevant pH conditions (5.5-7.5) with and without added Fe2+(aq) under anoxic conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted using stirred batch experiments and reaction products were analyzed using ion chromatography (IC), gas chromatography (GC), ultraviolet visible near infrared spectroscopy (UV-VIS-NIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Mössbauer, and Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Nitrate removal by goethite and magnetite was much slower when compared with NO2-. There was a pH-dependence in the reduction of NO2-, and the initial rate of NO2- removal was nearly 2 and 8 times faster at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.5 by magnetite and goethite, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were identified as products when NO2- has reacted with magnetite, whereas N2O is the major reaction product in the experiment with goethite. In comparison to experiments containing magnetite or goethite alone, addition of Fe2+ greatly accelerated the NO2- removal rate. Wet chemical experiments combined with the Mössbauer study reveals that NO2- reduction to NO and subsequently to N2O by magnetite occurs via a heterogeneous electron transfer process. ATR-FTIR and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) results from the studies with goethite indicate that NO2- was removed from solution by adsorption in a surface complex involving the oxygen atoms, and a portion of the nitrite is reduced to NO and N2O.
This study suggests that under anaerobic conditions soil and sediments that contain goethite, magnetite, and other Fe3+-oxides can catalyze abiotic NO2- reduction and the kinetics data from this study can be used to predict the NO2- removal under such conditions.
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Butala, Nitin Santosh. "Nitrate- and Nitrite-Reductase Activities in Mycobacterium Avium A5." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34004.
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Mycobacterium avium is human and animal opportunistic pathogen responsible for disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients. Mycobacteria have a capacity to adapt to the environmental conditions by inducing enzyme activities and altering their metabolism. M. avium A5 cells were grown in a defined minimal medium (Nitrogen Test Medium) with glutamine, nitrite, nitrate, or ammonia as sole nitrogen source at a concentration of 2 mM at 370C aerobically. The strain grew well on all the nitrogen sources except nitrite. It grew slowly on nitrite with a generation time of 6 days and cultures were not viable after 4 weeks of storage. These data confirm that M. avium can utilize a single nitrogen source in a defined minimal medium as documented by McCarthy (1987).
<p> M. avium genome has been sequenced and contains genes sharing sequence similarities to respiratory nitrate reductase and dissimilatory nitrite reductases. Because, M. avium can use nitrate or nitrite as sole nitrogen source for growth (McCarthy, 1987), it must have assimilatory nitrate- and nitrite-reductases. Nitrate- and nitrite-reductase activities of M. avium cells growing aerobically or undergoing anaerobic shift in the presence of ammonia, nitrate or ammonia and nitrate in combination were measured. M. avium produced nitrate- as well as nitrite-reductase activity. Nitrite- and nitrate-reductases used either NADH or NADPH as an electron donor. Nitrite reductase activity was greater than nitrate reductase activity. This observation supports the rapid reduction of nitrite and slow reduction of nitrate in M. avium as documented by McCarthy (1987) and explained why M. avium gives a negative result by the standard nitrate reductase test. In addition to assimilatory enzyme activity, M. avium A5 also produced dissimilatory nitrate- and nitrite-reductase activities.<br>Master of Science
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Duncan, Callum William. "Microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite in the mouth." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU118087.
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The aim of this thesis is to determine the mechanisms by which nitrate is reduced to nitrite in the oral cavity and to investigate how these are modulated by environmental, bacteriological and dietary factors in several mammalian species. The rationale is to determine how this system can be augmented to prevent gastrointestinal diseases in humans and other animals. Experiments using chlorate, as an inhibitor of nitrite production, demonstrated that membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase enzymes are responsible for nitrate reduction in the mouth. A significant positive correlation was found between nitrite production and nitrite producing bacterial numbers. These bacteria reside in niches that appear to have evolved specifically to provide a low oxygen environment allowing nitrate respiration. Indeed, nitrite production on the tongue dorsum was shown to be sensitive to oxygen tension. Nitrite producing bacteria had colonised the tongues of newborn rats by 4 days of age and adult levels of nitrate reductase activity were achieved by weaning. Thus, protection against enteric pathogens develops from an early age. Rats and pigs reared in a very "clean" environment had a much lower capacity to produce nitrite than animals exposed to a larger and more diverse microbial flora. Exposure to a high nitrate diet markedly enhanced oral nitrite production. In conclusion the present work shows that nitrate is reduced to nitrite in the oral cavity by symbolic nitrate-reducing facultatively anaerobic staphylococci, using respiratory membrane-bound nitrate reductase. These bacteria reside in specific areas of the oral cavity. This capacity is acquired from an early age and is dependent on the rearing conditions so that free-range animals have a more active nitrite production, particularly if they consume a high nitrate diet. The results presented in this thesis can be used to set up a large scale animal trial to determine the antimicrobial effect in vivo.
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Ré, Ana de Almeida. "Aplicação de infusões de ervas aromáticas para substituição de aditivos químicos num modelo de carne fermentado." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20364.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>Atualmente, existe uma procura crescente por conservantes naturais, sobretudo de origem vegetal, para reduzir o conteúdo de nitrito e/ou nitrato (aditivos químicos) em produtos curados à base de carne. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se estudar formas de substituir o uso destes aditivos químicos por infusões de quatro ervas aromáticas (Manjericão Rubra, Tomilho Limão, Orégãos vulgar e Sálvia Ananás), como fonte natural de nitrato, avaliando a evolução da microbiota tecnológica, características físico-químicas e sensoriais (baseado numa escala Just about right), num modelo cárneo armazenado em refrigeração durante quatro dias. Foram realizadas seis formulações, com diferentes concentrações de nitrato de sódio (mg) por quilograma de produto cárneo, correspondentes a: (C) Controlo com 0 ppm; (T1) Manjericão rubra com 70 ppm; (T2) Tomilho limão com 70 ppm; (T3) Manjericão rubra com 100 ppm; (T4) Sálvia ananás com 100 ppm; (T5) Orégãos com 100 ppm. Os modelos cárneos foram analisados realizando-se contagens de Aeróbios totais a 30 ºC, Enterobacteriaceae, Bactérias Ácido Lácticas (BAL) e Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN). Foram ainda determinados os teores de nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, a cor e o pH.
As infusões com sálvia ananás mostraram ter um maior conteúdo de nitrato (63.124 mg/100ml) em comparação com infusões de tomilho limão e orégãos. O modelo cárneo T4 apresentou uma maior quantidade de nitratos (média 16.91 mg/kg). Este produto modelo após um período de 2 para 4 dias de armazenamento a 4 ºC, apresentou valores de nitrito de 3.93 mg/kg, onde se observou que a cor após cozedura teve um aumento da coordenada a* no dia 4, demonstrando uma cor mais rosada/avermelhada, indicativo do desenvolvimento do nitrosohemocromogénio. Além disso na caracterização sensorial do produto modelo não se notou nenhum aroma a ervas ou especiarias, exibindo sabores e cheiros neutros. Estes resultados indicam que os ingredientes naturais, como a infusão de sálvia ananás, podem ser possivelmente utilizados como alternativa a aditivos químicos na cura tradicional. Contudo, é necessária mais investigação para avaliar o impacto sensorial e microbiológico deste ingrediente quando utilizado em produtos curados à base de carne com novas formulações e com a adição de novos condimentos.<br>ABSTRACT - Application of aromatic plants infusions to replace chemical additives in a fermented meat model - Currently, there is an increasing demand for natural preservatives, mainly of vegetable origin, to reduce the content of nitrite and/or nitrate (chemical additives) in cured meat products. This work aimed to study ways to replace the use of these chemical additives by infusions of four aromatic plants (Red Basil, Lemon Thyme, Common Oregano and Pineapple Sage), as a natural source of nitrate, evaluating the evolution of technological microbiota, physical-chemical and sensory characteristics (based on a Just about right scale), in a meat model stored in refrigeration for four days. Six formulations were performed, with different concentrations of sodium nitrate (mg) per kilogram of meat product, corresponding to (C) 0 ppm control; (T1) 70 ppm red basil; (T2) 70 ppm lemon thyme; (T3) 100 ppm red basil; (T4) 100 ppm pineapple sage; (T5) 100 ppm common oregano. The meat models were analysed by performing total Aerobic counts at 30 ºC, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL) and Staphylococcus coagulase negative (SCN). The levels of nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, colour and pH were also determined.
Pineapple Sage infusions showed a higher nitrate content (63,124 mg/100ml) compared to lemon thyme and common oregano infusions. The T4 meat model showed a higher nitrate content (mean 16.91 mg/kg). This model product after a period of 2 to 4 days of storage at 4 ºC, showed nitrite values of 3.93 mg/kg, where it was observed that the colour after cooking had an increase of the a* coordinate on day 4, showing a pinker/redder colour, indicative of the development of nitrosohemochromogen. In addition, the sensory characterization of the model product did not show any herbs or spices aroma, presenting neutral flavours and smells. These results indicate that natural ingredients, such as pineapple sage infusion, can possibly be used as an alternative to chemical additives in traditional curing. However, further research is needed to assess the sensory and microbiological impact of this ingredient when used in cured meat products with new formulations and the addition of new condiments.<br>N/A
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Yang, Shu. "Electrocatalytic reduction of NOx on metal nanoparticles stabilized by polyoxometalates." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF056.
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L’objet de ce travail est de développer des nouveaux catalyseurs pour réduire les ions nitrites (NO2- /HNO2) et nitrates (NO3-) dans l’eau en étudiant les facteurs qui vont influencer leurs réductions catalytiques. On a montré que la présence de polyoxométallates (POMs) permet d’améliorer les propriétés catalytiques de l’électrode de Cu et d’Ag pour la réduction de ions nitrate et nitrite avec des conditions adaptées. Par la suite, des nanoparticules du cuivre (Cu@POM) ou d’argent (Ag@POM) ont été préparées par électroréduction of CuPOM in situ ou photocatalyse en présence d’ions POMs et Ag(I) respectivement. Leurs propriétés électrocatalytiques ont été étudiées. Six différents polyoxométallates substitués par des atomes de Cu(II) (CuPOMs) ont montré de bonnes activités pour la réduction de nitrite à pH 1 et à pH 5. Deux activités sont observées : au potentiel de la réduction de CuII et au potentiel de réduction des W(VI) du POM. Quant à la réduction du nitrate, [Cu4(H2O)2(P2W15O56)2]16- et [(A-β-SiW9O34)Cu4(OH)3(H2O)(H3N(CH2)3COO)2]3 5- peuvent catalyser la réduction du nitrate à un potentiel au-delà de la réduction du Cu(II) à la réduction des W(VI). Par contre, dans le cas de [(SbW9O33)2{Cu(H2O)}3]12– aucune électrocatalyse n’est observée. Cela indique que le type de POM influence les propriétés catalytiques des nanoparticules. Pour le système Ag@POM photoréduit, un catalyseur hétérogène est préparé et stabilisé par une couche de Nafion. Les nanoparticules Ag@POM sont actives pour la réduction du nitrite et du nitrate et possèdent une activité meilleure que celle mesurée pour l’électrode d’Ag seule. Dans la dernière partie, une étude préliminaire de polyoxométallates encapsulés dans les ‘Metal-Organic Framworks’ (MOFs) e st présentée. L’entité POM conserve ses propriétés électrochimiques et électrocatalytiques pour la réduction de nitrite après immobilisation dans la cage MOF<br>The object of this work is to develop new catalysts to reduce nitrite ions (NO2- / HNO2) and nitrate ions(NO3-) in water and also tried to understand the factors that will influence catalytic reductions. It has been shown that the presence of polyoxometalates makes it possible to improve the catalytic properties of the Cu and Ag bulk electrodes for the reduction of nitrate and nitrite ions under suitable conditions. Then, the copper or silver nanoparticles decorated with POMs, Cu@POM or Ag@POM), are formed with two different methods: electroreduction in situ of CuPOM or photocatalysis in the presence of POM and Ag(I) ions respectively). Their electrocatalytic properties are presented. Six different Cusubstituted polyoxometalates (CuPOMs) are active for nitrite reduction at pH 1 and pH 5. Two activities are observed at the potential of CuII reduction and at the potential of WVI reduction in POM. [Cu4(H2O)2(P2W15O56)2]16- and [(A-β-SiW9O34)Cu4(OH)3(H2O)(H3N(CH2)3COO)2]3 5- catalyse the nitrate reduction at the potential beyond the reduction of CuII and at the reduction of WVI. On the other hand, no catalysis efficiency was observed with [(SbW9O33)2{Cu(H2O)}3]12-. This indicates the type of POM will influence the catalytic properties of nanoparticles. With the photoreduced Ag@POM nanoparticles, a heterogeneous catalyst is prepared and stabilized by a Nafion layer. Ag@POM nanoparticles are active for the reduction of nitrite and nitrate and have an activity better than the Ag electrode alone. In the last part, a preliminary study of polyoxometalates encapsulated in Metal-Organic Framworks (MOFs) is presented. POM retains its electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties toward the reduction of nitrite after immobilized in the cage of MOF
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Gheek, Priyanka. "Catalytic nitrate reduction in water." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ021S.
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Nous avons choisi d’étudier la conversion catalytique des nitrates dissous qui sont une cause majeure de contamination des eaux. C’est un procédé complexe en plusieurs étapes qui suit la réaction : NO3- → NO2- → [NO] → N2 + NH4+ + OH-Le but scientifique de cette thèse a été de déterminer une relation entre la structure physico-chimique des catalyseurs supportés et leur activité et leur sélectivité dans la réduction des nitrates. Les cinétiques de réaction ont également été étudiées en relation avec la structure des catalyseurs supportés Les travaux réalisés ont été axés autour des points suivants : 1. Elaboration des supports de catalyseurs : Deux groupes principaux de matériaux ont été étudiés : des matériaux carbonés et des matériaux inorganiques qui ont été modifiés par un traitement acide ou basique ou par dépôt des oxydes (Al2O3, ZrO2 seuls ou en mélange). 2. Synthèse du catalyseur : Les oxydes de métaux nobles et de transition ont été fixés sur les supports. Des systèmes monométalliques avec Pt et Pd et bimétalliques Pd-Cu ont été étudiés puis caractérisés par de nombreuses techniques. L’efficacité des ces supports a été déterminée en fonction de leur activité catalytique. 3. Détermination des propriétés catalytiques : Le rôle et l’effet des paramètres tels que nature du support, composition de la phase active, présence de sels inorganiques dans le milieu réactionnel, nature du réducteur sur la vitesse de réduction des nitrates et sélectivité des réactions ont été largement étudiés La discussion générale fait ressortir les combinaisons support/catalyseur les plus efficaces pour la dénitrification des eaux de consommation<br>We chose to study the catalytic conversion of dissolved nitrate, which are a major cause of water contamination. It is a complex process into several steps following the reaction: NO3- → NO2-→ [NO] → N2 + NH4+ + + OH- The scientific goal of this thesis was to determine a relationship between the physico-chemical structure of catalysts and their activity and selectivity in the reduction of nitrates. The reaction kinetics were also studied in relation to the structure of catalysts. The work focused around the following points: 1. Preparation of catalyst supports: Two main groups of materials were studied: carbon materials and inorganic materials that have been modified by acid or base treatment or by deposit oxides (Al2O3, ZrO2 alone or in mixture). 2. Synthesis of catalyst: oxides of noble and transition metals have been established on the supports. Systems with monometallic Pt and Pd and bimetallic Pd-Cu have been studied and characterized by many techniques. The effectiveness of these materials was determined depending on their catalytic activity. 3. Determination of the catalytic properties: The role and effect of parameters such as support, type of medium, active phase composition, the presence of inorganic salts in the reaction medium, nature of reducing on the rate of nitrate reduction and selectivity of the reactions were widely studied. The debate highlights the combination support / most effective catalyst for denitrification of drinking water
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Sindelar, Jeffrey Joseph. "Investigating uncured no nitrate or nitrite added processed meat products." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.
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Oldreive, Ceri Ellen. "Reactive nitrogen species : the relevance of dietary nitrate and nitrite." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.344088.
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Baseler, Laura Jean. "A comparison of residual nitrite and nitrate, lipid oxidation, cut-surface color, and sensory and visual characteristics for nitrite-added and no-nitrite- or -nitrate-added Canadian-style bacon." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1473178.
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Yu, Jiefei. "Coupled Nitrate Reduction and Ammonium Oxidation in Electrochemical Treatment for Nitrate Brine Wastes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1289943689.
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Kotur, Zorica. "Characterization of high-affinity nitrate and nitrite transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45124.
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Júnior, Cícero Alves Lima. "Ritmos circadianos em Gracilaria birdiae (Rhodophyta): oscilação do desempenho fotossintético e caracterização enzimática da nitrato redutase." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-26042013-153410/.
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Os ritmos circadianos coordenam grande parte dos mecanismos fisiológicos, principalmente no metabolismo do nitrogênio, inclusive a assimilação do nitrato, que é a forma de nitrogênio mais incorporada pelos organismos fotossintéticos marinhos. Sua assimilação é feita pela enzima nitrato redutase (NR) que é regulada de forma sistêmica e em vários níveis: transcricional, pós-transcricional e pós-traducional. Tal modulação é exercida por diversos fatores como nitrato, luz, glutamato, quinases e por fatores de transcrição centrais do ritmo circadiano. A fotossíntese fornece os esqueletos de carbono e poder redutor para a incorporação do nitrogênio na síntese de glutamato. Gracilaria birdiae é uma macroalga endêmica do litoral brasileiro e ainda precisa de mais estudos em fisiologia, apesar da sua grande importância econômica. Este estudo desenvolveu um novo protocolo para o ensaio em larga escala da atividade enzimática da NR e analisou a oscilação do desempenho fotossintético ao longo do dia em G. birdiae. A alga, proveniente do Rio Grande do Norte, foi isolada a nível unialgal e apresentou uma taxa de crescimento relativo diário de 6,5% em laboratório. O novo protocolo descrito propõe as seguintes adaptações: amostragem de 20 mg de biomassa algal em vez de 100 mg, extrato bruto com 100 µL em vez de 1 mL, ensaio enzimático de 50 µL e parada da reação com sulfanilamida em vez de EtOH/ZnSO4. Estas modificações permitem o ensaio enzimático da NR semi-purificada de 8 testes com réplicas experimentais e biológicas e controle negativo (96 ensaios no total) em 3 horas. A caracterização enzimática demonstrou os seguintes parâmetros ótimos para atividade máxima: tampão fosfato pH 8, temperatura 25°C, 60 minutos de incubação, 1,25 mMol de nitrato e 50 µMol de NADH. A atividade máxima de 5,4 ± 0,7 nMol.min-1.mg-1 de proteínas e o KM 6 ± 2,2 µMol.L-1 para NADH e de 109 ± 11 µMol.L-1 para o nitrato. A enzima não apresentou atividade na presença de NADPH e demonstrou atividade 48 vezes maior que no protocolo inicial. Descrevemos um método preciso e reprodutível para análise em larga escala da atividade da NR que pode ser utilizado em estudos comparativos de cinética enzimática da NR de diferentes espécies ou em estudos de ritmos biológicos. A análise do desempenho fotossintético, feita em coletas de 15 mg de alga, foi caracterizada pela fluorescência da clorofila, demonstrando os seguintes parâmetros máximos: taxa de transporte de elétrons relativa (rETR) de 15,29 µMol elétrons.m-2.s-1, eficiência fotossintética (alfa) de 0,37 fótons/elétrons, irradiância de saturação (IK) foi de 41,32 µE.m-2.s-1 e houve fotoinibição a partir de 300 µE.m-2.s-1. Apenas o parâmetro alfa apresentou oscilação significativa em claro constante e manteve o período de 24 horas, apesar de ter diminuído sua amplitude em 50%. Isso pode ser devido a um controle pelo mecanismo central dos ritmos circadianos sobre proteínas ou pigmentos ligados ao fotossistema II, influenciando na capacidade de transformação de fótons em elétrons. Paralelamente, a aclimatação da alga à luz constante pode ter levado a uma queda na produção de pigmentos e fotoxidação, justificando a queda nos valores médios de alfa. G. birdiae é uma alga com grande importância econômica e ecológica e este estudo, ligado a outros trabalhos de fisiologia, confirma seu grande potencial para estabelecimento como organismo modelo para estudos fisiologia e fotossíntese<br>Circadian rhythms control most of physiological processes, including nitrate assimilation. This nutrient is the most incorporated form of nitrogen by marine plants and its assimilation is made by the nitrate reductase enzyme (NR) that is highly regulated in all levels expression, since mRNA transcription until protein degradation. Many factors coordinate this regulation, including the nitrate itself, light glutamate, kinases and by transcription factors of the central oscillator of the circadian rhythms. Photosynthesis also plays an especial role in NR regulation through carbon skeleton and NADPH synthesis that allows the last step of nitrate assimilation: glutamate synthesis. Gracilaria birdiae is an endemic marine rhodophyte from Brazil that still lacks physiological and molecular studies despite its extensively exploitation for agar-agar extraction. This study aimed the development of a large scale enzymatic assay of NR (NRA) and the analysis of daily oscillation of photosynthesis performance for G. birdiae. The algae, collected ant Rio Grande do Norte state, was isolated to a unialgal level and presented an average of relative daily growth rate of 6.5% in laboratory. The new protocol here described proposes the following adaptations for NRA: sampling of 20 mg instead of 100 mg, 100 µL of crude extract rather than 1 mL, NRA in 50 µL in place of 1 mL and reaction stop with sulphanilamide instead of an EtOH/ZnSO4 system. These changes allow the assay of the semi-purified NR of 24 samples all with its experimental and biological triplicates and negative control in 3 hours. Phosphate buffer at pH 8, 25°C, 60 minutes of incubation, 1.25 mMol of nitrate and 50 µMol of NADH. The maximum activity was 5.4 ± 0.7 nMol.min-1.mg-1 of protein and a KM of 6 ± 2.2 µMol.L-1 for NADH and of 109 ± 11 µMol.L-1 for nitrate. NR didn\'t show any activity in the presence of only NADPH as the electron donor and showed and 48 times greater activity in the new protocol, compared to the old one. We describe here an accurate and reproducible method for large scale NRA that can be used in comparative studies of NR kinetics or in biological rhythms of NR. The analysis of photosynthetic performance, made in 15 mg sampling of algal biomass, was characterized through chlorophyll fluorescence, revealing the maximum values of these parameters: relative electrons transfer rate (rETR) of 15,29 µMol elétrons.m-2.s-1, photosynthetic efficiency (the alpha parameter) of 0,37 photons/electrons, the saturating irradiance (IK) was 41.32 µE.m-2.s-1 and there was photoinhibition below the irradiance of 300 µE.m-2.s-1. The only variable that oscillated during the continuous light experiment and maintained the 24-hour period was the Alfa parameter, besides its 50% lower amplitude. This oscillation can be due to an endogenous control of the central circadian oscillator into proteins or pigments bound to the photosystem II, influencing the capacity of photon-electron transformation. At the same time, the acclimation to constant light could have driven the algae to a damping of pigment production and photoxidation, what explains the fall of alpha average values. G. birdiae is an alga with great economic and ecological relevance and this study confirms the potential for its establishment as a model organism.
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Mohn, Marie Agatha [Verfasser], Guenter [Gutachter] Schwarz, and Stanislav [Gutachter] Kopriva. "Plant nitrate reductase and its isoform specific roles in nitrate and nitrite reduction / Marie Agatha Mohn ; Gutachter: Guenter Schwarz, Stanislav Kopriva." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1197227792/34.
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Rhodes, Peter. "Indices of nitric oxide production." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307982.
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Marcondes, Daniel Wolinger. "Formação de nitrato e nitrito e degradação protéica por processamento térmico de sardinha (triportheus angulatus)." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2010. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3703.
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Previous issue date: 2010-12-06<br>Fishing is an important extractive activity in the Amazon, and offering nutritional source income, leisure and food base of a large proportion of its population. His organic constitution, as well as other food matrices, under certain preparation conditions, such as baking, suffers physical and chemical changes, which may give rise to secondary products.
The aim of this study was to analyze the formation of nitrates and nitrites (nitrosating compounds), which are important precursors of nitrous compounds from protein myofibrillar degradation caused by application of heat in samples of sardine (Triportheus angulatus) for 30 to 60 minutes. Being a methodology quick, simple and show a sensitive mechanism able to separate the components of the sample, we used the one-dimensional discontinuous SDS-PAGE under the following conditions: 120 minutes, 100 V and 25 mA. With the same samples were quantified the total proteins by the biuret method, determined by the methodology of the MFI measured turbidity and nitrates and nitrites by spectrophotometry. Research suggests that the reaction of nitrosating compounds (nitrates and nitrites) and nitronisáveis (proteins, amino acids and others) originate secondary substances, nitrous compounds. The zymogram revealed degradation of myofibrils in structures with molecular weight between 10 and 20 KDa. Protein content showed a decrease in the amount of protein in the samples roasted for 30 and 60 minutes from about
12.5%, and the determination of MFI was 42.93. The average nitrite in fresh samples, baked 60 minutes and 30 was 0.0001% (m / m), 0.0063% (w / w) and 0.0030% (w / w) respectively. The average nitrate found in fresh samples, baked 30 and 60 was 0.0020% (m / m), 0.00001% (m / m) and 0.00001% (m / m) respectively, both below 0.02% to 0.1% nitrite and nitrate as an upper limit set by law. Their absence or insignificant formation allows us to conclude that there is no relationship between protein degradation as evidenced by the change of myofibrillar zymogram, the MFI and the decrease of total proteins with a possible formation of secondary substances from nitrates and nitrites.<br>A pesca é uma importante atividade extrativista na Amazônia, sendo fonte nutricional de renda e lazer de grande parte da população. Sua constituição orgânica, assim como de outras matrizes alimentares, sob determinadas condições de preparo sofre alterações físicas e químicas. Pesquisas indicam que reações entre compostos nitrosantes (nitratos e nitritos) e nitronisáveis (proteínas, aminoácidos entre outros) originem substâncias secundárias, como os compostos nitrosos.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a formação de nitratos e nitritos (compostos nitrosantes), importantes precursores de compostos nitrosos, a partir da degradação protéica miofibrilar por aplicação de calor através de assamento de amostras de sardinha (Triportheus angulatus) durante 30 e 60 minutos com carvão vegetal. Para determinar a perda protéica, foi quantificado o MFI pela metodologia da turbidez. Por apresentar uma capacidade de separação mais eficiente de proteínas e de outros compostos, além de ser uma metodologia de simples execução, relativamente rápida, podendo ser aplicada em varias amostras, também foi utilizado SDS- PAGE descontinua monodimensional para demonstrar perda protéica. O zimograma das miofibrilas evidenciou degradação em estruturas com peso molecular entre 10 e 20 KDa. A dosagem de proteínas mostrou diminuição da quantidade de proteínas nas amostras assadas por 30 e 60 minutos de aproximadamente 12,5%, e a determinação do MFI foi de 42,93. A média de nitritos nas amostras in natura, assadas 30 e 60 minutos foi de 0,0001% (m/m), 0,0063% (m/m) e 0,0030% (m/m) respectivamente. A média de nitratos encontrados nas amostras in natura, assadas 30 e 60 foi de 0,0020% (m/m), 0,00001% (m/m) e 0,00001%(m/m) respectivamente, ambos abaixo dos 0,02% de
nitrito e 0,1% de nitrato definidos como limite máximo pela legislação. A sua baixa quantificação tanto in natura, quanto em assado por 30 e 60 minutos permite concluir a
existência de uma relação entre a degradação protéica evidenciada pela alteração do zimograma miofibrilar, da quantificação do MFI e das proteínas totais.
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Gamboa, Juan Claudio Mancilla. "Fabricação de sensores eletroquímicos para a determinação de espécies químicas de relevância ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-18082011-141833/.
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Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados relacionados à determinação de nitrato, nitrito e amônio por técnicas eletroquímicas. Para a determinação de nitrato foi utilizada uma lâmina de cobre cuja superfície é renovada continuamente empregando um processo de ativação (oxidação do cobre e subseqüente redução de íons Cu(II)) com potencial controlado em sistema FIA. As condições ótimas foram alcançadas por meio de 60 s para a etapa de ativação, vazão do transportador 3,0 mL min-1 e volume de amostra 150 µL. A repetibilidade foi estimada em 4,7% (n=9) com freqüência de amostragem de 60 amostras h-1. Trabalhando nas condições otimizadas um aumento na concentração de nitrato gerou um aumento proporcional na corrente, resultando em curva analítica em um intervalo de 0,1 2,5 mmol L-1 (-Ip (µA) = 0,13 + 4,6 [NO3-] (mmol L-1), R2 = 0,9991). Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram estimados em 4,2 (S/N = 3) e 14 (S/N = 10) µmol L-1, respectivamente. O mesmo sensor foi utilizado para determinações de nitrito por voltametria de pulso diferencial e a otimização dos parâmetros relativos ao processo de ativação (tempos de dissolução e redeposição) foi efetuada com o intuito de aumentar a sensibilidade. As condições ótimas foram de 30 s para a etapa de ativação, com uma repetibilidade de 1,9% (n=10), e o aumento nas concentrações de nitrito gerou um aumento proporcional na corrente, resultando em curva analítica em um intervalo de 50 µmol L-1 - 1,44 mmol L-1 (-Ip (µA) = -0,13 + 53,52 [NO2-] (mmol L-1 ), R2 = 0,9996). Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram estimados em 2,8 (S/N = 3) e 9,4 (S/N = 10) µmol L-1, respectivamente. O estudo da morfologia da superfície do eletrodo de cobre durante o processo de ativação foi realizado por AFM com o objetivo de compreender o impacto das mudanças microestruturais no sinal de corrente para nitrato e nitrito. Os resultados indicam que após a ativação do eletrodo a superfície apresenta cristais com uma textura rugosa e ocorre aumento da área superficial, justificando o aumento de sinal de corrente. Para a determinação de amônio foram fabricados eletrodos íon seletivo (ISE) com membrana polimérica de forma tubular, os quais foram acoplados em um sistema de injeção em fluxo. A influência de parâmetros como vazão do transportador e alça de amostragem foi investigada e melhores resultados foram obtidos em 0,5 mL min-1 e 250 µL, respectivamente. Nas condições otimizadas a repetibilidade das determinações foi de 1,3 % (n=10) com freqüência de amostragem de 13 amostras h-1. Tendo em conta as otimizações do sistema FIA, injeções sucessivas de soluções de amônio com concentrações crescentes permitiram obter uma reta com coeficiente angular de 51,2 mV (R2 = 0,9836) no intervalo de 0,2 5 mg L-1. Os limites de detecção foram calculados em 0,05 mg L-1, respectivamente.<br>This paper presents results related to the determination of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium by electrochemical techniques. A copper electrode whose surface is continuously renewed using an activation process with controlled potential in a FIA system was used for nitrate determinations. The optimum conditions were achieved by an activation step of 60 s, carrier stream of 3.0 mL min-1 and sample volume of 150 µL. The repeatability was estimated as 4.7% (n = 9) with a sampling frequency of 60 samples h-1. At these optimized experimental conditions an increase in nitrate concentration caused a proportional increase in current, resulting in an analytical curve in the range from 0.1 to 2.5 mmol L-1 (-Ip (µA) = 0.13 + 4.6 [NO3-] (mmol L-1), R2 = 0.9991). The limits of detection and quantification were estimated as 4.2 (S/N = 3) and 14 (S/N = 10) µmol L-1, respectively. The same sensor was used for the determination of nitrite by differential pulse voltammetry and the optimization of the parameters involved in the activation process (dissolution and redeposition time) was performed in order to increase the sensitivity. Optimum conditions were established at 30 s for the activation step, with a repeatability of 1.9% (n = 10) and increased concentrations of nitrite generated a proportional increase in current, resulting in an analytical curve in the range from 50 µmol L-1 to 1.44 mmol L-1 (-Ip (µA) = -0.13 + 53.52 [NO2-] (mmol L-1), R2 = 0.9996). The limits of detection and quantification were estimated as 2.8 (S/N = 3) and 9.4 (S/N = 10) µmol L-1, respectively. The study of the morphology of the copper electrode surface upon the activation process was performed by AFM in order to understand the influence of microstructural changes in the current signal for nitrate and nitrite. The results indicated that after the activation the electrode surface presented a rough texture with a concurrent increase in the surface area, justifying the current increase. Ion-selective eletrodes (ISE) with a polymeric membrane in a tubular shape were fabricated for the determination of ammonium in a flow injection system. The influence of parameters such as the carrier stream and the sample volume was investigated and best results were obtained at 0.5 mL min-1 and 250 mL, respectively. Under optimum conditions the repeatability of the determinations was 1.3% (n = 10) with a sampling frequency of 13 samples h-1. Taking into account the optimization of the FIA system, successive injections of solutions with increasing concentrations of ammonium yielded a straight line with slope of 51.2 mV (R2 = 0.9836) in the range 0.2 to 5 mg L-1. The limits of detection were calculated as 0.05 mg L-1, respectively
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Siriwatcharapiboon, Wilai. "The electrochemistry of metal nanoparticles for oxygen reduction and nitrate/nitrite reduction." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4475/.
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This research has scientific aims focused on two important electrochemical reactions: oxygen reduction and nitrate/nitrite reduction. A series of rhodium (Rh) deposited on gold nanorods (Au NRs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesised by wet chemical reduction. The scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) showed that Rh has a preferential deposition and epitaxial growth at the end of Au NRs. Cyclic voltammetry and rotating disc electrode (RDE) measurements were performed to study the oxygen reduction at these Au:Rh/C catalysts. Pyrolysed cobalt triethylenetetraamine on a carbon substrate (Co/TET A/C) was employed to produce H20 2 from the ORR. The results from the rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) reveal that the heat treatment influences the H20 2 selectivity. The Co/TETA/C heated at 1000 oc yields the highest H20 2 selectivity while the Co/TETA/C heated at 700 oc yields the lowest H20 2 selectivity. Rh/C, Au:Rh/C nanoparticles and Sn modified Rh/C nanoparticles were employed for nitrate/nitrite reduction in acidic media. Results from on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry (OLEMS) reveal that the modified electrode generates N2 from further reduction of the nitrous oxide (N20) intermediate. Ion chromatography (IC) shows that ammonium is the main product at Rh/C. Hydroxylamine can also be detected after Sn modification on Rh/C.
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Bescós, García Raúl. "The effect of nitric oxide donors on human performance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/62896.
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Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is a tiny free radical gas. The discovery of this intriguing molecule has revolutionized physiology and pharmacology research during the last 20 years. Currently, it is known that NO is endogenously synthesized by several molecules and tissues via two pathways: the synthase-dependent pathway and the synthase-independent pathway. In the first, the amino acid L-arginine is the main donnor of NO synthesis. In the second, inorganic nitrate is the main substrate for the synthesis of this molecule. Interestingly, both pathways are directly connected. While the synthase-dependent pathway is oxygen dependent, the synthase-independent metabolic route is greatly facilitated under hypoxia conditions. Thus, these mechanisms of NO production regulate levels of NO in the tissues. An adequate production of NO is important because it plays an essential role in mechanisms related with vasodilatation and blood flow distribution. Additionally, NO modulates other important functions in the human body such as mitochondrial respiration and immune mechanisms. For all these reasons, the interest for dietary NO donors have increased during the last years. It has been suggested that the consumption of food rich in L-arginine or in inorganic nitrate may enhance NO availability in the human body. This hypothesis has not been unnoticed in exercise physiology. In fact, it has been suggested that supplementation with NO donors may improve the cardio-respiratory response, as well as the tolerance to endurance exercise in humans. However, there is a lack of studies analyzing this issue. Therefore, the aim of this doctoral thesis was to assess the effect of L-arginine and inorganic nitrate in the cardio-respiratory and metabolic response of healthy humans.
To develop this aim, three studies and one review were carried out. In the first, it was found that L-arginine supplementation during three days at several doses, between 5.5 and 20.5 g/day was not effective to increase plasma markers of NO, as well as the cardio-respiratory and metabolic response during endurance test. In the second study we found that acute dose of inorganic nitrate supplementation (10 mg/kg of body mass) raised significantly plasma levels of nitrate and nitrite. However, this effect did not report an improvement in the cardio-respiratory response at low-to-moderate intensities of exercise. However, at maximal work loads of exercise dietary nitrate induced significantly reduction of oxygen consumption (VO2peak) compared with placebo. Other cardio-respiratory parameters, as well as blood lactate concentration did not differ between nitrate and placebo. In addition, exercise performance measured as time to exhaustion during an incremental test did not increase compared with placebo. All these findings together suggested that at higher intensities of exercise energy production became more efficient after inorganic nitrate ingestion. Accordingly, in the third study it was analyzed the effect of dietary inorganic nitrate ingestion for three days during endurance exercise in a cycle ergometer at high intensity (time-trial of 40-min). Results of this study showed that nitrate supplementation did not increase significantly plasma levels of nitrite, as well as enhance performance in healthy subjects. Interestingly, a significant, negative correlation was found between change in nitrite and endurance capacity measured as VO2peak during the exercise test. These results indicated that the effect of dietary nitrate ingestion was lower in subjects with high cardiovascular capacity compared with subjects with poor tolerance capacity to endurance exercise. This fact is very important, since it is known that endurance training increase values of VO2peak in sedentary population and this fact is correlated with lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases. These and other important conclusions of these studies are included in the last work of this thesis which was a review article.<br>L’òxid nítric (NO) es un radical lliure alliberat per diverses molècules i teixits en l’organisme humà. El descobriment d’aquesta intrigant molècula ha revolucionat la recerca en el camp de la fisiologia i la farmacologia durant els últims 20 anys. Actualment, es coneix que la alliberació de NO per part de les cèl•lules endotelials estimula el procés de vasodilatació. A més, també es coneix que aquesta molècula es un important regulador de la respiració mitocondrial i del sistema immunològic. Totes aquestes funcions han generat un gran interès per els precursors nutricionals de NO. En l’àmbit de la fisiologia de l’exercici físic s’ha suggerit que la suplementació amb alguna d’aquestes substancies (L-arginina o nitrat inorgànic) pot millorar la tolerància a l’exercici físic de resistència. No obstant, hi ha molta controvèrsia en els resultats dels estudis que han analitzat aquesta hipòtesi. Per tant, l’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va ser analitzar els efectes dels principals precursors de NO, L-arginina i nitrat inorgànic, en la resposta cardiorrespiratòria i metabòlica durant l’exercici físic de caràcter aeròbic en humans. Per dur a terme aquest objectiu es van realitzar 3 estudis i una revisió bibliogràfica. Els principals resultats d’aquests estudis van mostrar que la suplementació de L-arginina en diferents dosis no va ser efectiva per augmentar el marcadors plasmàtics de NO, així com, la resposta cardiorrespiratòria i metabòlica durant un exercici físic aeròbic en intensitats moderades. En referència als nitrat inorgànic, es va observar que la suplementació augmenta els nivells d’aquests compostos en plasma. No obstant, aquest fet no es va correlacionar amb una millora de la tolerància a l’exercici físic de resistència. A més, es va observar una correlación negativa i significativa entre l’augment dels nitrits plasmàtics i la potència aeròbica màxima (VO2max). Tots aquests resultats van ser àmpliament tractats en l’últim treball (revisió bibliogràfica) d’aquesta tesi. En resum, l’ingesta nutricional de L-arginina i/o nitrat inorgànic no resulta efectiva per millorar la resposta cardiorrespiratòria i la tolerància a l’exercici físic de resistència en humans sans i entrenats físicament.
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Ghosh, Suborno Mukut. "Investigation of the distribution of nitrite and nitrate and nitrite reductase activity in models of cardiovascular disease." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8144.
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Recently, it has emerged that the NO metabolites, nitrite and nitrate can be chemically reduced in vivo to biologically active nitric oxide (NO). This generation of NO is dependent on reduction of nitrate to nitrite by facultative anaerobes on the dorsal surface of the tongue, entry of the nitrite into the enterosalivary circuit, transit to the stomach, and absorption through the gut wall into the circulation. Conversion of nitrite to NO is then facilitated by vascular nitrite reductase enzymes. This nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway has been shown to exert a number of beneficial effects in healthy volunteers e.g. lowering of blood pressure, however whether this pathway is affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently unknown. Ozone chemiluminescence was used to determine and compare nitrite and nitrate levels in 2 models of CVD. To study atherosclerosis wild type (WT) and apolipoprotein E knock out (ApoE KO) mice were used and for hypertension wistar kyoto (WKY) rats as controls vs. spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Assessment of nitrite reductase activity was conducted in the compartment which showed the most consistent differences in distribution, the red blood cell (RBC) and in homogenates of liver tissue. The impact of dietary nitrite and nitrate on distribution of the 2 anions throughout the cardiovascular system was assessed to determine the utility of this approach in restoring levels of these anions in CVD. Finally, using flow cytometry I investigated whether dietary nitrate supplementation could be used to influence inflammatory responses as a mechanism to improve CVD. Compared to WT mice, nitrate levels were reduced in ApoE KO mice in the plasma and across most of the tissues. In contrast in SHRs, reduction of the anions was only apparent in RBCs with no differences compared to WKY in all other tested tissues. Furthermore I have demonstrated that the most efficient way to restore nitrate levels back up to baseline is through a dietary nitrate strategy and that a dose of 15mM nitrate in the drinking water is sufficient to achieve this. In addition I have shown that nitrite reductase activity is enhanced in CVD particularly at the level of the RBC in both atherosclerosis and hypertension and that this enhanced activity is due, in part, to upregulation of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). Finally I have shown that dietary nitrate is an effective way to modulate an acute inflammatory response. This modulation is mediated through interfering with the ability of the neutrophil to firmly adhere to the vascular endothelium. These changes were shown to be dose-dependent and concomitant with dose-dependent increases in plasma nitrite and plasma nitrate. These data suggest that utilization of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway with dietary nitrate may represent an effective approach for the treatment of CVD.
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Tang, Abraham H. "Study of nitrate regulatory elements and their response to nitrite in Arabidopsis thaliana." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/fullcit?p1477938.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 16, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-36).
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Owens, Gary. "Nitrate selective resins : interaction of monomeric and polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds with nitrates /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pho97.pdf.
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Chauret, Christian. "Effect of tungsten on nitrate and nitrite reductases in Azospirillum brasilense SP 7." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59635.
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Azospirillum brasilense reduced nitrate in W-containing Mo-limited medium, but at lower rates than in W-free medium. However nitrate reduction by Paracoccus denitrificans was completely suppressed under the same conditions. Nitrite reductase activity of growing A. brasilense was negatively affected by tungstate. Nitrite accumulation was shown to be the result of an inhibitory effect of nitrate on nitrite reductase activity. Both resting whole cell and cell-free extract preformed nitrite reductase activities were equally affected by increasing levels of tungstate. Preformed nitrate reductase activity of the cell-free extract was shown to be more sensitive to increasing concentrations of tungstate than whole cell activity, suggesting that the cytoplasmic membrane served as a protective barrier against tungsten inactivation of nitrate reductase.
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Clegg, Stephanie Jane. "Nitrate and nitrite transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli K-12." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273549.
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Mönnich, Ingrid. "Präparation und Charakterisierung von geträgerten Bimetallkatalysatoren zur katalytischen Nitratreduktion." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96094155X.
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Alcantar, Gonzalez Gabriel. "Contribution à l'étude de l'action inhibitrice du nitrate sur la symbiose Soja-Rhizobium Japonicum : relation avec l'activité nitrate réductase des Bactéroïdes." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112147.
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La relation entre le nitrate réductase inductible des bactéroïdes et le degré d'inhibition de la fixation de l'azote atmosphérique par le nitrate est étudiée dans la symbiose du Soja avec Rhizobium japonicum à nitrate réductase inductible (NR) ou dépourvu de nitrate réductase inductible (NR-). L'efficacité des symbioses exprimée par la croissance des plantes et la quantité d’azote atmosphérique fixé est comparable. Une plus grande sensibilité de l’ARA à l'effet toxique du nitrate, est associée à la présence d'un nitrate réductase inductible chez les bactéroïdes. Les "effets directs" liés à la présence de l'ion nitrate dans les nodosités sont distingués des "effets indirects" conséquences dans les nodosités du métabolisme du nitrate dans les tissus de la plante hôte. Une diminution de la charge énergétique "moyenne des nodosités" est observée dans les nodosités à R. Japonicum NR+ ce qui contraste avec l'augmentation de la charge énergétique des nodosités à R. Japonicum NR-. La mise en place de la nitrate réductase inductible serait donc consommatrice d'énergie aux dépends du fonctionnement de l'ARA. Un effet dépressif du nitrate sur l'activité phosphoénolpyruvate carboxylase des nodosités à R. Japonicum NR+ est montré. Cet effet peut être dû à la suppression de l'effet stimulant de la lumière sur cette enzyme en début de journée. Aucune trace du 15N03- absorbé ne se décèle dans les bactéroïdes. Il s'en accumule dans la fraction végétale des nodosités. L'augmentation de la teneur en nitrite, légèrement supérieure dans les nodosités à R. Japonicum NR+ par rapport aux nodosités à R. Japonicum NR- témoigne cependant de la réduction du nitrate dans ces organes.
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Dias, Cristina Isabel Barata. "Avaliação microbiológica e físico-química de três tipos de enchidos com e sem a adição de aditivos alimentares." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15361.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Segurança Alimentar<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar as características microbiológicas e físico-químicas de alguns enchidos portugueses, nomeadamente Chouriço da Beira Baixa, Mouro e Farinheira, nos quais o aspeto diferenciador é a utilização ou não de fórmulas de aditivos alimentares próprios para produtos cárneos.
Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas. As análises efetuadas foram contagens de Aeróbios totais a 30 ºC, de Enterobacteriaceae, de bolores e leveduras, medição da atmosfera protetora, determinação da cor, do pH, da aw, do teor de cloretos, do teor de nitritos, do teor de nitratos e do teor total de fósforo.
Os resultados microbiológicos indicaram uma maior contagem de Aeróbios totais no grupo de enchidos em que não houve adição de aditivos e a contagem de bactérias da família Enterobactericeae foi baixa em todas as amostras. Os valores de aw e pH obtidos para ambos os grupos em estudo foram elevados. O aw foi superior a 0,90, mas o grupo de enchidos com adição de aditivos apresentou valores de aw ligeiramente superiores. O teor de cloretos e o teor de fósforo obtidos foram superiores no grupo de enchidos em que foram adicionados aditivos. O teor de nitratos e nitritos nas amostras em análise foram muito inferiores aos limites permitidos por lei.<br>ABSTRACT - The main objective of the present work is evaluates and compare the microbiological and physic-chemical characteristics of some Portuguese sausages, namely “Chouriço da Beira Baixa”, “Mouro” e “Farinheira” in which the differentiating aspect is the use or not of formulas of food additives suitable for meat products.
Microbiological and physicochemical analyzes were performed. The analyzes were Total Aerobic at 30 ° C, Enterobacteriaceae, and molds and yeasts counts, the % O2 and CO2 was measured being determined protective atmosphere, color, pH, aw, chloride content, nitrite and nitrate content, and total phosphorus content.
Microbiological results indicated a higher total Aerobic count in the group of sausages in which there was no addition of additives and the count of Enterobactericeae was low. The aw and pH values obtained for both groups were high. The aw was higher than 0,90, but group of sausages with addition of additives the aw value observed was slightly higher. The chloride and phosphorus content obtained were higher in the group of sausages in which additives were added. The levels of nitrates and nitrites were much lower than the limits allowed by law.
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Lies, Deidra Angeline. "Evaluation of a Nitrate-Assimilating Bacterium for Potential Use in Nitrate Bioremediation." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27113.
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Increasing levels of nitrate (NO3-N) in water resources have brought about the need to find ever more versatile forms of NO3-N removal from contaminated water. The ability of several microorganisms to transform NO3-N has been embraced as an economical form of bioremediation. Free cell and immobilized forms of Methylobacterium fujisawaense ATCC? No. 35065 (M. fujisawaense) were used in this study for NO3-N removal in batch settings. NO3-N removal results were as high as 100% for freely suspended cells after 96 hours and 95% for immobilized cells also after 96 hours. Statistical analyses found no significant difference in overall NO3-N removal rates between free cell and immobilized systems. These findings suggest that the organism is capable of up to full assimilation of 10 mg/L NO3-N in certain settings. The findings also suggest that the NO3-N assimilating ability of M. fujisawaense of 10 mg/L NO3-N is not greatly altered by immobilization.<br>USDA<br>ND EPSCoR Program<br>National Science Foundation (NSF)<br>ND INBRE Program<br>INBRE Program of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences
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Mackerness, Craig William. "The products of bacterial metabolism of nitrate and nitride and human cancer." Thesis, Open University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334761.
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Galangau-Querat, Fabienne. "Contribution à l'étude de la nitrate réductase de tabac : aspect moléculaire." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112173.
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Parmi les réactions impliquées dans l'assimilation du nitrate, la première étape (réduction du nitrate en nitrite) occupe une place prépondérante. Cette réaction est catalysée par le nitrate réductase dont l'expression du gène et l'activité sont régulés par de nombreux facteurs. Nous avons choisi d'étudier plus particulièrement l'influence de certains de ces facteurs la lumière et le nitrate. Nous avons tout d'abord caractérisé par traduction "in vitro" d'ARNm puis immunosélection des produits de traductions, la nitrate réductase da maïs et de tabac. Puis disposant de l'ADNc de I'ARNm de la nitrate réductase de tabac, nous avons suivi l'évolution de la quantité de I'ARNm de la nitrate réductase et parallèlement celles de la protéine et de son activité. Ainsi, au cours du nycthémère, nous avons montré que la quantité d'ARNm du nitrate réductase atteignait un maximum au lever du jour et coïncidait avec un maximum de l'activité enzymatique correspondante, la quantité de protéine atteignant un maximum 5 heures après. A la fin du jour, la quantité d'ARNm diminue pour devenir indétectable. Ces résultats tendent à confirmer le rôle, probablement indirect, de la lumière sur la régulation de la transcription du gène de la nitrate réductase. Les études menées sur l'influence d'une carence en nitrate ont montré qu'en l'absence d'activité enzymatique, la proportion de I'ARNm de la nitrate réductase n'est pas spfécifiquement modifiée. Par contre l'addition de nitrate provoque spécifiquement son augmentation suivie, en quelques heures, de celles de la protéine et de son activité. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence une répression métabolique, par les produits de la chaîne d'assimilation du nitrate, sr la quantité d'ARNm de la nitrate réductase.
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Aouina, Nizar. "Réduction électrochimique des ions nitrate et nitrite sur électrode de cuivre, en milieu neutre: Apport à la compréhension du mécanisme réactionnel." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462788.
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Au cours de ce travail, le mécanisme réactionnel de réduction des ions nitrate à une électrode de cuivre en milieu neutre a été étudié et comparé aux résultats obtenus en milieux acide et alcalin. Pour ce faire, des études avec un des intermédiaires réactionnels, les nitrites, ont également été menées. En présence d'ions nitrate, trois vagues de réduction apparaissent sur le voltampérogramme vers -0,9, -1,2 et -1,3 V/ECS. Des mesures avec une électrode tournante nous ont permis de déterminer le nombre d'électrons échangés pour chaque vague, à savoir 2 (nitrites), 6 (hydroxylamine) et 8 (ammoniaque). Ces résultats ont été confirmés par voltampérométrie cyclique. Des électrolyses prolongées ont été effectuées en présence d'ions nitrate, à trois potentiels. Les analyses par spectrométrie UV-vis ont permis de détecter la présence de nitrites, hydroxylamine et ammoniaque au sein du catholyte. L'analyse par DEMS de la phase aqueuse a mis en évidence la production de protoxyde d'azote N2O à -1,2 V/ECS. Par ailleurs, une étude a été menée afin expliquer le blocage progressif de l'électrode de cuivre observé lors de la réduction des ions nitrate dans une cellule électrochimique à un seul compartiment. Ce blocage pourrait provenir du masquage des sites d'adsorption des ions nitrate par NO, ce dernier étant produit à la contre électrode suite à l'oxydation de l'ammoniaque par les radicaux hydroxyle. Enfin, la présence systématique d'une branche inductive sur les spectres d'impédance électrochimique (SIE) relevés lors de la réduction des ions nitrate constitue la signature d'un intermédiaire adsorbé impliqué dans le processus réactionnel. Finalement, l'étude SIE sur électrode tournante nous a permis de déterminer le coefficient de diffusion des ions nitrate à 25°C, valeur sur laquelle existait une certaine confusion dans la littérature. Cette valeur a conduit à une détermination précise du nombre d'électrons échangés lors de la réduction des ions nitrate.
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Aouina, Nizar. "Réduction électrochimique des ions nitrate et nitrite sur électrode de cuivre, en milieu neutre : apport à la compréhension du mécanisme réactionnel." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066323.
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Au cours de ce travail, le mécanisme réactionnel de réduction des ions nitrate à une électrode de cuivre en milieu neutre a été étudié et comparé aux résultats obtenus en milieux acide et alcalin. Pour ce faire, des études avec un des intermédiaires réactionnels, les nitrites, ont également été menées. En présence d’ions nitrate, trois vagues de réduction apparaissent sur le voltampérogramme vers -0,9, -1,2 et -1,3 V/ECS. Des mesures avec une électrode tournante nous ont permis de déterminer le nombre d’électrons échangés pour chaque vague, à savoir 2 (nitrites), 6 (hydroxylamine) et 8 (ammoniaque). Ces résultats ont été confirmés par voltampérométrie cyclique. Des électrolyses prolongées ont été effectuées en présence d’ions nitrate, à trois potentiels. Les analyses par spectrométrie UV-vis ont permis de détecter la présence de nitrites, hydroxylamine et ammoniaque au sein du catholyte. L’analyse par DEMS de la phase aqueuse a mis en évidence la production de protoxyde d’azote N2O à -1,2 V/ECS. Par ailleurs, une étude a été menée afin expliquer le blocage progressif de l’électrode de cuivre observé lors de la réduction des ions nitrate dans une cellule électrochimique à un seul compartiment. Ce blocage pourrait provenir du masquage des sites d’adsorption des ions nitrate par NO, ce dernier étant produit à la contre électrode suite à l’oxydation de l’ammoniaque par les radicaux hydroxyle. Enfin, la présence systématique d’une branche inductive sur les spectres d’impédance électrochimique (SIE) relevés lors de la réduction des ions nitrate constitue la signature d’un intermédiaire adsorbé impliqué dans le processus réactionnel. Finalement, l’étude SIE sur électrode tournante nous a permis de déterminer le coefficient de diffusion des ions nitrate à 25°C, valeur sur laquelle existait une certaine confusion dans la littérature. Cette valeur a conduit à une détermination précise du nombre d’électrons échangés lors de la réduction des ions nitrate.
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Ali, A. H. "Nitrate assimilation in yeasts." Thesis, Swansea University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635757.
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Cock, J. M. "Bacterial nitrate reductase genes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355501.
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Masserini, Robert T. "Ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite in the oligotrophic ocean detection methods and usefulness as tracers /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001093.
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Symington, Vicki Frances. "Structure and function of nitrate and nitrite transporters, NrtA and NitA, from Aspergillus nidulans /." St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/748.
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Jackson, Armitra. "Investigating the microbiological safety of uncured no nitrate or nitrite added processed meat products." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3403805.
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Symington, Vicki F. "Structure and function of nitrate and nitrite transporters, NrtA and NitA, from Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/748.
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Membrane proteins play an integral role in the control of ion transport across the cell membrane in biological systems. However, due to experimental constraints, structural and functional data available for these proteins is limited, especially considering their importance. In this study, two membrane proteins which transport nitrate and nitrate into the model filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans were investigated. Work on the twelve trans-membrane domain nitrate transport protein NrtA is well established. As a member of the major facilitator super family (MFS) the role of signature sequences characteristic of this family have previously been studied. Here, a series of point mutations were made to facilitate an understanding of key residues in the nitrate binding domain, the first nitrate signature motif and residues of the unique fungal central-loop domain. Using an expanded alignment package, the proposed secondary structure of NrtA was enhanced and used as a starting point for mutagenesis. Alanine scanning mutagenesis showed that glycine residues in the conserved nitrate nitrite porter (NNP) motif were critical for NrtA function. Two asparagines in the NNP were investigated; N160 and N168. N168 was found to be critical for NrtA function as all mutants were devoid of growth on nitrate solid agar medium though they expressed in the membrane to varying degrees. The nitrate binding site has been studied previously, revealing the interaction of conserved arginine residues with the anion as it traverses the bilayer. Though it was thought that mutations of residue T83 to a small, charge neutral, amino acid would substitute for no alteration to enzyme kinetics in mutant T83S was found when using ¹³NO₃⁻. Another major part of this thesis examined NitA which is part of a distinct nitrite transport family to NrtA (the Formate Nitrite Transporters, FNT). A mutagenesis approach targeted NitA residues conserved amongst homologous proteins. Residues in position D88 in an alignment of homologues were conserved in terms of charge. Mutagenesis of D88 revealed that maintaining charge at this position was essential for NitA function, likely due to a role in salt-bridge formation during conformational changes. Mutations to asparagine, glutamine, serine and valine showed reduced growth on agar though the protein was expressed to approximately wild-type levels. Nitrite uptake assays using a ¹³NO₂⁻ tracer were performed on D88N, D88E and D88Q and all showed wild-type Km and Vmax. Finally, the role of conserved asparagine residues found throughout NitA was investigated by mutagenesis. Expression studies revealed that mutants created in N122 and N246, changed to aspartic acid, lysine, glutamine and serine were generally not present in the membrane and thus did not grow on nitrite agar. However, mutations in N173 (in Tm 4) and N214 (in Tm 5), which are conserved in > 95 % of NitA homologues, showed varying degrees of growth and expression. Both of these residues are located in FNT signature motifs, so it is likely that they are involved with conformational changes or protein dynamics.
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Pinchbeck, Benjamin. "Regulation of nitrate and nitrite assimilation in Paracoccus denitrificans at the level of RNA." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/64218/.
Full textAbstract:
Paracoccus denitrificans, a model Alphaproteobacteria soil denitrifier, can grow solely on nitrate or nitrite as inorganic nitrogen sources using a specialised cytoplasmic assimilatory nitrate/nitrite reducing pathway; Nas. This growth capability is phylogenetically represented throughout heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria, plants and fungi. Whilst this metabolism has been extensively studied in the latter two, the regulatory mechanisms by which organoheterotrophic bacteria govern this nitrate-dependant metabolism are less understood. The work conducted here primarily investigated genetic regulation of Nas expression in P. denitrificans. In Gram-negative bacteria, transcription of proteins required to import and reduce nitrate/nitrite to ammonium, for nitrogen assimilation, are subject to dual control; promotion in the absence of ammonium by the general nitrogen regulatory system, NtrBC, and nitrate-induced transcriptional anti-termination by the two-component, NasT-NasS complex. Here, a hypothetical gene, nifR3, conserved with the ntr cluster throughout Alphaproteobacteria, was shown to regulate Nas biosynthesis. We report nifR3 encodes a nitrogen-responsive, tRNA-dihydrouridine synthase required for nasABGHC translation. Genomic deletion of nifR3 from P. denitrificans resulted in the lethal loss of nitrate assimilation and severe deficiency of dihydrouridine in tRNA, restored by genetic complementation of nifR3 in trans. Pure NifR3 harboured an FMN cofactor and reversibly catalysed NADH-dependant reduction of uridine, a physiological important post-transcriptional modification. Native band-shift assays using an isolated tRNA fraction of P. denitrificans identified specific targets of NifR3: mature tRNA transcripts encoding PheGAA, LysUUU and TrpCCA. This novel regulatory role of bacterial NifR3 and tRNA-dihydrouridine formation concerning post-transcriptional fine-turning of protein expression will be discussed throughout this thesis, in addition to the function of several other nitrogen-responsive proteins explored here. Separately, we demonstrated that NarJ, the molybdenum-chaperone for biogenesis of respiratory nitrate reductase, NarG, performs an unprecedented wide-spread maturation role of non-Nar nitrate reductases. Here, we found NarJ is solely responsible for fully assembling the functional assimilatory nitrate reductase, NasC, complete with cofactors, even under aerobic conditions.