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1
Shahzad, Khuram, Eman M. Fayyad, Muddasir Nawaz, Osama Fayyaz, R. A. Shakoor, Mohammad K. Hassan, Malik Adeel Umer, M. N. Baig, A. Raza, and Aboubakr M. Abdullah. "Corrosion and Heat Treatment Study of Electroless NiP-Ti Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited on HSLA Steel." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10101932.
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Corrosion and heat treatment studies are essential to predict the performance and sustainability of the coatings in harsh environments, such as the oil and gas industries. In this study, nickel phosphorus (NiP)–titanium (Ti) nanocomposite coatings (NiP-Ti nanoparticles (TNPs)), containing various concentrations of Ti nanoparticles (TNPs) were deposited on high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel through electroless deposition processing. The concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 g/L TNPs were dispersed in the electroless bath, to obtain NiP-TNPs nanocomposite coatings comprising different Ti contents. Further, the effect of TNPs on the structural, mechanical, corrosion, and heat treatment performance of NiP coatings was thoroughly studied to illustrate the role of TNPs into the NiP matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) results confirm the successful incorporation of TNPs into the NiP matrix. A substantial improvement in the mechanical response of the NiP matrix was noticed with an increasing amount of TNPs, which reached to its ultimate values (hardness 675 Hv, modulus of elasticity 18.26 GPa, and stiffness 9.02 kN/m) at NiP-0.5TNPs coatings composition. Likewise, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements confirmed a tremendous increase in the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the NiP coatings with an increasing amount of TNPs, reaching ~96.4% at a composition of NiP-0.5TNPs. In addition, the NiP-TNPs nanocomposite coatings also unveiled better performance after heat treatment than NiP coatings, due to the presence of TNPs into the NiP matrix and the formation of more stable (heat resistant) phases, such as Ni3P, Ni3Ti, NiO, etc., during the subsequent processing.
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Knauf, P. A., N. A. Mann, J. E. Kalwas, L. J. Spinelli, and M. Ramjeesingh. "Interactions of NIP-taurine, NAP-taurine, and Cl- with the human erythrocyte anion exchange system." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 253, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): C652—C661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.253.5.c652.
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N-(4-isothiocyano-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonate (NIP-taurine), a newly synthesized isothiocyano derivative of N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonate (NAP-taurine), is a potent inhibitor of human erythrocyte chloride exchange. At 0 degrees C, the inhibition is reversible, but at 37 degrees C, NIP-taurine inhibits irreversibly, indicating that it may be a useful label for its binding site. When present at the outside of the cell, NIP-taurine binds with low affinity to a site that seems to be the Cl- transport site (on the basis of its affinity for Cl-) and with much higher affinity to a different site, MN, which has a much lower affinity for Cl-. In this respect, NIP-taurine resembles NAP-taurine, and an analysis of interactions between these two probes is consistent with the idea that they bind to the same two sites. The affinity of NIP-taurine for the high-affinity MN site is enhanced by about fourfold when the transport protein, band 3, is in the conformation with the transport site facing outward (Eo), as compared with the conformation with the transport site facing inward (Ei). External Cl-, but not cytoplasmic Cl-, competes with NIP-taurine for binding to the external, high affinity site. Thus NIP-taurine provides a label for an external site, at which Cl- and perhaps other anions bind, which is separate from both the transport site and the cytoplasmic modifier site at which high Cl- concentrations inhibit Cl- exchange.
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Knauf, P. A., and L. J. Spinelli. "NIP- and NAP-taurine bind to external modifier site of AE1 (band 3), at which iodide inhibits anion exchange." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): C410—C416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.2.c410.
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External iodide (I-o) inhibits AE1 (band 3)-mediated anion exchange in human red blood cells by binding to a noncompetitive inhibitory site, the external halide modifier site. External N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP-taurine) and N-(4-isothiocyano-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NIP-taurine) also inhibit Cl- exchange noncompetitively. Increasing I-o decreases the inhibitory potency of NIP-taurine in a competitive fashion; this effect is not due to I- binding to the transport site, which has little effect on the NIP-taurine affinity. Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)-suberate (BSSS) abolishes the noncompetitive inhibitory effect of I-o and greatly reduces the inhibitory effect of NAP-taurine. Together with previous work, these data suggest that external halides, such as I-, Br-, and probably also Cl-, bind to the same noncompetitive inhibitory site as do NAP- and NIP-taurine and that these reagents can be used to label the halide modifier site. Lys-539, a probable reaction site of BSSS, lies within the same segment of AE1 that is labeled by NAP-taurine and thus may be part of the modifier site.
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Garcia-Falcon, Carmen Marina, Tomas Gil-Lopez, Amparo Verdu-Vazquez, and Julia Claudia Mirza-Rosca. "Analysis and Comparison of the Corrosive Behavior of Nickel-Based and Cobalt-Based Dental Alloys." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 4949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174949.
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Nickel-based and cobalt-based metal alloys are frequently used in dentistry. The introduction of various elements in the alloy changes its characteristics, and a thorough study of each alloy should be completed to determine its appropriate corrosion resistance and biocompatibility in contact with physiological fluids. There are scarce investigations on these widely used dental alloys in Ringer solution, and findings in this research bring new experimental data and information. The present study evaluated and compared the corrosion behavior of six NiCr- and two CoCr-based dental materials in Ringer solution, using the following techniques: potentiostatic polarization curves (chronoamperometry), microstructural analysis, and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The results obtained in this investigation showed that in the NiCr-based specimens Ni4, Ni5, and Ni6 the stability of the passive layer was destroyed after polarization and a development and growth of stable pits was found in the microstructural analysis after electrochemical treatment. In terms of susceptibility to corrosion, two different groups of specimens were derived from this investigation. A first group which included the two CoCr (Co1 and Co2) and three of the six NiCr alloys studied (Ni1, Ni2, and Ni3). A second group with the other NiCr alloys investigated Ni4, Ni5, and Ni6.
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Ahmadkhaniha, Donya, Fredrik Eriksson, and Caterina Zanella. "Optimizing Heat Treatment for Electroplated NiP and NiP/SiC Coatings." Coatings 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121179.
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NiP (P > 10 wt.%) coatings are amorphous coatings whose structure can be transformed by heat treatment into a crystalline structure and hardened by precipitation of Ni3P. In this study, NiP coatings and composite ones with SiC nanoparticles were produced by electrodeposition, and their structural transformation by heat treatment was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microhardness and the scratch and corrosion resistance of the coatings were evaluated and compared before and after different heat treatments. The results showed that in as-plated condition, the addition of SiC particles in the coatings did not modify the microstructure, microhardness, or electrochemical behavior. However, the SiC particles’ role was disclosed in combination with heat treatment. Composite coatings that were heat treated at 300 °C had higher microhardness and scratch resistance than the pure NiP one. In addition, composite coatings maintained their scratch resistance up to 400 °C, while in the case of the NiP ones, there was a reduction in scratch resistance by heating at 400 °C. It was also concluded that heating temperature has the main role in hardness and corrosion resistance of NiP and composite coatings, rather than heating time. The optimum heat-treatment protocol was found to be heating at 360 °C for 2 h, which resulted in a maximum microhardness of about 1500 HV0.02 for NiP and its composite coating without sacrificing the corrosion resistance.
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Francis, Rohin. "Nip/Tuck." BMJ 328, Suppl S2 (February 1, 2004): 040285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.040285.
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Marjot, R. "Nip - ple." Anaesthesia 55, no. 4 (April 2000): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01378-47.x.
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Hesselman, Cristian, Paola Grosso, Ralph Holz, Fernando Kuipers, Janet Hui Xue, Mattijs Jonker, Joeri de Ruiter, et al. "A Responsible Internet to Increase Trust in the Digital World." Journal of Network and Systems Management 28, no. 4 (September 7, 2020): 882–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10922-020-09564-7.
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Abstract Policy makers in regions such as Europe are increasingly concerned about the trustworthiness and sovereignty of the foundations of their digital economy, because it often depends on systems operated or manufactured elsewhere. To help curb this problem, we propose the novel notion of a responsible Internet, which provides higher degrees of trust and sovereignty for critical service providers (e.g., power grids) and all kinds of other users by improving the transparency, accountability, and controllability of the Internet at the network-level. A responsible Internet accomplishes this through two new distributed and decentralized systems. The first is the Network Inspection Plane (NIP), which enables users to request measurement-based descriptions of the chains of network operators (e.g., ISPs and DNS and cloud providers) that handle their data flows or could potentially handle them, including the relationships between them and the properties of these operators. The second is the Network Control Plane (NCP), which allows users to specify how they expect the Internet infrastructure to handle their data (e.g., in terms of the security attributes that they expect chains of network operators to have) based on the insights they gained from the NIP. We discuss research directions and starting points to realize a responsible Internet by combining three currently largely disjoint research areas: large-scale measurements (for the NIP), open source-based programmable networks (for the NCP), and policy making (POL) based on the NIP and driving the NCP. We believe that a responsible Internet is the next stage in the evolution of the Internet and that the concept is useful for clean slate Internet systems as well.
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Cross, Russell W., and Nelson Y. Dzade. "First-Principles Mechanistic Insights into the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Ni2P Electrocatalyst in Alkaline Medium." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030307.
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Nickel phosphide (Ni2P) is a promising material for the electrocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water. Here, we present a chemical picture of the fundamental mechanism of Volmer–Tafel steps in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity under alkaline conditions at the (0001) and (10 1 ¯ 0) surfaces of Ni2P using dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations. Two terminations of each surface (Ni3P2- and Ni3P-terminated (0001); and Ni2P- and NiP-terminated (10 1 ¯ 0)), which have been shown to coexist in Ni2P samples depending on the experimental conditions, were studied. Water adsorption on the different terminations of the Ni2P (0001) and (10 1 ¯ 0) surfaces is shown to be exothermic (binding energy in the range of 0.33−0.68 eV) and characterized by negligible charge transfer to/from the catalyst surface (0.01−0.04 e−). High activation energy barriers (0.86−1.53 eV) were predicted for the dissociation of water on each termination of the Ni2P (0001) and (10 1 ¯ 0) surfaces, indicating sluggish kinetics for the initial Volmer step in the hydrogen evolution reaction over a Ni2P catalyst. Based on the predicted Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) at different surface sites, we found that the presence of Ni3-hollow sites on the (0001) surface and bridge Ni-Ni sites on the (10 1 ¯ 0) surface bind the H atom too strongly. To achieve facile kinetics for both the Volmer and Heyrovsky–Tafel steps, modification of the surface structure and tuning of the electronic properties through transition metal doping is recommended as an important strategy.
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Dil, Gökce, Ali Göksenli, Cagdas Calli, Faiz Muhaffel, Ali I. Aydeniz, Ahmed Yildiz, and Behiye Yüksel. "Heat Treated and As-Plated Electroless Duplex Ni-P/Ni-B Coatings: Evaluation of Hardness and Wear Resistance." Advanced Materials Research 853 (December 2013): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.264.
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The present work deals with the formation of NiP/NiB duplex coatings by electroless plating and evaluation of their hardness and wear resistance. The duplex coatings were prepared with Ni-P as the inner layer. To analyze the structure of the coatings, XRD analysis was carried out. According to the results, NiP and NiB coatings are amorphous in their as-plated condition and after applying heat-treatment at 450 °C for 1 h, both NiP and NiB coatings crystallize and produce nickel, nickel phosphide and nickel borides in the coatings. To determine the surface morphology and cross-section characteristics of the coatings, SEM observations were carried out and concluded that duplex coatings are uniform and good coherent exists between the duplex layers and the coatings are also connected closely to the substrate. The hardness of electroless nickel duplex coatings increased with applying heat treatment and reached maximum value at coatings annealed at 400 °C. To analyze the tribological properties, pin-on-disc tests were carried out. The wear track patterns on the coatings and on Al2O3balls were then examined by optical microscopy and EDS. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the coatings were lower than the substrate steel. Friction coefficient decreased from 0.43 to 0.36 and wear resistance decreased from 11.3 to 6.4 by applying heat treatment at 450 °C for 1 h to duplex coatings.
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Suzuki, Osamu. "Introduction of Electronic Nip Impression Measurement System “Sigma-Nip”." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 64, no. 8 (2010): 904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.64.904.
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Wikström, M., T. Nylund, and M. Rigdahl. "Calendering of coated paper and board in an extended soft nip." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1997-12-04-p289-298.
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Abstract Several coated paper products were calendered at different line loads with an extended soft nip, a conventional soft (polymer/steel) nip and a hard (steel/steel) nip. The central roll of the calender was heated to different temperatures; 140, 180 and 210 oC with the extended soft nip, 140 oC with the conventional soft nip and 140 and 180 "C with the hard nip. Calendering with the extended soft nip resulted in general in a paper product with a more uniform structure than that obtained when the other two types of nips were used. This was reflected in lower gloss variations of the coated surface and in a lower variance in the reflectance of paper samples subjected to a bum-out treatment. The latter may be interpreted in terms of a more uniform pore structure in the coating layer. Offset prints on a coated woodfree paper chiendered with the extended soft nip were less mottled than prints on the same paper calendered with the conventional soft nip. There was apparently a correlation between the variance in the bum-out reflectance of the paper samples and the mottle in the offset print. The effect of the extended soft nip on gloss, print gloss, surface roughness and bending stiffness is also reported.
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Yoshihara, Nobuhito, Ryoko Hiromatsu, Koichi Mizutani, Ji Wang Yan, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Laser Assist Powder Jet Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.58.
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Amorphous NiP plate is used as a mold of precision optical parts owing to the superior machinability. In the amorphous NiP plate, some pores, whose diameter is about 100m, are generated occasionally. At present, the amorphous NiP plates with pore are rejected. However, because size of the mold becomes large in recent years, the possibility of pores becomes high. In addition, the cost of the amorphous NiP plate also becomes high. Therefore, reparation method of the pore in the amorphous NiP plate should be developed. In this paper, laser assist powder jet deposition is proposed as a reparation method of the amorphous NiP plate. And fundamental experiments are carried out.
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Nakamura, Takanori, Yoshitaka Miyakawa, Atsushi Miyamura, Akiko Yamane, Hidenori Suzuki, Katsuaki Miyaji, Mamoru Ito, et al. "A Novel Non-Peptidyl Human C-Mpl Agonist, NIP-004, Stimulates Human Megakaryopoiesis and Thrombopoiesis." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3148.3148.
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Abstract Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a critical humoral regulator of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. TPO induces proliferation and maturation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocytic progenitors by stimulating its cognate receptor, Mpl. We screened 50,000 chemical libraries to find the lead compound which stimulates human leukemia cell line, UT-7/TPO expressing Mpl. NIP-004 is a novel synthetic compound which displays human (Hu) Mpl agonistic activity. NIP-004 stimulated proliferation of HuMpl-expressing cell lines such as UT-7/TPO and UT-7/EPO-HuMpl, but not murine (Mu) Mpl-expressing cell lines. NIP-004 induced megakaryocytic colonies from human CD34+ cells, but not mouse or cynomolgus monkey cells. These observations indicate that NIP-004 displays strict species specificity. We thus created a new xenotransplantation model to evaluate in vivo efficacy of NIP-004 for human megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. We used immunodeficient NOD/SCID/γcnull (NOG) mice as recipients, as this line displays high potency to reconstitute human hematopoiesis. NOG mice transplanted human cord blood-derived CD34+ cells were treated with NIP-004 at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day s.c. for 2 weeks. After treatment with NIP-004, we observed 1.5-fold increase of HuCD45+CD34+CD41a+ megakaryoblasts and 3-fold increase of HuCD41a+ 128N matured polyploid megakaryocytes in murine bone marrow (BM). NIP-004 increased the circulating HuCD41a+ platelets by 4-fold at day 14 with statistically significant differences. NIP-004 did not influence the total number of nucleated cells or MuCD41+ megakaryocytes, supporting its species specificity in vivo. The percentage of human HuCD45+CD34+ cells in murine BM was not altered by NIP-004. NIP-004 did not influence the total number (mixed human and murine) of red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. The number of MuCD41+ platelets and chimerism of HuCD45+ leucocytes in the peripheral blood were not altered by NIP-004 administration. Furthermore, NIP-004 did not influence the percentage of HuCD19+ B lymphoid, HuCD3+ T lymphoid or HuCD33+ myeloid cells among circulating HuCD45+ cells. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis demonstrated that the morphology of HuCD41a+ platelets in NIP-004-treated xenotranplanted mice was indistinguishable from normal human peripheral platelets. We also confirmed that ADP stimulation induced the surface expression of CD62P and the active form of gpIIb-IIIa in HuCD41a+ platelets from NIP-004-treated xenotransplanted mice at almost the same rate as vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, NIP-004 possesses HuMpl agonistic activity that was confirmed by the proliferation of various TPO-responsive cell lines and primary human hematopoietic progenitor cells. NIP-004 stimulated human megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in a xenotransplant animal model. These results indicated NIP-004 has strong potential for clinical development as a new treatment for thrombocytopenia.
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Ramalho, A., and J. C. Miranda. "Friction and wear of electroless NiP and NiP+PTFE coatings." Wear 259, no. 7-12 (July 2005): 828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.052.
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Murray, Audrey, Banu Örmeci, and Edward P. C. Lai. "Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from wastewater using polymer particles." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.481.
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This study evaluated the use of particles of molecularly imprinted and non-imprinted polymers (MIP and NIP) as a wastewater treatment method for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). MIP and NIP remove EDCs through adsorption and therefore do not result in the formation of partially degraded products. The results show that both MIP and NIP particles are effective for removal of EDCs, and NIP have the advantage of not being as compound-specific as the MIP and hence can remove a diverse range of compounds including 17-β-estradiol (E2), atrazine, bisphenol A, and diethylstilbestrol. Removal of E2 from wastewater was also tested to determine the effectiveness of NIP in the presence of interfering substances and natural organic matter. Removal of E2 from wastewater samples was high and increased with increasing NIP. NIP represent an effective way of removing a wide variety of EDCs from wastewater.
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Suhita, Astrini Arimurti, and Subandi Subandi. "Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Wanita Menikah dengan Gangguan Fertilitas Idiopatik melalui Terapi Narima Ing Pandum." Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.45348.
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Abstract. Conceiving a child in marriage is one factor that influencing well-being. The inability to have a child means to pressure and suffering for the couple, especially toward women with idiopathic infertility. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Narima Ing Pandum (NIP) therapy. NIP was developed based on Javanese values of sabar (patience), syukur (gratitude) and narima (acceptance). This study used a single case A-B-A design. Psychological well-being and NIP measured using NIP checklist and psychological well-being checklist. Visual inspection and descriptive analysis were used. The result indicated that NIP therapy increased the psychological well being of married women with idiopathic infertility, marked by the increasing of NIP values of the two participants.
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Algul, Hasan, Mehmet Uysal, and Ahmet Alp. "A comparative study on morphological, mechanical and tribological properties of electroless NiP, NiB and NiBP coatings." Applied Surface Science Advances 4 (June 2021): 100089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100089.
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Huh, Seok-Hwan, Sung-Ho Choi, An-Seob Shin, Gi-Ho Jeong, Suk-Jin Ham, and Keun-Soo Kim. "Characterization of the surface morphology of electroless NiP deposited on conductive Cu film." Circuit World 41, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-01-2015-0003.
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Purpose – This study aims to elucidate the reaction mechanism of electroless NiP deposits on conductive but non-catalytic Cu films on the basis of their nucleation and growth without Pd catalyst and to measure the deposition rate and activation energy of electroless NiP deposits on the non-catalytic Cu film at various deposition times (60, 120, 240 and 480 s) and temperatures (70, 80 and 90°C) at pH 4.6. Design/methodology/approach – Specimens with and without Pd catalyst on Cu film were prepared as follows: the Pd catalyst was deposited on half of the Cu film using a deposition protector, and the specimen containing the Pd catalyst deposited on half of its area was immersed in electroless NiP solution. The growth of NiP on the Cu films with and without the Pd catalyst was observed. Findings – The number of Pd nanoparticles increased with Pd activation time; the nucleation of Pd dominated over growth at 60 s. Lattice images show that the d-spacing of Ni nanoparticles doped with less than 10 at% P increased to 2.050 Å. Nucleation of NiP deposits occurred simultaneously in the specimens with and without the Pd catalyst, because electrons could be transferred via the conductive Cu. Therefore, the reaction mechanism of the electroless NiP deposited on Cu film appears to be electrochemical. The activation energies for NiP deposits (15 s Pd with catalytic Pd, 15 s Pd without catalytic Pd, 60 s Pd with catalytic Pd and 60 s Pd without catalytic Pd) on the Cu film are 65.8, 64.0, 64.3 and 58.1 kJ/mol, respectively. This demonstrates that, regardless of the volume and the presence of catalytic Pd, the activation energy of electroless NiP has a consistent value. Research limitations/implications – It is necessary to study the relationship between the volume of Pd nanoparticles and the nucleation rate of NiP at an initial stage, as there are limited data regarding the effect of Pd volume on the nucleation rate of NiP. Originality/value – The reaction mechanism of the electroless NiP deposited on conductive but non-catalytic Cu film involves electrochemical reactions because the nucleation of NiP deposits occurs on conductive Cu film regardless of the presence of the Pd catalyst.
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Pittermann, Udo, Sigrid Ripper, and Konrad G. Weil. "Isothermal Crystallization of Glassy NiP Alloys / Isotherme Kristallisation glasartiger NiP-Legierungen." International Journal of Materials Research 79, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-1988-790902.
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Cauley, Diana H., Bradley J. Atkinson, Chaan S. Ng, Randall E. Millikan, Lianchun Xiao, Paul Gettys Corn, Eric Jonasch, and Nizar M. Tannir. "mTOR inhibitor-associated noninfectious pneumonitis in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer: A single-center experience." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e15612-e15612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e15612.
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e15612 Background: Noninfectious pneumonitis (NIP) is a known adverse effect of mTOR inhibitors, with a reported incidence of 25-45%. The goal of this review was to characterize the incidence, onset, management, and clinical outcomes of pts with mRCC who experienced mTOR inhibitor-associated NIP at our tertiary cancer center. Methods: Retrospective review of 310 mRCC pts who received everolimus and/or temsirolimus between 6/1/2007 and 10/1/2010. Clinical correlation was made in conjunction with serial radiologic imaging studies. Results: 36 mRCC pts (12%) treated with an mTOR inhibitor developed NIP with a median time to symptom onset of 65 d (21-855) and radiographic appearance of 62.5 d (35-736). 23 pts (21%) received everolimus compared to 13 pts (6%) who received temsirolimus (P<0.0001). Median time to onset, radiographic appearance, and NCI CTCAE pneumonitis grade did not differ significantly between treatments (P=NS). Increased age (OR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.004-1.08) and everolimus (OR 4.106; 95% CI: 1.96-8.6) were associated with a greater risk of NIP. NCI CTCAE grade 2 NIP severity was most common (78%). mTOR inhibitor therapy was discontinued in 9 pts (25%); continued at same dose in 7 pts (19%), dose reduced in 2 pts (6%); held and resumed at lower dose in 2 pts (6%), and held and then resumed at same dose in 1 pt (3%). Median time on treatment was greater for pts who developed NIP; 4.1 vs 2 mo (P=0.035). Median OS was significantly greater for NIP pts; 15.4 vs 7.4 mo (P<0.0001). 3-yr survival of NIP pts was 35.4% vs 7.2% (P<0.0001). Predictors of improved OS included NIP (HR 0.315; 95% CI: 0.2-0.495; P<0.0001). Conclusions: A higher incidence of NIP was observed in mRCC pts treated with everolimus than temsirolimus. The finding of improved OS in pts who developed NIP is intriguing and should be further investigated.
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Yuan, Xue Tao, Zhi Qiang Hua, Lei Wang, Dong Bai Sun, and Song Lin Chen. "Effect of Nano-Al2O3 Particles on the NiP/nano-Al2O3 Coatings’ Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1668.
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Composite coatings were prepared using electroless nickel bath containing different concentrations of Al2O3nano-particles. The analyses of coating compositions, carried out by EDS, showed that there is marginal difference between phosphorus contents of NiP and NiP/nano-Al2O3deposits. The structure of the coatings was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It has been found that the co-deposition of nano-Al2O3particles with Ni disturbs the NiP coating’s regular surface structure and increases its surface roughness. DC and AC electrochemical tests were carried out on such coatings in a 3.5wt.% solution of NaCl in order to evaluate their corrosion resistance. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests both showed that, the corrosion resistance of NiP-Al2O3coatings firstly increases and then decreases when Al2O3concentration in electroless bath is increasing, but the corrosion resistance of NiP-Al2O3composite coating is better than that of amorphous NiP coating.
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Myshkin, Nikolai K., Andrei Ya Grigoriev, and Dzmitry M. Gutsev. "Friction of Thin Electroless NiP and NiP-SiO2 Coatings on Aluminium Alloy Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 527 (November 2012): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.527.92.
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Thin NiP and NiP+SiO2 coatings were deposited by electroless techniques on aluminum alloy plates. Dry sliding tests against Al2O3 counterbody with the ball on plate contact geometry and reciprocal moving were carried out. The results of tribological tests showed that the friction coefficient of the modified coating at loads above 500 mN by 3-4 times, and wear 1.4-2 times lower than for original NiP coatings. It was found that during friction of NiP and NiP+SiO2 coatings different tribochemical processes are realized. These processes lead to the formation of different by chemical composition of P, Ni and O of secondary structures on the friction surfaces and as result to different tribological properties of the investigated coatings.
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Xia, W. S., Y. Fan, Y. S. Jiang, and Y. Chen. "Local surface state of amorphous NiP and NiB alloy catalysts." Applied Surface Science 103, no. 1 (September 1996): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(96)00519-3.
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Ma, Tianlin, Jianfei Ding, Xueli Liu, Gangling Chen, and Jiandong Zheng. "Gas Phase Dehydration of Glycerol to Acrolein Over Nickel Phosphate Catalysts." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 7680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18873.
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We investigated the catalytic performance of glycerol conversion to acrolein on nickel phosphates samples (NiP-T (T = 300,400,500,600, and 700 °C)). The textural property, acidity of the fresh catalyst and carbon content of the used NiP-500 were also determined. The results showed that NiP was amorphous under the appropriate calcination temperature. The textural property, acid amount and strength were important in this reaction. Glycerol conversion was proportional to the acid amount of the sample. After 2 h on stream, NiP-500 with the largest pore size, largest acid amount and largest number of moderate acid sites had the maximum catalytic performance (89% glycerol conversion and 64% acrolein selectivity). NiP-700 showed the lowest performance (48% glycerol conversion and 34% acrolein selectivity), which is due to the lowest surface area, pore size and the lowest acid amount of NiP-700. Moreover, the catalyst deactivation was ascribed to carbon deposition on phosphates during the reaction.
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Kuan, Tse-fu, and Roderick S. Bucknell. "Structure and Formation of the A?guttara Nik?ya and the Ekottarika ?gama." Buddhist Studies Review 36, no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsr.39045.
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In both the A?guttara Nik?ya in Pali and the Ekottarika ?gamain Chinese translation, the suttas are grouped into eleven nip?tas (“books”), from the Ekaka-nip?ta/Eka-nip?ta (Book of Ones) to the Ek?dasaka-nip?ta (Book of Elevens) – though in the Ekottarika ?gama the nip?tas are not labelled as such. This grouping into nip?tas is based on the number of doctrinal items dealt with in the component suttas. In the Ones and Twos, it is often the case that a single original sutta has been subdivided so that its component sections become a series of similarly structured derivative suttas superficially appropriate for inclusion in the Ones or Twos. Moreover, material for this process of subdividing has sometimes been provided by multiplying doctrinal sets with formulaic statements. In most of the remaining nip?tas the phenomena noted in the Ones and Twos are also present, but on a much smaller scale. In view of their Chinese counterparts in the Sa?yukta ?gama, some groups of suttas in the A?guttara Nik?ya with sa?yutta-like nature were probably moved from the Sa?yutta Nik?ya to the A?guttara Nik?ya within the Pali tradition. Evidence of a comparable movement into the Ekottarika ?gama is also available. The artificial suttas created by subdivision and the original suttas shared by the Ekottarika ?gama and the A?guttara Nik?ya largely retained their original places at the beginning of each nip?ta, while the genuine suttas, probably earlier located in the Sa?yukta ?gama and Madhyama ?gama, were added progressively at the end of the growing nip?ta.
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Kuan, Tse-fu, and Roderick S. Bucknell. "Structure and Formation of the Anguttara Nikaya and the Ekottarika Agama." Buddhist Studies Review 36, no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.39045.
Full textAbstract:
In both the Anguttara Nikaya in Pali and the Ekottarika Agamain Chinese translation, the suttas are grouped into eleven nip?tas (“books”), from the Ekaka-nip?ta/Eka-nip?ta (Book of Ones) to the Ek?dasaka-nip?ta (Book of Elevens) – though in the Ekottarika ?gama the nip?tas are not labelled as such. This grouping into nip?tas is based on the number of doctrinal items dealt with in the component suttas. In the Ones and Twos, it is often the case that a single original sutta has been subdivided so that its component sections become a series of similarly structured derivative suttas superficially appropriate for inclusion in the Ones or Twos. Moreover, material for this process of subdividing has sometimes been provided by multiplying doctrinal sets with formulaic statements. In most of the remaining nip?tas the phenomena noted in the Ones and Twos are also present, but on a much smaller scale. In view of their Chinese counterparts in the Sa?yukta ?gama, some groups of suttas in the A?guttara Nik?ya with sa?yutta-like nature were probably moved from the Sa?yutta Nik?ya to the A?guttara Nik?ya within the Pali tradition. Evidence of a comparable movement into the Ekottarika ?gama is also available. The artificial suttas created by subdivision and the original suttas shared by the Ekottarika ?gama and the A?guttara Nik?ya largely retained their original places at the beginning of each nip?ta, while the genuine suttas, probably earlier located in the Sa?yukta ?gama and Madhyama ?gama, were added progressively at the end of the growing nip?ta.
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Halevi, Yatir, Assaf Hasson, and Franziska Jahnke. "Definable V-topologies, Henselianity and NIP." Journal of Mathematical Logic 20, no. 02 (November 15, 2019): 2050008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219061320500087.
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We initiate the study of definable [Formula: see text]-topologies and show that there is at most one such [Formula: see text]-topology on a [Formula: see text]-henselian NIP field. Equivalently, we show that if [Formula: see text] is a bi-valued NIP field with [Formula: see text] henselian (respectively, [Formula: see text]-henselian), then [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are comparable (respectively, dependent). As a consequence, Shelah’s conjecture for NIP fields implies the henselianity conjecture for NIP fields. Furthermore, the latter conjecture is proved for any field admitting a henselian valuation with a dp-minimal residue field. We conclude by showing that Shelah’s conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any NIP field not contained in the algebraic closure of a finite field is [Formula: see text]-henselian.
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Jabs, Burkhard Emanuel, Andreas Joachim Bartsch, and Bruno Pfuhlmann. "Susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism—age and increased substantia nigra echogenicity as putative risk factors." European Psychiatry 18, no. 4 (June 2003): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(03)00045-2.
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AbstractObjectivePatients treated by neuroleptics often develop neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism (NIP) to a varying extent. The reasons for this are discussed controversially in the literature. Previous transcranial sonography (TCS) findings of the substantia nigra (SN) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease suggest a correlation of echogenicity with nigrostriatal dysfunction.MethodsOne hundred psychiatric patients receiving neuroleptics were included. They underwent clinical examination for NIP (Simpson and Angus-scale) and, independently, TCS of the SN. History of smoking habits and medication were taken from the patient’s chart.ResultsWe found a significant positive association of the prevalence of NIP with age (P < 0.01) and the echogenic area of the SN (P < 0.05). Neither type nor dosage of the neuroleptics was found to have any significant impact on the occurrence of NIP. Smokers displayed lower prevalence of NIP (P < 0.05) and lower EPS scores (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that age and increased size of SN echogenicity are possible risk factors for NIP. In contrast, smoking seems to have a certain protecting effect.
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Zhang, Xiangfen, Hanxin Wu, Zunye Ke, Jiafei Yang, Hongzhou Chen, Feng Xue, and Enyong Ding. "A new effective way to degrade methylene blue by introducing negative ions powder into Fe3O4/H2O2 system to accelerate Fe(III)/Fe(II) transformation." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 8 (March 16, 2021): 1834–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.097.
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Abstract Negative ions powders (NIP) have been widely applied in many fields because of their natural electric field and far infrared radiation, especially in wastewater treatment. In this study, the NIP was first introduced into Fe3O4/H2O2 system to degrade methylene blue (MB). The MB removal was completely achieved at 5 h via a non-photochemical pathway and the degradation rate constant of this system is about 0.565 h−1, which is about 16 times higher than in Fe3O4/H2O2 Fenton-like system (0.035 h−1). In addition, the results of quenching experiments indicate that the electron (e−) and negative oxygen ion (•O2−) are the main reactive species. It was determined that Fe3O4@NIP is the effective component that leads to the activation of H2O2 to produce •OH, which derive from the pathway: NIP acts as an electron donor to reduce Fe(III) into Fe(II). Moreover, NIP can produce negative ions, which is also conductive to degradation. This study suggests a promising direction for the practical application of NIP based catalysis by integrating it with the Fe(III)/Fe(II) transformation process.
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Chernikov, Artem, and Pierre Simon. "Definably amenable NIP groups." Journal of the American Mathematical Society 31, no. 3 (February 1, 2018): 609–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/jams/896.
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Jahnke, Franziska, and Pierre Simon. "NIP henselian valued fields." Archive for Mathematical Logic 59, no. 1-2 (June 29, 2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00153-019-00685-8.
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Pillay, Anand. "Stable embeddedness and NIP." Journal of Symbolic Logic 76, no. 2 (June 2011): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1305810769.
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AbstractWe give some sufficient conditions for a predicate P in a complete theory T to be “stably embedded”. Let be P with its “induced ∅-definable structure”. The conditions are that (or rather its theory) is “rosy”. P has NIP in T and that P is stably 1-embedded in T. This generalizes a recent result of Hasson and Onshuus [6] which deals with the case where P is o-minimal in T. Our proofs make use of the theory of strict nonforking and weight in NIP theories ([3], [10]).
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Bohan, M. F. J., I. J. Fox, T. C. Claypole, and D. T. Gethin. "Influence of non-Newtonian fluids on the performance of a soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication contact with surface roughness." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 217, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065003322620273.
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The paper focuses on the development and results of a numerical model to evaluate the fluid transfer behaviour for non-Newtonian fluids in a rough soft elastohydrodynamic nip contact. The solution required coupling of the fluid and elastomer regimes, with a multi-gridding technique to facilitate the high mesh densities required to capture the rough surface representation. The non-Newtonian fluid behaviour was modelled using a power-law model. The study evaluated circumferential and longitudinal roughness forms. The introduction of longitudinal roughness introduced significant shear in the nip with the resultant large change to the viscosity profile. This also removed the stagnation point in the centre of the nip. The longitudinal roughness had a large impact on the film thickness and flow through the nip while the circumferential affected the local performance of the nip but not its overall pumping capacity.
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Choy, E., V. Bykerk, Y. Lee, G. St John, H. Van Hoogstraten, K. Ford, A. Praestgaard, and A. Sebba. "SAT0102 NONINFLAMMATORY PAIN IS A FREQUENT PHENOMENON IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND RESPONDS WELL TO TREATMENT WITH SARILUMAB." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 984.1–985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2015.
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Background:Inflammation is clearly a key driver of pain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, in some patients the level of pain exceeds what would be expected based on the amount of synovitis observed, which may indicate the presence of noninflammatory pain (NIP). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown in animal models to increase sensitization to pain and may play a role in NIP.Objectives:To assess the effect of sarilumab, a human IL-6 receptor inhibitor approved for the treatment of adults with moderate to severely active RA, on NIP and disease activity, stratified by baseline (BL) NIP status.Methods:The analysis included data from three Phase 3 studies of sarilumab: MOBILITY (NCT01061736), MONARCH (NCT02332590), and TARGET (NCT01709578). Patients received double-blind placebo or sarilumab 150 mg or 200 mg subcutaneously (SC) every 2 weeks (q2w), plus weekly csDMARD (MOBILITY and TARGET), or adalimumab 40 mg or sarilumab 200 mg SC q2w as monotherapy (MONARCH).NIP was defined using an established formula: tender 28-joint count (TJC) – swollen 28-joint count (SJC) ≥7.1,2Patients were assessed for NIP at study BL and for change in NIP status at Weeks 12 and 24. The proportion of patients achieving ACR20/50/70, Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤10, and DAS28-CRP <3.2 at Week 24 was assessed in patients with and without BL NIP. No inferential statistics were performed.Results:Of 2112 patients in the analysis, 490 (23%) met the criteria for NIP at study BL: MOBILITY, n = 294/1197 (25%); MONARCH, n = 90/369 (24%); TARGET, n = 106/546 (19%). BL demographics were similar for patients with or without BL NIP: mean age (SD) was 52.6 (10.7) versus 51.2 (12.3) years, and 85% versus 81% were female. Patients with BL NIP had higher CDAI, DAS28-CRP, pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and TJC at BL versus patients without NIP (Table). Of patients with NIP at BL, those who received sarilumab were more likely to have no NIP at Weeks 12 and 24 versus patients who received placebo or adalimumab (Figure 1). The percentage of patients achieving improvements in disease activity at Week 24 was greater for sarilumab versus adalimumab among both patients with and without BL NIP, and these differences were larger among patients with BL NIP for all assessments except ACR50 (Figure 2).Table.Baseline characteristicsPatients with TJC – SCJ ≥7Mean (SD)Yes (n = 490)No (n = 1622)Duration of RA, years9.1 (8.6)9.7 (8.4)TJC, 0–2821.7 (4.7)14.3 (6.2)SJC, 0–2810.7 (4.3)13.1 (6.0)CRP, mg/L22.7 (27.0)22.9 (24.0)HAQ-DI, 0–31.8 (0.6)1.7 (0.6)DAS28-CRP6.4 (0.7)5.9 (0.9)CDAI46.0 (9.4)40.4 (13.0)Pain VAS72.3 (18.2)67.0 (20.7)Conclusion:NIP was prevalent at BL in the patient populations assessed. Among patients with BL NIP, a lower proportion continued to have NIP at Weeks 12 and 24 when treated with sarilumab versus placebo or adalimumab. Patients with and without BL NIP had greater improvements in pain when treated with sarilumab versus adalimumab. The difference in clinical improvement was greater among patients with BL NIP versus without BL NIP for most measures. These trends support the emerging concept that mechanisms other than direct inflammation may contribute to pain in RA, potentially mediated via IL-6 signaling.References:[1]Durán J et al.Rheumatology. 2015;54:2166–70[2]Pollard LC et al.Rheumatology. 2010;49:924–8Acknowledgments:Study funding and medical writing support (Joseph Hodgson, PhD, Adelphi Communications Ltd, Macclesfield, UK) provided by Sanofi Genzyme (Cambridge, MA, USA) and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Tarrytown, NJ, USA) in accordance with GPP3 guidelines.Disclosure of Interests:Ernest Choy Grant/research support from: Amgen, Bio-Cancer, Chugai Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Novimmune, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chelsea Therapeutics, Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Hospita, Ionis, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merrimack Pharmaceutical, Napp, Novartis, Novimmune, ObsEva, Pfizer, R-Pharm, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, SynAct Pharma, Sanofi Genzyme, Tonix, UCB, Speakers bureau: Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharma, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Vivian Bykerk: None declared, Yvonne Lee Shareholder of: Cigna-Express Scripts, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Consultant of: Highland Instruments, Inc., Gregory St John Shareholder of: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Employee of: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Hubert van Hoogstraten Shareholder of: Sanofi, Employee of: Sanofi, Kerri Ford Shareholder of: Sanofi Genzyme, Employee of: Sanofi Genzyme, Amy Praestgaard Employee of: Sanofi Genzyme, Anthony Sebba Consultant of: Genentech, Gilead, Lilly, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, Speakers bureau: Lilly, Roche, Sanofi
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Chen, Jinshe, Lijun Zhu, Yuzhi Xiang, and Daohong Xia. "Effect of Calcination Temperature on Structural Properties and Catalytic Performance of Novel Amorphous NiP/Hβ Catalyst for n-Hexane Isomerization." Catalysts 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070811.
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To study how calcination temperature influences the structural properties and catalytic performance of a novel amorphous NiP/Hβ catalyst, amorphous NiP/Hβ catalysts calcined at different temperatures were prepared for n-hexane isomerization. The optimum calcination temperature was determined, and the effect of calcination temperature on the structural properties of the catalysts was investigated using different characterization methods, such as XRD, TPD and so on. It was found that the optimum calcination temperature was 200 °C. Simultaneously, the amorphous NiP/Hβ catalyst showed good application potential as a non-noble metal catalyst. Calcination temperatures from 100 to 400 °C had almost no effect on pore properties. Meanwhile, the acid properties of the amorphous NiP/Hβ catalyst were affected very little by calcination temperature. By increasing calcination temperature, the dispersion state of amorphous NiP became worse at 300 °C, and then the structure of NiP changed from an amorphous structure into a crystalline structure at 400 °C. In addition, the catalyst became more difficult to reduce with the increase in calcination temperature. Combined with the results of n-hexane isomerization catalyzed by different samples, the mechanism by which calcination temperature affects n-hexane isomerization over catalyst was revealed. It was shown that for the amorphous NiP/Hβ catalyst, calcination temperature influences the catalytic performance mainly by affecting the dispersion degree and structure of active components.
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Ito, Yoshinori, Shinzaburo Noguchi, Ines Deleu, José Baselga, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Thomas Denis Bachelot, Norikazu Masuda, et al. "Incidence, management, and resolution of noninfectious pneumonitis in BOLERO-2." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.561.
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561 Background: The BOLERO-2 trial showed that adding everolimus (EVE) to exemestane (EXE) more than doubled progression-free survival (PFS) without reducing quality of life versus placebo (PBO) + EXE alone in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor–positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (ABC) progressing on/after nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (NSAI) therapy. Although generally well tolerated, mTOR inhibitors such as EVE have been associated with noninfectious pneumonitis (NIP). Methods: Patients (pts) were randomized 2:1 to receive EVE+EXE or PBO+EXE. Incidence and severity of NIP, consequent dose interruptions/adjustments, study drug discontinuations, and time to resolution were recorded. Results: Median duration of exposure to EVE was 24 weeks with median dose intensity of 8.6 mg/d. Pulmonary adverse events (AEs) of any grade (NIP, interstitial lung disease, lung infiltration, pneumonia, or pulmonary fibrosis) were recorded in 97 of 482 pts (20%) in the EVE+EXE arm versus 1 of 238 pts (<1%) in the PBO+EXE arm. Of these, 16% of pts (77 of 482) in the EVE+EXE arm versus 0 in the PBO+EXE arm had a diagnosis consistent with NIP. In the EVE+EXE arm, grade 1 (no symptoms), grade 2 and 3 NIP occurred in 7%, 6% and 3% of pts, respectively, and no grade 4 events were reported. Complete resolution of NIP to grade ≤1 was recorded for all but 4 pts for whom NIP was still observed at last follow-up before study discontinuation. Overall, in the EVE+EXE arm, NIP was recorded as the reason for dose interruption and treatment discontinuation in 7.5% and 5.6% of pts, respectively. Conclusions: Data from BOLERO-2 support the combination of EVE and EXE to significantly prolong PFS in postmenopausal women with HR+, HER2– ABC progressing on/after NSAI. The incidence of NIP in this study was generally consistent with reports from other oncology settings, was of mild to moderate severity, and was generally reversible with appropriate interventions and temporary dose modifications. Patient and healthcare provider education for early diagnosis and management of NIP are highly recommended. Clinical trial information: NCT00863655.
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Masykur, Abu, Sri Juari Santosa, Dwi Siswanta, and Jumina Jumina. "Synthesis of Pb(II) Imprinted Carboxymethyl Chitosan and the Application as Sorbent for Pb(II) Ion." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 14, no. 2 (July 25, 2014): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21252.
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The aims of this research is to synthesize Pb(II) imprinted polymers with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) as polymers and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) as cross-linker (Pb-IIP). Chitosan (CTS), non imprinted polymer (NIP) and Pb-IIP were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer (SAA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The result showed that the adsorption was optimum at pH 5 and contact time of 250 min. Adsorption of Pb(II) ion with all of adsorbents followed pseudo-second order kinetic equation. Adsorption of Pb(II) ion on CTS followed Freundlich isotherm while that on NIP and Pb-IIP followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorbent of Pb-IIP give higher capacity than the NIP and CTS. Adsorption capacity of Pb-IIP, NIP and CTS were 167.1, 128.9 and 76.1 mg/g, respectively. NIP gave higher adsorption selectivity for Pb(II)/Ni(II) and Pb(II)/Cu(II), whereas Pb-IIP showed higher adsorption selectivity for Pb(II)/Cd(II).The hydrogen bonding dominated interaction between Pb(II) ion on NIP and Pb-IIP.
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Okada, Kazuma, Naoto Ito, Satoko Yamaoka, Tatsunori Masatani, Hideki Ebihara, Hideo Goto, Kento Nakagawa, Hiromichi Mitake, Kota Okadera, and Makoto Sugiyama. "Roles of the Rabies Virus Phosphoprotein Isoforms in Pathogenesis." Journal of Virology 90, no. 18 (July 6, 2016): 8226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00809-16.
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ABSTRACTRabies virus (RABV) P gene mRNA encodes five in-frame start codons, resulting in expression of full-length P protein (P1) and N-terminally truncated P proteins (tPs), designated P2, P3, P4, and P5. Despite the fact that some tPs are known as interferon (IFN) antagonists, the importance of tPs in the pathogenesis of RABV is still unclear. In this study, to examine whether tPs contribute to pathogenesis, we exploited a reverse genetics approach to generate CE(NiP)ΔP2-5, a mutant of pathogenic CE(NiP) in which the P gene was mutated by replacing all of the start codons (AUG) for tPs with AUA. We confirmed that while CE(NiP) expresses detectable levels of P2 and P3, CE(NiP)ΔP2-5 has an impaired ability to express these tPs. After intramuscular inoculation, CE(NiP)ΔP2-5 caused significantly lower morbidity and mortality rates in mice than did CE(NiP), indicating that tPs play a critical role in RABV neuroinvasiveness. Further examinations revealed that this less neuroinvasive phenotype of CE(NiP)ΔP2-5 correlates with its impaired ability to replicate in muscle cells, indicative of the importance of tPs in viral replication in muscle cells. We also demonstrated that CE(NiP)ΔP2-5 infection induced a higher level ofIfn-βgene expression in muscle cells than did CE(NiP) infection, consistent with the results of an IFN-β promoter reporter assay suggesting that all tPs function to antagonize IFN induction in muscle cells. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that tPs promote viral replication in muscle cells through their IFN antagonist activities and thereby support infection of peripheral nerves.IMPORTANCEDespite the fact that previous studies have demonstrated that P2 and P3 of RABV have IFN antagonist activities, the actual importance of tPs in pathogenesis has remained unclear. Here, we provide the first evidence that tPs contribute to the pathogenesis of RABV, especially its neuroinvasiveness. Our results also show the mechanism underlying the neuroinvasiveness driven by tPs, highlighting the importance of their IFN antagonist activities, which support viral replication in muscle cells.
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Yamane, Akiko, Atsushi Miyamura, Takanori Nakamura, Norihisa Ishiwata, Katsuaki Miyaji, Nobutomo Tsuruzoe, Yasuo Ikeda, and Yoshitaka Miyakawa. "A Structure-Function Analysis Revealed Histidine in the Transmembrane Domain of Human Thrombopoietin Receptor Is Essential for a Novel Non-Peptidyl Thromobopoietin Mimetics, NIP-004, To Induce Signaling for Cellular Proliferation." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3149.3149.
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Abstract NIP-004 is a novel synthetic compound that displays human (Hu) thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl) agonistic activity. NIP-004 stimulated proliferation of HuMpl-expressing cell lines such as UT-7/EPO-HuMpl and Ba/F3-HuMpl, but not murine (Mu) Mpl-expressing cell lines such as UT-7/EPO-MuMpl and Ba/F3-MuMpl. NIP-004 or its derivative compound stimulated colony formation of CD41a+ megakaryocytes from human bone marrow (BM)-derived CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, but not from murine BM cells or cynomolgus or rhesus monkey BM-derived CD34+ cells. These results indicated that NIP-004 has strict species specificity. To identify a molecular basis for the species specificity displayed by NIP-004, we analyzed the amino acid sequence of Mpl from two non-human primates, cynomolgus and rhesus. Cynomolgus Mpl displayed the highest level of sequence homology, 96% identical to HuMpl, with only 22 amino-acids differing between the two species, and 14 residues in the 22 amino-acids of HuMpl differed from rhesus Mpl. Comparison of these 14 amino-acid residues as either hydrophobic or hydrophilic and either electrically charged or uncharged revealed distinguishing features of an amino acid residue. Histidine (His) at position 499 from the N-terminal residue in the transmembrane domain of HuMpl is specific for humans. We thus performed site-directed mutagenesis this residue in HuMpl and MuMpl, and analyzed STAT5 activation via each receptor in the Hek293 human embryonic kidney cell line using STAT-reporter gene assay. Wild-type HuMpl, but not MuMpl, activated STAT5 after stimulation with NIP-004. HuMpl with His499 mutated to Leu (HuMplH499L) failed to induce STAT5 activation via NIP-004 stimulation. Conversely, when MuMpl was engineered to contain His490 (MuMplL490H), it was then capable of activating STAT5. Furthermore, NIP-004 stimulated proliferation of Ba/F3-MuMplL490H cells, but not Ba/F3-HuMplH499L cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that NIP-004 induced phosphorylation of STAT5 proteins in Ba/F3-HuMpl and Ba/F3-MuMplL490H cells, but not Ba/F3-MuMpl and Ba/F3-HuMplH499L cells. All Ba/F3 transfectants expressing these Mpl constructs responded to TPO stimulation. These observations indicate that His in the transmembrane domain of Mpl is an essential residue for the ability of NIP-004 to act as an Mpl agonist. We also found none of other experimental animals such as common marmoset, squirrel monkey, beagle dog, Japanese White rabbit, Syrian hamster, Hartley guinea pig and Wistar rat with His in the transmembrane of Mpl. Although His exists in the transmembrane domain of human G-CSFR, NIP-004 failed to stimulate the proliferation of Ba/F3 cells expressing human G-CSFR. In conclusion, a novel non-peptidyl synthetic compound, NIP-004, displays Mpl agonistic activity with strict species specificity via His in the transmembrane domain of Mpl.
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Al-Sabi, Ahmed, Seshu Kaza, Marie Le Berre, Liam O'Hara, MacDara Bodeker, Jiafu Wang, and J. Oliver Dolly. "Position-dependent attenuation by Kv1.6 of N-type inactivation of Kv1.4-containing channels." Biochemical Journal 438, no. 2 (August 12, 2011): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20102169.
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Assembly of distinct α subunits of Kv1 (voltage-gated K+ channels) into tetramers underlies the diversity of their outward currents in neurons. Kv1.4-containing channels normally exhibit N-type rapid inactivation, mediated through an NIB (N-terminal inactivation ball); this can be over-ridden if associated with a Kv1.6 α subunit, via its NIP (N-type inactivation prevention) domain. Herein, NIP function was shown to require positioning of Kv1.6 adjacent to the Kv1.4 subunit. Using a recently devised gene concatenation, heterotetrameric Kv1 channels were expressed as single-chain proteins on the plasmalemma of HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells, so their constituents could be arranged in different positions. Placing the Kv1.4 and 1.6 genes together, followed by two copies of Kv1.2, yielded a K+ current devoid of fast inactivation. Mutation of critical glutamates within the NIP endowed rapid inactivation. Moreover, separating Kv1.4 and 1.6 with a copy of Kv1.2 gave a fast-inactivating K+ current with steady-state inactivation shifted to more negative potentials and exhibiting slower recovery, correlating with similar inactivation kinetics seen for Kv1.4-(1.2)3. Alternatively, separating Kv1.4 and 1.6 with two copies of Kv1.2 yielded slow-inactivating currents, because in this concatamer Kv1.4 and 1.6 should be together. These findings also confirm that the gene concatenation can generate K+ channels with α subunits in pre-determined positions.
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Patrin, G. S., Ya G. Shiyan, K. G. Patrin, and V. P. Furdyk. "Magnetic Resonance in [(CoP)soft/NiP/(CoP)hard/NiP]n Multilayer Magnetic Springs." JETP Letters 107, no. 9 (May 2018): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364018090096.
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Caetano, Edie Benedito, Luiz Angelo Vieira, João José Sabongi Neto, Maurício Ferreira Caetano, Rodrigo Guerra Sabongi, and Bruno Azi Pacileo Cruz. "Estudo anatômico da inervação do músculo supinador para reinervar o nervo interósseo posterior." Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia 54, no. 03 (May 2019): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692459.
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Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo anatômico, foi analisar a possibilidade de transferir os ramos do nervo radial destinados ao músculo supinador para reinervar o nervo interósseo posterior (NIP), que se origina das raízes C7-T1. Métodos Foram dissecados 30 membros de 15 cadáveres, todos do sexo masculino, preparados por injeção intra-arterial de uma solução de glicerina e formol a 10%. Resultados Em todos os membros dissecados, encontramos pelo menos um ramo destinado a cada uma das cabeças – superficial e profunda – do músculo supinador. Esses tiveram origem no NIP. Identificamos, proximal à arcada de Frohse, um ramo para o supinador em seis membros; 2 ramos para o supinador em 11 membros e 3 ramos em 4 membros. Em dois membros, apenas um ramo desprendia-se do NIP, mas se duplicava proximalmente à arcada de Frohse. Em sete membros, não identificamos ramos para o supinador proximal à arcada de Frohse. Os ramos destinados ao músculo supinador foram seccionados na junção neuromuscular, podendo ser conectados sem tensão ao NIP. O diâmetro somado dos ramos destinados ao músculo supinador correspondeu, em média, a 53,5% do diâmetro do NIP. Conclusão Este estudo anatômico mostra que ramos do nervo radial destinados ao músculo supinador podem ser transferidos diretamente para o NIP sem tensão para restaurar a extensão do polegar e dos dedos em pacientes com lesões de plexo braquial C7-T1.
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Yang, Jin Chul, Suck Won Hong, and Jinyoung Park. "Improving Surface Imprinting Effect by Reducing Nonspecific Adsorption on Non-Imprinted Polymer Films for 2,4-D Herbicide Sensors." Chemosensors 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9030043.
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Surface imprinting used for template recognition in nanocavities can be controlled and improved by surface morphological changes. Generally, the lithographic technique is used for surface patterning concerning sensing signal amplification in molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) thin films. In this paper, we describe the effects of silanized silica molds on sensing the properties of MIP films. Porous imprinted poly(MAA–co–EGDMA) films were lithographically fabricated using silanized or non-treated normal silica replica molds to detect 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide as the standard template. The silanized mold MIP film (st-MIP) (Δf = −1021 Hz) exhibited a better sensing response than the non-treated normal MIP (n-MIP) (Δf = −978 Hz) because the imprinting effects, which occurred via functional groups on the silica surface, could be reduced through silane modification. Particularly, two non-imprinted (NIP) films (st-NIP and n-NIP) exhibited significantly different sensing responses. The st-NIP (Δfst-NIP = −332 Hz) films exhibited lower Δf values than the n-NIP film (Δfn-NIP = −610 Hz) owing to the remarkably reduced functionality against nonspecific adsorption. This phenomenon led to different imprinting factor (IF) values for the two MIP films (IFst-MIP = 3.38 and IFn-MIP = 1.86), which was calculated from the adsorbed 2,4-D mass per poly(MAA–co–EGDMA) unit weight (i.e., QMIP/QNIP). Moreover, it was found that the st-MIP film had better selectivity than the n-MIP film based on the sensing response of analogous herbicide solutions. As a result, it was revealed that the patterned molds’ chemical surface modification, which controls the surface functionality of imprinted films during photopolymerization, plays a role in fabricating enhanced sensing properties in patterned MIP films.
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Yamane, Akiko, Takanori Nakamura, Mamoru Ito, Yasuyuki Ohnishi, Yasuo Ikeda, and Yoshitaka Miyakawa. "Prevention of Human Interferon-alpha-Induced Thrombocytopenia by a Non-Peptidyl Human Thrombopoietin Receptor Activator, NIP-004." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1145.1145.
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Abstract Human interferon-α (IFN) is useful for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and neoplastic disorders; however, one major adverse effect is that thrombocytopenia often leads to a dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy. Since around 40% of patients with chronic hepatitis C will develop liver cancer, it is very important to prevent the transition from chronic hepatitis to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer with IFN treatment. However, some patients cannot receive IFN treatment because of thrombocytopenia resulting from liver cirrhosis and autoimmunity. This prompted us to evaluate the effects of a novel non-peptidyl human thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor (c-Mpl) activator, NIP-004, to prevent IFN-induced thrombocytopenia. We recently reported that NIP-004 at 30 μg/kg/day for 2 weeks increased human platelets 4-fold in immunodeficient NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2Rγnull (NOG) mice transplanted with 1 × 105 human cord blood-derived CD34+ cells (Blood, 2006). When PEG-hIFN-α2b (IFN-α2b) at 30 μg/kg was administered three times a week for 3 weeks to NOG mice transplanted with human CD34+ cells, the number of human platelets was significantly reduced by 40% compared to the control mice. Moreover, the number of human platelets was restored to the same level as the control mice with daily administration of 30 mg/kg NIP-004 for 2 weeks during the course of IFN treatment. These results indicated that NIP-004 is effective in preventing IFN-α2b-induced thrombocytopenia in vivo. Although IFN is believed to directly inhibit megakaryopoiesis, its mechanisms are not clearly understood. We analyzed the inhibitory effects of IFN-α2b on the colony formation of human megakaryocytes (CFU-MK) and the intracellular signaling induced by IFN and NIP-004. NIP-004 prevented the inhibition of CFU-MK formation by IFN-α2b in a dose dependent manner. IFN-α2b modestly inhibited the proliferation of human leukemia UT-7/EPO cells expressing human c-Mpl, and they were stimulated with TPO and NIP-004, respectively. We analyzed some form of cross-talk between TPO and IFN receptors by Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. NIP-004 induced the expression of SOCS-3 and CIS in UT-7/EPO-hMpl cells. We suggest that NIP-004 induces inhibitory signaling such as SOCS-3 and CIS and inhibits IFN-induced intracellular signaling. In conclusion, NIP-004 was shown to prevent IFN-α2b-induced thrombocytopenia in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the future clinical application of non-peptidyl c-Mpl activators for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C by IFN.
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Perez, Alejandra T. "Incidence, management, and resolution of stomatitis and noninfectious pneumonitis in BOLERO-2." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 26_suppl (September 10, 2013): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.26_suppl.159.
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159 Background: Although the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (EVE) was generally well tolerated in combination with exemestane (EXE) in patients (pts) with HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer, stomatitis and noninfectious pneumonitis (NIP) are the most clinically relevant and potentially dose-limiting toxicities. The incidence, grade, and clinical course of stomatitis and NIP among pts participating in the BOLERO-2 study are described. Methods: Pts were randomized 2:1 to receive EVE + EXE or placebo (PBO) + EXE. Incidence and severity of stomatitis and NIP, consequent dose interruptions/adjustments, study drug discontinuations, and time to resolution were recorded. Results: Stomatitis (any grade) occurred more frequently with EVE + EXE than with PBO + EXE (59% vs 12%, respectively). Grade 3 stomatitis occurred in 8% vs 1% of EVE + EXE vs PBO + EXE pts, respectively; no grade 4 events were reported. Onset of grade ≥ 2 stomatitis after treatment initiation was earlier for EVE + EXE arm vs PBO + EXE: median time was 15 d vs 24 d, respectively. For the EVE + EXE arm, 97% of pts with grade 3 stomatitis (n = 38) improved to ≤1 after a median of 13 d. Complete resolution was observed in 82% of pts after a median of 38 d. For the PBO + EXE arm, all pts with grade 3 stomatitis (n = 2) improved to ≤1 after a median of 18 d. Complete resolution was observed after a median of 29 d. 24% of pts on EVE + EXE required dose interruptions/adjustments vs 1% of pts on PBO + EXE, and 3% of pts (n = 13) discontinued EVE + EXE vs <1% of pts (n = 1) discontinuing PBO + EXE, all related to stomatitis. Overall, 16% in the EVE + EXE vs 0% in the PBO + EXE groups had a diagnosis consistent with NIP. For EVE + EXE, grade 1, 2, and 3 NIP occurred in 7%, 6%, and 3% of pts, respectively; no grade 4 events were reported. Complete resolution of NIP to grade ≤1 was recorded for all but 4 pts for whom NIP was still observed at last follow-up before study discontinuation. Overall, in the EVE + EXE arm, NIP was reason for dose interruption and treatment discontinuation in 7.5% and 5.6% of pts, respectively. Conclusions: In the BOLERO-2 study, stomatitis and NIP were of mild to moderate intensity and were generally reversible. Most incidents were successfully managed with palliative interventions and temporary dose modifications. Clinical trial information: NCT00863655.
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Islam, M. N., Y. C. Chan, M. O. Alam, and A. Sharif. "Comparative Study of the Dissolution Kinetics of Electrolytic Ni and Electroless NiP Layers by Molten Sn3.5Ag Solder Alloy." Journal of Electronic Packaging 127, no. 4 (December 22, 2004): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2056567.
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Sn-based, Pb-free solders with high a Sn content and high melting temperature often cause excessive interfacial reactions at interfaces. Sn-3.5Ag solder alloy has been used to identify its interfacial reactions with two-metal layer flexile substrates. In this paper the dissolution kinetics of Sn3.5Ag solder on the electrolytic Ni and electroless NiP layer are investigated. It is found that during 1 min reflow the electrolytic Ni layer dissolves much less than the electroless NiP layer due to the formation of Ni3Sn and Ni3Sn2 intermetallic compounds (IMCs) on the electrolytic Ni layer. The faster nucleation of Ni3Sn4 IMC on the NiP layer is proposed as the main reason for the higher initial dissolution rate of the electroless NiP layer. A P-rich Ni layer is formed underneath the Ni3Sn4 IMC due to the solder-assisted reactions. This P-rich Ni layer acts as a good diffusion barrier layer, which decreases the dissolution rate of the NiP layer as compared to that of the Ni layer, but weakens the interface of solder joints and reduces the ball shear load and reliability. Below a certain thickness, the P-rich Ni layer breaks and an increase in the diffusion of Sn atoms through the fractured P-rich Ni layer occurs that increases the growth rate of IMCs again, and thus the dissolution rate of the NiP layer becomes higher again than for the Ni layer. It is found that a 3μm thick NiP layer cannot protect the Cu layer for more than 120 min reflow at 250°C. An electrolytic Ni∕solder system has a relatively higher shear load, a lower dissolution rate of the Ni layer, and is more protective for the Cu layer during extended times of reflow.
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Murray, Audrey, Banu Örmeci, and E. P. C. Lai. "Removal of 17β-estradiol (E2) and its chlorination by-products from water and wastewater using non-imprinted polymer (NIP) particles." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 6 (September 1, 2011): 1291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.732.
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Endocrine disrupting compounds and their chlorination by-products are two classes of emerging contaminants. Surface water and wastewater treatment technologies have limitations in removing these contaminants. This study evaluated the ability of non-imprinted polymer particles (NIP) to remove the endocrine disruptor 17β-estradiol (E2) and its chlorination by-products from water and wastewater. NIP effectively removed 98% of 10 mg/L E2 from wastewater. NIP were also effective in removing chlorination by-products of E2 by 84.9% after 10 mg/L E2 in water was chlorinated at 5 mg/L. In the presence of 5 mg/L humic acid, NIP were able to achieve removal of 10 mg/L E2 by greater than 99.9%. Furthermore, after chlorination of 10 mg/L E2 and 5 mg/L humic acid at 10 mg/L chlorine, NIP were also able to remove the chlorination by-products formed as well as the remaining E2 by greater than 99.9%. The presence of 5 mg/L humic acid did not adversely affect the adsorption efficiency. The results of this research indicate that NIPs have good potential as a final treatment step for surface water and wastewater treatment.
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Nakamura, Takanori, Yoshitaka Miyakawa, Atsushi Miyamura, Akiko Yamane, Hidenori Suzuki, Mamoru Ito, Yasuyuki Ohnishi, Norihisa Ishiwata, Yasuo Ikeda, and Nobutomo Tsuruzoe. "A novel nonpeptidyl human c-Mpl activator stimulates human megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis." Blood 107, no. 11 (June 1, 2006): 4300–4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-11-4433.
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AbstractNIP-004 is a novel synthetic compound developed to display human thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor (c-Mpl) agonist activity. NIP-004 displays species specificity, stimulating proliferation or differentiation of human c-Mpl–expressing cells such as UT-7/TPO and human CD34+ cells but not murine c-Mpl–expressing cells or cynomolgus monkey cells. To test the mechanism of its action, we constructed mutant forms of c-Mpl; murine c-MplL490H dis-played a response to NIP-004, whereas human c-MplH499L lost this response, indicating that histidine in the transmembrane domain of c-Mpl is essential for its activity. Because histidine is not present in the c-Mpl transmembrane domain of rats, hamsters, rhesus macaques, and cynomolgus monkeys, we examined the in vivo efficacy of NIP-004 using mice that received xenotransplants. In immunodeficient nonobese diabetic (NOD)/Shi-scid, IL-2Rγnull (NOG) mice receiving transplants of umbilical cord blood–derived CD34+ cells, NIP-004 increased human megakaryoblasts, mature megakaryocytes, and circulating human platelets 6-fold, the latter being morphologically and functionally indistinguishable from normal human platelets. These observations indicate that NIP-004 is a novel human c-Mpl activator and induces human thrombopoiesis.
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Nie, Shibin, Chi Zhang, Chao Peng, De-yi Wang, Daowei Ding, and Qingliang He. "Study of the Synergistic Effect of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates on Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites." Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/289298.
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A char forming agent (CFA) and silica-gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (Si-MCAPP) were selected to form novel intumescent flame retardant system to prepare flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites, and then the influences of nanoporous nickel phosphates (NiP) on the thermal and flame retardant properties of flame retardant PP composites were studied by the real time FTIR (RTFTIR) spectra, limited oxygen index (LOI) test, and the scanning electron microscopy. RTFTIR shows the addition of NiP can improve the thermal stability of flame retardant PP composites. LOI test shows LOI value is increased with the increase of the content of NiP, and the optimized concentration of NiP is 1.0%. Furthermore, smoke toxicity of the novel flame retardant PP composites was studied by mice experiment. The upper limit of the no death smoke concentration of the composite is 12.37 mg/L.