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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Norman, Bradley M., Samantha Reynolds, and David L. Morgan. "Does the whale shark aggregate along the Western Australian coastline beyond Ningaloo Reef?" Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15045.

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Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) seasonally aggregate at Western Australia’s Ningaloo Reef in the austral autumn and winter, but their occurrence beyond this region during spring and summer remains elusive. The aggregation at Ningaloo Reef coincides with a pulse of productivity following mass coral spawning in early autumn, with the population during this period dominated by juveniles that amass for feeding purposes. To investigate their movement patterns beyond Ningaloo Reef, whale sharks were fitted with SPOT (n = 13) or SPLASH (n = 1) tags between April and September (2010–14). Tagged whale sharks ranged in total length from 3 to 9 m. Each whale shark was also photographed for its subsequent identification using Wildbook for Whale Sharks, and their years of residency at Ningaloo Reef determined. Temporal and spatial observations of whale shark sightings were also determined through the conducting of interviews with people throughout 14 coastal towns along the Western Australian coastline, as well as through historical sightings and the Wildbook database. Satellite tracking revealed that all sharks remained relatively close to the Western Australian coast, travelling a mean minimum distance of 1667 (±316, s.e.) km. Public reports, coupled with satellite tracking, demonstrated that whale sharks inhabit most of the Western Australian coast (from 35°S to 12°S), and that seasonal migrations beyond Ningaloo Reef may be to the north or south and may similarly be associated with areas of increased productivity.

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2

Beckley, Lynnath E., and Amanda T. Lombard. "A systematic evaluation of the incremental protection of broad-scale habitats at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 1 (2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11074.

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Incremental increases to marine conservation areas in response to changing goals, policy, threats or new information are common practice worldwide. Ningaloo Reef, in north-western Australia, is protected by the Ningaloo Marine Park (state waters), which was expanded incrementally in 2004 so that 34% of the park now comprises ‘no-take’ sanctuary zones. To test the hypothesis that all habitats (benthic cover types) at Ningaloo are actually protected at this 34% level, a systematic conservation planning exercise was conducted using existing broad-scale habitat data (as a surrogate for marine biodiversity) and C-Plan decision-support software. Although subtidal and intertidal coral communities were found to be adequately protected, other habitats, particularly those in deeper waters seaward of the reef, did not attain the 34% target. Efficient incremental additions to the sanctuary zones to allow increased representation of these under-represented habitats were explored with C-Plan. It is recommended that systematic conservation planning incorporating new biodiversity and social information (now becoming available) be undertaken for the next iteration of the Ningaloo Marine Park management plan. This analysis at Ningaloo Reef serves as a useful example of a post hoc systematic approach to guide incremental expansion of existing marine protected areas in other parts of the world.

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3

Jackson, George D., Mark G. Meekan, Simon Wotherspoon, and Christine H. Jackson. "Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 2 (January 15, 2008): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm186.

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Abstract Jackson, G. D., Meekan, M. G., Wotherspoon, S., and Jackson, C. H. 2008. Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 140–147. Cephalopod paralarvae and juveniles were sampled with light traps deployed at the surface and deeper in the southern NW Shelf and on Ningaloo Reef off Western Australia during two consecutive summers. One cross shelf transect (Exmouth) was sampled in the late spring and summers of 1997/1998 (summer 1) and 1998/1999 (summer 2), and a second cross shelf transect (Thevenard) and a longshore transect (Ningaloo) along the Ningaloo Reef were sampled in summer 2. Species captured in the order of abundance were octopods, Photololigo sp., Sepioteuthis lessoniana, and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis. Most were captured in shallow traps except for Photololigo sp., which was common in both shallow and deep traps with larger animals found in deeper water. The presence of Idiosepius pygmaeus in deep water off Ningaloo Reef revealed the species to be eurytopic, inhabiting a wider range of habitats than previously known. Photololigo sp. and S. lessoniana were more abundant inshore, and octopods were especially abundant on mid-depth stations of the Exmouth transect, probably because of the turbulent mixing and increased productivity there. Fewer S. oualaniensis were caught during the first summer on the Ningaloo transect (n = 5) than during the second summer (n = 79).

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4

Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. "Distribution and Abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 24, no. 2 (1997): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95078.

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Strip-transect aerial surveys of Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf were conducted during the winters of 1989 and 1994. These surveys were designed primarily to estimate the abundance and distribution of dugongs, although they also allowed sea turtles and dolphins, and, to a lesser extent, whales, manta rays and whale sharks to be surveyed. Shark Bay contains a large population of dugongs that is of international significance. Estimates of approximately 10000 dugongs resulted from both surveys. The density of dugongs is the highest recorded in Australia and the Middle East, where these surveys have been conducted. Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef are also important dugong habitats, each supporting in the order of 1000 dugongs. The estimated number of turtles in Shark Bay is comparable to the number in Exmouth Gulf plus Ningaloo Reef (7000–9000). The density of turtles in Ningaloo Reef and, to a lesser extent, Exmouth Gulf is exceptionally high compared with most other areas that have been surveyed by the same technique. Shark Bay supports a substantial population of bottlenose dolphins (2000–3000 minimum estimate). Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef were not significant habitats for dolphins during the winter surveys. Substantial numbers of whales (primarily humpbacks) and manta rays occur in northern and western Shark Bay in winter. Ningaloo Reef is an important area for whale sharks and manta rays in autumn and winter. The Shark Bay Marine Park excludes much of the winter habitats of the large vertebrate fauna of Shark Bay. In 1989 and 1994, more than half of all the dugongs were seen outside the Marine Park (57·4 and 50·7%, respectively). Approximately one-third to one-half of turtles and dolphins were seen outside the Marine Park (in 1989 and 1994 respectively: turtles, 43 and 27%; dolphins, 47 and 32%). Almost all the whales and most of the manta rays were seen outside the Marine Park. Expansion of the Shark Bay Marine Park, to bring it into alignment with the marine section of the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, would facilitate the appropriate management of these populations. This would also simplify the State– Commonwealth collaboration necessary to meet the obligations of World Heritage listing. The coastal waters of Western Australia north of the surveyed area (over 6000 km of coastline) are relatively poorly known and surveys of their marine megafauna are required for wise planning and management.

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5

Gales, Nick, Robert D. McCauley, Janet Lanyon, and Dave Holley. "Change in abundance of dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: evidence for large-scale migration." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02073.

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The third in a series of five-yearly aerial surveys for dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf was conducted in July 1999. The first two surveys provided evidence of an apparently stable population of dugongs, with ~1000 animals in each of Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef, and 10 000 in Shark Bay. We report estimates of less than 200 for each of Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef and ~14 000 for Shark Bay. This is an apparent overall increase in the dugong population over this whole region, but with a distributional shift of animals to the south. The most plausible hypothesis to account for a large component of this apparent population shift is that animals in Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef moved to Shark Bay, most likely after Tropical Cyclone Vance impacted available dugong forage in the northern habitat. Bias associated with survey estimate methodology, and normal changes in population demographics may also have contributed to the change. The movement of large numbers of dugongs over the scale we suggest has important management implications. First, such habitat-driven shifts in regional abundance will need to be incorporated in assessing the effectiveness of marine protected areas that aim to protect dugongs and their habitat. Second, in circumstances where aerial surveys are used to estimate relative trends in abundance of dugongs, animal movements of the type we propose could lead to errors in interpretation.

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6

Lydia Schönberg, Christine Hanna. "The Sponge Gardens of Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Open Marine Biology Journal 4, no. 1 (October 12, 2010): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874450801004010003.

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7

O'Shea, Owen R., Michele Thums, Mike van Keulen, and Mark Meekan. "Bioturbation by stingrays at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 3 (2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11180.

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Stingrays are an important part of the biomass of the fishes in shallow coastal ecosystems, particularly in inter-reefal areas. In these habitats, they are considered keystone species – modifying physical and biological habitats through their foraging and predation. Here, we quantify the effects of bioturbation by rays on sand flats of Ningaloo Reef lagoon in Western Australia. We measured the daily length, breadth and depth of 108 feeding pits over three 7‐day periods, created by stingrays (Pastinachus atrus, Himantura spp. Taeniura lymma and Urogymnus asperrimus) in Mangrove Bay. Additionally, an area of ~1 km2 of the lagoon at Coral Bay was mapped three times over 18 months, to record patterns of ray and pit presence. Over 21 days at Mangrove Bay, a total of 1.08 m3 of sediment was excavated by rays, equating to a sediment wet weight of 760.8 kg, and 2.42% of the total area sampled, or 0.03% of the whole intertidal zone. We estimate that up to 42% of the soft sediments in our study area would be reworked by stingrays each year. Based on a model predicting the probability of pit presence over time, there was a 40% probability of ray pits persisting for 4 days before being filled in but only a 15% probability of a pit being present after 7 days. Changes in pit volume over time were static, providing evidence for secondary use. Our results imply that rays play an important ecological role creating sheltered habitats for other taxa in addition to the turnover of sediments.

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8

Taylor, JG. "Seasonal occurrence, distribution and movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960637.

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Aerial surveys between 1989 and 1992 demonstrated that large numbers of whale sharks appear on Ningaloo Reef in north-western Australia during autumn, shortly after the coral has undergone mass spawning. This movement into the reef waters would allow whale sharks to capitalize on the increased production of zooplankton brought about as a result of this mass spawning of corals and other marine organisms. Sharks occupied mainly the relatively turbid waters on the reef front, where a northerly current prevailed, rather than the offshore, warmer waters of the southerly flowing Leeuwin Current. The sharks moved in to the reef front from offshore but, once inshore, the majority swam parallel to the reef. The maximum density in any sector of the reef at any one time was four sharks per km, recorded in May 1992. The longer the time since sharks first appeared on the reef, the greater was their tendency to aggregate in a particular region of the reef. Evidence is presented that indicates that whale shark numbers at the northern end of Ningaloo Reef declined during the latter half of the 1980s; this decline may be related to the massive destruction of coral by the gastropod mollusc Drupella cornus during this period.

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9

Ceh, Janja, Mike Van Keulen, and David G. Bourne. "Coral-associated bacterial communities on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75, no. 1 (November 2, 2010): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00986.x.

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10

Xu, Jiangtao, Ryan J. Lowe, Gregory N. Ivey, Nicole L. Jones, and Zhenlin Zhang. "Ocean Transport Pathways to a World Heritage Fringing Coral Reef: Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." PLOS ONE 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): e0145822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145822.

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11

Przeslawski, Rachel, Matthew A. McArthur, and Tara J. Anderson. "Infaunal biodiversity patterns from Carnarvon Shelf (Ningaloo Reef), Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 6 (2013): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12240.

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Infauna are important in many ecological processes but have been rarely considered in biodiversity assessments of coral reefs and surrounding areas. We surveyed infaunal assemblages and associated environmental factors (depth, seabed reflectance, sediment characteristics) in three areas (Mandu, Point Cloates, Gnaraloo) along the Carnarvon Shelf, Western Australia. This region supports Ningaloo Reef, a relatively pristine coral reef protected by the Ningaloo Marine Park and a Commonwealth marine reserve. Macrofauna were sampled with a Smith-McIntyre grab and sieved through 500 µm. A total of 423 species and 4036 individuals was recorded from 145 grabs, with infauna accounting for 67% of species and 78% of individuals. Rare species (≤2 individuals per species) represented 42% of the total assemblage. Assemblages were significantly different among all three areas, with the most distinct recorded from the southern-most area (Gnaraloo). Although assemblages varied significantly with depth and sediment composition (mud and gravel), these relationships were weak. Results from the current study broadly quantify macrofaunal diversity in the region and identify potential spatial and environmental patterns which will help inform future marine management plans, including the provision of baseline information to assess the efficacy of protected areas in soft-sediment habitats adjacent to coral reefs.

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12

Kobryn, Halina T., Kristin Wouters, Lynnath E. Beckley, and Thomas Heege. "Ningaloo Reef: Shallow Marine Habitats Mapped Using a Hyperspectral Sensor." PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (July 26, 2013): e70105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070105.

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13

Johnson, Michael S., Jane Prince, Anne Brearley, Natalie L. Rosser, and Robert Black. "Is Tridacna maxima (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia?" Molluscan Research 36, no. 4 (May 30, 2016): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2016.1181141.

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14

Onton, K., CA Page, SK Wilson, S. Neale, and S. Armstrong. "Distribution and drivers of coral disease at Ningaloo reef, Indian Ocean." Marine Ecology Progress Series 433 (July 18, 2011): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09156.

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15

Collins, Lindsay B., Zhong Rong Zhu, Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll, and Anton Eisenhauer. "Late Quaternary structure and development of the northern Ningaloo Reef, Australia." Sedimentary Geology 159, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(03)00096-4.

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16

Simpson, C. J., J. L. Cary, and R. J. Masini. "Destruction of corals and other reef animals by coral spawn slicks on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Coral Reefs 12, no. 3-4 (November 1993): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00334478.

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17

Sleeman, Jai C., Mark G. Meekan, Steven G. Wilson, Curt K. S. Jenner, Micheline N. Jenner, Guy S. Boggs, Craig C. Steinberg, and Corey J. A. Bradshaw. "Biophysical correlates of relative abundances of marine megafauna at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06213.

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Changes in the relative abundance of marine megafauna (whales, dolphins, sharks, turtles, manta rays, dugongs) from aerial survey sightings in the waters adjacent to Ningaloo Reef between June 2000 and April 2002 are described. Generalised linear models were used to explore relationships between different trophic guilds of animals (based on animal sighting biomass estimates) and biophysical features of the oceanscape that were likely to indicate foraging habitats (regions of primary/secondary production) including sea surface temperature (SST), SST gradient, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), bathymetry (BTH) and bathymetry gradient (BTHg). Relative biomass of krill feeders (i.e. minke whales, whale sharks, manta rays) were related to SST, Chl-a and bathymetry (model [AICc] weight = 0.45) and the model combining these variables explained a relatively large amount (32.3%) of the variation in relative biomass. Relative biomass of fish/cephalopod feeders (dolphins, sharks) were weakly correlated with changes in SST, whereas that of other invertebrate/macroalgal feeders (turtles, dugong) was weakly correlated with changes in steepness of the shelf (bathymetry gradient). Our results indicate that biophysical variables describe only a small proportion of the variance in the relative abundance and biomass of marine megafauna at Ningaloo reef.

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18

BRAY, RODNEY A., THOMAS H. CRIBB, and JEAN-LOU JUSTINE. "Multitestis Manter 1931 (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) in ephippid and chaetodontid fishes (Perciformes) in the south-western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean off Western Australia." Zootaxa 2427, no. 1 (April 15, 2010): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2427.1.4.

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Five species of the genus Multitestis are described, figured or discussed: Multitestis pyriformis from Platax orbicularis off Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia and Platax teira off New Caledonia; Multitestis coradioni n. sp. (syn. Multitestis pyriformis Machida, 1963 of Bray et al. (1994)) from Coradion chrysozonus off Heron Island, which differs from M. pyriformis in its oval body-shape, the more posteriorly situated testicular fields and larger eggs, Multitestis elongatus from Platax pinnatus off Lizard Island, Multitestis magnacetabulum from P. teira off Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and New Caledonia, Multitestis paramagnacetabulum n. sp. from P. orbicularis off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, which differs from M. magnacetabulum in the more posteriorly situated testicular fields.

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19

van Keulen, Mike. "Multiple climate impacts on seagrass dynamics: Amphibolis antarctica patches at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 2 (2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18050.

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The impacts of tropical cyclones combined with a marine heatwave are reported for a seagrass community at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. A community of 9.5ha of Amphibolis antarctica was lost following a combination of cyclone-induced burial and a marine heatwave. No new seedlings have been observed since the loss; recruitment of seedlings may be impeded by local ocean circulation.

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20

Twiggs, Emily J., and Lindsay B. Collins. "Development and demise of a fringing coral reef during Holocene environmental change, eastern Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine Geology 275, no. 1-4 (September 2010): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.04.004.

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21

Thillainath, Emma C., Jennifer L. McIlwain, Shaun K. Wilson, and Martial Depczynski. "Estimating the role of three mesopredatory fishes in coral reef food webs at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Coral Reefs 35, no. 1 (October 24, 2015): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1367-y.

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22

Metaxas, Anna, and Robert E. Scheibling. "Rapid egg transport following coral mass spawning at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Bulletin of Marine Science 92, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2016.1019.

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23

Lozano-Montes, Hector M., John K. Keesing, Monique G. Grol, Michael D. E. Haywood, Mathew A. Vanderklift, Russ C. Babcock, and Kevin Bancroft. "Limited effects of an extreme flood event on corals at Ningaloo Reef." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 191 (May 2017): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.04.007.

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24

Bessey, C., and A. K. Cresswell. "Masses of the marine insect Pontomyia oceana at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Coral Reefs 35, no. 4 (August 10, 2016): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-016-1488-y.

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25

Schönberg, Christine Hanna Lydia, and Jane Fromont. "Sponge gardens of Ningaloo Reef (Carnarvon Shelf, Western Australia) are biodiversity hotspots." Hydrobiologia 687, no. 1 (September 8, 2011): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0863-5.

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26

Wilson, S. G., J. J. Polovina, B. S. Stewart, and M. G. Meekan. "Movements of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) tagged at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine Biology 148, no. 5 (November 9, 2005): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0153-8.

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27

Leclair, Matthieu, Ryan Lowe, Zhenlin Zhang, Greg Ivey, and Thomas Peacock. "Uncovering Fine-Scale Wave-Driven Transport Features in a Fringing Coral Reef System via Lagrangian Coherent Structures." Fluids 5, no. 4 (October 24, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040190.

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Understanding the transport and exchange of water masses both within a reef and between a reef and the surrounding ocean is needed to describe a wide-range of ecosystem processes that are shaped by the movement of material and heat. We show how novel Lagrangian data processing methods, specifically developed to reveal key and often hidden transport structures, can help visualize flow transport patterns within and around morphologically complex reef systems. As an example case study, we consider the wave-driven flow transport within the Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia. We show that a network of attracting, repelling, and trapping flow transport structures organizes the flow transport into, around, and out of the reef. This approach is broadly applicable to coral reef systems, since the combination of well-defined bathymetry and persistent flow-forcing mechanisms (e.g., by wave breaking or tides) is conducive to the existence of persistent Lagrangian transport structures that organize material transport.

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28

Johansson, CL, DR Bellwood, and M. Depczynski. "Sea urchins, macroalgae and coral reef decline: a functional evaluation of an intact reef system, Ningaloo, Western Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 414 (September 13, 2010): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08730.

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29

Van Dongeren, Ap, Ryan Lowe, Andrew Pomeroy, Trang Minh Duong, Dano Roelvink, Graham Symonds, and Roshanka Ranasinghe. "MODELLING INFRAGRAVITY WAVES AND CURRENTS ACROSS A FRINGING CORAL REEF." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.currents.29.

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Low-frequency (infragravity) wave dynamics on a fringing coral reef were investigated using the numerical model XBeach (Roelvink et al, 2009). First, the skill of the one-dimensional model was evaluated based on its predictions of short waves (0.04-0.2 Hz), infragravity waves (0.004-0.04 Hz) and water level measurements (tidal and wave setup) obtained during a 2009 field study at Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia. The model calibration was sensitive to friction coefficients for short waves and current / infragravity bed friction, which were assumed independent in this model study. The infragravity waves were found to be generated primarily in the surf zone through the breakpoint generation mechanism rather than through offshore forcing. The infragravity waves were strongly also modulated over the reef by tidal depth variations, primarily due to the variability in frictional dissipation rates when the total water depth over the reef varied. The results reveal that short waves dominated bottom stresses on the fore reef and near the reef crest; however, inside the lagoon, infragravity waves become increasingly dominant, accounting up to 50% of the combined bottom stresses

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30

Wilson, Steven G., Timothy Pauly, and Mark G. Meekan. "Distribution of zooplankton inferred from hydroacoustic backscatter data in coastal waters off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 6 (2002): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01229.

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Hydroacoustic surveys were used to examine zooplankton distributions in coastal waters off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Surveys were timed to coincide with the seasonal aggregation of whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, and other large zooplanktivores in these waters. The surveys examined scattering features of lagoon/shelf fronts, a series of cross-shelf transects and waters surrounding whale sharks swimming at the surface. These suggested that lagoon waters flow intrusively into shelf waters at reef passages in a layered exchange. Cross-shelf transects identified three vertical scattering layers: a surface bubble layer; a near-surface minimum layer; and a bottom maximum layer. Regions of intense mixing of lagoon and shelf waters were detected seaward and to the north of reef passages. Integrated acoustic mean volume backscatter of the bottom maximum layer increased with depth and distance offshore. Large subsurface aggregations of unidentified fauna were detected beneath whale sharks in the same area that manta rays and surface schools of euphausiids were also observed.

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31

Thomas, L., GA Kendrick, M. Stat, KL Travaille, G. Shedrawi, and WJ Kennington. "Population genetic structure of the Pocillopora damicornis morphospecies along Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 513 (October 22, 2014): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10893.

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32

Webster, Fiona J., Russell C. Babcock, Mike Van Keulen, and Neil R. Loneragan. "Macroalgae Inhibits Larval Settlement and Increases Recruit Mortality at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2015): e0124162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124162.

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33

Gershwin, Lisa-Ann, and Peter Hannay. "An anomalous cluster of Irukandji jelly stings (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) at Ningaloo Reef." Records of the Western Australian Museum 29, no. 1 (2014): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.29(1).2014.078-081.

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34

Rossi, Vincent, Ming Feng, Charitha Pattiaratchi, Moninya Roughan, and Anya M. Waite. "Linking synoptic forcing and local mesoscale processes with biological dynamics off Ningaloo Reef." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118, no. 3 (March 2013): 1211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20110.

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35

Holborn, K., M. S. Johnson, and R. Black. "Population genetics of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Coral Reefs 13, no. 1 (January 1994): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00426432.

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36

Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Azmi, Ben Radford, Jane Fromont, Andrew M. Hosie, Karen Miller, and Andrew Heyward. "The diversity and distribution of mesophotic benthic invertebrates at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine Biodiversity 49, no. 6 (November 13, 2019): 2871–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-01015-0.

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37

Mackie, Michael. "Reproductive behavior of the halfmoon grouper, Epinephelus rivulatus, at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Ichthyological Research 54, no. 3 (August 25, 2007): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10228-006-0393-8.

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38

Waite, A. M., V. Rossi, M. Roughan, B. Tilbrook, P. A. Thompson, M. Feng, A. S. J. Wyatt, and E. J. Raes. "Formation and maintenance of high-nitrate, low pH layers in the eastern Indian Ocean and the role of nitrogen fixation." Biogeosciences 10, no. 8 (August 28, 2013): 5691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5691-2013.

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Abstract. We investigated the biogeochemistry of low dissolved oxygen high-nitrate (LDOHN) layers forming against the backdrop of several interleaving regional water masses in the eastern Indian Ocean, off northwest Australia adjacent to Ningaloo Reef. These water masses, including the forming Leeuwin Current, have been shown directly to impact the ecological function of Ningaloo Reef and other iconic coastal habitats downstream. Our results indicate that LDOHN layers are formed from multiple subduction events of the Eastern Gyral Current beneath the Leeuwin Current (LC); the LC originates from both the Indonesian Throughflow and tropical Indian Ocean. Density differences of up to 0.025 kg m−3 between the Eastern Gyral Current and the Leeuwin Current produce sharp gradients that can trap high concentrations of particles (measured as low transmission) along the density interfaces. The oxidation of the trapped particulate matter results in local depletion of dissolved oxygen and regeneration of dissolved nitrate (nitrification). We document an associated increase in total dissolved carbon dioxide, which lowers the seawater pH by 0.04 units. Based on isotopic measurements (δ15N and δ18O) of dissolved nitrate, we determine that ~ 40–100% of the nitrate found in LDOHN layers is likely to originate from nitrogen fixation, and that, regionally, the importance of N-fixation in contributing to LDOHN layers is likely to be highest at the surface and offshore.

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Waite, A. M., V. Rossi, M. Roughan, B. Tilbrook, J. Akl, P. A. Thompson, M. Feng, A. S. J. Wyatt, and E. J. Raes. "Formation and maintenance of high-nitrate, low pH layers in the Eastern Indian Ocean and the role of nitrogen fixation." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 3951–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-3951-2013.

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Abstract. We investigate the biogeochemistry of Low Dissolved Oxygen High Nitrate layers forming against the backdrop of several interleaving regional water masses in the Eastern Indian Ocean, off northwest Australia adjacent to Ningaloo Reef. These water masses, including the forming Leeuwin Current, have been shown directly to impact the ecological function of Ningaloo Reef and other iconic coastal habitats downstream. Our results indicate that LODHN layers are formed from multiple subduction events of the Eastern Gyral Current beneath the Leeuwin Current (LC); the LC originates from both the Indonesian Throughflow and tropical Indian Ocean. Density differences of up to 0.025 kg m−3 between the Eastern Gyral Current and the Leeuwin Current produce sharp gradients that can trap high concentrations of particles (measured as low transmission) along the density interfaces. The oxidation of the trapped particulate matter results in local depletion of dissolved oxygen and regeneration of dissolved nitrate (nitrification). We document an associated increase in total dissolved carbon dioxide, which lowers the seawater pH by 0.04 units. Based on isotopic measurements (δ15N and δ18O) of dissolved nitrate, we determine that ∼40–100% of the nitrate found in LODHN layers is likely to originate from nitrogen fixation, and that regionally, the importance of N fixation in contributing to LODHN layers is likely be highest at the surface and offshore.

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Doherty, P., and J. McIlwain. "Monitoring Larval Fluxes through the Surf Zones of Australian Coral Reefs." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960383.

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The first successful trials with stationary 'crest' nets to monitor the nocturnal fluxes of larval fish crossing reef margins in both eastern and western Australia are described. Lengthy deployments were possible on Ningaloo Reef, north-western Australia, because that system is topographically suitable: i.e. a fringing barrier reef where surf produces a constant flow into a coastal lagoon. Sampling on 85 nights between October 1994 and March 1995 revealed a rich larval fish fauna (56474 individuals) dominated by pelagic juveniles nearing settlement stage. Variations in the daily catches of replicate nets (200 m apart) were highly correlated, showing the suitability of this technique for monitoring larval supply. Another trial (five nights) was made at One Tree Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef. On nocturnal flood tides, when rising water first spilled into the lagoon, triplicate nets caught many presettlement fish (47797 individuals) in this flow. The behaviour of some taxa clearly assisted their transport through the surf. Despite the successful short-term deployments at One Tree, there may be limited potential to deploy this gear elsewhere on the Great Barrier Reef because of unsuitable flow regimes.

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BRAY, RODNEY A., and THOMAS H. CRIBB. "Stephanostomum tantabiddii n. sp. (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) from Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Forsskal, 1775) (Perciformes: Carangidae) from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Zootaxa 457, no. 1 (March 9, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.457.1.1.

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A new species, Stephanostomum tantabiddii n. sp., is described from the yellowspotted trevally Carangoides fulvoguttatus from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. It has 38 45 circum-oral spines and the vitellarium reaches to no less than 17% of the hindbody length from the ventral sucker. It differs from other species of Stephanostomum with these characteristics by various combinations of the ventral hiatus of the circum-oral spine rows, the relatively long pars prostatica and short ejaculatory duct, the elongate body and the wide gaps between the gonads.

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Haslam, Veera M., and Mike van Keulen. "Preliminary observations of corallivorous Drupella cornus feeding aggregations at Rottnest Island, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 1 (2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18086.

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Predation by the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus is well studied in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, including Ningaloo Reef and the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. In 1983, Drupella was not found in the Pocillopora colonies of Rottnest Island (Black and Prince 1983), and there has only been one record of D. cornus on Rottnest Island until today. We show the first feeding aggregations of D. cornus on these higher-latitude reefs of Rottnest Island, and highlight the importance of these findings.

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HUNTER, J. A., E. INGRAM, R. D. ADLARD, R. A. BRAY, and T. H. CRIBB. "A cryptic complex of Transversotrema species (Digenea: Transversotrematidae) on labroid, haemulid and lethrinid fishes in the Indo–West Pacific Region, including the description of three new species." Zootaxa 2652, no. 1 (October 21, 2010): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2652.1.2.

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Sequences of ITS2 rDNA of 36 individuals of 16 host/parasite/location combinations of transversotrematids from labrid, scarid, haemulid and lethrinid fishes from Heron and Lizard Islands on the Great Barrier Reef and Ningaloo Reef Western off Australia comprised four distinct genotypes. One genotype was associated with three species of Labridae at Heron Island, the second with eight species of Scaridae at Heron Island, the third with two species of Scaridae from Ningaloo, and the fourth with two species of Lethrinidae and one of Haemulidae from Lizard Island. All four forms are broadly morphologically similar to Transversotrema haasi Witenberg, 1944. The two genotypes from scarids differed at only a single base position and were morphologically indistinguishable; all other combinations of genotypes differed by at least 3 bases. Comparisons between specimens from labrids, scarids, and haemulids and lethrinids revealed consistent differences in the number of vitelline follicles enclosed by the cyclocoel and in the relative sizes of the testes. We conclude that these three forms should be considered distinct species. The species associated with labrids is broadly consistent with and has previously been identified as T. haasi which was originally reported from an unknown fish from the Red Sea. As no molecular comparison can be made between the original T. haasi and the three similar forms from Australia, we propose three new species: Transversotrema elegans n. sp. from labrids, T. gigantica n. sp. from scarids, and T. lacerta n. sp. from haemulids and lethrinids.

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Thums, Michele, Luciana C. Ferreira, Curt Jenner, Micheline Jenner, Danielle Harris, Andrew Davenport, Virginia Andrews-Goff, et al. "Understanding pygmy blue whale movement and distribution off north Western Australia." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20202.

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The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a listed endangered species under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. A distinct population of blue whales, the eastern Indian Ocean pygmy blue (EIOPB) whale, migrates along the Western Australian coast to the Banda Sea in Indonesia. Their distribution and the delineation of biologically important areas (BIAs) in the north west marine region of the Australian coast are based on limited data with two possible foraging areas identified in the Blue Whale Conservation Management Plan – off Ningaloo and Scott Reef. This uncertainty is a problem because effective management of the many anthropogenic activities associated with industrial development in this area (e.g. oil and gas, commercial shipping and fishing) relies on robust data. To this end, we combined new satellite tag deployments on EIOPB whales off Ningaloo Reef with existing satellite tracking data to provide sufficient data to understand the spatial and temporal extent of the population’s distribution and the movement behaviour in the north west. We also deployed passive acoustic instruments at North West Cape and combined these with existing passive acoustic data from the north west, including 18 deployed instruments and 14 ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). To fill data gaps in our understanding of EIOPB whale broad scale distribution on their northern and southern migration, we undertook three passive acoustic surveys using ocean gliders, thereby providing extensive spatial coverage across the north west.

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Meekan, MG, CJA Bradshaw, M. Press, C. McLean, A. Richards, S. Quasnichka, and JG Taylor. "Population size and structure of whale sharks Rhincodon typus at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine Ecology Progress Series 319 (August 18, 2006): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps319275.

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46

Ceh, Janja, Jean-Baptiste Raina, Rochelle M. Soo, Mike van Keulen, and David G. Bourne. "Coral-Bacterial Communities before and after a Coral Mass Spawning Event on Ningaloo Reef." PLoS ONE 7, no. 5 (May 16, 2012): e36920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036920.

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47

WHISSON, Glen, and Alexandra HOSCHKE. "In situ video monitoring of finfish diversity at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies 15, Supplement (2013): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3755/galaxea.15.72.

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Fulton, Christopher J., Martial Depczynski, Thomas H. Holmes, Mae M. Noble, Ben Radford, Thomas Wernberg, and Shaun K. Wilson. "Sea temperature shapes seasonal fluctuations in seaweed biomass within the Ningaloo coral reef ecosystem." Limnology and Oceanography 59, no. 1 (January 2014): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.1.0156.

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49

Xu, Jiangtao, Ryan J. Lowe, Gregory N. Ivey, Charitha Pattiaratchi, Nicole L. Jones, and Richard Brinkman. "Dynamics of the summer shelf circulation and transient upwelling off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118, no. 3 (March 2013): 1099–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20098.

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50

Little, L. R., and R. Q. Grafton. "Environmental offsets, resilience and cost-effective conservation." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 7 (July 2015): 140521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140521.

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Conservation management agencies are faced with acute trade-offs when dealing with disturbance from human activities. We show how agencies can respond to permanent ecosystem disruption by managing for Pimm resilience within a conservation budget using a model calibrated to a metapopulation of a coral reef fish species at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The application is of general interest because it provides a method to manage species susceptible to negative environmental disturbances by optimizing between the number and quality of migration connections in a spatially distributed metapopulation. Given ecological equivalency between the number and quality of migration connections in terms of time to recover from disturbance, our approach allows conservation managers to promote ecological function, under budgetary constraints, by offsetting permanent damage to one ecological function with investment in another.

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