Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ningaloo Reef (W.A.)

Academic literature on the topic 'Ningaloo Reef (W.A.)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ningaloo Reef (W.A.)"

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Norman, Bradley M., Samantha Reynolds, and David L. Morgan. "Does the whale shark aggregate along the Western Australian coastline beyond Ningaloo Reef?" Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15045.

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Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) seasonally aggregate at Western Australia’s Ningaloo Reef in the austral autumn and winter, but their occurrence beyond this region during spring and summer remains elusive. The aggregation at Ningaloo Reef coincides with a pulse of productivity following mass coral spawning in early autumn, with the population during this period dominated by juveniles that amass for feeding purposes. To investigate their movement patterns beyond Ningaloo Reef, whale sharks were fitted with SPOT (n = 13) or SPLASH (n = 1) tags between April and September (2010–14). Tagged whale sharks ranged in total length from 3 to 9 m. Each whale shark was also photographed for its subsequent identification using Wildbook for Whale Sharks, and their years of residency at Ningaloo Reef determined. Temporal and spatial observations of whale shark sightings were also determined through the conducting of interviews with people throughout 14 coastal towns along the Western Australian coastline, as well as through historical sightings and the Wildbook database. Satellite tracking revealed that all sharks remained relatively close to the Western Australian coast, travelling a mean minimum distance of 1667 (±316, s.e.) km. Public reports, coupled with satellite tracking, demonstrated that whale sharks inhabit most of the Western Australian coast (from 35°S to 12°S), and that seasonal migrations beyond Ningaloo Reef may be to the north or south and may similarly be associated with areas of increased productivity.
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Beckley, Lynnath E., and Amanda T. Lombard. "A systematic evaluation of the incremental protection of broad-scale habitats at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 1 (2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11074.

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Incremental increases to marine conservation areas in response to changing goals, policy, threats or new information are common practice worldwide. Ningaloo Reef, in north-western Australia, is protected by the Ningaloo Marine Park (state waters), which was expanded incrementally in 2004 so that 34% of the park now comprises ‘no-take’ sanctuary zones. To test the hypothesis that all habitats (benthic cover types) at Ningaloo are actually protected at this 34% level, a systematic conservation planning exercise was conducted using existing broad-scale habitat data (as a surrogate for marine biodiversity) and C-Plan decision-support software. Although subtidal and intertidal coral communities were found to be adequately protected, other habitats, particularly those in deeper waters seaward of the reef, did not attain the 34% target. Efficient incremental additions to the sanctuary zones to allow increased representation of these under-represented habitats were explored with C-Plan. It is recommended that systematic conservation planning incorporating new biodiversity and social information (now becoming available) be undertaken for the next iteration of the Ningaloo Marine Park management plan. This analysis at Ningaloo Reef serves as a useful example of a post hoc systematic approach to guide incremental expansion of existing marine protected areas in other parts of the world.
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Jackson, George D., Mark G. Meekan, Simon Wotherspoon, and Christine H. Jackson. "Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 2 (January 15, 2008): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm186.

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Abstract Jackson, G. D., Meekan, M. G., Wotherspoon, S., and Jackson, C. H. 2008. Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 140–147. Cephalopod paralarvae and juveniles were sampled with light traps deployed at the surface and deeper in the southern NW Shelf and on Ningaloo Reef off Western Australia during two consecutive summers. One cross shelf transect (Exmouth) was sampled in the late spring and summers of 1997/1998 (summer 1) and 1998/1999 (summer 2), and a second cross shelf transect (Thevenard) and a longshore transect (Ningaloo) along the Ningaloo Reef were sampled in summer 2. Species captured in the order of abundance were octopods, Photololigo sp., Sepioteuthis lessoniana, and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis. Most were captured in shallow traps except for Photololigo sp., which was common in both shallow and deep traps with larger animals found in deeper water. The presence of Idiosepius pygmaeus in deep water off Ningaloo Reef revealed the species to be eurytopic, inhabiting a wider range of habitats than previously known. Photololigo sp. and S. lessoniana were more abundant inshore, and octopods were especially abundant on mid-depth stations of the Exmouth transect, probably because of the turbulent mixing and increased productivity there. Fewer S. oualaniensis were caught during the first summer on the Ningaloo transect (n = 5) than during the second summer (n = 79).
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Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. "Distribution and Abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 24, no. 2 (1997): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95078.

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Strip-transect aerial surveys of Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf were conducted during the winters of 1989 and 1994. These surveys were designed primarily to estimate the abundance and distribution of dugongs, although they also allowed sea turtles and dolphins, and, to a lesser extent, whales, manta rays and whale sharks to be surveyed. Shark Bay contains a large population of dugongs that is of international significance. Estimates of approximately 10000 dugongs resulted from both surveys. The density of dugongs is the highest recorded in Australia and the Middle East, where these surveys have been conducted. Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef are also important dugong habitats, each supporting in the order of 1000 dugongs. The estimated number of turtles in Shark Bay is comparable to the number in Exmouth Gulf plus Ningaloo Reef (7000–9000). The density of turtles in Ningaloo Reef and, to a lesser extent, Exmouth Gulf is exceptionally high compared with most other areas that have been surveyed by the same technique. Shark Bay supports a substantial population of bottlenose dolphins (2000–3000 minimum estimate). Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef were not significant habitats for dolphins during the winter surveys. Substantial numbers of whales (primarily humpbacks) and manta rays occur in northern and western Shark Bay in winter. Ningaloo Reef is an important area for whale sharks and manta rays in autumn and winter. The Shark Bay Marine Park excludes much of the winter habitats of the large vertebrate fauna of Shark Bay. In 1989 and 1994, more than half of all the dugongs were seen outside the Marine Park (57·4 and 50·7%, respectively). Approximately one-third to one-half of turtles and dolphins were seen outside the Marine Park (in 1989 and 1994 respectively: turtles, 43 and 27%; dolphins, 47 and 32%). Almost all the whales and most of the manta rays were seen outside the Marine Park. Expansion of the Shark Bay Marine Park, to bring it into alignment with the marine section of the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, would facilitate the appropriate management of these populations. This would also simplify the State– Commonwealth collaboration necessary to meet the obligations of World Heritage listing. The coastal waters of Western Australia north of the surveyed area (over 6000 km of coastline) are relatively poorly known and surveys of their marine megafauna are required for wise planning and management.
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Gales, Nick, Robert D. McCauley, Janet Lanyon, and Dave Holley. "Change in abundance of dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: evidence for large-scale migration." Wildlife Research 31, no. 3 (2004): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02073.

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The third in a series of five-yearly aerial surveys for dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf was conducted in July 1999. The first two surveys provided evidence of an apparently stable population of dugongs, with ~1000 animals in each of Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef, and 10 000 in Shark Bay. We report estimates of less than 200 for each of Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef and ~14 000 for Shark Bay. This is an apparent overall increase in the dugong population over this whole region, but with a distributional shift of animals to the south. The most plausible hypothesis to account for a large component of this apparent population shift is that animals in Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef moved to Shark Bay, most likely after Tropical Cyclone Vance impacted available dugong forage in the northern habitat. Bias associated with survey estimate methodology, and normal changes in population demographics may also have contributed to the change. The movement of large numbers of dugongs over the scale we suggest has important management implications. First, such habitat-driven shifts in regional abundance will need to be incorporated in assessing the effectiveness of marine protected areas that aim to protect dugongs and their habitat. Second, in circumstances where aerial surveys are used to estimate relative trends in abundance of dugongs, animal movements of the type we propose could lead to errors in interpretation.
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Lydia Schönberg, Christine Hanna. "The Sponge Gardens of Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Open Marine Biology Journal 4, no. 1 (October 12, 2010): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874450801004010003.

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O'Shea, Owen R., Michele Thums, Mike van Keulen, and Mark Meekan. "Bioturbation by stingrays at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 3 (2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11180.

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Stingrays are an important part of the biomass of the fishes in shallow coastal ecosystems, particularly in inter-reefal areas. In these habitats, they are considered keystone species – modifying physical and biological habitats through their foraging and predation. Here, we quantify the effects of bioturbation by rays on sand flats of Ningaloo Reef lagoon in Western Australia. We measured the daily length, breadth and depth of 108 feeding pits over three 7‐day periods, created by stingrays (Pastinachus atrus, Himantura spp. Taeniura lymma and Urogymnus asperrimus) in Mangrove Bay. Additionally, an area of ~1 km2 of the lagoon at Coral Bay was mapped three times over 18 months, to record patterns of ray and pit presence. Over 21 days at Mangrove Bay, a total of 1.08 m3 of sediment was excavated by rays, equating to a sediment wet weight of 760.8 kg, and 2.42% of the total area sampled, or 0.03% of the whole intertidal zone. We estimate that up to 42% of the soft sediments in our study area would be reworked by stingrays each year. Based on a model predicting the probability of pit presence over time, there was a 40% probability of ray pits persisting for 4 days before being filled in but only a 15% probability of a pit being present after 7 days. Changes in pit volume over time were static, providing evidence for secondary use. Our results imply that rays play an important ecological role creating sheltered habitats for other taxa in addition to the turnover of sediments.
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Taylor, JG. "Seasonal occurrence, distribution and movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960637.

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Aerial surveys between 1989 and 1992 demonstrated that large numbers of whale sharks appear on Ningaloo Reef in north-western Australia during autumn, shortly after the coral has undergone mass spawning. This movement into the reef waters would allow whale sharks to capitalize on the increased production of zooplankton brought about as a result of this mass spawning of corals and other marine organisms. Sharks occupied mainly the relatively turbid waters on the reef front, where a northerly current prevailed, rather than the offshore, warmer waters of the southerly flowing Leeuwin Current. The sharks moved in to the reef front from offshore but, once inshore, the majority swam parallel to the reef. The maximum density in any sector of the reef at any one time was four sharks per km, recorded in May 1992. The longer the time since sharks first appeared on the reef, the greater was their tendency to aggregate in a particular region of the reef. Evidence is presented that indicates that whale shark numbers at the northern end of Ningaloo Reef declined during the latter half of the 1980s; this decline may be related to the massive destruction of coral by the gastropod mollusc Drupella cornus during this period.
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Ceh, Janja, Mike Van Keulen, and David G. Bourne. "Coral-associated bacterial communities on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75, no. 1 (November 2, 2010): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00986.x.

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Xu, Jiangtao, Ryan J. Lowe, Gregory N. Ivey, Nicole L. Jones, and Zhenlin Zhang. "Ocean Transport Pathways to a World Heritage Fringing Coral Reef: Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." PLOS ONE 11, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): e0145822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145822.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ningaloo Reef (W.A.)"

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Shiell, Glenn Raymond. "The spatial distribution and temporal shifts in the biology of Holothuria whitmaei Bell [Echinodermata: Holothuroidea], Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0081.

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[Truncated abstract] Aspects of the biology of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei were investigated at Coral Bay, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The study was partitioned into several components: i) spatial distribution, ii) temporal changes in behaviour and iii) reproduction biology. The spatial distribution of H. whitmaei at Coral Bay was typical of that reported in the literature. H. whitmaei had distinct preferences for outer reef habitats, including the outer reef flat and reef slope. However, the distribution of H. whitmaei within these habitats was heterogeneous, or, aggregated within certain micro-habitat zones - predominantly at the leading edge of the reef flat, perpendicular to the prevailing current. Two potential biological advantages of this distribution were hypothesised: i), that species aggregation enhances prospects for gamete fertilisation, a process which may be impeded under typical densities, and ii), large deposits of detrital matter, an important food source for holothurians, may accumulate within these zones. ... A striking feature of the reproduction biology of this species was the potential for specimens to mature asynchronously. It was hypothesised that this phenomenon may be a reflection of isolated individuals located too far from conspecifics to receive pheromone signals; cues which are known to entrain synchronous gonad development in some holothurians. Hence, it was proposed that aggregations of H. whitmaei may be important to the maintenance of population recruitment, given that animals at the periphery of species concentrations may have relatively little chance of achieving fertilisation. ... Given that H. whitmaei were observed to maintain highly specific patterns of distribution, this may have significant ramifications for trophic level cascades in the outer reef zone, particularly where this species is present in higher densities (i.e. >100 ind. ha-1). The findings of this study, apart from highlighting the spatial and temporal biological attributes which may facilitate feeding and reproductive success, also emphasised the importance of biological knowledge to the management of sea cucumber fisheries. The study highlighted the need for further research to ascertain both the importance of species aggregations to population recruitment, and of the actual densities required to achieve high rates of gamete fertilisation. Such knowledge may help ultimately to identify suitable habitats for inclusion in marine protected areas.
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Shiell, Glenn Raymond. "The spatial distribution and temporal shifts in the biology of Holothuria whitmaei Bell [Echinodermata: Holothuroidea], Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia /." Connect to this title, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0081.

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Lawrie, Misty Suanne. "Patterns of coastal tourism growth and multiple dwelling : implications for informal camping along the Ningaloo coastline." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0222.

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Over the past few decades, the development of coastal areas has become an increasingly contested arena. For many years, tourism in remote coastal areas has been the preserve of a few intrepid campers, surfers and recreational fishers. More recently, however, numbers along parts of the coast have increased rapidly, not only contributing to an expansion of camping activity, but also pressure for more commercially oriented tourism. This has contributed to concerns about the environmental sustainability of tourism in remote coastal areas. Governments have increasingly been faced with the challenge of balancing ecological concerns with the pursuit of economic development. Adding to the complexity are the differing needs and demands of various segments of the tourism market all looking to enjoy particular places. Balancing the demands of campers, backpackers, package tourists and others in a single place is often wrought with conflict. This study explores some of these issues in a remote coastal area in Western Australia. The Ningaloo coast has evolved from a difficult to reach destination used by a small number of campers, to one of Western Australia's most popular tourist destinations in just two decades. The thesis examines the factors underlying the growth and change of tourism in the region, tracing its evolution from a few small rudimentary campsites to proposals for large scale resort developments. Of particular interest to this thesis is how planning and policy processes aim to address developmental pressures and resource use/planning conflicts. Additionally, this study provides an insight into the issues facing the informal, long term camper as the traditional segment of Ningaloo's tourism market. It examines how current planning and policy for the Ningaloo coastline affects this group by reshaping traditional tourism use of the area.
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Meyer, Friedrich W. [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Wild, and Andreas [Gutachter] Kunzmann. "The physiology of coral reef calcifiers under local and global stressors / Friedrich W. Meyer. Betreuer: Christian Wild. Gutachter: Christian Wild ; Andreas Kunzmann." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1106374665/34.

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Books on the topic "Ningaloo Reef (W.A.)"

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1952-, Bachman Bill, and Western Australia. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management., eds. Range to reef: Discover Cape Range National Park and Ningaloo Marine Park. Como, W.A: Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, 1988.

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Committee, Western Australia World Heritage Consultative. Report on a proposal to nominate the North West Cape-Ningaloo Reef area for inscription on the World Heritage List: Final report. [Perth, W.A.]: Published by the Western Australian Dept. of Conservation and Land Development [for the] World Heritage Consultative Committee, 2004.

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Whale Sharks: The Giants of Ningaloo Reef. Harpercollins, 1994.

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Australia, Western. Tourist map of Western Australia's Gascoyne Coast: Shark Bay, Carnarvon, Mt. Augustus, Exmouth, Denham, Monkey Mia, Coral Bay, Ningaloo Reef. The Department, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ningaloo Reef (W.A.)"

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Duffy, Sarah, and Roger A. Layton. "Whale sharks, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." In Social Marketing, 509–24. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315648590-30.

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Duffy, Sarah, Roger Layton, and Larry Dwyer. "Whale shark tourism at Ningaloo Reef." In Coral Reefs: Tourism, Conservation and Management, 119–34. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315537320-9.

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Schönberg, Christine Hanna Lydia, and Jane Fromont. "Sponge gardens of Ningaloo Reef (Carnarvon Shelf, Western Australia) are biodiversity hotspots." In Ancient Animals, New Challenges, 143–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4688-6_13.

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Jones, Roy, Colin Ingram, and Andrew Kingham. "Waltzing the Heritage Icons: 'Swagmen', 'Squatters' and 'Troopers' at North West Cape and Ningaloo Reef." In Geographies of Australian Heritages, 79–94. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351157520-6.

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"Island in the Stream: Oceanography and Fisheries of the Charleston Bump." In Island in the Stream: Oceanography and Fisheries of the Charleston Bump, edited by George R. Sedberry, John C. Mcgovern, and Oleg Pashuk. American Fisheries Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569230.ch1.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The Charleston Bump is a complex bottom feature of great topographic relief located southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. This bottom feature deflects the Gulf Stream offshore in the South Atlantic Bight, and establishes permanent and temporary eddies, gyres, and associated upwellings in the warm Gulf Stream flow. Thermal fronts associated with Gulf Stream deflection, and die bottom feature itself, are believed to be attractive to large pelagic fishes, or result in concentrations of larvae, juveniles, and prey for larger fish. Upwelling in the region supports early life history stages of important fishery species. Deflection of the Gulf Stream may also play a direct or indirect role in transport of early life stages toward, or away from, nursery areas. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) influenced by the Gulf Stream response to the Charleston Bump appear to have a role in determining recruitment success in gag <em> Mycteroperca microlepis, </em>a continental shelf reef fish. Relative cohort strength in gag was correlated (r = 0.89) to SST at 33°30'N, 78°30' W. Variability in conditions mat affect recruitment of larvae and juveniles, combined with heavy fishing pressure on prespawning adults, may result in recruitment failure in gag. In addition to strongly influencing circulation patterns in the South Atlantic Bight, die rugged bottom topography of the Bump is an important habitat and spawning ground for wreckfish <em> Polyprion americanus </em>and supports die U.S. fishery for this species. As a result, die Bump is an essential habitat for this species in U.S. waters. A geographic analysis of commercial pelagic longline logbook data shows mat die Charleston Bump is an area of concentrated commercial fishing effort, and that pelagic longline fisheries also concentrate along fronts at die edges of Gulf Stream gyres and eddies downstream. The "Charleston Bump Complex" of rough bottom topography and dynamic oceanography is an essential habitat for wreckfish and highly migratory pelagic fishes, and may influence recruitment success in some continental shelf fishes.
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"decreases very gradually between them. In the latitude of Ascension, and 1½ deg. To the Eastward thereof we had 10½ deg.; and about one degree to the E: ward of it, had 9 deg. 52 min. W & at Ascension had 9 deg. 40 min. W – This is a high barren, rocky island about 20 miles in circumference and may be seen 10 leagues in clear weather. It is so intirely barren, that there is not the least appearance of any kind of vegetation nor is there any fresh water on it: these are sufficient reasons for it being unhabited. Yet there are many goats on this island, of which our people shot several; they were very meagre, as might reasonably be expected: and it abounds in sea turtle, the largest and finest perhaps in the world. A ship bound to this island must sail down along the North side of it, and may keep it close aboard it being bold and steep to; and when you come to haul up for the road you must still keep the shoreclose aboard: you may sail within two cables length or less of it (there being no danger) till you bring Cross Hill in the middle of the sandy bay. This Bay is about a large quarter of a mile deep, and about ¾ of a mile wide. The Westernmost point of this bay is dangerous, a reef of rocks running out from it about a mile from the shore, on which, in bad weather, the sea breaks, therefore care must be taken not ot go too near it. The anchoring place is on the NW side of the island off the above-mentioned sandy bay, opposite which inland, there is a high hill by itself, with a flag staff a cross upon it which give it the name of Cross Hill. A good mark for anchoring is to bring Cross Hill on the middle of the sandy bay when it still bear SSE½E and the extreams of the island from NE½E to SW½S when you will be in 10 fathom water, and about ½ a mile of shore. The bottom is sand and gravel, clear ground. This is as good a birth as any in the road. The latitude, observed in Ascension road is 7 deg. 57 min: S. and Long: made from S: Helena, 7 deg. 41 mins W. according to M Maskeylyne’s table of the longitude of places determined by astronomical observations, the true difference of long: between these islands is 8 deg. 10 min: which shews that we have been." In Exploration of the South Seas in the Eighteenth Century: Rediscovered Accounts, Volume I, 386. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315537368-62.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ningaloo Reef (W.A.)"

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Zamora, Lara Marcus, Patti Virtue, Heidi R. Pethybridge, Mark G. Meekan, Michele Thums, and Peter D. Nichols. "Intraspecific variability in diet and implied foraging ranges of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." In The 4th International Whale Shark Conference. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2016.iwsc4.69.

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Davies, James E., Wojciech M. Klonowski, Leon J. Majewski, Mark A. Gray, and Mervyn J. Lynch. "Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of the Ningaloo Reef: Data Collection, Processing, Validation and Applications in Monitoring One of the World’s Largest, Most Diverse and Pristine Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystems." In Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding of the Environment. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hise.2007.hwb3.

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Reynolds, Samantha D., Bradley M. Normans, Rory P. Wilson, Hester Bushell, Sharyn O' Neill, and David L. Morgan. "Where the whale sharks are: An innovative satellite tagging programme to track the movements of whale sharks from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." In The 4th International Whale Shark Conference. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2016.iwsc4.50.

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