Books: 'Nineteen eleven'

1

Board, Edmonton School, ed. Souvenir of the Edmonton schools: Issued at the opening of the high school, May ninth, nineteen hundred and eleven. [Edmonton?: s.n., 1997.

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2

D, Jocelyn H., and Greenbank Colloquium. (4th : 1990 : Liverpool), eds. Aspects of nineteenth-century British classical scholarship: Eleven essays. Liverpool: Liverpool Classical Monthly, 1996.

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3

Nastran, Users' Colloquium (19th 1991 Williamsburg Va ). Nineteenth NASTRAN Users' Colloquium: Proceedings of a colloquium held in Williamsburg, Virginia, April 22-26, 1991. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1991.

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4

Graglia, Roberto D., Giuseppe Pelosi, and Stefano Selleri, eds. International Workshop on Finite Elements for Microwave Engineering. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-968-9.

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When Courant prepared the text of his 1942 address to the American Mathematical Society for publication, he added a two-page Appendix to illustrate how the variational methods first described by Lord Rayleigh could be put to wider use in potential theory. Choosing piecewise-linear approximants on a set of triangles which he called elements, he dashed off a couple of two-dimensional examples and the finite element method was born. … Finite element activity in electrical engineering began in earnest about 1968-1969. A paper on waveguide analysis was published in Alta Frequenza in early 1969, giving the details of a finite element formulation of the classical hollow waveguide problem. It was followed by a rapid succession of papers on magnetic fields in saturable materials, dielectric loaded waveguides, and other well-known boundary value problems of electromagnetics. … In the decade of the eighties, finite element methods spread quickly. In several technical areas, they assumed a dominant role in field problems. P.P. Silvester, San Miniato (PI), Italy, 1992 Early in the nineties the International Workshop on Finite Elements for Microwave Engineering started. This volume contains the history of the Workshop and the Proceedings of the 13th edition, Florence (Italy), 2016 . The 14th Workshop will be in Cartagena (Colombia), 2018.

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5

Children's Books, Nineteen Eleven to Nineteen Eighty-Six. New York Public Library, 1988.

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6

Devers, Vernon. Ninety-Eight Years Eleven Months Nineteen Days. Two Sisters Writing & Publishing LLC, 2023.

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7

13 March 1911. York, England: Information as Material, 2019.

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8

Number eleven: A love story in 1960's Bombay. Bloomington, IN: Archway Publishing, 2015.

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9

Ps Be Eleven. Amistad, 2013.

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10

Ps Be Eleven. HarperCollins Publishers Inc, 2013.

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11

Williams-Garcia, Rita. P.S. Be Eleven. Quill Tree Books, 2015.

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12

Williams-Garcia, Rita. P. S. Be Eleven. HarperCollins Publishers, 2015.

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13

P. S. Be Eleven. Amistad, 2013.

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14

Williams-Garcia, Rita. P. S. Be Eleven. HarperCollins Publishers, 2013.

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15

Services, New York Public Library Office of Children's. Children's Books, Nineteen Eleven to Nineteen Eighty-Six: Favorite Children's Books from the Branch Collections of the New York Public Library. New York Public Library, 1988.

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16

Albert, Susan Wittig. The Darling Dahlias and the Eleven O'clock Lady. 2015.

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17

Pomeroy &. Stewart Dives. History of the County of Schuylkill, in Honor of the County's Centenary, July Second to Eighth, Nineteen Hundred and Eleven. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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18

History of the County of Schuylkill, in Honor of the County's Centenary, July Second to Eighth, Nineteen Hundred and Eleven. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.

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19

Lyon, Sears Chester, and Linus W. Harger. Pittsfield, Massachusetts, 1761-1911; 150th Anniversary Celebration, Sunday, July 2, Monday, July 3, Tuesday, July 4, Nineteen Hundred Eleven; Official Program and Souvenir. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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20

A memorial service in honor of Dr. Michael B. Petrovich, September 29, 1933-July 11, 1986, Associate Professor of History: July the nineteenth, nineteen hundred and eighty-six, eleven o'clock, Dimnent Memorial Chapel, Holland, Michigan. [Holland, Michigan?: s.n., 1986.

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21

Insurance Library Association of Boston. Lectures on Fire Insurance; Being the Substance of Lectures Given Before the Evening Classes in Fire Insurance Conducted by the Insurance Library ... of Nineteen Hundred and Eleven and Twelve. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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22

Heckman, Wallace 1851-1927. Lorado Taft's Indian Statue Black Hawk: An Account of the Unveiling Ceremonies at Eagles' Nest Bluff, Oregon, Illinois, July the First, Nineteen Hundred and Eleven, Frank O. Lowden Presiding. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.

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23

Insurance Library Association of Boston. Lectures on Fire Insurance; Being the Substance of Lectures Given Before the Evening Classes in Fire Insurance Conducted by the Insurance Library Association of Boston During the Fall and Winter of Nineteen Hundred and Eleven and Twelve. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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24

Insurance Library Association of Boston. Lectures on Fire Insurance; Being the Substance of Lectures Given Before the Evening Classes in Fire Insurance Conducted by the Insurance Library Association of Boston During the Fall and Winter of Nineteen Hundred and Eleven and Twelve. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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25

Lectures on Fire Insurance; Being the Substance of Lectures Given Before the Evening Classes in Fire Insurance Conducted by the Insurance Library Association of Boston During the Fall and Winter of Nineteen Hundred and Eleven and Twelve. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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26

Lectures on Fire Insurance; Being the Substance of Lectures Given Before the Evening Classes in Fire Insurance Conducted by the Insurance Library Association of Boston During the Fall and Winter of Nineteen Hundred and Eleven and Twelve. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.

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27

Lectures on Fire Insurance; Being the Substance of Lectures Given Before the Evening Classes in Fire Insurance Conducted by the Insurance Library Association of Boston During the Fall and Winter of Nineteen Hundred and Eleven and Twelve. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.

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28

Ingelbien, Raphaël, and Susan Galavan, eds. Figures of Authority in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789622409.001.0001.

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This interdisciplinary collection investigates the forms that authority assumed in nineteenth-century Ireland, the relations they bore to international redefinitions of authority, and Irish contributions to the reshaping of authority in the modern age. At a time when age-old sources of social, political, spiritual and cultural authority were eroded in the Western world, Ireland witnessed both the restoration of older forms of authority and the rise of figures who defined new models of authority in a democratic age. Using new comparative perspectives as well as archival resources in a wide range of fields, eleven chapters show how new authorities were embodied in emerging types of politicians, clerics and professionals, and in material extensions of their power in visual, oral and print cultures. Their analyses often eerily echo twenty-first-century debates about populism, the suspicion towards scholarly and intellectual expertise, and the role of new technologies and forms of association in contesting and recreating authority. Several contributions highlight the role of emotion in the way authority was deployed by figures ranging from O’Connell to Catholic priests and W.B. Yeats, foreshadowing the perceived rise of emotional politics in our own age. This volume stresses that many contested forms of authority that now look ‘traditional’ emerged from 19th-century crises and developments, as did the challenges that undermine authority.

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29

Clark, Emily Suzanne. African American Religions in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.23.

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The typical story of African American religions narrates the development and power of the Protestant black church, but shifting the focus to the long nineteenth century can reorient the significance of the story. The nineteenth century saw the boom of Christian conversions among African Americans, but it also was a century of religious diversity. All forms of African American religion frequently pushed against the dominance of whiteness. This included the harming and cursing element of Conjure and southern hoodoo, the casting of slaves as Old Israel awaiting their exodus from bondage, the communications between the spirit of Abraham Lincoln and Afro-Creoles in New Orleans, and the push for autonomy and leadership by Richard Allen and the rest of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. While many studies of African American religions in the nineteenth century overwhelmingly focus on Protestantism, this is only part of the story.

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30

Meola, David A., ed. A Cultural History Of Genocide in the Long Nineteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350034921.

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The long 19th century, approximately 1750 to 1918, was one of significant existential change for peoples across the globe. The beginning of this period saw the expansion of empires, and shortly thereafter, the EuroAmerican Enlightenment brought about calls for revolutions and the “rights of man”. The events and ideas made way for empire and the creation of the nation-state. European states primarily concentrated their aggressive colonization in the Global South, bringing mostly white metropolitans and settlers into intimate contact with diverse African, Asian, and American populations. The inherent violence of imperialism eventually ushered in flashpoints of conflict, as well as indentured servitude, racial segregation, ecological destruction, and genocide throughout Europe’s overseas empires. While communal destruction functioned as a central element of 19th-century genocides, colonial governments also used other methods to destroy indigenous life, such as forced assimilation, language adoption, religious instruction, and economic subjugation. Memories of these atrocities have since contributed both to systemic violence in subsequent decades, and to education about these events in the hope of genocide prevention. Yet for all of the violence, a spirit of humanitarianism developed alongside these vile actions that tried to reverse the policies of states and help the aggrieved.

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31

Damjanović, Dragan, and Aleksander Łupienko, eds. Forging Architectural Tradition: National Narratives, Monument Preservation and Architectural Work in the Nineteenth Century. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/9781800733374.

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During the nineteenth century, a change developed in the way architectural objects from the distant past were viewed by contemporaries. Such edifices, be they churches, castles, chapels or various other buildings, were not only admired for their aesthetic values, but also for the role they played in ancient times, and their role as reminders of important events from the national past. Architectural heritage often was (and still is) an important element of nation building. Authors address the process of building national myths around certain architectural objects. National narratives are questioned, as is the position architectural heritage played in the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries.

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32

Mason, Nicholas, and Tom Mole, eds. Romantic Periodicals in the Twenty-First Century. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474448123.001.0001.

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While the twenty-first century has brought a wealth of new digital resources for researching late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century serials, the subfield of Romantic periodical studies has remained largely inchoate. This collection sets out to begin tackling this problem, offering a basic groundwork for a branch of periodical studies that is distinctive to the concerns, contexts and media of Britain’s Romantic age. Featuring eleven chapters by leading experts on the subject, it showcases the range of methodological, conceptual and literary-historical insights to be drawn from just one of the era’s landmark literary periodicals, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine. Drawing in particular on the trove of newly digitised content, specific essays model how careful analyses of the incisive and often inflammatory commentary, criticism and original literature from Blackwood’s first two decades (1817–37) might inform and expand many of the most vibrant contemporary discussions surrounding British Romanticism.

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33

Jakovljević, Branislav. Not Made by Hand, or Arm, or Leg. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.39.

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In this chapter, the author takes the gesture as a basic building element of Happenings, seen as a precursor of live performance of the final decades of the twentieth century, such as body art and postmodern dance. Building on a comparison with nineteenth-century Kopienkritik, Jakovljević argues that recent theories of reenactment are inseparable from the modernist idea of uniqueness. Arguing against the political economy of originality, the author suggests that gesture in Happenings does not “originate” from a privileged source but from a complex intersection of forces, the artist being just one of them. If a Happening repeats, it is often something that has never existed as an aesthetic object, idea, or act.

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34

Boutin, Aimée. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039218.003.0007.

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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that the collective experience of sounds is what gives aurality meaning, even though there is an element of idiosyncrasy in sound perception. The street cries of peddlers and hawkers were meaningful sounds that resonated as a shared cultural experience in the nineteenth century, even for those who rarely heard them, or chose not to write about them. In the twenty-first century, peddlers still operate and vocalize in locations as diverse as New York City, Mexico City, Dakar, Port-au-Prince, Calcutta, Sidi Bouzid, and even Paris. Modern forms of peddling are alive and well, and the intrusiveness of street trade remains a point of contention in today's noise-conscious society.

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35

Loughlin, Gerard P. Gay Affections. Edited by Adrian Thatcher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199664153.013.42.

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This chapter considers how gay identities—and so gay affections—were formed in the course of the twentieth century, building on the late nineteenth-century invention of the ‘homosexual’. It also considers earlier construals of same-sex affections and the people who had them, the soft men and hard women of the first century and the sodomites of the eleventh. It thus sketches a history of continuities and discontinuities, of overlapping identities and emotional possibilities. The chapter resists the assumption that gay identity and experience can be reduced to anything less than the multitude of gay people, and that as Christians they have to give an account of themselves in a way that heterosexual Christians do not. The chapter warns against thinking gay identity undone in Christ.

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36

Larson, Pier. African Slave Trades in Global Perspective. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0003.

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Slave trading is a salient theme in African history and in the continent’s global connections between the eleventh and nineteenth centuries. This chapter focuses on the economic dimensions of African slave trades, summarizes the state of research on the size and demography of slaving, and explores the commodity trades of which slaving was a part. It argues that whereas the slave trades have typically been studied ocean-by-ocean with Africa as a point of departure, recentring the history of slaving onto the African continent allows for a global perspective in which all of Africa’s slave trades can be taken into account simultaneously and in dynamic interaction. Shifting focus onto Africa allows for a number of themes common to different slave trades to emerge, including the key role of textiles in all of them.

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37

Salisbury, Neal. The Atlantic Northeast. Edited by Frederick E. Hoxie. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858897.013.18.

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The Atlantic Northeast emerged as a distinctive region between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries. Its largest tribal groupings were the Abenaki, Mi’kmaq, Penobscot, and other Wabanaki peoples; the Delaware and other Lenape peoples; and Mohegan, Mohican, Munsee, Narragansett, Pequot, and Wampanoag Indians. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, these peoples struggled to survive in the face of depopulation from diseases, warfare, emigration, and other effects of European, particularly English, colonization. Thereafter, they and their communities persisted, despite further marginalization in non-Native law, society, and discourse in the United States and Canada. Since the end of the nineteenth century, Native peoples have begun to resist such marginalization through greater public visibility as celebrities and activists, by regaining some lands and rights, and by proclaiming their own perspectives on their history.

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38

Prestel, Joseph Ben. What is Love? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797562.003.0002.

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After the middle of the nineteenth century, city clerks, social reformers, and journalists began to reflect about the effects of Berlin’s dynamic transformation. This chapter focuses on an influential strand of this literature in which authors claimed that the spread of new activities, such as visits to dance halls or seeking marriage through personal ads, resulted in the decline of people’s “feeling of morality” (sittliches Gefühl). The chapter demonstrates that it was important for contemporary authors to draw on the concept of feeling rather than other concepts of morality, as this enabled them to respond to the rising authority of the natural sciences. Since a number of observers described a feeling of morality as an important element that tied Berliners together as a community, its loss raised concern about the effects of urban change on the bodies and minds of the city’s inhabitants.

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39

Zola, Émile. The Ladies' Paradise. Translated by Brian Nelson. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536900.001.0001.

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The Ladies’ Paradise (Au Bonheur des Dames) recounts the spectacular development of the modern department store in late nineteenth century Paris. The store is a symbol of capitalism, of the modern city, and of the bourgeois family; it is emblematic of consumer culture and the changes in sexual attitudes and class relations taking place at the end of the century. Octave Mouret, the store’s owner-manager, masterfully exploits the desires of his female customers. In his private life as much as in business he is the great seducer. But when he falls in love with the innocent Denise Baudu, he discovers she is the only one of the salesgirls who refuses to be commodified. This new translation of the eleventh book in the Rougon-Macquart cycle captures the spirit of one of Zola’s greatest novels of the modern city.

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40

Tolstoy, Leo. The Devil and Other Stories. Edited by Richard F. Gustafson. Translated by Louise and Aylmer Maude. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199553990.001.0001.

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‘It is impossible to explain why Yevgeny chose Liza Annenskaya, as it is always impossible to explain why a man chooses this and not that woman.’ This collection of eleven stories spans virtually the whole of Tolstoy's creative life. While each is unique in form, as a group they are representative of his style, and touch on the central themes that surface in War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Stories as different as 'The Snowstorm', 'Lucerne', 'The Diary of a Madman', and 'The Devil' are grounded in autobiographical experience. They deal with journeys of self-discovery and the moral and religious questioning that characterizes Tolstoy's works of criticism and philosophy. 'Strider' and 'Father Sergy', as well as reflecting Tolstoy's own experiences, also reveal profound psychological insights. These stories range over much of the Russian world of the nineteenth century, from the nobility to the peasantry, the military to the clergy, from merchants and cobblers to a horse and a tree. Together they present a fascinating picture of Tolstoy's skill and artistry. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.

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41

Wijffels, Alain. Civil Procedural Law, the Judiciary, and Legal Professionals. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.28.

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In civil law courts, early modern civil procedure was based on the Roman-canonical model of proceedings originally developed in late medieval ecclesiastical courts and by academic scholarship. Its main features were the principle of party disposition and its corollary, the adversarial principle. These features also governed to a large extent English common law proceedings in civil litigation. The new secular and ecclesiastical social elites emerging in urban environments from the late eleventh century onwards rejected traditional forms of procedures because they perceived them as arbitrary. Early modern political developments tended to reorganize the courts’ systems in a polity under the authority of the sovereign, but in most territories, a patchwork of courts remained in place. The fundamental structure of civil proceedings remained by and large in place in the system of national courts established from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century onwards.

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42

Versiani, Flavio. The Colonial Economy. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.2.

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The chapter deals with characteristics of the Brazilian colonial period (from 1500 to independence from Portugal in 1822) that have exercised a significant influence on later developments. Three aspects of the institutional framework of Portuguese colonization are emphasized: the relations between the colonial government and the private sector; the pattern of access to land by colonists; and the widespread use of slave labor. It is argued that colonial policies were detrimental to private initiative, hampering access to productivity gains from industrialization in the eighteenth century. Distribution of land, in large tracts, to privileged individuals was instrumental in establishing a pattern of inequality in wealth, power, and political influence; the landless majority helped to bring about an elastic supply of labor in later periods. Slavery, which dominated the labor market from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth, was an element of the inequality in income distribution that persists to the present.

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43

Platt, R. Eric, and Holly A. Foster, eds. Persistence through Peril. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496835031.001.0001.

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Literature that recounts the history of nineteenth-century Southern higher education includes Civil War-related issues as part of a larger, longitudinal narrative. In cases concerning the war years (1861-1865), existing publications focus on the closure, destruction, and reformation of regional colleges and universities due to student enlistment, the burning of buildings by Union troops, campus conversions to military barracks or army hospitals, etc. Few, however, focus completely on the Civil War South—even fewer provide detailed case examples that extol the persistence of some Southern colleges during the fray. Though most Southern institutions of higher education did close during the war, a handful of academies remained open, weathering the storm and providing instruction to remaining students. While related literature provides interesting insights regarding college student military service, the role some professors played as Confederate officers, and the reemergence of Southern higher education following the war, this text showcases how some colleges and universities remained open while battles rages in nearby fields, towns, and ports via in-depth case “episodes” of eleven Southern institutions of higher education: South Carolina Military Academy (The Citadel), Wofford College, Mississippi College, Spring Hill College, Tuskegee Female College, (present-day Huntingdon College), Mercer University, Wesleyan College, the University of Virginia, the Virginia Military Institute, the University of North Carolina, and Trinity College (now known as Duke University). This volume provides pertinent information that underscores events that occurred at each institutional site prior to, during, and after the deadliest internal conflict in American history.

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44

Godsey, William D. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.003.0001.

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Though weakened by recent scholarship, the paradigm of “absolutist state-building” remains embedded in the thinking about Habsburg history from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. The “emasculation” of traditional elite groups such as the Estates by the reforming “state” of the eighteenth century is an especially tenacious assumption. The present study utilizes recent concepts for large, compound political entities in an international context including “fiscal-military state” and “composite monarchy” to throw light on the relationship of government and society over time. It anatomizes the impact of fiscal-military exigency on the relationship between the rulers in Vienna and the Estates of the archduchy below the river Enns (Lower Austria), which geographically, politically, and financially was one of the central Habsburg lands. The thesis is posited that the Habsburg monarchy’s composite-territorial structures in the guise of the Estates constituted an increasingly vital, if changing, element of Habsburg international success and resilience.

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45

Ayoub, Samy A. Law, Empire, and the Sultan. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092924.001.0001.

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This book is the first study of late Ḥanafism in the early modern Ottoman Empire. It examines Ottoman imperial authority in authoritative Ḥanafī legal works from the Ottoman world of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries CE, casting new light on the understudied late Ḥanafī jurists (al-mutaʾakhkhirūn). By taking the madhhab and its juristic discourse as the central focus and introducing “late Ḥanafism” as a framework of analysis, this study demonstrates that late Ḥanafī jurists assigned probative value and authority to the orders and edicts of the Ottoman sultan. This authority is reflected in the sultan’s ability to settle juristic disputes, to order specific opinions to be adopted in legal opinions (fatāwā), and to establish his orders as authoritative and final reference points. The incorporation of sultanic orders into authoritative Ḥanafī legal commentaries, treatises, and fatwā collections was made possible by a shift in Ḥanafī legal commitments that embraced sultanic authority as an indispensable element of the lawmaking process.

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46

Hines, James R. Skating for an Audience. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039065.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the evolution of show skating. Show skating is neither new nor unique. Its roots can be traced back farther than competitive skating. In Victorian England, gentlemen amateurs tell of interested observers who watched in amazement as they traced their figures, and they admit that their egos swelled with pride when spectators watched them go through their paces. That was amateur skating at its best, albeit with an element of showing off to those less skilled. Jackson Haines, however, skated professionally in the United States and Canada before moving permanently to Europe to continue his career. Thus, exhibition types of skating, from individuals showing off on local ponds to itinerant professionals were a part of the skating scene in the mid-nineteenth century. While the success of Haines' performances in Europe is legion, skating shows were popular in America as well. The importance of carnivals to the advancement of the sport cannot be overemphasized because they provided performance experience to skaters at all levels.

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47

Benton, Lauren. Atlantic Law. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0023.

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In Atlantic history, law functioned as an element of regional formation. Legal practices and discourses circulated widely, and similar patterns of legal politics produced parallel regulatory shifts around the region. This article describes processes contributing to each trend in Atlantic law. It considers some similarities in strategies for extending sovereignty and notes the prominence of often indirect references to Roman law by European sojourners and settlers. It then turns to repeating patterns of legal pluralism, discussing in particular the regional effects of maritime conflicts and of decentralised legal authority, including control over slaves. This point leads to the observation that, particularly in the late eighteenth century and into the early nineteenth century, legal conflicts in the Atlantic world stood at the centre of new discourses of imperial, constitutional, and international law. While noting the most salient differences between legal systems within the Atlantic world, the article emphasises shared features contributing to the formation and transformation of an inter-imperial Atlantic legal regime.

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48

Gerth, Karl. Consumption and Nationalism: China. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0021.

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In China, the politicization of consumption at the end of the nineteenth and start of the twentieth century became a key way in which intellectuals and politicians defined, and the general population experienced, nationalism. In China and worldwide, consumption has served as a battleground in the creation of the modern nation. This article traces the changing manifestations of these historical connections between consumption and nationalism across modern Chinese history up to the present, focusing on the most conspicuous form of economic nationalism in the twentieth century, boycotts, as well as a newer form, brand nationalism. A more subtle mode of linking consumerism to nationalism in the early twentieth century was an interlocking set of nationalistic commodity spectacles that included modern imaged-based advertising, museums, department stores, and exhibitions, all of which articulated and propagated this link through a nationalistic visuality. China also showed an obsession with creating national brands, a consequence of which is the increasing standardization of brands across the nation, a foundational element of a national consciousness through consumerism.

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49

Battilossi, Stefano, Alfredo Gigliobianco, Giuseppe Marinelli, and With The Cooperation Of Sandra Natoli and Ivan Triglia. Resource Allocation by the Banking System. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0017.

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In Italy's bank-oriented financial system, bank credit is the most important source of external finance for firms. The allocative efficiency of banks is therefore a critical element underlying the overall performance of the economy. This chapter focuses on credit allocation across industrial sectors with different growth opportunities, as revealed by stock market data. We constructed a unique database which includes annual data on bank credit to different sectors and data on listed firms from 1948 to 2009. We assume that average sectoral price/earnings ratios are a proxy for growth opportunities, and that an efficient allocation of credit takes into account the variation of such opportunities. Our results confirm the hypothesis that, after a good start in the Fifties and Sixties, the following two decades, characterized by an excess of regulation (mixed with robust doses of political interference), saw a decline in the performance of the banking system. We also find evidence that after the financial liberalization of the early Nineties the allocative efficiency (across sectors) of the banking system increased. The present structural difficulties of the Italian economy do not depend, therefore, on the ability of the banks to select the industrial sectors to which to lend money.

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Stampfer, Shaul. Families, Rabbis and Education. Liverpool University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774853.001.0001.

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The realities of Jewish life in eastern Europe that concerned the average Jew meant the way their children grew up, the way they studied, how they married, and all the subsequent stages of the life cycle. The family and the community were the core institutions of east European Jewish society. These realities were always dynamic and evolving but in the nineteenth century, the pace of change in almost every area of life was exceptionally rapid. This book deals with these social realities. The result is a picture that is far from the stereotyped view of the past that is common today, but a more honest and more comprehensive one. Topics covered consider the learning experiences of both males and females of different ages. They also deal with and distinguish between study among the well off and learned and study among the poorer masses. A number of chapters are devoted to aspects of educating the elite. Several chapters deal with aspects of marriage, a key element in the life of most Jews. The attempt to understand the rabbinate in its social and historical context is no less revealing than the studies in other areas. The realities of rabbinical life are presented in a way that explains rabbinic behaviour and the complex relations between communities, ideologies, and modernization. The chapters look at the past through the prism of the lives of ordinary people, with some surprising.

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Books on the topic 'Nineteen eleven'

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