Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nika2'
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Ritacco, Alessia. "Polarimétrie aux longueurs d'onde millimétriques avec les instruments NIKA et NIKA2." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY018/document.
Full textThe role played by magnetic fields in the star formation process is an outstanding question of modern astrophysics. Herschel satellite observations have unveiled filamentary structures as the preferential sites of star formation. Complementary low resolution observations of dust polarization by the Planck satellite have demonstrated that these filamentary structures are associated to well organized magnetic fields, which should play a major role in this process. A better understanding of this process requires detailed observations of galactic dust polarization on scales of 0.01 pc to 0.1 pc. Such high resolution polarization observations can be carried out at the IRAM 30 meter telescope using the recently installed New IRAM Kid Array (NIKA2) camera, which features two frequency bands at 260 (polarized) and 150 (non polarized) GHz for a total of 3300 detectors, 12 and 18 arcsec FWHM resolution and Field of View (FoV) of 6.5 arcminutes diameter. The NIKA camera, which consists of two arrays of 132 and 224 LEKIDs (Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors) covering a FoV of ∼1.8 arcminutes at 1.15 (260) and 2.05 (150) mm (GHz), was installed at the IRAM 30 telescope from 2012 to 2015.The purpose of this thesis was the characterization of the NIKA polarization system performance. The system consisted of a rotating multi-mesh half wave plate and a grid polarizer. The rapidity of the LEKID detectors combined to the modulation of the HWP permits the simultaneous measurement of the three stokes parameters I,Q,U, components of the linear polarization. Then the signal is extracted with a lock-in procedure by isolating the amplitude of the mechanical rotation fourth harmonic.In the first part of the thesis the instrumental efficiency characterization of the system is presented. Later, the dedicated polarization data analysis is described. It has been specifically developed for the NIKA instrument and has allowed to map polarisation observations of compact and extended sources.The data reduction of unpolarized sources observations showed an instrumental polarization systematic effect. In order to correct for this effect an algorithm has been developed allowing to reduce an observed instrumental polarization of the order of ~ 3 % to below ~ 1%. In addition, polarized sources observations corrected for the systematic effect confirmed the potentiality of the NIKA polarimeter to measure the polarization. This opens the way to forthcoming observations with NIKA2 that will undoubtedly provide advances in the field of Galactic emission and interactions with the magnetic field
Ruppin, Florian. "Cosmologie via les observations d'amas de galaxies par effet Sunyaev-Zel'dovich avec NIKA2." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY029/document.
Full textThe mass distribution in the Universe, as traced by galaxy clusters is a powerful cosmological probe. The characterization of the processes associated with the origin and the growth of the large scale structures enables constraining cosmological parameters by studying the distribution of clusters according to their mass and redshift. However, a tension is observed between the cosmological constraints established by the study of the primary anisotropies of the cosmological background and those resulting from the analysis of the distribution of galaxy clusters. This may imply that our cosmological model is incomplete. The observation of clusters from the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect allows us to constrain their gas pressure. This observable can be directly linked to the mass of galaxy clusters via a scaling relation and a pressure profile. It is thus essential to characterize the latter precisely in order to limit the potential bias and systematic effects affecting cosmological analyses. This thesis presents the work carried out to this end. It covers topics ranging from SZ observations made with the NIKA2 camera installed at the IRAM 30-metre telescope to the estimation of cosmological parameters, and including the analysis of NIKA2 raw data and the SZ maps produced.Part of the thesis work presented in this document is dedicated to the study and the improvement of the different tasks carried out, from the observations of galaxy clusters with the NIKA2 camera to the production of maps of the SZ effect. The procedures developed to estimate the NIKA2 instrumental performance are detailed and the analysis pipeline used to analyze the raw data is presented.The work carried out in this thesis also consisted in characterizing the thermodynamic properties of galaxy clusters using joint analyzes that combine the NIKA2 SZ maps with X-ray data measured by the XMM-Newton satellite. We detail the methods used in the SZ data processing software created for the NIKA2 SZ large program, the non-parametric deprojection procedure developed to characterize the pressure profile of galaxy clusters and the results of the first SZ observation with NIKA2.The last activities presented are dedicated to the analyses carried out to quantify the impact of the NIKA2 SZ large program on cosmology. We analyze the effect of dynamic disturbances of the intracluster medium on the characterization of the pressure profile with NIKA2 via the use of clusters from the MUSIC N-body simulation. Finally, we detail the study realized in order to estimate the impact of a modification of the universal pressure profile on the estimation of cosmological parameters derived from the power spectrum of the SZ effect measured by Planck
Andrianasolo, Aina. "Nika2 : mesure de la polarisation avec des KIDs et perspectives pour la mesure du fond diffus cosmologique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY077.
Full textThe polarization is an important probe of many astrophysical and cosmological processes. The study of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is one of the major goals in Cosmology because it represents an important source of information on the cosmological model of the Universe. The measure of CMB polarization, and in particular the detection of its B modes, would sign the presence of primordial gravitationnal waves and be a powerful probe of inflation. In Astrophysics, the magnetic field can be traced via the observation of dust polarization, and its observation by Planck reveals a well organized magnetic field at large angular scales. Observations have shown that stellar formation takes place in dense filamentary structures and suggest that magnetic field plays an important role in it. High resolution observations of polarization in the filaments will allow us to further probe the role of magnetic field in star formation, and this is one of the main goals of the polarized channel of the NIKA2 camera. Polarization with NIKA2 is reconstructed thanks to the continuous rotation of a Half Wave Plate (HWP) and detectors of a new technology : KIDs (Kinetic Inductance Detectors). It is the only experiment that uses this combination, it thus gives an important feedback in the perspective of deploying it on future CMB polarization instruments.A part of this thesis focuses on the characterization of the polarization module of NIKA2. It presents the data analysis that allows the reconstruction of polarization and the methods that were developed to subtract systematic effects such as the parasitic signal from the HWP and instrumental polarisation.In the context of the search for B modes and in the perspective of doing more precise estimations of polarization, the last part presents two studies : one on the construction of new estimators of polarization that take into account the noise on intensity, and the other one on non-linearity produced by the reconstruction of a KID signal and how it impacts the detection of CMB B modes
Muñoz, Echeverria Miren. "Cosmologie multi-longueur d'onde avec les amas de galaxies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALY060.
Full textIn this thesis we present a multi-wavelength study of galaxy clusters. The work is focused on the precise reconstruction and comparison of cluster masses, which are an elemental quantity to use galaxy clusters as a cosmological probe. In the context of the NIKA2 Sunyaev Zel’dovich Large Programme, we present the characterisation of the systematic effects affecting the NIKA2 millimetre data and how they impact the estimation of the hydrostatic mass. The filtering at large angular scales is the main limiting factor to constrain precisely the mass. From the comparison of hydrostatic masses to lensing estimates, we conclude that the former are biased low by about 20 to 40% with respect to lensing and that hydrostatic masses obtained from the combination of Sunyaev Zel’dovich and X-ray data tend to be less biased than X-ray-only estimates. The bias is confirmed on the study of a larger cluster sample with XMM-Newton data, while a potential evolution of the hydrostatic-to-lensing mass ratio with redshift is not statistically significant. Regarding the intrinsic effects that affect the reconstruction of cluster masses from observations, we present an analysis based on The Three Hundred hydrodynamical simulations. We show that, under the assumption of sphericity, the projection along which the cluster is observed is a major source of scatter in the mass estimation for dark matter observables. The effect is an order of magnitude smaller for the tracers of the gas in the intracluster medium, demonstrating the power of X-ray and Sunyaev Zel’dovich observations. However, our knowledge about the distribution of the gas in the core of clusters remains subject to the angular resolution of the instruments in X-ray and millimetre wavelengths. We present in this thesis the first detection of the SZ effect of a cluster with the The Northern Extended Millimetre Array interferometer
Nikaj, Adriatik [Verfasser], and Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] Weske. "Restful choreographies / Adriatik Nikaj ; Betreuer: Mathias Weske." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1218169648/34.
Full textNikam, Rohit [Verfasser]. "Highly charged dendritic polyelectrolytes: Competitive ion binding and charge renormalization / Rohit Nikam." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230796789/34.
Full textAdam, R., I. Bartalucci, G. W. Pratt, P. Ade, P. André, M. Arnaud, A. Beelen, et al. "Mapping the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect toward MACS J0717.5+3745 with NIKA." EDP SCIENCES S A, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623249.
Full textCherrier, Mickaël Victor. "Etude cristallographique des protéines NikA et NikR impliquées dans la transport du nickel chez Escherichia coli : quand la structure de NikA met en évidence l'existence possible d'un nouveau métallophore." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079162.
Full textNickel is an essential cofactor for several proteins found in bacteria, but it is also toxic at high concentrations. Consequently, microorganisms need a highly regulated and specific import system of Ni2+. In Escherichia coli, this system is composed of five proteins encoded by the nikabcde operon (which is an ATP Binding Casette): NikA, a periplamic protein, NikB and NikC, two transmembrane proteins which create a pore in the inner membrane, and the cytoplasmic proteins NikD and NikE, which hydrolyse ATP and provide the energy for the transport process. FNR (Fumarate Nitrate Regulator) is the activator, and NikR the repressor of the transcription of the nik operon. We solved the NikA protein structure by molecular replacement and found that contrary to what was reported in a previous crystallographic analysis, the protein doesn't bind a pentahydrate nickel, but an FeEDTA(H2O)- complex. The EDTA, that is not a natural molecule, was introduced during the periplasmic extraction. These results suggest that NikA does not fix nickel directly, but it does it through a natural metallophore. Indeed, when we changed the periplasmic extraction with EDTA to a protocol using chloroform, we obtained a new structure where the nickel in complexed to a molecule similar to EDTA. Since this seems to be the physiological metallophore we have tried to characterise it using a variety of techniques. We also report a preliminary crystallographic analysis of NikR
Dubois, Vincent. "Expression de l'ADNc Nia2, codant pour une nitrate réductase de tabac, chez la laitue." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112060.
Full textThe nitrate reductase (NR) Nia2 cDNA from tobacco had been introduced into tobacco plants under the control of the 35S promoter (p35S). Some of these transgenic plants showed low nitrate levels in their leaves. It was interesting to apply this strategy to plants like lettuce or spinach that accumulate high nitrate levels. In this way, we produced and studied a population of transgenic lettuce transformed with the p35S::Nia2 construction. None of these lettuce showed low nitrate levels when compared to the untransformed plants. In order to explain these results, we tried to find and analyze lettuce having a transgenic NR activity. An hi vitro test was used to detect plants specifically expressing the NR activity from Nia2. Four genotypes showed this activity. Nevertheless, no repercussion on nitrate absorption and total NR activity (endogenous + transgenic) was detected in these plants as had been shown previously for transgenic tobacco. Then, we focused on the transgene and endogenous Nia gene expression. By northern blot, we showed that the Nia2 mRNA were only detected in cotyledons of plantlets which were growing on a medium for which the transcription of the endogenous Nia gene was very low. Our results are in accordance with the involving of a specific PTGS (Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing) mechanism in these transgenic lettuce inducing the degradation either of the Nia2 and endogenous Nia mRNA (phenomenon already observed in tobacco) or of the Nia2 mRNA only. The specific Nia2 mRNA degradation seems to be initiated early in plantlet development and even sooner when the transcription of the endogenous Nia is great. Experiments are currently being conducted in order to develop tools which will be important to confirm and well characterize this mechanism in p33S::Nia2 lettuce
Barrett, Tamara. "Konaway Nika Tillicum Native American Youth Academy: Cultural Identity, Self-Esteem, and Academic Optimism." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7685.
Full textVora, Vishal. "The Islamic marriage conundrum : register or recognize? : the legal consequences of the nikah in England and Wales." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.739383.
Full textHeidari, Nika [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Eiermann. "Einfluss von Multiple Sklerose-assoziierten HLA-Klasse- II-Molekülen auf den Krankheitsverlauf / Nika Heidari. Betreuer: Thomas Eiermann." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079002073/34.
Full textAiello, Antonella Carmela <1987>. "Le tradizioni imamite nel Wasā’il al-Shī‘a di al-Ḥurr al-‘Ᾱmilī(m.1693)in merito al nikah al- mut'a." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5449.
Full textBlair, Peggy Janice. "The Supreme Court of Canada's "historic" decisions in Nikal and Lewis: Why Crown fishing policy in Upper Canada makes bad law." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/8552.
Full textBlair, Peggy J. "The Supreme Court of Canada's historic decisions in Nikal and Lewis, why crown fishing policy in Upper Canada makes bad law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38735.pdf.
Full textAdam, Rémi. "Observation des amas de galaxies par effet Sunyaev-Zel'dovich et de la polarisation du fond diffus cosmologique : de Planck à NIKA." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY056/document.
Full textThe measurement of the matter distribution in the Universe provides valuable tests for cosmology. It can be traced at various steps of the formation of structures using the analysis of the primary and secondary anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). This thesis focuses on the data analysis of the observations of the Planck satellite and that of the ground-based camera NIKA installed at the IRAM-30m telescope.The first part introduces the context, focussing on: 1) the inflation, which provides a natural origin for the matter fluctuations seen in the Universe; 2) the reionization, which corresponds to the moment when the first stars form; 3) clusters of galaxy, that are the building blocks of the more recent Universe.The second part focuses on the data reduction of the NIKA data. The development of the data reduction pipeline, allowing to go from raw data to maps, is presented. It is dedicated for the newly developed kinetic inductance detectors used by NIKA. Tools and simulations are also constructed to characterize the maps.The third part is dedicated to the observation and the analysis of galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, i.e. the inverse Compton interaction of CMB photons and free electrons in clusters. Once recovered, the SZ maps are combined to X-ray data to measure the matter content and thermodynamic properties of the observed clusters. The main results are: the first observation of the SZ effect with kinetic inductance detectors, the measurement of the pressure profile of a high redshift cluster ($z=0.89$), the study of point source contamination in a resolved cluster, and the SZ mapping in a triple merger.The last part is dedicated to the analysis of Planck polarization data. In particular, we discuss large angular scale systematics and the tools developed to identify and correct for them. The large scales CMB polarization data allows both to search for the imprint of the quantum fluctuations generated during inflation, and to measure the reionization
Lebrette, Hugo. "Etude structurale de l'import de nickel par les protéines extracytoplasmiques de systèmes ABC chez les bactéries : le nickel voyage-t-il seul ou accompagné ?" Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV086.
Full textIn prokaryotes, canonical ABC (ATP-binding cassette) importers allow an efficient uptake of nickel with high affinity through the inner membrane, largely via the action of the extracytoplasmic nickel-binding protein (Ni-BP). In this work, we intended to better understand the strategies developed by bacteria to scavenge nickel in the environment, especially through the structural studies of several Ni-BP. The resolution of the crystal structures of five Ni-BPs from diverse bacteria, in interaction with nickel, led us to identify their nickel-binding sites and shed light on the different binding modes. Our results show that the presence of an exogenous metallophore, called nickelophore, is always required. In vivo studies in Escherichia coli were also conducted, showing that this bacteria seems to be able to synthesize its own nickelophore. In addition, we have solved the crystal structure of Helicobacter pylori HypB in complex with nickel. This result provides insight into its cellular function in nickel enzyme maturation pathways
Schleede, Nika [Verfasser], Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] Köhler, Günter [Gutachter] Köhler, and Ivo [Gutachter] Meinhold-Heerlein. "Epidemiologie, Klinik, Diagnostik, pathologisch-anatomische Befunde und Primärtherapie bei extrauterinen genitalen Sarkomen und malignen Mischtumoren / Nika Schleede ; Gutachter: Günter Köhler, Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein ; Betreuer: Günter Köhler." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-opus-56435.
Full textJožef, Mađari. "Sinteza, strukturna, fizičko-hemijska i biološka karakterizacija novih N-heterocikličnih liganada i njihovih kompleksa sa jonima prelaznih metala." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107656&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textThe synthesis of new ligands dihydrochloride salt of 2,6-diacetylpyridne bis(phthalazine-1hydrazone) (Hz2DAP•2HCl), 2,6-diacetylpiridine bis(3- chloropyridazine-6-hydrazone) (Hp2DAP), di(2-pyridyl)ketone 3-chloropyridazine- 6-hydrazone (HpDPK), di(2-pyridyl)ketone phthalazine-1-hydrazone (HzDPK) and pyridine-2-carbaldehide phthalazine-1-hydrazone (HzPY) have been described. All the ligands contain pyridine and diazine core and all of them have only nitrogen donor atoms. During the complex formation the deprotonation of ligands takes places. All of the ligands have been characterized by elemental analysis,thermoanalytical methods and IR spectroscopy. In some cases also by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray structural analysis.Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) salts were used for the synthesis of the coordinational compounds. The obtained complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity and magnetic measurements, IR spectroscopy and thermoanalytical methods. At least one complex of each series were characterized by X-ray structural analysis.The antimicrobial activity of some of the compounds toward Gram-positive/Gram- negative bacteria furthermore, the cytotoxic, antiproliferative and inhibitory activity toward sensitive parental andmultiresistant T-lymphoma cancer cells have also been carried out. It can be concluded that some of the compounds exhibit outstanding antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and inhibitory activity.
Nika, Wassiliki [Verfasser]. "Neue Carboxylate des Erbiums / vorgelegt von Wassiliki Nika." 2003. http://d-nb.info/967363888/34.
Full textMacek, Martin. "Vzorce a procesy prostorové distribuce rostlinných druhů napříč škálami." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-435872.
Full textCherrier, Mickael. "Etude cristallographique des protéines NikA et NikR impliquées dans la transport du nickel chez Escherichia coli.Quant la structure de NikA met en évidence l'existence possible d'un nouveau métallophore." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079162.
Full text林春香. "我是誰?原住民女性教師Nikar的生命故事." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88842613331205410470.
Full text臺東師範學院
教育研究所
91
ABSTRACT This is a study of a life history. By portraying the life history of the research subject and further analyzing the stories in the body of the thesis, this study aims to identify and analyze the significant events in a life history as well as the influence or underlying implications of certain issues over the research subject. The research subject is the researcher herself. By adopting the method of biographical narration, the researcher first presents the important events in the life history of herself, from childhood to the present, as the main body of the study. Literature analysis is further employed on the discussion of the relations of the factors, such as her original family background, gender as female, her identify and recognition of an aborigine, and the clashes between social relations and her culture, to the research subject in her childhood, attending schools, profession, marriage, and family. In the process of recalling, writing, examining, proving, and criticizing, the researcher is given an opportunity to once again face the bright, dark, or gray aspects of her life, and furthermore, challenge and transcend herself in the narration of the stories that has the effect similar to self release and self treatment, in an attempt to identify her position in her career and life─as an aboriginal teacher, to help students foster a view of multi-culturalism, the respect for different ethnic cultures and the recognition of their owns.
Al-Mjeni, Faizah Abdulmunim. "Structural investigations of nickel metalloproteins: The Nik system (NikA and NikR), acireductone dioxygenase, and hydrogenase." 2002. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3068532.
Full textΚαφετζή, Μαρία. "Εταιρική κοινωνική ευθύνη και χρηματοοικονομική απόδοση : Η περίπτωση της Π.Γ. ΝΙΚΑΣ Α.Β.Ε.Ε." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8644.
Full textThis thesis explores the importance of the institution of Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in contemporary business. For this purpose, initially presented these two concepts, and then referring to how various investigations resulting in the relationship. The task is divided into two parts. The quality that includes the majority of the task and is mainly based on a wide range of global and European literature sources relating to Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance and quantitative used mainly for using the indicators in Chapter 5.
Sladová, Michaela. "Hodnocení vlivu struktury krajiny na disperzi rysa ostrovida v Pošumaví." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340034.
Full textČuda, Jan. "Faktory ovlivňující invazivnost v rodě Impatiens (netýkavka): interakce vlastností druhů, kompetice a podmínek prostředí." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-369449.
Full textŽáčková, Lucie. "Stanovištní nároky hnědých skokanů v období rozmnožování." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-343740.
Full textŽďárská, Lenka. "Potravní ekologie netopýrů Středozemí." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-323662.
Full textTiwari, Mayank. "Fully Resilient Non-Interactive ID-Based Hierarchical Key Agreement." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4080.
Full textIndian Institute of Science
Macek, Martin. "Vliv světla na složení a diverzitu lesní vegetace v Českém Středohoří." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297203.
Full textDžamba, Roman. "Vztah funkční a druhové diversity ptáků Jižní Afriky." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321102.
Full textLiu, Yuan. "Improving photofermentative hydrogen production through metabolic engineering and DOE (Design of Experiments)." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15990.
Full textCurrently, renewable and environmentally friendly biofuels are under intensive study due to increasing health concerns and diminishing fossil fuels. H2 is one of the most promising candidates due to its unique characteristics, such as a high energy density and low to non-existent generation of pollutants. One attractive way to produce H2 is through photosynthetic bacteria which can capture light energy to drive H2 production with their nitrogenase system. The major aim of this study was to improve H2 yield of the purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria using a combination of metabolic engineering and design of experiments. One hypothesis was that H2 yield could be improved by redirection of Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle flux to the nitrogenase system which catalyzes the reduction of protons to H2. Thus, a PRK, phosphoribulose kinase, knock out mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus JP91 was created. Analysis of growth with different carbon sources showed that this mutant could only grow in acetate medium without, however, producing any H2. A spontaneous mutant, YL1, was recovered which retained the original cbbP (encoding PRK) mutation, but which had gained the ability to grow on glucose and produce H2. A study of H2 production under different illumination levels showed that the yield of YL1 was 20-40% greater than the wild type JP91 strain. However, there was no appreciable improvement of the H2 production rate. A kinetic study showed that growth and hydrogen production are strongly linked with electrons from glucose being mostly directed to H2 production and biomass formation. Under low to intermediate light intensities, the production of organic acids was significant, suggesting further improvement of H2 yield is possible by process optimization. In a related series of experiments, another spontaneous mutant, YL2, which has a similar phenotype to YL1, was tested for growth in ammonium-containing media. The results showed that YL2 could only grow with acetate as carbon source, again, without producing any H2. Prolonged incubation in media not supporting growth of YL2 enabled the isolation of two interesting secondary spontaneous mutants, YL3 and YL4. Western blot analysis showed that both strains had constitutive nitrogenase expression under a range of ammonium concentrations. The genomes of YL2, YL3 and YL4 were sequenced in order to find the mutations responsible for this phenomenon. Interestingly, mutations of nifA1 and nifA2 were found in both YL3 and YL4. It is likely that a conformational change of NifA alters the protein-protein interaction between NifA and PII proteins (such as GlnB or GlnK), enabling it to escape regulation by ammonium and thus to be capable of activating nitrogenase transcription in the presence of ammonium. It is not clear how the synthesized nitrogenase is able to maintain its activity since in theory it should also be subject to posttranslational regulation by ammonium. Further evidence could be obtained by studying the transcriptome of YL3 and YL4. An initial study of H2 production by YL3 and YL4 showed that they are capable of much greater hydrogen production than JP91 in ammonium medium, which opens the door for future studies with these strains using ammonium-containing wastes as substrates. Finally, the biological reformation of ethanol to H2 with the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 was examined. Ethanol production with microbial fermentation using renewable resources has been treated as a mature technique. However, most studies of the reformation of ethanol to H2 have focused on chemical steam reforming, which usually requires a high energy input and results in toxic gas emission. Thus biological reformation of ethanol to H2 with photosynthetic bacteria, which can capture light to meet the energy requirement of this reaction, seems to be more promising. A previous study had demonstrated hydrogen production from ethanol, however, the yield or the duration of this reaction were not examined. A RSM (response surface methodology) analysis was carried out in which three key factors, light intensity, ethanol and glutamate concentrations were varied. Our results showed that nearly 2 moles of H2 could be obtained from one mole of ethanol, 33% of what is theoretically possible.