Academic literature on the topic 'Nihilism – Political aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nihilism – Political aspects"
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Galasso, Gian Marco. "Co-immunity. An Ontological Political Paradigm." Athena: filosofijos studijos 17 (December 30, 2022): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53631/athena.2022.17.3.
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The aim of this article is, based on Jacques Derrida’s and Roberto Esposito’s reflection, to articulate a philosophical paradigm that would be able to face with what I propose to call the autoimmunitarian logic of nihilism. Dealing with this logic means, first and foremost, to face “the negative” that runs through our experience without rejecting or absolutizing it. It means to think the relation between life and politics, society and institutions not in a merely oppositive way but rather in a constructive and affirmative manner. Even if in many of his works Esposito criticizes Derrida precisely for his conception of autoimmunity, in this article, I intend to show that both the philosophers orient their analyses towards what I consider the most appropriate ontological political paradigm for reading the actual political events – what they both call “co-immunity”. In the first section, I establish some methodological coordinates useful to define the approach I consider the most appropriate for the purposes of this research, namely political ontology. In section two, from a diagnostic point of view, I analyse the autoimmunitarian logic of nihilism. To investigate this logic, I firstly concentrate on Esposito’s definition of nihilism, and then I refer to his analyses of the relation between community and immunity. In the third section, with the intention of taking a closer look at the political aspects of the question, I focus on the Derridean analysis of the aporias that are inherent in the very concept of democracy. In the last section, I briefly try to test the heuristic capacity of the co-immunity paradigm with respect to the biopolitical problems arising from the management of the pandemic crisis caused by COVID-19 (and discussed in the field of the Italian biopolitical debate).
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Bochkov, Alexander, and Andrey Sukharev. "Conceptual and Methodological Foundations of the Interpretation of Legal Nihilism." Legal Concept, no. 1 (May 2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2022.1.5.
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Introduction: the paper considers the conceptual and methodological interpretation of legal nihilism as a complex interdisciplinary and intersectoral phenomenon. The purpose of the study is to show legal nihilism as a result of the deformation of state-legal reality and to identify ways to combat it. The objectives of the work are to give a terminological characterization of legal nihilism as a dialectically contradictory integral socio-cultural phenomenon; to identify its nature, meaning, forms, and causes generating consequences. Methods: the convergent methodology combining general, general scientific and specific scientific research methods. The main methods are the methods of dialectical materialism, the synergetic, interdisciplinary methods, analysis, synthesis, interpretation of the law, comparative studies. Results: legal nihilism as a direction of socio-political thought and legal practice is a catastrophogenic factor of society, due to its mass character, oppositional power, and destructiveness. The authors believe that the results and consequences can be foreseen, they need to be managed with the help of information and communication technologies, artificial intelligence. The hypothesis of the natural “predisposition” of Russians and Belarusians to legal nihilism has not been confirmed, however, it has shown a historical, national, cultural peculiarity of the perception of state and law. Conclusions: the growth of the omnipotence of the state in the conditions of an external military threat, sanctions, and pandemics leads to the growth of legal nihilism at all levels of social reality. The way out is to improve objective and subjective factors related to the legality, legitimacy, social orientation of the state, social cohesion, the improvement of ideological, patriotic, civil, legal education. It is required to develop doctrinal, legislative, law enforcement aspects of the problem at the state level; to create a digital monitoring mechanism for the objective, representative determination of the level of legal nihilism in society and a list of urgent measures to overcome negative consequences.
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ASTAFICHEV, P. A., and E. Yu ASTAFICHEVA. "PRINCIPLES AND NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIA." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 17, no. 3 (2022): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2022-17-3-109-122.
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The purpose of the article is to study a number of topical issues related to the relationship between international and Russian law in political, social and psychological aspects. It is emphasized that even extraordinary foreign policy circumstances don’t give grounds for a complete denial of international legal regulation, since this is a manifestation of international legal nihilism condemned by modern morality. On the other hand, it is stressed that the requirements of international law shouldn’t be absolutized. As a result of the research, the authors draw conclusions that in case of divergence of international legal regulations with foreign policy interests of the country, Russia has an opportunity to challenge the universal recognition of certain principles and norms of international law. In addition, the authors conclude that it is possible to abandon the previously assumed international legal obligations in the procedures established by international and national law and to use the tools of constitutional justice according to the current situation.
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MELLAMPHY, NANDITA BISWAS. "Affective Aporetics: Complementary Contradictions in the Interpretation of Friedrich Nietzsche." PhaenEx 6, no. 1 (May 27, 2011): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/p.v6i1.3154.
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In 1971, Wolfgang Müller-Lauter introduced his study of Nietzsche as an investigation into the history of modern nihilism in which “contradiction” forms the central thread of the argument. For Müller-Lauter, the interpretive task is not to demonstrate the overall coherence or incoherence of Nietzsche’s philosophy, but to examine Nietzsche’s “philosophy of contradiction.” Against those such as Karl Jaspers, Karl Löwith and Martin Heidegger, Müller-Lauter argued that contradiction is the foundation of Nietzsche’s thought, and not a problem to be corrected or cast aside for exegetical or political purposes. For Müller-Lauter, contradiction qua incompatibility (not just mere opposition) holds a key to Nietzsche’s affective vision of philosophy. Beginning with the relationship between will to power and eternal recurrence, in this paper I examine aspects of Müller-Lauter’s account of Nietzsche’s philosophy of contradiction specifically in relation to the counter-interpretations offered by two other German commentators of Nietzsche, Leo Strauss and Karl Löwith, in order to confirm Müller-Lauter’s suggestion that contradiction is indeed an operative engine of Nietzsche’s thought. Indeed contradiction is a key Nietzschean theme and an important dynamic of becoming which enables the subject to be revealed as a “multiplicity” (BGE §12) and as a “fiction” (KSA 12:9[91]). Following Müller-Lauter’s assertion that for Nietzsche the problem of nihilism is fundamentally synonymous with the struggle of contradiction experienced by will to power, this paper interprets Nietzsche’s philosophy of contradiction in terms of subjective, bodily life (rather than in terms of logical incoherences or ontological inconsistencies). Against the backdrop of nihilism, the “self” (and its related place holder the “subject”), I will argue, becomes the psycho-physiological battlespace for the struggle and articulation of “contradiction” in Nietzsche’s thought.
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Miranda, Cynthia Mara, and Sonielson Luciano De Sousa. "NIILISMO REPAGINADO?" Revista Observatório 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2018v4n1p869.
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O corpo é objeto de disputa política, religiosa, artística e, mais recentemente, científica. Neste sentido, este ensaio trás uma linha histórica apontando como o tema é encarado, bem como delineando o conjunto de significados, mitos e interditos relacionados ao corpo. No processo, tendo por bases autores da filosofia e sociologia clássicas de diferentes épocas, aponta para a possibilidade de uma retomada do niilismo, na busca de um ideal de corpo. Isso porque, ao se utilizar de técnicas ascéticas, os sujeitos envoltos na dinâmica dão uma dimensão sagrada ao corpo, além de negar certos aspectos da vida, como a decrepitude e a impermanência, condições inalienáveis à dimensão humana. De acordo com a proposta do ensaio e baseado em diversos autores, o corpo volta a ocupar lugar central na sociedade – como já ocorreu na Grécia Clássica –, só que agora esvaziado de sua dimensão política e social.
PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Corpo; niilismo; fotografía; ensaio.
ABSTRACT
The body is the object of political, religious, artistic and, more recently, scientific dispute. In this sense, this essay draws a historical line pointing out how the theme is viewed, as well as delineating the set of meanings, myths and interdicts related to the body. In the process, based on classical philosophical and sociological authors of different epochs, it points to the possibility of a resumption of nihilism in the search for an ideal of the body. This is because, when using ascetic techniques, the subjects involved in the dynamics give a sacred dimension to the body, besides denying certain aspects of life, such as decrepitude and impermanence, conditions inalienable to the human dimension. According to the proposal of the essay and based on several authors, the body returns to occupy central place in the society - as already occurred in Classical Greece -, but now emptied of its political and social dimension.
KEYWORDS: Body; nihilism; photography; essay.
RESUMEN
El cuerpo es objeto de disputa política, religiosa, artística y, más recientemente, científica. En este sentido, este ensayo tras una línea histórica apuntando como el tema es encarado, así como delineando el conjunto de significados, mitos e interditos relacionados al cuerpo. En el proceso, teniendo por bases autores de la filosofía y sociología clásicas de diferentes épocas, apunta a la posibilidad de una retomada del nihilismo, en la búsqueda de un ideal de cuerpo. Por eso, cuando se utilizan técnicas ascéticas, los sujetos envueltos en la dinámica dan una dimensión sagrada al cuerpo, además de negar ciertos aspectos de la vida, como la decrepitud y la impermanencia, condiciones inalienables a la dimensión humana. De acuerdo con la propuesta del ensayo y basado en diversos autores, el cuerpo vuelve a ocupar un lugar central en la sociedad -como ya ocurrió en la Grecia Clásica-, sólo que ahora vaciado de su dimensión política y social.
PALABRAS CLAVES: Cuerpo; niilismo; fotografia; ensayo.
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Stroop, Christopher. "‘A Christian solution to international tension’: Nikolai Berdyaev, the American YMCA, and Russian Orthodox influence on Western Christian anti-communism, c.1905–60." Journal of Global History 13, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000049.
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AbstractBuilding on recent research into the religious aspects of the Cold War and the humanitarian efforts of the American Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in early twentieth-century Europe, this article locates the historical origins of religious anti-communism in late imperial Russian reactions to the revolution of 1905–07. It explores the interactions of Russian Orthodox Christian intellectuals, especially Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdyaev, with prominent YMCA leaders such as Donald A. Lowrie and Paul B. Anderson, both of whom were mainline Protestants. Using Russian and US archives, the article documents the networks and mechanisms through which Berdyaev influenced his YMCA contacts. It shows that he shaped their efforts to fight communism in the interwar period and early Cold War through the promotion of religious values, or what Anderson referred to as ‘a Christian solution to international tension’. This concept was derived from early twentieth-century Russian ideas about the opposition between Christianity and ‘nihilism’ or ‘humanism’ as integral worldviews.
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Gumenyuk, Tatyana. "Overcoming the Modern Socio-Cultural Crisis – from Postmodern to Post-Postmodern: Theoretical Aspects." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (April 30, 2021): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.88.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the negative aspects of postmodernism and study how post-post modernity can help humanity overcome the modern socio-cultural crisis. In their research, the authors used various scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis and synthesis, in particular meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, generalization, and induction. The authors analyze the stages of development of civilization from the point of view of social progress, highlight their main characteristics and typological differences. The considered key points characteristic of postmodern, such as pluralism, negativism, relativism, denial of binarity in thinking, the extreme degree of nihilism, etc., lead to the understanding that the crisis that arose in the political, economic, socio-cultural life of society, at the turn of 20 21 centuries, inherent in the very nature of postmodern. The values and perception of the postmodern are less and less consistent with the present time, and in its depths, a new worldview begins to crystallize, conventionally called post-postmodern, as a response to overcoming the current socio-cultural crisis. Post-postmodern, postmodern, like modern before them and similar phenomena are links of one chain, interconnected with each other and logically following from the processes of previous eras. The main components of the post-postmodern, which are formed from the problems of the postmodern, are highlighted and characterized. As a result, the study showed that the currently being formed new worldview - post-postmodernity came close to the search for a new spirituality for the all-round development of a person and turning him into a socially mature being, as well as for resolving the internal contradictions of the postmodern worldview
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Fadhil, Rashad. "Postmodernism and its Most Prominent Foundations in Western Thought: A Critical S tudy." Islamic Sciences Journal 13, no. 1 (February 16, 2023): 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jis.22.13.1.1.3.
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Western thought has a clear impact on Arab and Islamic arena. Western ideas, philosophies, and visions have an impact on the world today. Therefore, this research addresses and identifies the concept of postmodernism, and its most prominent characteristics that distinguished this philosophy, as well as the most prominent foundations that resulted from it, and which led to the transformations that took place in the contemporary world today, from solidity and stability to fluidity and permanent change, and from certainty to suspicion, and from Optimism into nihilism, and these great transformations that occurred in the history of Western thought led to the production and foundations of relativism, which became a feature of postmodernism, as the truth and the tendency to uncertainty and uncertainty were undermined, and it became a saying that there is no single fixed measure of right and wrong, which is the most prominent statement in This thought, and as a result of it, all mental and cognitive axioms were questioned, such as religion, man, beauty, the universe, politics, history and so on. The feature of nihilism also emerged as one of the most prominent features of this thought, as the absurdity, darkness and loss of meaning made life a general feeling and perception about this world, and this feeling we find. According to most postmodern philosophers in their writings, the characteristic of deconstruction came as a given that the philosophers of this thought relied on to deconstruct the certain axioms and knowledge that are central and stable, and these foundations were generalized to include Ga Political, economic, social, cognitive, and other aspects.
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Ivanov, DMITRY V., and VALERIA V. Pchelintseva. "INTERNATIONAL LAW ASPECTS OF THE POST-BREXIT MIGRATION POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM." Journal of Law and Administration 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2022-4-65-34-46.
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Introduction. In March 2022, the Home Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain published the Statement on New Immigration Plan according to which persons having no right to reside on its territory would be removed to “safe third countries” according to the agreements with such states. On April 13th, 2022, a Memorandum of Understanding between Great Britain and Rwanda was signed prescribing that persons whose applications for asylum were not considered by Great Britain be removed to Rwanda for those applications to be considered by the latter. Incompatibility of the contemporary immigration policy of Great Britain with its international law obligations justifies the topicality of the assessment of its implications for codification and progressive development of international law. Materials and Methods. The assessment of the contemporary immigration policy of Great Britain from the standpoint of international law includes the matching of the provisions of the international and national acts adopted by Great Britain as well as official statements of its state bodies and officials and the provisions of universal treaties and “soft law” acts. The writings of the publicists studying international law aspects of forced migration, asylum and human rights served as theoretical framework of the present study. Research Results. The assessment of the Memorandum of Understanding reveals the incompatibility of its provisions with the international law norms on asylum and human rights. Such international law policy of the state should be regarded as an example of rejection of international law which is referred to as “international law nihilism” in Russian legal doctrine.Discussions and conclusions. The authors argue that further adoption of legal and political measures contrary to states’ obligations under treaties and international custom as well as the absence of expressed official positions of states with regards to such measures may have an impact on construction and application of international law norms governing legal status of forced migrants.
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Pejnović, Vesna Stanković. "THE PROJECT SKOPJE 2014 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MASS CULTURE CRITICISM OF F. NIETZSCHE / PROJEKTAS SKOPJE 2014 IŠ F. NIETZSCHE'S MASINĖS KULTŪROS KRITICIZMO PERSPEKTYVOS." Creativity Studies 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/23450479.2014.975763.
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Along with Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche may be considered a great theorist and critic of Art Nouveau, negative life aspects of modern culture considered. Nietzsche developed one of the first sustained critiques of mass culture and society, the state, and bureaucratic discipline that later deeply influenced discourses of Art Nouveau. Nietzsche perceived mass culture central to modern social reality as the forces of decadence and nihilism that undermines the authentic culture and creates a mediocre culture. Nietzsche was “anti-politically” oriented, believing mass politics led to herd conformity, the loss of individuality, producing mass manipulation and homogenization harmful to vital life energy, creativity, and superior individuality. Moreover, Nietzsche thought modern democracy, liberalism, and enlightened social movements contributed regression of “modern man”, especially through press and mass culture, focusing on the trivial, superfluous, and sensational, creating homogenization and conformity. The project Skopje 2014 may also be seen from the perspective where the state and political elites are hiding behind culture and national identity trying to build an identity based on culture with no individual but only improvised collectivity. Individual, lost in ideology, system, and environment changes become lost in the collectivity, unsuccessfully trying to find his place, not realizing there is nothing beyond deception. Santrauka Greta Karlo Marxo, Friedrichas Nietzsche gali būti vertinamas kaip didis Art Nouveau teoretikas ir kritikas, gilinęsis į moderniosios kultūros negatyviuosius gyvenimo aspektus. Nietzsche išplėtojo masinės kultūros ir visuomenės, valstybės ir biurokratinės disciplinos kritiką, kuri yra bene pirmoji tokia nuosekli kritika, vėliau turėjusi didelės įtakos Art Nouveau diskursams. Nietzsche masinę kultūrą suprato kaip esminę moderniosios socialinės realybės atžvilgiu – kaip dekadanso ir nihilizmo jėgą, paveikusią autentiškąją kultūrą ir kuriančią vidutinybių kultūrą. Nietzsche's orientacija buvo „antipolitinė“ – jis tikėjo, esą masinė politika veda link minios konformizmo, individualumo praradimo, produkuoja masinį manipuliavimą ir homogenizavimą, žalojančius vitalinę gyvenimo energiją, kūrybiškumą ir aukščiausiąjį individualumą. Be to, Nietzsche manė, kad modernioji demokratija, liberalizmas ir švietėjiški socialiniai judėjimai prisidėjo prie „moderniojo žmogaus“ regreso, ypač dėl spaudos ir masinės kultūros įtakos, sutelkiančios ties banalybėmis, nesaikingumu ir jutimiškumu ir produkuojančios homogeniškumą bei konformizmą. Projektas Skopje 2014 taip pat gali būti vertinamas iš tos perspektyvos, kur valstybės ir politinis elitas prisidengia kultūra bei nacionaliniu identitetu, siekdamas sukurti identitetą, kuris būtų grįstas kultūra be individualumo – vien tik improvizuojamu kolektyviškumu. Ideologijoje, sistemoje ir aplinkos permainose nuskandintas individas, bandydamas surasti savąją vietą ir nesuvokdamas, kad nebėra nieko, išskyrus apgaules, buvo kolektyviškumo sunaikintas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Friedrichas Nietzsche, individas, Makedonija, masinė kultūra.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nihilism – Political aspects"
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CAMARGO, GUSTAVO ARANTES. "STUDIES ABOUT THE CULTURAL AND THE POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN WILL TO POWER AND THE NIHILISM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5167@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA dissertação tem o intuito de percorrer algumas trilhas deixadas por Nietzsche em seus escritos filosóficos. Para tanto, iniciamos o trabalho investigando como o filósofo estudou as manifestações da vontade na Grécia antiga, relacionando, posteriormente, esta vontade com a razão socrática. Este é um gancho para iniciar o debate sobre a questão da razão e da vontade na filosofia do autor. Proposta que ocupa todo o restante do primeiro capítulo, culminando com o estudo sobre o livrearbítrio e a moral de senhor e de escravo. O segundo capítulo busca propriamente os desdobramentos políticos da filosofia apresentada na primeira parte. Analisando a gênese das regras sociais e também o Estado moderno. Culminando com o ensinamento de Zaratustra sobre o eterno retorno.
The dissertation intent to pass through some trills leaved by Nietzsche in his philosophical writings. For that, we started the work by investigating how the philosopher has study the manifestations of the will in the old Greece, doing the relation between this will and the Socratic reason. This is a hook to initiate the debate about the question of the reason and the will in the philosophy of the author. Propose witch occupy all the rest of the first chapter, finishing with the study about the free will and the master and slave morality. The second chapter ride the political consequences of the philosophy presented in the first part. Analyzing the geneses of the social rules and, also, the modern state, culminating with the Zaratustra s teaching about the eternal return.
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NOVELLO, Samantha. "Rethinking the political beyond the Nihilism : tragedy and aesthetic politics in the work of Albert Camus and Hannah Arendt." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5339.
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Defence date: 27 April 2005Examining Board: Prof. Peter Wagner, SPS, supervisor ; Prof. Martin van Gelderen, EUI, HEC ; Prof. Simona Forti, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria ; Prof. Maurice Weyembergh, (co-supervisor), Free University, Brussels
First made available online on 28 February 2017
Books on the topic "Nihilism – Political aspects"
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Köhler, Manfred. Das unheimliche Jahrhundert: Aspekte einer politischen Philosophie im Zeitalter des Nihilismus. Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 2000.
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Öko-Nihilismus: Eine Kritik der politischen Ökologie. Jena: TvR Medienverlag, 2007.
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Waiting for Godot in Sarajevo: Theological reflections on nihilism, tragedy, and apocalypse. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1998.
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Press, Duke University, ed. Ontological terror: Blackness, nihilism, and emancipation. Duke University Press Books, 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Nihilism – Political aspects"
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Eloff, Aragorn. "Crowned Anarchy-Anarchy-Anarchism – Countereffectuating Deleuze and Guattari’s Politics." In Deleuze and Anarchism, 11–30. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439077.003.0002.
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In this chapter I propose that Deleuze and Guattari's work does in fact suggest an anarchist political sensibility; an anarchism that is able both to analyse and respond effectively to the conditions of the present and to propose and create something genuinely new. In fact, I argue, it is perhaps only anarchism - a life politics of anarchism that is the differenciation of anarchy as the becoming of the crowned anarchy and nomadic distributions of the virtual - that sufficiently responds to the full scope of the political philosophy Deleuze and Guattari developed throughout their lives, which is perhaps why so many anarchists have come to recognise aspects of their theories and practices in the active nihilism of joyful encounters.
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Løland, Ole Jakob. "Paul against Empire." In Pauline Ugliness, 140–76. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286553.003.0006.
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The image of a political thinker that arises from Taubes’s readings of Paul is the result of Taubes’s peculiar method of reading Paul through key thinkers of the twentieth-century European thought, such as Nietzsche, Benjamin, and Barth. The political aspects of the philosophers’ readings are brought to the fore by Taubes’s intertwinement of historical and philosophical perspectives, but also of the crossing of the Jewish and the Christian. Taubes’s political Paul is drawn from contradictory meanings within the Pauline epistles, primarily Romans. On one hand Taubes’s Paul is anti-imperial as the apostle’s message amplifies a seething antagonism toward the values of the Greco-Roman world and “declares war” against the Emperor himself. On the other, Taubes’s Paul develops a “nihilism” which is actually “quietist” and withdrawn in relation to direct contestation of actually existing authority. This nihilistic view of the apostle can be further argued for through affinities between readings of biblical scholars of our day and Friedrich Nietzsche, building further upon Taubes’s interpretations of Paul.
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Ramey, Mark. "Interpreting Fight Club." In Studying Fight Club, 67–99. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733551.003.0005.
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This chapter presents a theoretical interpretation of Fight Club (1999). The interpretation of a film text invariably relies on the application of theory. Theory acts as a set of spectacles: looking at the world through its lenses sharpens focus, magnifies detail, and clarifies understanding. Studying Fight Club has already referenced a number of possible theoretical positions, such as postmodernism and feminism. The chapter explores these and other interpretive positions in depth. These include auteur theory; moral panics and media effects theory; political theory; psychoanalytic theory; gender identity and gender relations; postmodernism; and Nietzsche and nihilism. Gender remains the most critically appraised aspect of Fight Club. The film clearly can be read as an exploration of male identity in crisis. Meanwhile, some feminist critics find the film misogynistic and others see it as a homoerotic text.