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Journal articles on the topic 'Nigrospora oryzae'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Truszkowska, Wanda, Grażyna Jarosiewicz, and Maria Kutrzeba. "Biotical properties of Nigraspora oryzae (Berk. et Br.) Petch." Acta Mycologica 22, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1986.014.

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Nigrospora oryzae bas competitive properties in relation to the fungi of the genus <i>Fusarium: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia cerealls</i>, pathogenical for rye. In favourable conditions of Wrocław surroundings <i>Nigrospora oryzae</i> passes over from ycar to year on the seeds. Due to this property <i>Nigrospora oryzae</i> can constitute a protective covering for rye against ihe parasitical fungi of the genus <i>Fusarium</i>, provided that a contact with the rye roots will be established respectively earlier.

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2

Palmateer, A. J., K. S. McLean, E. van Santen, and G. Morgan-Jones. "Occurrence of Nigrospora Lint Rot Caused by Nigrospora oryzae on Cotton in Alabama." Plant Disease 87, no. 7 (July 2003): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.7.873c.

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During 2000 and 2001, a lint rot of cotton bolls (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was reported in the coastal region of Alabama when precipitation was 55% lower than the 5-year average. Bolls at an early stage of opening contained gray mycelium within the locules. At maturity, the lint within the infected locules was discolored, and the fibers were compact resulting in the characteristic “gray lock” sign and symptom attributed to Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. Roots, petioles, leaves, and bolls when present were sampled at the seedling, first bloom, full bloom, and maturity stages of cotton development. A total of 640 sections of tissue (approximately 5 mm2) were surface sterilized for 20 s in 95% ethanol followed by 60 s in 0.525% NaOCl and aseptically plated on potato dextrose agar. Plates were incubated in the dark at 25°C for 3 to 10 days. N. oryzae was isolated at low frequencies from all plant tissues beginning at first bloom. Developing bolls at full bloom were colonized at a frequency of 48%. N. oryzae conidiophores were branched, flexuous, and pallid to brown with smooth walls 4 to 7 (5) μm thick. Conidiogenous cells were monoblastic, single, and 6 to 9 (7.5) μm in diameter. Conidia were single, smooth, broadly ellipsoidal, dark brown to black, single-celled, and 11 to 16 (14) μm in diameter (2). Principal component analysis was used to examine the relationship between disease incidence and weather parameters. Weather data was obtained from Auburn University Mesonet located in fields where the samples were collected. Principal components from weather data were ambient and soil maximum, minimum, and average temperature, maximum, minimum, and average relative humidity and precipitation. The first principal component, which is temperature, accounted for 61% of total joint variation among original observations. The second principal component, which was related to the moisture variables, accounted for 19% of the variation. The abundance of N. oryzae was correlated with the principal component factor moisture (r = -0.78**). The dry conditions experienced in this region were conducive to N. oryzae lint rot of cotton. This disease has been reported on cotton primarily in arid climates typical of the southwestern United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. oryzae lint rot in the southeastern United States. References: (1) W. E. Batson. Boll rots. Pages 36–38 in: Compendium of Cotton Diseases. T. L. Kirkpatrick and C. S. Rothrock, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 2001. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, CAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971.

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3

Liu, Hong, Rui Liu, Chang Li, Hui Wang, Hong Zhu, Bi Gao, Qian Zhou, and Jie Zhong. "A Victorivirus and Two Novel Mitoviruses Co-Infected the Plant Pathogen Nigrospora oryzae." Viruses 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010083.

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Three dsRNAs, in sizes of approximately 2.5–5 kbp, were detected in the plant pathogenic fungus Nigrospora oryzae strain CS-7.5-4. Genomic analysis showed that the 5.0 kb dsRNA was a victorivirus named as Nigrospora oryzae victorivirus 2 (NoRV2). The genome of NoRV2 was 5166 bp in length containing two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1 and ORF2. ORF1 was deduced to encode a coat protein (CP) showing homology to the CPs of viruses belonging to the Totiviridae family. The stop codon of ORF1 and the start codon of ORF2 were overlapped by the tetranucleotide sequence AUGA. ORF2 was predicted to encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which was highly similar to the RdRps of victoriviruses. Virus-like particle examination demonstrated that the genome of NoRV2 was solely encapsidated by viral particles with a diameter of approximately 35 nm. The other two dsRNAs that were less than 3.0 kb were predicted to be the genomes of two mitoviruses, named as Nigrospora oryzae mitovirus 1 (NoMV1) and Nigrospora oryzae mitovirus 2 (NoMV2). Both NoMV1 and NoMV2 were A-U rich and with lengths of 2865 and 2507 bp, respectively. Mitochondrial codon usage inferred that each of the two mitoviruses contains a major large ORF encoding a mitoviral RdRp. Horizontal transfer experiments showed that the NoMV1 and NoMV2 could be cotransmitted horizontally via hyphal contact to other virus-free N. oryzae strains and causes phenotypic change to the recipient, such as an increase in growth rate. This is the first report of mitoviruses in N. oryzae.

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4

Sudhakaran, V. K., and J. G. Shewale. "Exopolysaccharide production by Nigrospora oryzae var. glucanicum." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 10, no. 9 (September 1988): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(88)90048-8.

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5

Borrelli, Nicolás Pablo, Santiago Stancanelli, Mirta Leonor Papone, María Virginia Moreno, Sebastián Stenglein, Eduardo Roberto Wright, Juan Carlos Hagiwara, and Marta Carolina Rivera. "Leaf spots of calibrachoa caused by Nigrospora oryzae." Ornamental Horticulture 26, no. 4 (December 2020): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v26i4.2177.

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Abstract Calibrachoa hybrida (calibrachoa, million bells) is a flowering ornamental with increasing importance due to the existence of many successful cultivars for growing indoors in containers and planting in the garden and landscape. The outstanding characteristic is a profuse flowering and intense colour. In October 2019, a fungal isolate was obtained from basal calibrachoa leaves with irregular brown leaf spots, in plants cultivated in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The aim of the present study was to identify the cause of the disease in this ornamental genus, to expand knowledge about prevalent pathologies. The isolate was identified using morphological and molecular markers, and the pathogenicity tests were fulfilled. This paper reports that Nigrospora oryzae is pathogenic to calibrachoa, which seems to be the first record of this leaf spot disease in the world.

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6

Chen, X., N. Wang, M. F. Yang, and H. X. Li. "First Report of Nigrospora Leaf Spot Caused by Nigrospora oryzae on Watermelon in China." Plant Disease 103, no. 5 (May 2019): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-18-0284-pdn.

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7

Zhang, Zhuo-Xi, Xue-Qiong Yang, Qing-Yan Zhou, Bang-Yan Wang, Ming Hu, Ya-Bin Yang, Hao Zhou, and Zhong-Tao Ding. "New Azaphilones from Nigrospora oryzae Co-Cultured with Beauveria bassiana." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 21, 2018): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071816.

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In this study, the co-culture of Nigrospora oryzae and Beauveria bassiana, the endophytes in the seeds of Dendrobium officinale, were examined for metabolite diversity. Five new azaphilones were isolated, and their structures were determined by spectral analysis. In terms of azaphilones, compound 2 had an unprecedented skeleton, with a bicyclic oxygen bridge. The antifungal selectivities of the metabolite produced by N. oryzae against its co-culture fungus, B. bassiana, and common pathogens exhibited competitive interaction in this mix-culture. Compounds 1 and 2 showed obvious nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity with ratios of 37%, and 39%, respectively, at a concentration of 50 μM.

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8

Eken, C., A. Spanbayev, Z. Tulegenova, and T. Yechshzhanov. "First Report of Nigrospora oryzae on Wheat in Kazakhstan." Plant Disease 100, no. 4 (April 2016): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-15-0915-pdn.

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9

Yao, Jiaxiao, Yuanmei Shi, Yong Liu, Shan He, Lijian Ding, and Fan Yang. "Highly Oxidized Ergosterol Derivatives from the Fungus Nigrospora oryzae." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 55, no. 2 (March 2019): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-019-02700-z.

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10

Widmer, T., A. Kirk, G. Kirk, and F. Guermache. "Foliar and Cane Rot of Arundo donax Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in Europe." Plant Disease 90, no. 8 (August 2006): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1107a.

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A fungus was isolated consistently from dead shoot tips and flag leaves of Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) in France, Crete, Cyprus, Italy, Morocco, and Spain from April of 2003 through September of 2005. The fungus was identified as Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Br.) Petch (teleomorph Khuskia oryzae) on the basis of morphological characteristics (1). The mean diameter of 80 conidia obtained from sporulating plant specimens collected in France, Crete, and Cyprus were 14, 15, and 15 μm, respectively. The mean diameters of 25 conidiogenous cells and conidiophores were 7 and 4 μm, respectively. Identification was confirmed by comparing the sequence of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 4 regions from the French isolate (GenBank Accession No. DQ219433) with the sequence of a voucher specimen from the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. The isolate of N. oryzae from France was deposited at the CBS collection in Utrecht, the Netherlands (CBS 113884). N. oryzae is known to be a weak pathogen on a wide range of plants but has not been reported on A. donax, which is now a well-established weed in the United States and North America, probably originating from the Mediterranean Region. Herein, the possible use of N. oryzae as a biological control agent was investigated. Twenty young A. donax shoots growing in the greenhouse and 20 emerging canes in the field were selected on the basis of uniformity in size. A spore suspension in distilled water adjusted to 5 × 105 conidia/ml of the French isolate was prepared and 0.5 ml was injected with a syringe just below the growing point of the flag leaf in onehalf of the greenhouse and field plants. The remaining plants were injected with 0.5 ml of distilled water as controls. Infection and death of the flag leaf occurred in 30% of the shoots in the greenhouse and 50% of the canes in the field 21 days from inoculation. No disease developed on the control plants. Greenhouse inoculation tests were repeated once. N. oryzae was reisolated from dead leaves and the terminal node of inoculated shoots, satisfying Koch's postulate. Attempts made to induce disease symptoms by applying spore suspensions on the whorl of leaves surrounding the apical tip failed. This is an indication that an insect vector may be needed to carry and deposit N. oryzae spores into the tight, whorled flag leaf for infection and disease development to occur. To our knowledge, this is the first report of foliar and cane rot of A. donax caused by N. oryzae. References: (1) K. H. Domsch et al. Page 515 in: Compendium of Soil Fungi. IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany, 1993.

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11

Sultana, Tania, MA Bashar, and Shamim Shamsi. "Morphological characterization of seed-borne fungi associated with BRRI rice varieties in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 29, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v29i1.46533.

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Twenty five fungal species, representing 13 genera were found to be associated with seeds of 20 varieties of rice (BRRI dhan 56 to BRRI dhan 75). Fungi were isolated following "Tissue planting" method and "Blotter method". The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Bipolaris multiformis, B. oryzae, B. sorokiniana, Chaetomium globosum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium equiseti, F. fugikuroi, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, Microdochium fisheri, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis oxyanthi, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Rhizopus stolonifer, Sarocladium oryzae, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Trichoderma viride. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(1): 75-86, 2020 (January)

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12

Wilson, Mark E., Norman D. Davis, and Urban L. Diener. "A toxic metabolite of Nigrospora oryzae (Berk and Br.) petch." Mycopathologia 95, no. 3 (September 1986): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00437116.

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13

Ding, Lijian, Wei Yuan, Qi Peng, Huan Sun, and Shihai Xu. "Secondary Metabolites Isolated from the Sponge-Associated Fungus Nigrospora oryzae." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 52, no. 5 (August 11, 2016): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-016-1837-7.

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14

Zhong, Jie, Si Qi Zhao, Gui Fang Li, Xi Dan Pang, Xiao Jun Deng, Hong Jian Zhu, Bi Da Gao, and Qian Zhou. "A novel fusarivirus isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus Nigrospora oryzae." Virus Genes 52, no. 6 (July 14, 2016): 891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-016-1371-5.

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15

Zhai, L. F., J. Liu, M. X. Zhang, N. Hong, G. P. Wang, and L. P. Wang. "The First Report of Leaf Spots in Aloe vera Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in China." Plant Disease 97, no. 9 (September 2013): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0314-pdn.

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Aloe vera L. var Chinese (Haw) Berg is a popular ornamental plant cultivated worldwide, whose extracts are used in cosmetics and medicine. Aloe plants are commonly affected by leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata in Pakistan, India, and the United States (1). An outbreak of Alternaria leaf spot recently threatened aloe gel production and the value of ornamental commerce in Louisiana (1). During the summer of 2011, leaf spot symptoms were observed on A. vera plants growing in several greenhouses and ornamental gardens in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. In two of the greenhouses, disease incidence reached 50 to 60%. The initial symptoms included chlorotic and brown spots that expanded to 2 to 4 mm in diameter and became darker with age. Lesions also developed on the tips of 30 to 50% of the leaves per plant. In severe infections, the lesions coalesced causing the entire leaf to become blighted and die. In September of 2012 and February of 2013, 10 symptomatic A. vera leaves were collected randomly from two greenhouses and gardens in Wuhan. A fungus was consistently recovered from approximately 80% of the tissue samples using conventional sterile protocols, and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The colonies were initially white, becoming grey to black, wool-like, and growing aerial mycelium covering the entire petri dish (9 cm in diameter) plate within 5 days when maintained in the dark at 25°C. The conidia were brown or black, spherical to subspherical, single celled (9 to 13 μm long × 11 to 15 μm wide), borne on hyaline vesicles at the tip of conidiophores. The conidiophores were short and rarely branched. These colonies were identified as Nigrospora oryzae based on the described morphological characteristics of N. oryzae (2). Genomic DNA was extracted from a representative isolate, LH-1, and the internal transcribed spacer region was amplified using primer pair ITS1/ITS4 (3). A 553-bp amplicon was obtained and sequenced. The resulting nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. KC519728) had a high similarity of 99% to that of strain AHC-1 of N. oryzae (JQ864579). Pathogenicity tests for strain LH-1 were conducted in triplicate by placing agar pieces (5 mm in diameter) containing 5-day-old cultures on A. vera leaves. Four discs were placed on each punctured surface of each leaf. Noncolonized PDA agar pieces were inoculated as controls. Leaves were placed in moist chambers at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After 3 days, the inoculated leaves showed symptoms similar to those observed in the greenhouses. N. oryzae was reisolated from these spots on the inoculated leaves. No visible symptoms developed on the control leaves. The pathogenicity tests were performed twice with the same results. Based on the results, N. oryzae was determined as a pathogen responsible for the leaf spots disease on A. vera. N. oryzae has been described as a leaf pathogen on fig (Ficus religiosa), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) (4), and to our knowledge, this is the first report of N. oryae causing leaf spot disease on A. vera worldwide. References: (1) W. L. da Silva and R. Singh. Plant Dis. 86:1379, 2012. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, CAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990. (4) L. X. Zhang et al. Plant Dis. 96:1379, 2012.

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Kiroiants, M. O., M. V. Patyka, and T. I. Patyka. "Antagonistic activity of dominant strains of bacteria of spring barley rhizosphere against phytopathogenic micromycetes." PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 12, no. 2 (2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.02.054.

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The purpose of the work. The aim of the study was to conduct research on the manifestation of the dominant representatives of the bacterial biome of the rhizosphere of spring barley antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic micromycetes. Research methods. The standard diffusion method of double culture in Petri dishes was used to study the antagonistic properties of the dominant strains of rhizosphere bacteria. The level of antagonistic activity of microorganisms was assessed by the indicator (%) of inhibition of growth and development of the mycelium of micromycetes Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. 23.2, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 3.45, Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. 18.77. Results and scope of their application. Studies have shown that Bacillus methylotrophicus 10 had an inhibitory effect on Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. 23.2 ‒ 77,4%, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 3.45 – 66,6% and Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. 18.77 – 86,7%, while the bacteria Phyllobacterium ifriqiyense 1 showed activity against phytopathogens by 45,1%, 63,1% and 65,0%, respectively. Conclusions. Thus, both strains of rhizosphere dominant bacteria have high antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic micromycetes, which gives grounds for their further study.

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17

Zhang, L. X., S. S. Li, G. J. Tan, J. T. Shen, and T. He. "First Report of Nigrospora oryzae Causing Leaf Spot of Cotton in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 9 (September 2012): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0349-pdn.

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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is widely cultivated for the important economic value of the fiber. In the summer of 2011, a leaf spot of cotton plants cv. Wanza40 was observed in 11 fields (total of about 4 ha) in Qianshan County in southwest Anhui Province, China. Approximately 30% of the plants in each field were symptomatic. Affected plants exhibited brown to reddish, irregular foliar lesions, each with a brown border near the vein of the leaves. A sign of fungal infection was a dark leaf mold observed on lesions on the abaxial surface of leaves. Sections of symptomatic leaf tissues were surface-sterilized (in 75% ethanol for 30 s, then 1% NaOCl for 1 min), rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus consistently recovered from symptomatic leaf samples produced colonies that were initially white and then became grayish brown with the onset of sporulation. Black, spherical to subspherical, single-celled conidia (10 to 12 × 14 to 16 μm) were borne on a hyaline vesicle at the tip of each conidiophore. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were similar to that of Nigrospora oryzae (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from a representative strain of the fungus, AHC-1, was amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (4) and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JQ864579). The ITS sequence had 99% identity with >553 bp of the ITS sequence of an N. oryzae isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU918714.1). On the basis of morphological data and ITS rDNA sequence, the isolate was determined to be N. oryzae. A pathogenicity test was performed on detached, young leaves of 4-month-old healthy cotton plants of cv. Wanza40. Six leaves were inoculated by placing a colonized agar piece (5 mm in diameter) from 7-day-old cultures of the fungus on pushpin-wounded leaves. Another six leaves treated with sterile PDA plugs served as a negative control treatment. Leaves were incubated in petri dishes and maintained at 25°C in a growth chamber programmed for 12 hours of fluorescent white light/day. After 5 days, brown to black lesions were observed on all inoculated leaves, whereas no symptoms developed on control leaves. N. oryzae was consistently reisolated from symptomatic leaves but not from the control leaves. N. oryzae is a weak pathogen on a wide range of plants, and has been described as the causal agent of lint rot on cotton (1,3), but to our knowledge this is the first report of N. oryzae causing a leaf spot of cotton in China. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , April 8, 2012. (2) H. J. Hudson. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46:355, 1963. (3) A. J. Palmatter et al. Plant Dis. 87:873, 2003. (4) T. J. White et al. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

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18

Uzor, Philip F., Patience O. Osadebe, and Ngozi J. Nwodo. "Antidiabetic Activity of Extract and Compounds from an Endophytic Fungus Nigrospora oryzae." Drug Research 67, no. 05 (January 24, 2017): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-122777.

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AbstractThe fungal extract as well as the 3 biosynthetic compounds, (S)-(+)-2-cis-4-trans-abscisic acid (1), , 7'-hydroxy-abscisic acid (2) and 4-des-hydroxyl altersolanol A (3) from the endophytic fungus, Nigrospora oryzae, isolated from Combretum dolichopetalum leaf were investigated for their antidiabetic potential.The antidiabetic activity was determined in alloxan-induced diabetic mice by monitoring their fasting blood sugar for 9 h.The extract and the compounds (1–3) significantly (p<0.001) reduced the fasting blood sugar of the diabetic mice.The present study has shown that the biosynthetic products of the endophytic fungus, N. oryzae, exhibited strong antidiabetic activity. It has further shown that endophytic fungi could be an alternative source of novel compounds for management of diabetes.

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Dong, Jie-Jie, Jie Bao, Xiao-Yong Zhang, Xin-Ya Xu, Xu-Hua Nong, and Shu-Hua Qi. "Alkaloids and citrinins from marine-derived fungus Nigrospora oryzae SCSGAF 0111." Tetrahedron Letters 55, no. 16 (April 2014): 2749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.060.

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20

Vanam, Hari Pankaj, Ranganath Deshpande, Krishnaveni Nayanagari, Vijay Sreedhar V, and Shivaprakash Mandya Rudramurthy. "Nigrospora oryzae Pulmonary Infection in a Bronchogenic Cancer: an Opportunistic Invader?" SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2, no. 7 (June 14, 2020): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00340-x.

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21

Yeasmin, F., M. Ashrafuzzaman, and I. Hossain. "Effects of Garlic Extract, Allamanda Leaf Extract and Provax -200 on Seed Borne Fungi of Rice." Agriculturists 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11064.

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Seeds of rice were treated with Garlic (Allium sativum) clove extract @ 1:0, 1:1, 1:2 dilutions in water, allamanda (Allamanda cathartica) leaf extract @ 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 dilutions in water and Provax-200 @ 0.3% for controlling seed borne fungi, where the seed samples of three rice varieties viz. Katharee, Gutee Aus and Kalijira were collected from farmers storages of Bangladesh. The seed germination under control ranged from 64 to 77%, where treatments resulted up to 100% germination. The identified seed borne fungi of rice were Bipolaris oryzae, Curvularia oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, Nigrospora oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp., where prevalence of Bipolaris oryzae (7.5%) and Fusarium moniliforme (8.3%) were the maximum. All the treatments significantly reduced the seed borne fungi up to 100% over the control, where Provax was found best and was statically similar to garlic (1:1) extract against seed borne pathogen of rice.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11064The Agriculturists 2012; 10(1): 46-50

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22

Chowdhury, Pranami, Shamim Shamsi, Hasna Hena Begum, and Md Abul Bashar. "Mycoflora associated with diseased rice grains in Bangladesh and their pathogenic potentiality." Bioresearch Communications 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brc.v7i1.54251.

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Fifty six spotted rice grain samples of four commercially cultivated rice varieties namely BRRI 28, 29, Kalijira and Pajam were collected from 14 different districts of Bangladesh. Forty rice samples (Hybrid 2,3,4, BR7,11,12,14,16,22,23,25,26and BRRI28 to BRRI 55) were also collected from Bangladesh Rice Research Institute at Joydevpur. Twenty-fivespecies of fungi belonging to 15 genera were associated with these rice varieties. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A.niger, A. ochraceus, A.oryzae, A. terreus, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, C. lunata var. aeria, Drechslera oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Microdochium oryzae, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium spp., Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Sarocladium oryzae and Trichoderma viride. Amongst these fungi nine i.e. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Drechsler aoryzae Breda de Haan (Subramanian and Jain), Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, F. solani (Mart.) Sacc., Microdochium oryzae (Hashloka and Yokogi) Sam. and Hal., Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay. and Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams and D. Hawks were found to be pathogenic to rice seeds. The most predominant fungus was D. oryzae which was followed by A. flavus and the least incidence was observed in case of F. solani and P. guepinni. Bioresearch Commu. 7(1): 932-940, 2021 (January)

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Ola, Antonius Rolling Basa, Titus Lapailaka, Hermania Em Wogo, Julinda Bendalina Dengga Henuk, Agnes Simamora, Lince Mukkun, Peter Proksch, and Chong Dat Pham. "Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungi Nigrospora oryzae." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 21, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.63129.

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Mangrove forest has a distinctive habitat adapting with marine and terrestrial environment. Chemical investigation of the extract from mangrove endophytic fungi Nigrospora oryzae had resulted in the isolation of sterigmatocystin (1) and pestalopyrone (2). The structure of sterigmatocystin (1) and pestalopyrone (2) were elucidated using mass, UV and NMR spectrometers together with the comparison with the literature data. The study also showed that sterigmatocystin displayed moderate cytotoxicity but it could be further developed as antiviral and antibacterial agent based on the SAR information reported from its analogue and derivatives.

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Fareza, Muhamad S., Lingling T. Ayoesty, and Siti R. Wargiyanti. "Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Culture Broth Extract from Endophytic Fungi of Nigrospora oryzae Associated with Rhizophora mucronata." JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 15, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v15i2.516.

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The purpose of this study was to provide information on the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate culture broth extract of endophytic fungi associated with Rhizophora mucronata. An isolated fungi was identifi ed as Nigrospora oryzae using microscopic and molecular analysis. Theantibacterial activity was carried out using micro dilution method to get MIC value. The ethyl acetate extract showed antibacterial activity with MIC value of 250 μg/mL against and Escherichia coli and 500 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus.

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Ding, Li-Jian, Wei Yuan, Xiao-Jian Liao, Bing-Nan Han, Shu-Ping Wang, Zhi-Yong Li, Shi-Hai Xu, Wei Zhang, and Hou-Wen Lin. "Oryzamides A–E, Cyclodepsipeptides from the Sponge-Derived Fungus Nigrospora oryzae PF18." Journal of Natural Products 79, no. 8 (August 4, 2016): 2045–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00349.

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Kar, Pradip Kumar, Sanatan Murmu, Saswati Saha, Veena Tandon, and Krishnendu Acharya. "Anthelmintic Efficacy of Gold Nanoparticles Derived from a Phytopathogenic Fungus, Nigrospora oryzae." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): e84693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084693.

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Zhai, F. Y., H. J. Lu, X. Y. Xie, C. Q. Li, and L. G. Zeng. "Nigrospora oryzae Causing Leaf Spot of Centranthera cochinchinensis (Swamp Foxglove) in China." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (December 2019): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-19-1028-pdn.

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28

Farid, Khadijeh, Doustmorad Zafari, Mohammad Javad Soleimani, and Shima Bagherabadi. "First report of Nigrospora oryzae causing brown leaf spot on Mentha spicata." Journal of Plant Pathology 102, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00562-x.

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29

Yu, Jin Xiu, Jun Zi Zhu, Ying Wang, Chao Jun Zhang, Jie Zhong, Hong Jian Zhu, Bi Da Gao, and Qian Zhou. "Molecular characterization of a putative gammapartitivirus in the phytopathogenic fungus Nigrospora oryzae." Archives of Virology 163, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3671-z.

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30

Zhong, Jie, Qian Zhou, Yue Hu, Hong Jian Zhu, and Bi Da Gao. "Molecular identification of a novel victorivirus from the phytopathogenic fungus Nigrospora oryzae." Virus Genes 52, no. 1 (January 12, 2016): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-015-1284-8.

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31

Wu, J. B., C. L. Zhang, P. P. Mao, Y. S. Qian, and H. Z. Wang. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Nigrospora oryzae on Dendrobium candidum in China." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (July 2014): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-13-1006-pdn.

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Dendrobium (Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl.) is a perennial herb in the Orchidaceae family. It has been used as traditional medicinal plant in China, Malaysia, Laos, and Thailand (2). Fungal disease is one of the most important factors affecting the development of Dendrobium production. During summer 2012, chocolate brown spots were observed on leaves of 2-year-old Dendrobium seedlings in a greenhouse in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, situated at 30.26°N and 120.19°E. Approximately 80% of the plants in each greenhouse were symptomatic. Diseased leaves exhibited irregular, chocolate brown, and necrotic lesions with a chlorotic halo, reaching 0.8 to 3.2 cm in diameter. Affected leaves began to senesce and withered in autumn, and all leaves of diseased plants fell off in the following spring. Symptomatic leaf tissues were cut into small pieces (4 to 5 mm long), surface-sterilized (immersed in 75% ethanol for 30 s, and then 1% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s), rinsed three times in sterilized distilled water, and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 30 mg/liter of kanamycin sulfate (dissolved in ddH2O). Petri plates were incubated in darkness at 25 ± 0.5°C, and a grey mycelium with a white border developed after 4 days. Fast-growing white mycelia were isolated from symptomatic leaf samples, and the mycelia became gray-brown with the onset of sporulation after 5 days. Conidia were unicellular, black, elliptical, and 11.4 to 14.3 μm (average 13.1 μm) in diameter. Based on these morphological and pathogenic characteristics, the isolates were tentatively identified as Nigrospora oryzae (1). Genomic DNA was extracted from a representative isolate F12-F, and a ~600-bp fragment was amplified and sequenced using the primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). BLAST analysis showed that F12-F ITS sequence (Accession No. KF516962) had 99% similarity with the ITS sequence of an N. oryzae isolate (JQ863242.1). Healthy Dendrobium seedlings (4 months old) were used in pathogenicity tests under greenhouse conditions. Leaves were inoculated with mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) from a 5-day-old culture of strain F12-F, and sterile PDA plugs served as controls. Seedlings were covered with plastic bags for 5 days and maintained at 25 ± 0.5°C and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. Eight seedlings were used in each experiment, which was repeated three times. After 5 days, typical chocolate brown spots and black lesions were observed on inoculated leaves, whereas no symptoms developed on controls, which fulfilled Koch's postulates. This shows that N. oryzae can cause leaf spot of D. candidum. N. oryzae is a known pathogen for several hosts but has not been previously reported on any species of Dendrobium in China (3). To our knowledge, on the basis of literature, this is the first report of leaf spot of D. candidum caused by N. oryzae in China. References: (1) H. J. Hudson. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46:355, 1963. (2) Q. Jin et al. PLoS One. 8(4):e62352, 2013. (3) P. Sharma et al. J. Phytopathol. 161:439, 2013. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

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Zheng, L., F. Shi, D. Kelly, and T. Hsiang. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in Ontario." Plant Disease 96, no. 6 (June 2012): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-12-0127-pdn.

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Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is an important cool-season perennial grass in Ontario. It is native to Europe and can form an attractive and durable turf. In late September 2011, distinct leaf spots were observed on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn in Guelph, ON. Symptoms ranged from small lesions that were chocolate brown and oval or circular up to withered leaves. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin and tetracycline, a fungus was consistently recovered from symptomatic leaf samples after surface sterilization for 1 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite. On PDA, cultures were gray with an irregularly distributed, wool-like, fastgrowing aerial mycelium, showing a dark back side as the colony changed to darker brown after 7 days at 25°C. On diseased leaves, conidia were observed after moist incubation, borne on a hyaline vesicle at the tip of each conidiophore. Conidia were single celled, black, smooth, spherical, and 11.2 to 15.5 μm (average 13.8 μm) in diameter. The pathogen was identified as Nigrospora oryzae based on previous descriptions (1,2). Genomic DNA was extracted from a representative isolate, 11201, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified by the primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). The ITS sequence showed 99.8% similarity in the overlapping 508-bp portion with N. oryzae (GenBank No. GQ328855). Pathogenicity tests were performed in the laboratory with the isolate on 3-week-old, sand-based, Magenta box-grown plants of three cool-season turfgrass species, P. pratensis, Agrostis stolonifera, and Lolium perenne, by inoculating with fungal plugs. A 5-mm-diameter plug from 5-day-old PDA cultures was directly placed onto leaves in each of four replicate boxes per species, and then removed after 48 h of incubation. Plants treated with sterile agar plugs served as controls. Magenta boxes containing treated turf were covered loosely with their plastic lids and incubated at 23°C. Three days after inoculation and 1 day after inoculum removal, typical chocolate brown spots were observed on inoculated leaves from all three turfgrass species, but no symptoms were seen on agar plug-treated control plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolation of N. oryzae from diseased leaves. The pathogenicity tests were carried out twice with the same results. This is an indication that N. oryzae causing leaf spot of Kentucky bluegrass in Ontario was not hostspecific, and could potentially affect other cool-season turfgrass species. Review of the literature revealed that N. oryzae is known as a pathogen on maize, rice, sorghum, cotton, weeds, and several other hosts, but has not been reported on any species of turfgrass (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. oryzae infecting Kentucky bluegrass in Ontario or worldwide. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, CAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (2) H. J. Hudson. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46:355, 1963. (3) R. W. Smiley et al. Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases. 3rd ed. APS Press, St Paul, MN, 2005. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

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33

Thanabalasingam, Dharushana, N. Savitri Kumar, Lalith Jayasinghe, and Yoshinori Fujimoto. "Endophytic Fungus Nigrospora oryzae from a Medicinal plant Coccinia grandis, a High Yielding New Source of Phenazine-l-carboxamide." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 10 (October 2015): 1934578X1501001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501001008.

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Nigrospora oryzae was isolated as an endophytic fungus from the leaves of Coccinia grandis, a popular medicinal plant used to control diabetes. Fermentation of the fungus in potato dextrose broth and chromatographic purification of the ethyl acetate extracts of the broth and mycelium yielded two phenazine secondary metabolites, which were identified as phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (1) and phenazine-1-carboxamide (2) by comparing their spectral data with those reported in the literature. Compound 2, isolated in high yield (1 g/4 L medium), showed strong antifungal activity against the plant pathogen Cladosporium cladosporioides. This is the first report of the isolation of N. oryzae as an endophytic fungus of C. grandis. These phenazines have never been isolated from any fungal source. Antifungal activity of 2 against C. cladosporioides is reported for the first time.

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34

Momtaz, Mst Selina, Shamim Shamsi, and Tapan Kumar Dey. "Mycoflora associated with bipolaris leaf blight of different wheat varieties in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v28i1.46490.

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Thirty five fungal species, representing 20 genera were found to be associated with Bipolaris leaf blight infected leaves of 21 wheat varieties, collected from eight districts (Dhaka, Gazipur, Dinajpur, Joypurhat, Pabna, Sirajgonj, Kushtia and Chuadanga) of Bangladesh. Fungi were isolated following tissue planting method. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, A. triticina, Arthirinium sp., Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Aspergillus sp., Bipolaris cynodontis, B. oryzae, B. sorokiniana, B. tetramera, B. victoriae, Bispora antenata, Chaetomium globosum, Chaetophoma sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Coniothyrium sp., Curvularia affinis, C. lunata, C. pallescens, Drechslera dematioidea, D. hawaiiensis, Epicoccum purpurascens, Eurotium sp., Fusarium moniliforme, F. nivale, F. semitectum, Nigrospora oryzae, N. sacchari, Penicillium digitatum, Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Rhizopus stolonifer, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Trichoderma viride. Bispora antenata is new record for Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 28(1): 21-35, 2019 (January)

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35

Dong, Jie-Jie, Jie Bao, Xiao-Yong Zhang, Xin-Ya Xu, Xu-Hua Nong, and Shu-Hua Qi. "ChemInform Abstract: Alkaloids and Citrinins from Marine-Derived Fungus Nigrospora oryzae SCSGAF 0111." ChemInform 45, no. 39 (September 11, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201439239.

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36

Zhou, Qing-Yan, Xue-Qiong Yang, Zhuo-Xi Zhang, Bang-Yan Wang, Ming Hu, Ya-Bin Yang, Hao Zhou, and Zhong-Tao Ding. "New azaphilones and tremulane sesquiterpene from endophytic Nigrospora oryzae cocultured with Irpex lacteus." Fitoterapia 130 (October 2018): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.018.

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37

Fernández-Pastor, Ignacio, Victor González-Menéndez, Frederick Annang, Clara Toro, Thomas Mackenzie, Cristina Bosch-Navarrete, Olga Genilloud, and Fernando Reyes. "Pipecolisporin, a Novel Cyclic Peptide with Antimalarial and Antitrypanosome Activities from a Wheat Endophytic Nigrospora oryzae." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14030268.

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A novel cyclic antimalarial and antitrypanosome hexapeptide, pipecolisporin (1), was isolated from cultures of Nigrospora oryzae CF-298113, a fungal endophyte isolated from roots of Triticum sp. collected in a traditional agricultural land of Montefrío, Granada, Spain. The structure of this compound, including its absolute configuration, was elucidated by HRMS, 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy, and Marfey’s analysis. This metabolite displayed interesting activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi, with IC50 values in the micromolar range, and no significant cytotoxicity against the human cancer cell lines A549, A2058, MCF7, MIA PaCa-2, and HepG2.

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Alam, M. W., A. Rehman, M. Saira, N. A. Khan, S. Aslam, M. Fiaz, and S. Muhammad. "First Report of Leaf Spots in Aloe vera Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in Pakistan." Plant Disease 101, no. 5 (May 2017): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-16-1684-pdn.

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39

Zhang, L. Q., S. Jiang, J. J. Meng, H. S. An, and X. Y. Zhang. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Nigrospora oryzae on Blueberry in Shanghai, China." Plant Disease 103, no. 9 (September 2019): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-19-0242-pdn.

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40

He, B. Y., T. Cernava, H. D. He, H. X. Li, X. Y. L. Chen, and H. Yang. "First Report of Leaf Spots on Photinia serrulata Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in China." Plant Disease 103, no. 9 (September 2019): 2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-19-0431-pdn.

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Li, L., H. Pan, M. Y. Chen, S. J. Zhang, and C. H. Zhong. "First Report of Nigrospora oryzae Causing Brown/Black Spot Disease of Kiwifruit in China." Plant Disease 102, no. 1 (January 2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-17-0833-pdn.

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42

Roma-Almeida, Rafaela Carolina Constantino, Olinto Liparini Pereira, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias, Anne Sitarama Prabhu, Marta Cristina Corsi de Filippi, Henrique da Silva Silveira Duarte, and Fabrício Ávila Rodrigue. "Efeito da aplicação de silicato de cálcio e de cinza de casca de arroz sobre a incidência de fungos associados a manchas em sementes de arroz irrigado." Summa Phytopathologica 42, no. 1 (March 2016): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2108.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de silicato de cálcio e de cinza de casca de arroz (CCA) na incidência de fungos associados a manchas em sementes de arroz irrigado. Plantas de arroz foram submetidas à aplicação de silicato de cálcio ou CCA nas doses de 0, 51, 153, 256 e 357 kg ha-1de silício (Si). Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, sendo um na safra 2007/2008 e outro na safra 2008/2009 e, posteriormente, amostras de sementes foram analisadas em laboratório. Foram realizadas avaliações do Índice de Escurecimento de Sementes (IES), da concentração de Si no pericarpo das sementes e a determinação da diversidade dos fungos presentes nas sementes. Não houve efeito das duas fontes de Si empregadas, nas doses utilizadas nos dois experimentos no IES e na concentração de Si. Os fungos fitopatogênicos encontrados em ambos experimentos foram Alternaria padwickiii, Bipolarisoryzae, Botrytis cinerea, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium semitectum, F. solani, Microdochium oryzae, Nigrospora oryzae, Phoma sorghina e Pyriculariaoryzae. A incidência destes fungos não foi afetada pela aplicação das fontes de Si nas doses utilizadas.

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Begum, M., A. Hamza, T. Tanny, K. C. Das, M. T. Mahmud, M. Salimullah, and I. Alam. "First Report of Leaf Spot Disease in Aloe vera Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in Bangladesh." Plant Disease 102, no. 7 (July 2018): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-17-1857-pdn.

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44

Zhang, Q. H., L. L. Huang, Y. J. Liu, Y. Ai, and D. H. Peng. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in China." Plant Disease 102, no. 5 (May 2018): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-17-1676-pdn.

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45

Yan, Wei, Wei Wei, Yang-Yang Zhang, Jia-Jie Wang, Xiao-Fei Ping, Jia-Yun Xu, and Yong-Hao Ye. "Nigrosporanenes C and D, two new cyclohexene derivatives from the enphytic fungus Nigrospora oryzae S4." Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 20, no. 10 (January 15, 2018): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2018.1424140.

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46

Han, Yu-Zhu, Zi-wei Fan, Wei He, and Jian Zhang. "Occurrence of leaf spot caused by Nigrospora oryzae on red elephant grass in Chongqing, China." Journal of Plant Pathology 102, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 949–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00524-3.

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47

Mohammad Waqar Ashraf, M. Amin Mir,. "Equisetum diffusum its Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial and Antifungal activity." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 5599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2979.

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Equisetum diffusum was analysed for the presence of various phytochemicals and it had been found that the concerned plant is enriched with many phytochemicals with wide range of applications in daily life. In addition the plant was found to good antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergills Niger, Fusarium, Nigrospora oryzae. The concerned plant being anti fungal in nature is one of its best natures as least number of phytochemicals is antifungal in nature. In addition the plant extracts show antimicrobial activity against the concerned bacteria viz, E.coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhi, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcous luteus, Streptococcus mutans. The plant extracts show a good range of Rf values where a good number of phytochemicals are isolable with potential medicinal properties.

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48

Aguilar, M., M. Castejón, and M. García. "Rice seedborne infection in southern Spain." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): S56—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10320-pps.

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Rice (Oryza sativa) seeds were analysed to determine their potential transmission of pathogenic and saprophytic micro-organisms. In four and three hundred lots (stocks) of seeds, in 1998 and 1999 respectively, proceeding from mechanical drying sheds, none presence of Pyricularia oryzae was detected. It did not happen that way for Drechslera spp., whose presence was detected in 8.3% and 28% of the lots, in 1998 and 1999; within these ones the affected seed average was 1.3% in both years. Fusarium sp. appeared in 41% and 48% of the lots, in 1998 and 1999, respectively; the affected seed percentage, within these lots, oscillated between 1.7 and 2.4%. Regarding Arthrobotris sp. and Curvularia sp. the percentage of both, affected stocks and affected seed within these ones, were lower than 2%. About saprophytic micro-organisms, Alternaria appeared in 51% of the stocks in 1998, and in 38% in 1999, while Nigrospora did it in 39% and 33%. The affected seeds average per stock was about 2%. These low seed infection percentage seems a consequence of the mechanical drying process, that disables parts of the inoculum seed. On the other hand, harvested grain samples from trials established to promote the infection of Pyricularia oryzae in 1998, 1999 and 2000, showed that this pathogen was not present in any of these three years, in line with the seed results mentioned above. However, Pyricularia was present in 55% of the harvested grain samples in 2001 trial, as well as in 40% of the seeds. Seed can be a way of transmission of fungi if proceed from campaigns with a high level of inoculum in field.

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Uzor, Philip F., Weaam Ebrahim, Patience O. Osadebe, Justina N. Nwodo, Festus B. Okoye, Werner E. G. Müller, Wenhan Lin, Zhen Liu, and Peter Proksch. "Metabolites from Combretum dolichopetalum and its associated endophytic fungus Nigrospora oryzae — Evidence for a metabolic partnership." Fitoterapia 105 (September 2015): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.06.018.

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Zhang, Zhuo-Xi, Hai-Yue Yin, Ya-Bin Yang, Dai-Li Wang, Tong-De Zhao, Cui-Fang Wang, Xue-Qiong Yang, and Zhong-Tao Ding. "A New Chlorinated Tetralone from Co-Culture of Insect-Pathogenic Beauveria bassiana and Phytopathogenic Nigrospora oryzae." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 57, no. 2 (March 2021): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-021-03343-9.

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