Academic literature on the topic 'Nigerian Drawing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nigerian Drawing"
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Herbert, Eti Best. "Application of Electricity Federalism in Nigeria: Drawing Inspiration from America." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 29, no. 2 (May 2021): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2021.0361.
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This paper examines the theory and practice of electricity federalism in the Nigerian federation. Although Nigeria is an American-styled federal entity, its practice does not reflect the true principles of federalism as practiced in America. Nigeria's electricity sector is a reflection of its imperfect practice of federalism. The effect is felt in the poor performance of the electricity sector, especially off-grid undertakings. Thus, this study turns to the practice of electricity federalism in the United State of America as a model federalist system from which Nigeria can draw inspiration towards a better practice of electricity federalism. Evidence from America demonstrates how fiscal federalism led to a robustly developed power sector. It is argued that, although constituent states of Nigeria have the legal capacity, they lack the wherewithal to develop robust off-grid electricity undertaking under the current federalist system. Hence, political restructuring that would ensure fiscal federalism is needful in Nigeria.
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Oke, J. O., and O. O. Olakotan. "Enhancing Effectiveness in Teaching and Learning Technical Drawing for Sustainable Development in Nigerian Technical Colleges." Innovation of Vocational Technology Education 15, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/invotec.v15i1.16051.
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This study determined enhancing effectiveness in teaching and learning technical drawing for sustainable development in Nigerian technical colleges. Two research questions focusing on status of Technical Drawing in Nigerian Technical Colleges and mechanisms for enhancing teaching and learning of Technical Drawing guided the study. The population of the study was all the 152 technical college administrators in state government owned technical colleges in South- Western States of Nigeria. A 30-item self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data from all the 152 respondents. The questionnaire was validated by three experts and its reliability coefficient was established at 0.92 using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient method. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found that traditional mode of classroom instruction dominated the teaching and learning of technical drawing and that procurement of ICT facilities and retraining of technical drawing teachers would enhance teaching and learning of the subject. The study recommended, among others that relevant stakeholders responsible for the administration of technical colleges should procure ICT facilities for teaching and learning of technical drawing.
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Nnanna, Ndubuisi Nnanna, and Maja Tabea Jerrentrup. "Symbolic Representations: Social Media and Photography in Nigeria." Journal of Communication 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jcomm.1015.
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The medium of “photography” has encompassed the world, but depending on the cultural context, it is characterized by different aesthetics that come with different associations and implications. Drawing on cultural anthropology and semiotic image analysis, this article contributes to research on cross-cultural aesthetics with a focus on Nigeria. Based on a sample of 100 Instagram posts with the hashtag #nigerianphotography, it explores how social conventions of art influence popular Nigerian photography and create a unique style: there is a strong focus on the staging of people, who are usually shown in front of simple backgrounds as full body shots. In addition, Nigerian photography places a clear emphasis on colour and heavy retouching. These aspects are seen as consistent with African art in general, which is often more concerned with conveying abstract concepts than authenticity. Thus, it can be stated that Nigerians appropriated photography in their own way, emphasizing the symbolic rather than the indexical function of photography. Nigerian popular photography can be understood as a continuation of classical African art rather than a break with its tradition.
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Pugach, Sara. "Eleven Nigerian Students in Cold War East Germany: Visions of Science, Modernity, and Decolonization." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 3 (December 11, 2018): 551–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418803436.
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This article follows the story of the first African students in the German Democratic Republic, 11 Nigerians who arrived in 1951. Thousands of other African students followed them in the years leading up to the GDR's dissolution in 1990. My work is the first to chronicle the Nigerians' story, and how East Germans received and reacted to these Africans living among them. I focus on what each side hoped to gain from the exchange. East German government officials and university administrators were intent on using the Nigerian students to promote socialism as an alternative in a British colony quickly moving towards independence. Meanwhile, the students wanted scientific educations to help boost their economic standing and class status when they returned to Nigeria. Although Nigeria would never become aligned with the Soviet Bloc after decolonization, in the 1950s East Germans imagined that a socialist future was possible. Drawing on their country's sizable scientific expertise, officials argued that the GDR offered the ideal blend of technological and Marxist knowledge to attract exchange students like the Nigerians into the communist orbit.
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Mazov, Sergey. "USSR Military Assistance to the Federal Government During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2023): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640027032-3.
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Drawing on newly available documents from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVP RF) the author closely examines Soviet-Nigerian military and technical cooperation during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). He focuses on the following issues: the extent of Soviet assistance to the war efforts by the Federal Military Government (FMG) of Nigeria, how Soviet weapons were used in combat operations, what effect military aid had on Soviet-Nigerian relations. On 30th May 1967, the southeastern provinces of Nigeria attempted to secede as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. This caused the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). The head of the FMG general Yakubu Gowon had to apply the USSR for military assistance. The USSR did not recognize the break-away region. The author argues that there were three Soviet-Nigerian arms deals in 1967–1969. The quantity of military hardware and small arms supplied to the FMG remains a guarded secret, and the author had to rely on the declassified CIA intelligence and other published sources. Soviet military personnel in Nigeria, mostly pilots and aviation specialists, strictly adhered to the rule: do not commit acts that might have involved the Soviet Union in the Nigerian conflict. During the war, Soviet-Nigerian relations rose from virtually zero to a fairly high level. However, military assistance did not turn Nigeria into a Soviet ally. Nigerian foreign policy did not change fundamentally, it was still dominated by the Western vector.
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Ukoh, Francis N. Ukoh, and Rita A. Ngwoke. "Immunity Clause under the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria: A Dire Need for Reform." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n2p47.
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Immunity clause as enshrined under section 308 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria has generated protracted controversies for and against its inclusion in the rubrics of Nigerian constitutional laws. This paper considers widespread corruption by Nigerian leaders, shielded by the immunity clause. It explains the need for reform to curtail the anomaly wherein absolute executive immunity is provided for leaders in Nigeria. The paper maintains that there should be equality before the law, hence, the possible prosecution and appearance of a sitting President, Vice President, Governors and Deputy Governors in some criminal and civil matters drawing from other jurisdictions.
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S. R, Oligbinde, and Orelaja O.A. "A Critical Appraisal of Selected Afrofuturism Drawings of Steve Joseph Aimanesi." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. IV (2023): 1646–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7537.
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Drawing is a visual art that engages any number of outlines on a surface. The act of drawing is an act which involves the making of marks on a surface so as to create an image, form or shape. Steve Joseph Aimanesi, a contemporary Nigerian master draughtsman and a painter, evolved extraordinary evanescent effects that conjured up the perception of colour and light emanating from the views he draws. A precious sensation of light, transfused through the particles or dust in the atmosphere fills the landscape Steve has drawn. Steve works entirely in Afrofuturism, a style of drawing initiated by Mark Dery, that deals with the mind, technology and strength. This paper examines the Afrofuturism drawings of Steve Aimanesi, a new style of drawing, and its contribution toward the development contemporary African art. The study mainly relied on interview for data collection, articles, journals and presentations with the artist.
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Tarh-Akong Eyongndi, David, and Faith Nwayemogho Opara. "Lack of Protection for Whistleblowers at the Workplace in Nigeria: Drawing Lessons from Selected Jurisdictions." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 9, no. 3 (2022): 432–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v9n3.a7.
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The Nigerian government has created anti-corruption agencies, such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Independent Corrupt Practices and other related offences Commission (ICPC), to contend with corruption. In 2015, the Federal Ministry of Finance introduced the whistleblowing policy. The policy enables corrupt practices in any workplace, either private or public, to be exposed. However, following the policy, there is no legal framework for the implementation nor protection of the whistleblower. This article adopts doctrinal and comparative methodology to examine the utilitarian values and the propriety of whistleblowing vis-à-vis the employee’s obligation to act in good faith under Nigeria’s labor jurisprudence. It relies on primary and secondary data. It discusses the challenges confronting whistleblowing at the workplace in Nigeria. It also examines the practice in Britain, India, South Africa, and Ghana to be compared with Nigeria. It reveals that whistleblowing is an effective tool to combat corruption/malpractices in the workplace. Unlike in Britain, India, South Africa, and Ghana, there is no specific legislation on whistleblowing in Nigeria. It recommends awareness on the need of Nigerians’ active participation in whistleblowing and enactment of a subject-specific law to protect whistleblowing and whistleblowers as in ones in Britain, India, South Africa, and Ghana.
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Bello, Mansur M., and Chubado Umaru. "A Framework for Measuring Performance of Nigerian Police Force Organization." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 9, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2022-9-3-333-345.
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The Nigerian Police Force as an organisation is mandated to ensure public safety through maintenance of law and order. Despite its old history, the rate of criminal activities such as armed robbery, kidnappings for ransom, killing of innocent citizens, ethno-religious conflicts in many parts of Nigeria is on the increase. Previous studies have indicated factors that contributed to underperformance of Nigerian Police Force, but there is an insufficient attention given on how to measure the performance of Nigerian police as a public service organisation, especially by using the new performance management approach. This study deploys a framework for measuring performance of police organisation in Nigeria. The study uses literature on performance management drawing practices from both private and public sector context to propose a framework for measuring performance of Nigerian Police Force. The Input-output-outcome model is used to support the study. The study finds out that Input-outputoutcome model could have the potential of improving performance of Nigerian Police Force. The study concludes that despite lack of clear outcome quantification, input-output-outcome model of performance management practice could be a tool for improving and measuring the performance of Nigerian Police Force.
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Bello, Mansur M., and Chubado Umaru. "A Framework for Measuring Performance of Nigerian Police Force Organization." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 9, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2022-9-3-332-344.
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The Nigerian Police Force as an organisation is mandated to ensure public safety through maintenance of law and order. Despite its old history, the rate of criminal activities such as armed robbery, kidnappings for ransom, killing of innocent citizens, ethno-religious conflicts in many parts of Nigeria is on the increase. Previous studies have indicated factors that contributed to underperformance of Nigerian Police Force, but there is an insufficient attention given on how to measure the performance of Nigerian police as a public service organisation, especially by using the new performance management approach. This study deploys a framework for measuring performance of police organisation in Nigeria. The study uses literature on performance management drawing practices from both private and public sector context to propose a framework for measuring performance of Nigerian Police Force. The Input-output-outcome model is used to support the study. The study finds out that Input-outputoutcome model could have the potential of improving performance of Nigerian Police Force. The study concludes that despite lack of clear outcome quantification, input-output-outcome model of performance management practice could be a tool for improving and measuring the performance of Nigerian Police Force.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nigerian Drawing"
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Maiyaki, Joseph Y. (Joseph Yakubu). "A Comparison of Achievement in Technical Drawing of Students Enrolled in the Nigeria Certificate of Education (Technical) at the Kaduna Polytechnic, Kuduna, Nigeria." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330686/.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the achievement mean test scores in Technical Drawing of students enrolled for the NCE (Technical) program at the College of Science and Technology, Kaduna polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria. Test score means were compared between direct and remedial (preparatory) entry students and secondly among type of high school attended. Data were collected directly from students' permanent records. Two major hypotheses with three sub-hypotheses for each were tested. The first major hypothesis compared direct and remedial entry students. The second major hypothesis compared among three types of high schools attended. The One Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The Duncan Multiple Comparison Test was also applied on the second major hypothesis. Both hypotheses I and II were retained at the .05 level of significance. However, hypothesis I was rejected at the .01 level of significance because the remedial entry students were found to have higher mean test scores than the direct entry students. Findings for hypothesis II indicated no significant difference among type of high school attended. It was recommended that selection for admissions for both the remedial and direct enrollments should not be based only on type of high school attended or type of subjects taken; data collected for remediation should bear directly on individuals' academic problems; and aptitude tests should be conducted in addition to transcripts currently demanded.
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Badejogbin, Oluwatoyin Akinwande. "Sentencing reforms in a postcolonial society: a call for the rationalisation of sentencing discretion in Nigeria, drawing on South Africa and England." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16484.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThis thesis investigates measures to ensure that sentencers introduce proportionality to sentencing and refrain from imposing penalties that infringe constitutional rights. The investigation involves two stages of analysis. First, the thesis examines the socio-historical context in which the practice of punishment evolved in England, South Africa and Nigeria in order to unveil how evolving concepts about punishment regulate or fail to regulate penal severity. Secondly, the thesis examined the normative basis of sentencing in South Africa and Nigeria, both of which are constitutional democracies and former English colonies. The analysis leads to two critical findings. First, Nigeria lacks the rich tapestry of constitutional jurisprudence that South African Courts have developed around punishment. Secondly, neither South Africa nor Nigeria has a structured system for rationalising sentencing discretion, with the result that sentencing can lead to widely disparate and disproportionate outcomes in both countries. The thesis thus proposes that Nigeria adopts constitutional provisions that restrain penal severity, and that it harmonise its pluralistic penal system, scrutinise statutory penalties in the light of constitutional norms, and, drawing on practices in England, develop guidelines that enhance proportionality and parsimony in sentencing.
Books on the topic "Nigerian Drawing"
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Barber, Abayomi. Abayomi: The life sketches of Abayomi Barber. [Lagos, Nigeria]: Hourglass Gallery, 2016.
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Nkanga, Otobong. Otobong Nkanga: Uncertain where the next wind blows. Edited by Henie-Onstad kunstsenter. Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther und Franz König, 2021.
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Komada-John, Isissa. No one belongs here more than you: Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze, Wura-Natasha Ogunji, Nnenna Okore. Lagos: Centre for Contemporary Art Lagos, 2013.
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Adepegba, Kehinde. Fusion: An exhibition of paintings, drawings and designs. Mushin [Nigeria]: Aramanda Creations, 2007.
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Ogundipe, Moyo, and Ohioma Ifounu Pogoson. Life's fragile fictions: The drawings and paintings of Moyo Ogundipe. Edited by University of Ibadan. Institute of African Studies. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 2011.
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Ogboli, Ashiedu. I could be the wizened cock: Poems and drawings of Ashiedu Ogboli. Lagos, Nigeria: Leviathan Books, 1998.
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Robert, Loder, Muncke Lisa, Picton John, Brunei Gallery, and Edinburgh College of Art, eds. Image and form: Prints, drawings, and sculpture from Southern Africa and Nigeria. [London]: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1997.
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Isichei, Rom. Rom Isichei: Someday is today : an exhibition of assemblages and installation, metal constructions, collages and drawings. Lagos: [publisher not identified], 2015.
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Drawing the map of heaven: An African writer in America. Lagos, Nigeria: Malthouse Press, 2012.
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Technical Drawing 1: Teacher's Omnibus (Nigeria). Heinemann International Literature and Textbooks, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Nigerian Drawing"
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Onukogu, Chioma Joyce. "Conceptualising Second Generation Immigrants in South Africa: The Experiences of Nigerian Second Generation Immigrants." In IMISCOE Research Series, 153–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_11.
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AbstractMigration research emanating from the west and the global south about immigrant children has often concentrated on “migrant or refugee children.” Little attention is being paid to second generation immigrant children, who in most cases, have different migration trajectory. This chapter observes the gap in literature and presents a conceptualisation of second-generation from a South African perspective. Drawing on evidence from a qualitative study of 10 Nigerian second generation immigrant children in Johannesburg, South Africa, the chapter presents an understanding of a South African second generation immigrants. Place of birth, age at migration and parent’s immigration status at the time of birth are found to be factors that separate 1 s generation from another.
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Paynter, Eleanor. "Gendered Asylum in the Black Mediterranean: Two Nigerian Women’s Experiences of Reception in Italy." In Migrations in the Mediterranean, 137–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42264-5_9.
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AbstractWomen comprise less than 15% of people crossing the Central Mediterranean, yet their representation in or erasure from accounts of precarious migration influences public notions of migrant deservingness in critical ways. This chapter recognizes European border spectacle as both racialized and gendered and posits the post-arrival reception period as a key site of negotiation of notions of deservingness. Drawing on ethnographic research I conducted in Italian reception centers, I discuss how these dynamics are especially salient in the case of Nigerian women who confront widespread associations of their presence in Italy with sex trafficking. In oral history interviews with two Nigerian women, interviewees described how they navigate “invisible obstacles” during reception: their awareness of others’ assumptions about them affected how they positioned themselves in relation to others, and where they spent time. Situating this discussion within the Black Mediterranean framework, I show how these circumstances are not new aspects of migration “crises” but in fact recall colonial notions of foreignness and blackness. My discussion advocates for an intersectional approach to the study of Mediterranean migration that engages migrant reception as a racialized, gendered set of processes, as well as, for migrants, a period of active, rather than passive, waiting.
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Okafor, Joachim Chukwuma. "Flood, Livelihood Displacement, and Poverty in Nigeria: Plights of Flood Victims, 2012–2018." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2535–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_124.
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AbstractThe impacts of flood on the Nigerian population over the years have been enormous. This is because the attendant associated risks such as destruction of lives and properties, livelihood displacement, and impoverishment of victims arising from increasing flood cases have constituted a threat to the citizens’ survival and therefore inform the attention the menace has drawn among scholars, policy analyst. This chapter has as its primary aim, a critical assessment of the impacts of government responses over the plight of victims of flooding in Nigeria over the years under review. Thus, special attention is given in this chapter to the various barriers or challenges facing government response to the plight of flood victims in Nigeria. Finally, some valuable steps, which if taken will reduce these barriers or challenges, are outlined. Though, the study adopted the use of secondary sources of data collection via content analysis, the experiences and knowledge gathered in this chapter will be strategically useful to people and organizations interested in the government of Nigeria’s response to the plight of flood victims, barriers inhibiting the success of fund utilization in reducing the suffering and impoverishment of the flood victims, number of deaths, and population displaced as a result.
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Vande-Guma, Clara D. S., Mercy T. Lan, and Anthony Amonjenu. "A Sociosemiotic Analysis of Projections of Environmental Awareness in Selected Nigerian Preprimary School Children’s Eco-Drawings." In International Explorations in Outdoor and Environmental Education, 115–47. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59910-1_5.
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Greenwalt, Julie, Michael Dede, Ibinabo Johnson, Prince Nosa, Abi Precious, and Barbara Summers. "Climate Change Adaptation and Community Development in Port Harcourt, Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2775–802. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_47.
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AbstractPort Harcourt, Nigeria, as with many cities in Africa, is already experiencing impacts from climate change while also facing development challenges and compounding vulnerabilities. There is often a gap between the adaptation recommendations of academia and international organizations and the conditions needed to achieve these recommendations given the realities on the ground in cities with vulnerable populations, pressing challenges, and minimal capacity. This gap can make it difficult to translate theoretically persuasive plans and guidance into practically sustainable actions. This chapter builds on the experience of CMAP, a Port Harcourt-based NGO leading participatory mapping, community media, and public space design programs in the city’s informal waterfront settlements. Drawing on the perspectives of Chicoco Collective, the youth-led volunteer network which CMAP supports, and the datasets that they have built, the chapter explores local awareness and skills for climate change adaptation. This chapter concludes with recommendations relevant for Port Harcourt and similar African cities to build on such local skills and experiences and advocates for a partnership-based approach that brings together adaptation professionals and community-based actors for more effective critical analysis of local conditions and prioritization of actions to meet the development and climate change needs of local communities.
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Ebhuoma, Eromose E. "Attaining Food Security in the Wake of Climatic Risks: Lessons from the Delta State of Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 167–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_15.
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AbstractClimate variability and change have undermined the poor rural households’ ability in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to engage in food production effectively – which comprises their primary source of livelihood – partly because it is predominantly rain-fed. Notwithstanding, the rural poor are not docile victims to climatic risks. They actively seek innovative ways to utilize their bundle of assets to reduce the negative effects of climatic risks to ensure household food security. Bundle of assets comprise the financial, human, physical, social, and natural assets owned by, or easily accessible to, an individual. Drawing on primary data obtained qualitatively in the Delta State of Nigeria, this chapter analyzes how Indigenous farmers utilize their bundle of assets to grow their food in the face of a rapidly changing climate. The results indicate that human and social assets played crucial roles in facilitating household food security. Also, social assets facilitated the procurement of other assets necessary to ensure continuity in food production, albeit farmers continue to live under the global poverty line. This chapter critically discusses the implications of these findings in relation to the attainment of both the first and second Sustainable Development Goals (no poverty and zero hunger) by 2030 in the Delta State.
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Samy, Yiagadeesen, Adeniran Adedeji, Augustine Iraoya, Madhurjya Kumar Dutta, Jasmine Lal Fakmawii, and Wen Hao. "Conclusion." In Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment, 145–53. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39039-5_5.
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AbstractIn this concluding chapter, we bring together the findings of our research, drawn from the survey of SMEs and the qualitative analysis (focus group discussions, key informant interviews and in-depth interviews) that were conducted for the current project across the six selected countries: Cambodia, Ghana, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal and Vietnam. We started this book by arguing that international trade has the potential to provide women with more and better employment opportunities, drive productivity and economic growth, and thus empower women and improve gender equality. As we summarize our findings in this concluding chapter, we discuss how and whether this potential is being met, and why it may not always be attained. Finally, we offer our policy recommendations for how women entrepreneurs and workers can better take advantage of the opportunities that are made possible by international trade.
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Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, and Martina Visentin. "Threats to Diversity in a Overheated World." In Acceleration and Cultural Change, 27–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33099-5_3.
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AbstractMost of Eriksen’s research over the years has somehow or other dealt with the local implications of globalization. He has looked at ethnic dynamics, the challenges of forging national identities, creolization and cosmopolitanism, the legacies of plantation societies and, more recently, climate change in the era of ‘accelerated acceleration’. Here we want to talk not just about cultural diversity and not just look at biological diversity, but both, because he believes that there are some important pattern resemblances between biological and cultural diversity. And many of the same forces militate against that and threaten to create a flattened world with less diversity, less difference. And, obviously, there is a concern for the future. We need to have an open ended future with different options, maximum flexibility and the current situation with more homogenization. We live in a time when there are important events taking place, too, from climate change to environmental destruction, and we need to do something about that. In order to show options and possibilities for the future, we have to focus on diversity because complex problems need diverse answers.Martina: I would like to start with a passion of mine to get into one of your main research themes: diversity. I’m a Marvel fan and, what is emerging, is a reduction of what Marvel has always been about: diversity in comics. There seems to be a standardization that reduces the specificity of each superhero and so it seems that everyone is the same in a kind of indifference of difference. So in this hyper-diversity, I think there is also a reduction of diversity. Do you see something similar in your studies as well?Thomas: It’s a great example, and it could be useful to look briefly at the history of thought about diversity and the way in which it’s suddenly come onto the agenda in a huge way. If you take a look at the number of journal articles about diversity and related concepts, the result is stunning. Before 1990, the concept was not much used. In the last 30 years or so, it’s positively exploded. You now find massive research on biodiversity, cultural diversity, agro-biodiversity, biocultural diversity, indigenous diversity and so on. You’ll also notice that the growth curve has this ‘overheating shape’ indicating exponential growth in the use of the terms. And why is this? Well, I think this has something to do with what Hegel described when he said that ‘the owl of Minerva flies at dusk,’ which is to say that it is only when a phenomenon is being threatened or even gone that it catches widespread attention. Regarding diversity, we may be witnessing this mechanism. The extreme interest in diversity talk since around 1990 is largely a result of its loss which became increasingly noticeable since the beginning of the overheating years in the early 1990s. So many things happened at the same time, more or less. I was just reminded yesterday of the fact that Nelson Mandela was released almost exactly a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall. There were many major events taking place, seemingly independently of each other, in different parts of the world. This has something to do with what you’re talking about, because yes, I think you’re right, there has been a reduction of many kinds of diversity.So when we speak of superdiversity, which we do sometimes in migration studies (Vertovec, 2023), we’re really mainly talking about people who are diverse in the same ways, or rather people who are diverse in compatible ways. They all fit into the template of modernity. So the big paradox here of identity politics is that it expresses similarity more than difference. It’s not really about cultural difference because they rely on a shared language for talking about cultural difference. So in other words, in order to show how different you are from everybody else, you first have to become quite similar. Otherwise, there is a real risk that we’d end up like Ludwig Wittgenstein’s lion. In Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein, 1983), he remarks that if a lion could talk, we wouldn’t understand what it was saying. Lévi-Strauss actually says something similar in Tristes Tropiques (Lévi-Strauss, 1976) where he describes meeting an Amazonian people, I think it was the Nambikwara, who are so close that he could touch them, and yet it is as though there were a glass wall between them. That’s real diversity. It’s different in a way that makes translation difficult. And it’s another world. It’s a different ontology.These days, I’m reading a book by Leslie Bank and Nellie Sharpley about the Coronavirus pandemic in South Africa (Bank & Sharpley, 2022), and there are rural communities in the Eastern Cape which don’t trust biomedicine, so many refuse vaccinations. They resist it. They don’t trust it. Perhaps they trust traditional remedies slightly more. This was and is the situation with HIV-AIDS as well. This is a kind of diversity which is understandable and translateable, yet fundamental. You know, there are really different ways in which we see the Cosmos and the universe. So if you take the Marvel films, they’ve really sort of renovated and renewed the superhero phenomenon, which was almost dead when they began to revive it. As a kid around 1970, I was an avid reader of Superman and Batman. I also read a lot of Donald Duck and incidentally, a passion for i paperi and the Donald/Paperino universe is one curious commonality between Italy and Norway. Anyway, with the superheroes, everybody was very white. They represented a the white, conservative version of America. In the renewed Marvel universe, there are lots of literally very strong women, who are independent agents and not just pretty appendages to the men as they had often been in the past. You also had people with different cultural and racial identities. The Black Panther of Wakanda and all the mythology which went with it are very popular in many African countries. It’s huge in Nigeria, for example, and seems to add to the existing diversity. But then again, as we were saying and as you observed, these characters are diverse in comparable within a uniform framework, a pretty rigid cultural grammar which presupposes individualism: there are no very deep cultural differences in the way they see the world. So that’s the new kind of diversity, which really consists more of talking about diversity than being diverse. I should add that the superdiversity perspective is very useful, and I have often drawn on it myself in research on cultural complexity. But it remains framed within the language of modernity.Martina: What you just said makes me think of contradictory dimensions that are, however, held together by the same gaze. How is it that your approach helps hold together processes that nevertheless tell us the same thing about the concept of diversity?Thomas: When we talk about diversity, it may be fruitful to look at it from a different angle. We could look at traditional knowledge and bodily skills among indigenous peoples, for example, and ideas about nature and the afterlife. Typically, some would immediately object that this is wrong and we are right and they should learn science and should go to school, period. But that’s not the point when we approach them as scholars, because then we try to understand their worlds from within and you realize that this world is experienced and perceived in ways which are quite different from ours. One of the big debates in anthropology for a number of years now has concerned the relationship between culture and nature after Lévi-Strauss, the greatest anthropological theorist of the last century. His view was that all cultures have a clear distinction between culture and nature, which is allegedly a universal way of creating order. This view has been challenged by people who have done serious ethnographic work on the issue, from my Oslo colleague Signe Howell’s work in Malaysia to studies in Melanesia, but perhaps mainly in the Amazon, where anthropologists argue that there are many ways of conceptualising the relationship between humans and everything else. Many of these world-views are quite ecological in character. They see us as participants in the same universe as other animals, plants and even rocks and rivers, and might point out that ‘the land does not belong to us – we belong to the land’. That makes for a very different relationship to nature than the predatory, exploitative form typical of capitalist modernity. In other words, in these cultural worlds, there is no clear boundary between us humans and non-humans. If you go in that direction, you will discover that in fact, cultural diversity is about much more than giving rights to minorities and celebrating National Day in different ethnic costumes, or even establishing religious tolerance. That way of talking about diversity is useful, but it should not detract attention from deeper and older forms of diversity.
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Peter Oluwasanmi, Olaolu. "Perspective Chapter: Èmi L’ókàn (It is My Turn) – Candidate Selection, Entitlement Politics and Party Internal Democratic Practice in Nigeria." In Democracy - Paradoxes, Changes and New Perspectives Across the Globe [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002855.
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The selection of political candidates plays a pivotal role in any political system, particularly in multi-party systems like Nigeria’s. In Nigeria, the electoral law permits the selection of candidates through direct primaries, indirect primaries, or consensus candidates. However, the 2023 general elections introduced a new concept to the Nigerian political landscape: entitlement politics. Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, the then-aspiring All Progressive Congress’s presidential flag bearer, claimed entitlement to the presidency before the party’s primary election. This study delves into the phenomenon of entitlement politics in Nigeria, exploring its challenges and democratic implications. Drawing on existing literature and interviews, the study uncovers a link between entitlement politics and politicians’ bold attempts to gain power within the political network. While entitlement politics may encourage political zoning, it risks undermining the democratic process by favouring mediocrity over political competence. The paper concludes that adhering to constitutional processes and prioritising political competence in candidate selection is essential to maintain the integrity of Nigeria’s electoral system.
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Dawuni, J. Jarpa, and Rebecca Emiene Badejogbin. "Transplantation and Domestication of American Models of Legal Education in Nigeria." In American Legal Education Abroad, 139–61. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479803583.003.0007.
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This chapter evaluates the impact of global influences on the type and form of legal education adopted in Nigeria from 1962 to 2019, with a focus on influences drawn from the United States. The establishment of the Council of Legal Education and the Nigerian Law School in 1962, about a hundred years after British rule in the colony of Lagos was formalized, was to meet the needs of the emerging nation and its attendant. While drawing largely from British legal education systems in the early years, some ideas about the curriculum and form of legal education in Nigeria have been modeled along legal education structures in the United States, in particular elite law schools. The US influence has been due partly to the funding schemes provided by US-based organizations such as the Carnegie Foundation and the Ford and Rockefeller foundations. This chapter identifies the factors behind US influence, explores the tensions between efforts to internationalize amid emerging global socioeconomic trends, and the desirability of providing a “domesticated” legal education that meets the needs of the Nigerian state and its citizens.
Conference papers on the topic "Nigerian Drawing"
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Kusimo, Abisola C., and Sheri Sheppard. "Manufacturing Vulnerability: How Resource Scarcity Hinders Team Coordination During Manufacturing in Nigerian Factories." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97820.
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Abstract The purpose of this research is to learn how less-skilled workers (LSWs) and highly-skilled workers (HSWs) coordinate in Nigerian factories, where the formal education gap between these two groups can be quite significant. The study takes place in two factories and two universities across four Nigerian states over the summer of 2018. Drawing on methods of ethnography (i.e. a collection of qualitative methods to closely observe social interactions and practices as to interpret and build theory), it was discovered that resource scarcity hinders team coordination through the occurrence of four obstacles: (1) unclear role boundaries and work processes, (2) poor attitude towards work, (3) under- and overutilization of employees, and (4) worker demoralization and feelings of being undervalued. This paper builds upon previous work on factory coordination in cross-occupational functional groups in Silicon Valley. Theoretically, this paper reveals how the studied manufacturing firms in Nigeria currently perform team coordination and the challenges that prevent them from reaching high efficiency. Additionally, it offers premises for future field experiments to test the generalizability of the findings and interventions to enhance coordination effectiveness and the product development process in Sub-Saharan African manufacturing firms. Implications for the literature on engineering for global development is discussed. Ultimately, this research is a small step towards enabling independent African firms to have the skills, tools, and resources to design and create their own unique solutions for challenges faced in-country.
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Petri, M. B. "Structural Assesment of Existing Suspension Bridge between Cameroon and Nigeria." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0283.
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<p>Our firm performed an inspection and analysis of an existing suspension bridge crossing the 'Cross River' between Cameroon and Nigeria. The bridge was designed in the 1940s by a British company and was completed in the early 1950s. Once the original drawings were located in an archive in the</p><p>U.K. a team was established to examine the existing bridge. The bridge was surveyed and all information collected in the field and archives was processed in the office for a detailed review report including the status of all the elements including ranking and identifying major defects. A full model of the bridge was computerized based on the findings and calculated for both the original and up to date loads in order to examine the capacity of the bridge members and the global stability. From the information collected and calculated, the recommendation was to preserve the bridge as a unique element in Nigeria's heritage.</p>
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Jegede, Philip. "ICT Attitudinal Characteristics and Use Level of Nigerian Teachers." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3226.
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The study investigates the nature of relationship between ICT attitudinal constructs and use level of Nigerian teachers. A total of 467 teachers randomly drawn from teacher-training institutions participated in the study. Two research instruments; Teachers ICT Attitudinal Scales and Teachers’ Use of ICT Checklist were employed in collecting relevant information. Data collected were analysed using Multiple Regression Analysis and Spearman Correlation. It was discussed that ICT Use Level of teachers is significantly related with each and the combination of attitude constructs. The findings also revealed that perceived control factor, behavioural factors and defense factors contributed mostly to the prediction of ICT Use Level of teachers.
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Itotoi, Ibi-Ada, Taju Gbadamosi, Christian Ihwiwhu, Udeme John, Anita Odiete, Precious Okoro, Maduabuchi Ndubueze, Erome Utunedi, Adedeji Awujoola, and Sola Adesanya. "Produced Water Re-Injection: An Integrated Subsurface Approach to Planning and Execution for Downhole Produced Water Disposal in the Niger Delta." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207088-ms.
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Abstract Low oil price and increased environmental regulations presents a new frontier for many indigenous oil and gas companies in Nigeria. In mature fields with significant water production, produced water treatment and handling could easily account for up to a third of OPEX. Underground produced water disposal is a tested approach that has been used worldwide with mixed results. Studies have been published on the subject; however, it was observed that there were no Niger Delta case studies. This paper presents SEPLAT's subsurface approach to in-field water disposal, drawing upon geological and petroleum engineering analysis coupled with learnings from over 6 years of produced water re-injection experience. Some of the areas that will be discussed include reservoir selection/screening methodology, water quality impact on permeability, produced water disposal well selection/completion, operating philosophy, general surveillance, and basic separation requirements. Thirteen reservoirs located within 2 proximal fields were screened for suitability and ranked as possible candidates for water disposal based on 8 criteria. The best 2 were then high-graded and detailed studies carried out, spanning detailed geological characterization for reservoir quality and connectivity (including quantitative interpretation), to dynamic simulation, injection well location optimization and performance prediction (for clean water). The results of core flood tests were incorporated. It is recommended that total suspended solids should not exceed 5 mg/L, with a maximum of 5 microns particle size, under matrix injection conditions while oil content should be limited to below 30-50 ppm. Tolerance for TSS can be relaxed to 10ppm – 50ppm at fracturing conditions, depending on the reservoir parameters and process systems. The knowledge of these parameters should drive the technology selection for optimum water treatment and injection.
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Elijah, Paul Tamaragaibi, and Martins Obaseki. "Assistive Technology for Students-with-Disabilities Entrepreneurial Development during the Covid-19 Era in South-South, Nigeria." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.4470.
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The study investigated assistive technology for students-with-disabilities entrepreneurial development during the Covid-19 era in South-South, Nigeria. The need for the entrepreneurial development of students-with-disability is essential as a result of the harsh effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Three research questions and three hypotheses were answered and tested in the study. Descriptive survey design was adopted in the study. Population of the study comprised all the special schools in South-South, Nigeria while purposive as well as random sampling technique was used to draw two public and private special schools as sample for the study and 246 special students were drawn as respondents for the study in two states (Rivers and Delta) in South-South, Nigeria. One public and one private school was selected in each state. Instrument adopted for data collection was a 15-item questionnaire tagged “Assistive Technology Adoption for Entrepreneurial Development of Special Needs Students Questionnaire” (ATAEDSNSQ). The instrument was face and content validated by two experts (one in Measurement and Evaluation and the other in Special Education). Reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach alpha reliability with an index of 0.79. The research questions were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested using z-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study showed that the schools did not differ significantly in the available emerging assistive technologies, its adoption and the challenges to the adoption of these emerging technologies for students-with-disabilities entrepreneurial development during the COVID-19 era in South-South, Nigeria. It was recommended among other needs that a technology policy should be enacted to guide the operations of these schools.
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Kelechi, Faith Mmesomachukwu, and Chukwuebuka Samuel Nwafor. "Application of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Procedure for Microalgae-To-Biofuel Conversion." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212014-ms.
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Abstract The thermal depolymerization process is also known as Hydrothermal liquefaction(HTL) Is used in converting macro/micro molecules, under temperatures of about 280°C and 370°C and pressures that are in the range from 10 to 25 MPa and into crude such as oil. The oil is composed of high energy density and low heating values of 33.8-36.9 MJ/Kg and 5-20 wt% renewables and oxygen. Presently microalgae are used industrially in producing high-quality products for food additives. Also, the microalgae are environmentally friendly, as it is used in the treatment of wastewater, control in the mitigation of industrial CO2 emission and atmospheric CO2 capturing. Due to environmental issues, microalgal are converted from biomass to biofuel. Recently HTL has drawn more attention, as it can be used in the refinery industry. This paper is also concerned with solving environmental issues using microalgae as an effective method for biomass to biofuel conversion. One significant advantage of HTL is the possibility of using fresh microalgae after harvesting, the processing of biomass and increased thermodynamic efficiency. The latter is achieved due to high HTL temperature and pressure which creates an avenue for more heat recovery.
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Oppong, Riverson, Ben Asante, and Ishmael Ackah. "Addressing Energy Availability, Accessibility and Affordability Amidst Energy Transition in Africa: Ghana's Outlook." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217173-ms.
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Abstract In 2015, the UN adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals. These goals seek to tackle some of the world's greatest challenges by 2030. Goal 7 aims to "ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all". This is an ambition that implies changes in the way energy is produced, accessed, and used. The research evaluated all five scenarios as presented by the energy transition committee: i. Business-as-Usual Scenario (BaU); ii. Transition Scenario 1 (T1); iii. Transition Scenario 2 (T2); iv. Transition Scenario 3 (T3); and Transition Scenario 4 (T4). Reliability and adequate supply of the sources of the base loads were analyzed; advantages and disadvantages of the scenarios were drawn; emission consequences from the scenarios were also simulated; cost of transition and cost of generation based on the estimated CAPEX and OPEX were modeled. The energy transition scenarios considered the use of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology; use of compressed natural gas as base load, electric, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles; sustainable aviation fuel; efficient energy transformation processes; and efficient end-use appliances. Another scenario considered everything under the case above and includes the use of nuclear for power generation. This research tested the availability, accessibility and affordability of the five main energy transition scenarios Ghana is considering for its transition plan and applied fuzzy logic in selecting the best options.
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Onwuemene, Onyeka. "Optimized Technical and Commercial Strategy for Marginal Field Re-Entry – A Case Study." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207081-ms.
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Abstract This paper examines an optimized strategy and approach for executing a marginal field re-entry in the face of harsh global economic realities in the oil and gas sector. With dwindling and depressing oil prices driven by demand & supply volatility with root causes traceable to some factors such as the prevalent health pandemic, clamor for green energy, climate change discussions, geopolitics etc, the operating model for oil companies will need to drastically change to reflect current realities. Due to rapid global urbanization and increasing population amongst other factors, there is a corresponding huge appetite for oil to meet energy demands. This has led to exploration in unconventional terrains, utilization of the full extent of primary and secondary recovery mechanisms to attain high RFs in already producing fields and in some extreme cases, the development of marginal fields. In the Niger Delta area of Nigeria, marginal fields usually given up by Oil majors or abandoned following production exigencies and government laws are acquired and operated by indeginous companies. These indigenous players look for the most cost-effective means to produce these assets as it becomes the only way to make profit. A case study for field re-entry in the Niger Delta, which emphasized relatively/comparatively reduced capital outlay dependent on the technical approach is examined. Lessons learnt are drawn to aid enlightened go-forward actions and that will ensure a go-to template for similar future marginal field re-entry projects.
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George, Alexander. "Predicting Oil Production Flow Rate Using Artificial Neural Networks - The Volve Field Case." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208258-ms.
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Abstract Accurate prediction of oil production flow rates helps production engineers to detect anomalous values which in turn will provide insights about any flaws in huge oil well systems. To aid this, oil flow rate is commonly estimated using empirical correlations. However, in some cases, significant error is inherent in application of this empirical correlation and will often yield inaccurate results. This present work aims to develop a machine learning algorithm based on an Artificial Neural Network to predict with (high accuracy) the oil production flow rate, using an open source data obtained from Volve production field in Norway. The Downhole Pressure and Temperature, Average Tubing and Annular Pressure Details, Onstream Hours, and Choke Details are used as the input parameters to the algorithm. The procedure can be considered a valid approach for its high accuracy and due to the wide acceptance of data-driven analytics in the industry today. To develop the model structure, 70% of the data was used the training dataset, and to further evaluate the performance, 30% of the data was used to derive the mean square error and determination coefficient. An error distribution histogram and the cross-plot between simulation data and verification data were drawn. These results show high predictability of the model and affirmed that ANN has the ability to handle large dataset and also will give a better prediction of oil flow rate when compared to the empirical correlations method. Therefore, equipping production engineers with the capacity to accurately predict oil flow rates from upstream pressure, choke size, and producing gas to oil ratio of a producing well rather than the use of empirical correlations.
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Innocent, Okechukwu Prince. "Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Crude Oil Production Volume." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207079-ms.
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Abstract The production of oil is of great and immense significance as a source of energy worldwide. The major factors affecting the production volume of oil is classified into two groups namely the geological and the human factor. Each group comprises of factors affecting oilfield production volume. The challenge in this project is to find the variable for the crude oil production volume in an oilfield because there are numerous factors affecting the crude oil production volume in an oilfield. The objective of this paper is to provide a more accurate and efficient solution on how to predict the oil production volume. Furthermore, Machine Learning algorithm called Multiple Linear Regression was developed using Python programming Language to predict the production volume of oil in an oilfield. The model was developed and fitted to train and test the factors that affect and influence the oil production volume. After a several studies have been made, the affecting factors were provided from the oilfield which would be trained and tested in order to model the relationship between predictor variable and response variable which are the significant affecting factors and the oil production volume respectively. The predictor variables are the startup number of wells, the recovery percent of previous year, the injected water volume of previous year and the oil moisture content of previous year. The predictor variable is the oil production volume. Moreover, the model was found to possess greater utility in predicting the production volume of oil as it yielded an oil production volume output with an accuracy of 98 percent. The relationship between oil production volume and the affecting factors was observed and drawn to a perfect conclusion. This model can be of immense value in the oil and gas industry if implemented because of its ability to predict oilfield output more accurately. It is an invaluable and very efficient model for the oilfield manager and oil production manager.
Reports on the topic "Nigerian Drawing"
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Obado-Joel, Jennifer. The Challenge of State-Backed Internal Security in Nigeria: Considerations for Amotekun. RESOLVE Network, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.9.ssa.
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Nigeria faces immense internal security challenges, including the Boko-Haram crisis in the northeast and violent farmer-herder conflicts in the southwest and north-central states. Across the Nigerian federation, pockets of violent clashes have sprung and escalated in new locales in the last decade. Community responses to these violent crises have been diverse and included the establishment of armed groups to supplement or act in parallel to the security efforts of the Nigerian state—in some cases with backing from federal or state governments. These local security assemblages, community-based armed groups (CBAGs), are on the one hand contributors to local order, and normative conceptions of peace and security. On the other hand, these groups are often a pernicious actor within the broader security landscape, undermining intercommunal peace and drivers of violence and human rights abuses. This Policy Note focuses on the characteristics, challenges, and opportunities of Amotekun, a recently formed CBAG in Southwest Nigeria. Drawing from the experiences of similar Nigerian groups, the Note details recommendations that may facilitate greater success and lessen poten al risk associated with Amotekun’s formation. These recommendations are aimed primarily at Nigerian government and civil society actors and describe areas where external support could potentially improve local capacity to conduct oversight of Amotekun and similar groups.
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Occhiali, Giovanni, Jalia Kangave, and Hamza Ahmed Khan. Taxing High Net Worth Individuals in Nigeria: Preliminary Insights and the Case of Borno State. Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.024.
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This paper gives preliminary insights into the challenges surrounding the taxation of high net worth individuals (HNWIs) in Nigeria – first in general terms, and then with a specific focus on Borno State. The need to diversify revenue sources has become increasingly apparent against the backdrop of Nigeria's historical reliance on the export of crude oil, and is the reason why President Tinubu created a committee to harmonise the fiscal system. However, the committee has not yet touched upon the taxation of HNWIs. Drawing from key informant interviews from north-eastern Nigeria, and a two-day workshop with officials from State Boards of Internal Revenue Service from various part of the country, we shed light on the complexities of increasing the compliance of HNWIs. The study highlights a series of legal, administrative, and political obstacles faced by State Boards of Internal Revenue Service, which have developed dedicated compliance strategies. Many of these are similar across states that otherwise share few characteristics. The paper ends with some tentative suggestions for future research.
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Aromolaran, Adebayo, and Milu Muyanga. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Nigeria – Round 2 Report. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.019.
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This study provides insights from a second survey assessing COVID-19 impacts on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and well-being in rural Nigeria. Data for round 2 (R2) were collected between September and October 2020, from 109 households that were interviewed in mid-July (R1). Households were drawn from a stratified random sample from three Local Government Areas in Ogun State and two in Kaduna State. This survey data is complemented by insights from seven in-depth key informant interviews. This analysis compares COVID-19 effects in the second quarter and the third quarter of 2020, which corresponds to the first and second 3-month periods after Nigeria’s countrywide lockdown was put in place.
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Jegede, Ayodele, Abu Conteh, Khoudia Sow, Mariam Boyon, Catherin Grant, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Melissa Leach. SSHAP West Africa Hub: Health Emergency Cycles and Social Context in West Africa. Institute of Development Studies, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.023.
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The SSHAP West Africa Hub brings together academics, humanitarian responders and public health practitioners primarily working in Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone to explore socio-political and historical issues shaping crises, with the intention of enhancing national and humanitarian programmes seeking to reach vulnerable groups. In this landscape paper, we aim to summarise the contextual factors that shape health emergencies and responses to health emergencies in the West Africa region (termed ‘health emergency cycles’). Drawing on examples from Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone, we explore the interrelationship of disease outbreaks with socio-cultural, economic and political contexts, and we address issues of response governance and local capacity within national health systems. We demonstrate how different emergencies are interconnected and related to long-term stressors in the region, arguing for a less siloed approach to response. Whilst we recognise the vast heterogeneity in the region, we draw on thematic commonalities that speak to wider regional issues. We conclude with some social science priorities for responding to crises.
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Faith, Becky, Tony Roberts, and 'Gbenga Sesan. ‘Those with big phones have the upper hand’: Political, Gender and Digital Exclusions in Cash and Voucher Assistance in North East Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2024.007.
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The most vulnerable people living in contexts of protracted crises risk experiencing political, gender and digital exclusion which can result in them not receiving social assistance. Throughout this paper our aim is to show the complex issues faced in delivering cash and voucher assistance (CVA) at scale using digital tools in challenging contexts, the different drivers of digitisation from the perspective of humanitarian and government actors, and the obstacles these actors face in delivering programmes in an inclusive and accountable way. Through interviews and focus group discussions with aid recipients in North East Nigeria and key informant interviews with professionals working in humanitarian and government cash assistance, this working paper aims to answer the research question: how does digitisation affect recipients’ experiences of inclusion and exclusion in social assistance systems? Our research found a range of benefits to digitisation for governments, development agencies and recipients for whom digital systems were experienced as a convenient means to obtain information about entitlements as well as an improved platform on which to receive them. However, our data showed that intersecting political, gender and digital exclusions may result in the most marginalised people not receiving aid, and being excluded from accessing information about entitlements. Drawing on existing literature and our findings, we present a framework of intersecting – and compounding – political, gender and digital exclusions. Although previous literature on the digitisation of social assistance has drawn attention to the risks of digital exclusion, this framework offers a new perspective to show how each axis of exclusion risks compounding the other. The aim of this report is to improve understanding of the risks and benefits of the use of digital technologies to support programming from the perspective of recipients. Furthermore it highlights how the risks and benefits are very different for recipients, for governments and for humanitarian agencies. While the findings from the interviews are specifically of interest to those working in contexts of protracted crises, the broader issue of compounding exclusions in digital delivery will be of interest to the wider social protection community.
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Aromolaran, Adebayo B., and Milu Muyanga. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.005.
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This report presents an early assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, and poverty and well-being in rural Nigeria. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 110 respondent households drawn from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ogun (Ijebu East, Obafemi Owode, and Imeko Afon) and Kaduna (Chikun and Soba) States. At the time of the survey, these LGAs had reported a small number of COVID-19 cases. The survey data is complemented by insights from five in-depth key informant interviews conducted in the LGAs. The APRA COVID-19 data collection will be carried out over three rounds. This report presents insights obtained from the first round implemented during mid-July 2020.
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Bano, Masooda. Curricula that Respond to Local Needs: Analysing Community Support for Islamic and Quranic Schools in Northern Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/103.
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Involving local communities in school management is seen to be crucial to improving the quality of education in state schools in developing countries; yet school-based management committees remain dormant in most such contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a rich network of community-supported Islamic and Quranic schools in the state of Kano in northern Nigeria—a sub-Saharan African region with very low education indicators, low economic growth, and political and social instability—this paper shows how making school curricula responsive to local value systems and economic opportunities is key to building a strong sense of community ownership of schools. Under community-based school management committees, control over more substantive educational issues—such as the content of school curricula and the nature of aspirations and concepts of a good life that it promotes among the students—remains firmly in the hands of the government education authorities, who on occasion also draw on examples from other countries and expertise offered by international development agencies when considering what should be covered. The paper shows that, as in the case of the urban areas, rural communities or those in less-developed urban centres lose trust in state schools when the low quality of education provided results in a failure to secure formal-sector employment. But the problem is compounded in these communities, because while state schools fail to deliver on the promise of formal-sector employment, the curriculum does promote a concept of a good life that is strongly associated with formal-sector employment and urban living, which remains out of reach for most; it also promotes liberal values, which in the local communities' perception are associated with Western societies and challenge traditional values and authority structures. The outcomes of such state schooling, in the experience of rural communities, are frustrated young people, unhappy with the prospect of taking up traditional jobs, and disrespectful of parents and of traditional authority structures. The case of community support for Islamic and Quranic schools in northern Nigeria thus highlights the need to consider the production of localised curricula and to adjust concepts of a good life to local contexts and economic opportunities, as opposed to adopting a standardised national curriculum which promotes aspirations that are out of reach.
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Bano, Masooda. Curricula that Respond to Local Needs: Analysing Community Support for Islamic and Quranic Schools in Northern Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/103.
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Involving local communities in school management is seen to be crucial to improving the quality of education in state schools in developing countries; yet school-based management committees remain dormant in most such contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a rich network of community-supported Islamic and Quranic schools in the state of Kano in northern Nigeria—a sub-Saharan African region with very low education indicators, low economic growth, and political and social instability—this paper shows how making school curricula responsive to local value systems and economic opportunities is key to building a strong sense of community ownership of schools. Under community-based school management committees, control over more substantive educational issues—such as the content of school curricula and the nature of aspirations and concepts of a good life that it promotes among the students—remains firmly in the hands of the government education authorities, who on occasion also draw on examples from other countries and expertise offered by international development agencies when considering what should be covered. The paper shows that, as in the case of the urban areas, rural communities or those in less-developed urban centres lose trust in state schools when the low quality of education provided results in a failure to secure formal-sector employment. But the problem is compounded in these communities, because while state schools fail to deliver on the promise of formal-sector employment, the curriculum does promote a concept of a good life that is strongly associated with formal-sector employment and urban living, which remains out of reach for most; it also promotes liberal values, which in the local communities' perception are associated with Western societies and challenge traditional values and authority structures. The outcomes of such state schooling, in the experience of rural communities, are frustrated young people, unhappy with the prospect of taking up traditional jobs, and disrespectful of parents and of traditional authority structures. The case of community support for Islamic and Quranic schools in northern Nigeria thus highlights the need to consider the production of localised curricula and to adjust concepts of a good life to local contexts and economic opportunities, as opposed to adopting a standardised national curriculum which promotes aspirations that are out of reach.
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Edeh, Henry C. Assessing the Equity and Redistributive Effects of Taxation Reforms in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.020.
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Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty and inequality reduction through redistribution have indeed become critical concerns in many low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Although redistribution results from the effect of tax revenue collections, micro household-level empirical analyses of the distributional effect of personal income tax (PIT) and value added tax (VAT) reforms in Nigeria have been scarcely carried out. This study for the first time quantitatively assessed both the equity and redistributive effects of PIT and VAT across different reform scenarios in Nigeria. Data used in this study was mainly drawn from the most recent large scale nationally representative Nigeria Living Standard Survey, conducted in 2018/2019. The Kakwani Index was used to calculate and compare the progressivity of PIT and VAT reforms. A simple static micro-simulation model was employed in assessing the redistributive effect of PIT and VAT reforms in the country. After informality has been accounted for, the PIT was found to be progressive in the pre- 2011 tax scheme, but turned regressive in the post-2011 tax scheme. It was also discovered that the newly introduced lump sum relief allowance in the post-2011 PIT scheme accrues more to the high-income than to the low-income taxpayers – confirming the regressivity of the current PIT scheme. However, the study further shows (through counterfactual simulations) that excluding the relatively high-income taxpayers from sharing in the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance makes PIT progressive in the post-2011 scheme. The VAT was uncovered to be regressive both in the pre-2020 scheme, and in the current VAT reform scheme. Further, after putting informality into consideration, the PIT was found to marginally reduce inequality but increase poverty in the pre-2011 scheme. The post-2011 PIT scheme reduced inequality and increased poverty, but by a smaller proportion – confirming a limited redistribution mainly resulting from the concentration of the lump sum relief allowance at the top of the distribution. However, if the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance is provided for ‘only’ the low-income taxpayers below a predefined income threshold, the post-2011 PIT scheme becomes largely redistributive. VAT was uncovered to marginally increase inequality and poverty in the pre-2020 scheme. Though the current VAT scheme slightly increased inequality, it considerably increased poverty in the country. It is therefore suggested that a better tax reform, with well-regulated relief allowance and differentiated VAT rates, will help to enhance the equity and redistribution capacity of the Nigeria tax system.
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Clark, Louise. The Diamond of Influence: A Model For Exploring Behaviour in Research to Policy Linkages. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.011.
Full textAbstract:
This learning paper presents an initial analysis of the emerging research to policy linkages within the Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA) programme of the Future Agricultures Consortium, which is funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). APRA has an innovative monitoring, evaluation and learning approach known as the ‘Accompanied Learning on Relevance and Effectiveness’ (ALRE), which is being delivered by a small team of embedded evaluation specialists. This paper discusses how ALRE has applied the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour) (Mayne 2018; Mayne 2016; Michie, van Stralen and West 2011) model of behaviour change to explore the interactions and influencing strategies between researchers and policymakers in the context of agricultural policy research in Africa. These insights have produced the Diamond of Influence, a new ALRE-adapted model, which applies each of the COM-B elements to discuss the different aspects of research to policy processes, drawing on examples of how researchers in each of the APRA focus countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe) are engaging in policy spaces.