Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nigeria Lagos State'

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Over the past decades there has been a global increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity leads to surging of associated co-morbidities of overweight and obesity in low/medium income countries which eventually overburdens the vulnerable health systems threatens by malnutrition and communicable diseases in low/medium income countries. The designed interventions to curb overweight/obesity in high income countries might be inappropriate to apply in low income countries, such as Nigeria, due to the different cultural norms and values regarding types of food, and physical activity. The overall aim of this study is to design an intervention that will be culturally appropriate for overweight and obesity management among Nigerians. The convergent parallel mixed method design specifically was used in this study. This involves simultaneous timing of carrying out both quantitative and qualitative strands of mixed methods during the same phase of the research process, prioritizes the methods equally, and keeps the strands autonomous during analysis and then mixes the results during overall implementation/execution. The population for the quantitative part was Nigerians residing within sixteen enumeration areas of Alimosho Local Government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Overweight and obese Nigerians as well as traditional healers and healthcare professionals were purposely selected for the qualitative phase. Delphi study was the last phase of study which involved recruitment of healthcare professionals in the management of overweight and obesity. A sample size of 2250 was projected and approached for this while 1571 consented and participated in the study. This gave a response rate of 69.82%. About 51.2% of the sample population was male and 48.8% female. The mean age of the total sample was 35.36(SD =11.66). Using BMI, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was 42.3% using BF%, the prevalence of body fatness was 39.2% of which 62.5% were females. Data analysis shows strong positive correlation between other measures of body fatness (.694 to .872) except WHR with low but positive relationships between BF% (184), BMI (.280), WC (.495), and negative relationships with HC (-.077) and BAI (-.076). Gender, marital status and age are predictors of overweight and obesity among Nigerians. Type of diet, meal timing, reduced physical activity and genetic factor were perceived as the causes of overweight and obesity. Diet therapy, an increase in physical activity and the use of herbs were various ways perceived to assist in reducing excess body weight. Among the challenges faced by overweight and obese Nigerians were lack of time for exercise because of the nature of their jobs, lack of recreational facilities, lack of motivations and support from family members to reduce weight, lack of money and poor/lack of knowledge to reduce weight. Experts unanimously agreed that the content of a culturally appropriate intervention should be individualised and to include physical activity/exercise, diet therapy, education and self-monitoring. There was a unanimous decision that the intervention should be done for a duration of 12 weeks at health facility and should be held for between 1-2 times per week if holding at community (excluding community/ public health facility) for 12 weeks in total. In addition, experts agreed that the use of media such as television, radio, weekly newspapers and magazines should be used for preventive campaigns.

The purpose of the study was to highlight the adequacies as well as the inadequacies of the Lagos State Government's provisions for adult education with special reference to functional literacy, continuing and remedial education and vocational training. It was aimed at acquainting the planners and executors of adult education in the State with the magnitude of the assignment apportioned to them at State level in the execution of adult education as contained in the 'national policy on education' section 7, paragraph 52 (a-e) and as suggested by the 'implementation committee for the national policy on education' which are included in the introduction to the study. A brief historical, geo-political, socio-economic and educational background of the area referred to as Lagos State is given in two parts in chapter one. Part one deals with the location, size, population, occupation and administration. Part two deals with the State's education system at the various levels of nursery, primary, secondary, post-secondary and higher education together with the general administration of education in the State. Also in this chapter, the problems facing the 'Administration and Practice of Adult Education’ in the State as observed by the researcher, which prompted this study are also stated. All the problems were individually stated with research questions for the researcher to find answers to, with the use of interview questions with which all those connected with adult education in the State were interviewed. Their responses were analysed for the purpose of identifying the basic causes of the problems. so as to suggest workable solutions to them. Chapter two deals with a review of the literature on adult education: books, journals, magazines, newspapers, committees and conference reports, unpublished theses and dissertations. This chapter amplifies the purpose of the study as the review brings to a clearer light, the aims and objectives of adult education both at national and international levels. Emphasis is laid on mass adult literacy education and its advantages and the evil effects of illiteracy on the individual and national development. Also in the review, the modus operanda of adult education in different countries are highlighted for adult education planners to study and modify to suit their needs. The language factor in adult education is also dealt with. As English language is currently the official language of all businesses and for political administration in Nigeria, it is suggested that in addition to the Yoruba language which is the mother tongue of Lagos State, English language should also be used for adult literacy in Lagos State. Other areas covered in the review include the financing of adult education, methodology of adult education with emphasis on adult learning. The questions, who is the adult and what is adult education are also answered in the review. Extracts quoted from American books which contain Americanisms in the spelling of certain words such as program, favor, behavior etc, are written in their pure original English forms as programme, favour, behaviour etc. This is done for the purpose of uniformity. Chapter three explains the methodology of the study. It deals with the strategy of the interviews, the selection of subjects, selection and training of interviewers, interviewing and recording of interviewees responses. The problems encountered during the process of the interviews are also related in this chapter. The major problems include making contact with interviewees, language, coordinating the activities of interviewers, recording of responses and finance. Chapters four, five, six, seven, eight and nine deal with the analysis and discussions of the findings from the responses of the interviewees in the six categories of respondents. Each of the six chapters deals with one category in detail. Chapter ten is the summary, discussions and recommendations. It deals with a brief summary of the problems, methodology and conclusions from the findings. The limitations of the study and implications of the conclusions from the findings are also stated. Also included in this chapter are recommendations for further research into the problems of adult education provision in the State as this study was only a search-light focussing on the problems and prospects in the ‘Administration and Practice of Adult Education in the Lagos State of Nigeria'.

Caregivers' compliance with polio vaccine regimens and timely receipt of the recommended 4 doses of polio vaccine are pivotal to eliminating polio. This cross sectional study, conducted in Lagos State, Nigeria, examined polio vaccine compliance and demographic attributes of caregivers' for statistically significant associations. Using an adapted health belief model theoretical framework, 1,200 participants were recruited from well-baby clinics in 8 local government areas in Lagos State. Participants completed a brief demographic survey providing data on caregivers' age, gender, residence (rural or urban), and their level of education as well as records from their children's immunization cards. Data obtained were tested for associations between caregiver's demographic information and their children's receipt of polio doses within specified timelines using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Fisher's exact analysis were conducted for variables with frequencies less than 5. The only significant association recorded was between the receipt of Polio Dose A and location of caregivers' residence: Rural dwelling caregivers were less likely to receive the first dose of polio. Results showed Polio Dose D to be the dose most likely received in an untimely manner as well as most likely missed of the 4 doses. Logistic regression analysis did not show any variable to be of greater odds in predicting completion of the 4 doses or compliance with timelines of their receipt. Study's results may inspire polio program planners to develop interventions that broaden the immunization coverage for rural dwellers to include nontraditional maternity locations. Positive social change will ensue by the improvement caregivers' compliance with full polio dose receipts with timelines, maximizing immunity.

Caregivers’ compliance with polio vaccine regimens and timely receipt of the recommended 4 doses of polio vaccine are pivotal to eliminating polio. This cross sectional study, conducted in Lagos State, Nigeria, examined polio vaccine compliance and demographic attributes of caregivers’ for statistically significant associations. Using an adapted health belief model theoretical framework, 1,200 participants were recruited from well-baby clinics in 8 local government areas in Lagos State. Participants completed a brief demographic survey providing data on caregivers’ age, gender, residence (rural or urban), and their level of education as well as records from their children’s immunization cards. Data obtained were tested for associations between caregiver’s demographic information and their children’s receipt of polio doses within specified timelines using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Fisher’s exact analysis were conducted for variables with frequencies less than 5. The only significant association recorded was between the receipt of Polio Dose A and location of caregivers’ residence: Rural dwelling caregivers were less likely to receive the first dose of polio. Results showed Polio Dose D to be the dose most likely received in an untimely manner as well as most likely missed of the 4 doses. Logistic regression analysis did not show any variable to be of greater odds in predicting completion of the 4 doses or compliance with timelines of their receipt. Study’s results may inspire polio program planners to develop interventions that broaden the immunization coverage for rural dwellers to include nontraditional maternity locations. Positive social change will ensue by the improvement caregivers’ compliance with full polio dose receipts with timelines, maximizing immunity.

It has been recognised that the informal E-waste recycling may pose a risk to human health and the environment, this study aims to evaluate the e-waste contamination and the environmental and human health impact of informal e-waste recycling on the exposed population using the risk assessment framework. The distribution of a number of heavy metals in soil from an informal recycling site in the largest market for used and new electronics and electrical equipment in West Africa was investigated. The extent of pollution, potential bioavailability of heavy metals, potential risk due to the recycling activities and impact of external factors such as rainfall were assessed. In recent times, bioaccessibility has emerged as a testing tool used to accurately estimate the risk posed on human health by exposure to environmental contaminants, the oral bioaccessibility and inhalation bioaccessibility was also assessed. The concentrations of all the identified metals in the recycling site were consistently higher than values obtained from the control site, suggesting the impact of the recycling activities on the soil. The order of total metal concentration was Cu > Pb > Zn > Mn > Ni > Sb > Cr > Cd for both the dry and wet season. The total concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn where was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the dry season than in the wet season. The concentrations of Cu (329-7106 mg kg-1), Pb (115-9623 mg kg-1) and Zn (508-8178 mg kg-1) were consistently higher than the international soil guideline values. Using a sequential extraction method, the potential bioavailability of the metals was indicated as Cd > Sb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr, suggesting Cd was the most potentially available. Assessing the risk using the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Cu was found to contribute the most to the potential ecological risk and Cd the greatest concern due to its high toxic-response factor within the study site and the Risk Assessment Code (RAC) suggested Cd posed the most risk in this site. Furthermore, the oral bioaccessibility test showed that less than 40% of the total concentration of all the identified metals was potentially available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In the inhalation bioaccessiblity, with the exception of Cd, the percentage bioaccessibility of the other metals was less than 35% after 120 hours. The health risk characterization indicated the adverse human health effect through the ingestion pathway and a relative lower probability of risk through the inhalation of pathway. This study established a high level of contamination as a result of the informal recycling activities, underscores the importance of applying speciation and bioaccessibility and bioavailability in risk assessment. Finally, in an attempt to evaluate the risk, the study proposed an integrated risk assessment framework which when tried and tested is aimed to positively influence the risk judgement and ultimately risk management decisions whereby providing valuable insights that would translate to an efficient and sustainable management system at the long run.

The research employs the theoretical lens of human ecology of disease to examine the ecology of malaria in Lagos state, Nigeria. As a first step I examine the spatial and temporal trends in clinical malaria infection using a density-based algorithm to identify two locations (Ikeja and Kosofe LGAs) with one of the highest malaria infection rates and ecologically diverse terrain. They form the focus of this research. I gather data and derive measures on 26 theoretically relevant environment and socio-cultural risk variables in a cross-section of 208 households using mixed methods that comprise semi-structured interviews, a questionnaire, environmental observations, GIS and remote sensing data and GPS mapping. Through these efforts, I build a household spatial database. I assess the contributory influences of the risk variables through the development and assessment of ten ecologically relevant candidate models of urban malaria using statistical and GIS analysis. I also engage with the everyday lives of the households and qualify the quantitative relationships. Findings reveal that the most parsimonious candidate model is grounded on the human ecology of disease principle. While many of the variables are not statistically significant, some, such as travel history, animal presence and household size, are of public health importance. One important finding emerges. The risk variable “working at night without mosquito protection”, though it does not appear in this model, seems to be important across other models. I examine it further and note that its risk within households is higher than those associated with residential locations. In fact, households inhabit low-risk locations and have low vulnerability risk rates. This suggests that in urban areas, infection likely occurs outside homes and mostly from places of work or social gathering, and coincides with older household members rather than vulnerable children. This research suggests further insights for urban-like occupations and behaviours.

Challenges of access to education in the developing world and elsewhere appear to be widespread. Many declarations and conventions have been developed to assist countries to respond to the issue. While challenges of access are universal, Africa in general and sub-Saharan Africa in particular are presented with additional concerns about gender equality and gender parity. While learner numbers seem to be on the decline globally, dropout amongst girls is disproportionately greater than amongst boys. Even though school retention presents a challenge at all levels of the schooling system, it is more acute for girls at the secondary school level. This study was conducted to examine and understand factors that shape retention of secondary school female learners in two rural public schools in Alimosho Region of Lagos State, Nigeria. The study design was qualitative and interpretive in nature. Data collection strategies included administered questionnaires in two schools, focus group discussion with twenty female learners in two schools, case studies, individual interviews with four participants from two schools, and observation in English and Biology classes where the two teachers from the two schools participated in the interviews. Ethical clearance from Alimosho Educational Region office and the two schools was obtained before undertaking the study. Participants’ school principals also signed written consent forms before interviews. The female learners were briefed about the study interview activities and advised that their participation was voluntary and that they were free to withdraw at any point. This study drew on Sen’s (1989, 2000) capabilities theory to understand the phenomenon beyond dominant discourses on education that view education as a basic human right or that focus on economic and development gains. The key finding of this study is that in-school and out- of- school factors interact in complex ways to support female learner retention. Key among these are value placed on education by female learners and significant others, particularly parents; family support; and individual aspirations. Extra-curricular participation, government policy, role models, and peer support were also found to be important factors that mediate progression and retention.

Adequate housing provision for the growing population in Lagos State, Nigeria is a major challenge. Addressing this challenge necessitated the involvement of both public and private sectors in the development of housing estates. However, regardless of the nature and ownership status of these housing estates, they need to be properly managed; hence the integration of facilities management (FM) into their management. The research objectives included a critical examination of FM strategies, policies and processes adopted in housing management through data collection and elucidation. In conducting this research, qualitative grounded theory (GT) and case study methodologies were adopted. This was done in order to understand, and thereby gain knowledge of the practice of FM in housing. Consequently, interview was conducted with 26 Facilities Managers and 971 residents in 20 different housing estates. The emergent facts from the analysed data revealed that the organisation structure of FM department and their roles depend on the nature of the housing estate concerned, and their purpose. Furthermore, FM is of immense benefit to the housing estates where it is practiced, as it had positively impacted on their general condition and goodwill. Some of the challenges besetting the practice of FM in housing cut across the strategic, tactical and operational aspects. The most pressing ones were financial constraints, residents‘ behaviour; and some of the Facilities Managers‘ lacked the requisite academic and professional qualifications. Some of the recommendations included the need to adequately train and properly empower the Facilities Managers and their teams to ensure FM effectiveness; the adoption of residents-led FM approach; and the need for comprehensive improvement on the existing housing environment especially in housing estates with aging infrastructures.

In the context of international agendas to transform African States from a state of corruption to good governance, Oyo State’s transformation in 2011 provides an apparent fairy tale case study. For eight years, the state was synonymous with violence and ‘godfatherism’, but Governor Abiola Ajimobi’s election in 2011 brought the promise of transformation, in line with the Lagos Model, based on the highly celebrated example of nearby Lagos State. This thesis draws on six months of in-depth qualitative fieldwork in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State, to show how the Lagos Model in Oyo State leveraged international conceptions of good governance to pursue a political strategy of autonomy from central government, whilst building on long-held progressive political ideas in Yorubaland. However, the Lagos Model faced competition from populist opposition, who drew on the failings of the Lagos Model to meet popular conceptions of good governance. Key themes in popular conceptions of good governance are: progress, legitimate leadership and economic benefits. This thesis analyses the tensions within the Lagos Model’s response to these themes and uses empirical material to reveal how these tensions play out in practice. The ways in which Ajimobi was required to respond to numerous competing conceptions of good governance complicates the initial theoretical framing of a binary between corruption and good governance.

Introduction Forensic radiography is both a vital tool and a subspecialty in forensic medicine. It can be used to complement autopsy findings and reveal minor injuries overlooked during autopsy. It is also an important tool used in the identification of the dead and for establishing abuse in the living. In the United States of America, one million abuse cases are resolved annually using medical imaging. The Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics has reported a high crime rate in Lagos State and forensic radiography could be used to resolve non-accidental injury and other criminal cases. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences, attitudes and knowledge of radiographers and forensic pathologists regarding forensic radiography services rendered in Lagos state, Nigeria. The study aimed to identify the reasons that led to radiographers being reluctant to perform forensic radiographic examinations. Methodology A qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study design was used to explore the experiences, attitudes and knowledge of radiographers and forensic pathologists regarding forensic radiography services. The population and sampling were determined by the numbers of radiographers and forensic pathologists employed in two government-owned tertiary institutions in Lagos state. The researcher used purposive sampling to gain a deeper understanding of the real-life experiences of the participants regarding forensic radiography services in Lagos. Focus group interviews were conducted with radiographers and forensic pathologists who work in the two government-owned tertiary teaching hospitals. Participation was voluntary and consent forms were signed by all participants before the commencement of the study. The interviews were audio-recorded and later transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used for the identification of codes and categories. Results The following themes emerged: good and bad experiences of forensic radiographers, varying inadequate knowledge of forensic radiography, different attitudes towards forensic radiography, description of radiographers’ roles on forensic medicine teams, and recommendations for improvements of forensic radiography in Lagos state. Discussion The findings showed that in Lagos, forensic radiography was underutilized to resolve civil and criminal cases, and that there is need to improve the quality of forensic radiography services in Lagos state. Radiographers need to show more commitment in the aspect of postmortem imaging Conclusion It was concluded that the government should provide equipment and infrastructure for forensic radiography in Nigeria, specifically in Lagos state. Further research needs to be done to develop a curriculum in forensic radiography. Nigerian universities should introduce forensic radiography courses at undergraduate level and specialist training at postgraduate level.
Dissertation (M.Rad)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
NILL
Radiography
M.Rad
Unrestricted

Different disciplines have explored the history of Islām in Yoruba land which started in the early 18th century. However, the impact of religious syncretism has not been systematically studied. Therefore, this thesis examines the extent of the involvement of Yoruba Muslims in syncretic beliefs and practices in Nigeria using the Lagos State as a case study, with a view to bringing out the impact of Tawḥīd on them. In agreement with previous research, this study notes that there is a prevalence of religious syncretism among many Yoruba Muslims, but it principally argues that its impact affects many of them negatively. If continuous awareness campaign could be carried out, the phenomenon will be reduced. A triangulated method was used to carry out this study. The findings of this thesis indicated reappraisal of the problem associated with many Yoruba Muslims’ persistence in syncretism and its implications on their faith (īman). While this study appreciates the attempts of some scholars to eradicate this endemic problem, it reveals that Tawḥīd is not yet inculcated into many Yoruba Muslims within the Yoruba religio-cultural context. Therefore, a concerted effort is necessary among all stakeholders in the task of promoting the effective instillation of practical Tawḥīd.

Master of Public Health - MPH
Background: Hospital pharmacy practice is an important aspect of healthcare, as drugs are a key component of patient treatment in hospitals. In Lagos state, Nigeria, provision of healthcare services, including drugs, was at one time entirely free but in the face of ever dwindling resources and increasing government responsibility, the health sector has to compete with other sectors for scarce public funds. Therefore, in 2002, a private sector initiative (PSI) in hospital pharmacy was implemented in seven hospitals in Lagos state as an alternative financing system for managing drug procurement and supply to fee-paying patients. Each of these seven hospitals now has two pharmacies, one providing free drugs to certain categories of patients entitled to this service and the second providing services to all other patients. Aim: This study aimed to explore and describe the impact of this private sector initiative on the job satisfaction of the pharmacists working in these hospitals from the viewpoint of the hospital pharmacists and relevant stakeholders, and to suggest ways of improving the job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists in Lagos state. Study Design: The study utilized a qualitative research design to explore the perceptions and experiences of government-employed pharmacists and key stakeholders on the impact of the private sector initiative. Study Population and Sampling: Individual interviews were conducted with three key informants and two focus group discussions were carried out, one with hospital pharmacists from the fee-paying pharmacies and the second with pharmacists from the free pharmacies from the seven hospitals in Lagos state where the private sector initiative was in operation. Data Collection and Analysis: The audio-taped interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed and analysed to identify the key categories and themes raised by the participants. Results: The study found that most pharmacists felt that the PSI has met the main objective for which it was set up, that is, improving availability of drugs in the hospital but there were some attendant factors like inadequate funding of the free health unit, increased workload of the fee-paying unit and poor working conditions, which affect the job satisfaction of pharmacists. The study however showed that the introduction of the PSI has led to improved performance of roles and recognition of the pharmacists and better working relationships between pharmacists and other healthcare workers which have impacted positively on the job satisfaction of pharmacists. Recommendations: The study recommended that the working conditions should be improved and issues of staffing and workloads should be addressed. Also, alternative but effective means of drug financing should be sought to ensure availability of drugs to all categories of patients.

This is a two-stage study of HIV/AIDS prevention. In Stage One, the study examines the HIV/AIDS approach of Western aid organisations (INGOs) and compares it to the lived realities of people who are most 'at risk', sex workers, unemployed street youth, and married low income families, in the poor migrant community of Ajegunle in Nigeria�s Lagos state. The study found that INGOs and their client NGOs emphasised Western medical models of HIV/AIDS for both intervention (e.g. testing and ARV drugs for management) and prevention (e.g. through education and behaviour change). In contrast, among 'at-risk' groups, the study revealed a high degree of knowledge about the transmission of HIV/AIDS (contrary to Western medical assumptions), but also detected strong feelings of powerlessness in being able to address it. INGOs and their client organisations were operating at the levels of tertiary or curative and secondary or behaviour change prevention, whereas the views of the local 'at-risk people' indicated relevance of the primary prevention level, the social structural conditions of the people. In analysing the results of the first stage of the study, the findings identified a process of 'talking past each other' by official aid agencies and those most at risk, thereby inhibiting effective prevention. The INGOs and NGOs used their financial power, based on the gross inequality in the world distribution of resources, to dictate their own agendas, omitting primary intervention and instead concentrating on secondary and tertiary prevention. The study suggests that new thinking about multi-sectoral responses with full community participation is necessary in order to engage in more effective preventive action. The study then sought out alternative sources of power that might permit that to happen, notably the strengths of the local Ajegunle community. As a poor community, they lacked financial resources and human capital, such as skilled workers, but they had significant knowledge capital about their own circumstances and the realities people faced. The community also had considerable cultural capital and local organisations with considerable relational capital around community links, broad based support and commitment to such action. This analysis suggests the need to identify and work through the power differentials using community development processes, especially seeking to empower local communities to take part in decision-making over prevention, if effective action is to take place. The process required is one of a negotiated, inclusive partnerships for sharing information, experience, and decision-making, involving all the relevant stakeholders - the International Organisations (INGOs), National NGOs, Community Groups and the community itself.

Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral zoonotic disease with great public health implications and negative socioeconomic impact (WHO, 2006a). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection is transmitted from birds to man mostly through contact with contaminated poultry and objects (INFOSAN, 2005), hence people who come in contact with birds such as live bird sellers (LBS) are the more vulnerable population (WHO, 2006a). Inadequate knowledge of AI health risks and poor practice of AI preventive measures amongst LBS increases the risk of spread of the infection in both humans and animals.The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and practice of LBS with regards to avian influenza health risks and preventive activities in Agege, an urban area in Lagos State, Nigeria.

Includes bibliographical references.
The study explores the cost and quality of malaria care in public and private heatlh facilties at the primary health level in an urban community in south western Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire is adminstered to patients attending either public or private health facilities to estimate the direct and indirect cost of accessing healthcare services. Costs was estimated from the providers's perspective by using interviews and review of financial records to assess the total and unit cost of such services. Structural quality (adequacy of equipment and staff mix) and process quality (interpersonal relationship, use of treatment guidelines and algorithms) are assessed using structured checklist, observation and proxies such as patients' satisfaction.

This study looks at the role of slum upgrading, political culture, power structure and how these factors affect participation in slum upgrading in Makoko, Lagos. It also investigates how community-based institutions participate in identification of slum challenges, design action plans on curbing the challenges, implementation and monitoring of the plans in Lagos state. Factors that affect the successful implementation or hinder the implementation of participatory processes in slum upgrading effort in Lagos state have also been investigated; this was done in order to explore how implementation or the lack of implementation in the Makoko case relates to existing theories of power structure and political culture factors in participatory slum upgrading.Furthermore, ways of improving participatory approaches to slum upgrading practices have been identified as a way of promoting sustainable practice in subsequent slum upgrade efforts in Lagos.Literature was reviewed with regard to participation in slum upgrading. This was followed by a review of theories of participation, and a discussion of factors that hinder effective participation in slum upgrading process.The single case study research strategy was adopted, in which the researcher interviewed some members of Makoko Community Development Association, community leaders and youths in Makoko community. The data revealed that participation in Makoko slum upgrading took two dimensions. A participatory approach was not adopted in projects initiated by the government.However, there was participation in a project initiated by international organizations. The data also show that power structures, political culture and lack of skills hindered participation. This is consistent with existing theory which argues that political culture, power structure, and skill factors hinder effective participation in slum upgrading. Meanwhile, international organizations’commitments to participatory approach in slum upgrading enhance participation.It was therefore suggested that to improve participatory approaches in future slum upgrading efforts in Lagos, the government must design state laws that will encourage the adoption of participatory approach in slum upgrading by government officials. While international organizations should encourage those who implement participatory approach to slum upgrading.

Introducció: Cada any 1.3 milions de persones moren en accidents de trànsit. el 90% de els morts i lesions es produeixdn en els països d’ingresos baixos i mitjos. Africa està documentada com la proporció més altra d’usuaris de carreteres vulnerables amb una tass de mortalitat alarmant, impacte de danys inesgotable i evitable. fins fa poc tems Nigeria ha estat testimoni d’accidents de trànsit horribles i sense precedents al llarg i ample, com es mostra en les fonts documentals i les morts afecten la pèrdua de recursos individuals i la carga econòmica del pais. Això es deu en gran part al fet que Nigeria, com a pais més poblat i heterongeni y amb la segona xarxa de carreteres més gran d’Africa, té el nombre estimat més alt de vehicles comercials, conduits per més usuaris i amb menys consideració per al viabilitat viària que aquells amb l’estricte compliment de les normes de trànsit Objectius: L’estudi examina els detalls de les característiques demogràfiques i cognitives del conductor amb l’historial de maneig i l’efecte de la conducció en l’accidentalitat. Materials i mètodes: investigació comparativa, per evaluar les dues ubicacions de l’enquesta de las capitals nova i antiga de Nigeria, amb diferències i similituds geogràfiques i econòmiques. S’han emprat mètodes quantitatius i qualitatius, amb la tècnica de recollidaobservació particilpant per complementar les quatre fases de la recerca. Autoinforme directe dels factors cognitius i les característiques sociodemogràfiques dels enquestats, a través de l’instrument de meidció del comportament cinc en un recentment adaptat i probat LOMICS-DBQ. Resultats: El resulat de l’eestudi mostra que les caracterísques sociodemográfiques com l’edat, la religió, l’origen ètnic, l’estat salarial i l’estat de la llicència ofereixen una relació més significativa amb el desenvolupament de la tasca del conductor i la probabilitat d’accident. El risc d’accident s’explica conjuntament per les actituds dels seus conductors, com excés de velocitat, us del mòbil, fatiga, visió borrosa i alcohol o sustànciess tòxiques consumides abans de conduir amb nivells estadísticamente significatius entre 1 y 5 %. L’eestudi reocmoana un inici urgent de l’exàmen genuí de la teoria de la conducció a nivell nacional en anglès, i en els idiomes locals i després d’una capacitació pràctica intensiva, intruduir la conducció i la seguretat en els plans d’esstudi de les escoles primària i secundària. També la introducció de campanyes d’aplicació i vigilància i sensibilització amb alta visibilitat sobre les normes i reglaments de trànsit. Conclusions: Aquest estudi ha omplert un buit significatiu llenado un vacío significativo: cap eina de recerca de mesura del comprtament ha tingut en compte les variables de creences socioculturals i religioses com a possibles factors que influeixen en les actituds i comportaments de conducció en paisos de rendes baixes i mitjanes. L’estudi bàsicament posa l’èmfasi en l’aplicació de la llei i el canvi de comportament i la intervenció d’aprenentatge que podria minimitzar el comportament de la conducció de risc.
Introducción: Cada año 1.3 millones de personas mueren por accidentes de tráfico, y el 90% de estas muertes y lesiones se producen en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. África está documentada como proporción más alta de usuarios de carreteras vulnerables con una tasa de mortalidad alarmante, impacto de estos daños es inagotable y evitable. Hasta hace poco, Nigeria ha sido testigo de accidentes de tránsito horribles y sin precedentes a lo largo y ancho, como se muestra en fuentes documentadas, y las muertes afectan la perdida de recursos individuales y la carga económica del país. Esto se debe en parte al hecho de que Nigeria, como el país más poblado, heterogéneo y con la segunda red de carreteras más grande de África, tiene el número estimado más alto de vehículos comerciales, conducidos por más usuarios con menos consideración por la viabilidad vial, que aquellos con estricto cumplimiento de las normas de tráfico. Objetivo/Objetivos: El estudio examina los detalles de las características demográficas, y cognitivas de un conductor con el historial de manejo y el efecto de estos en las muertes por riesgo de accidentes. El estudio también busca una intervención estratégica para reducir la extrema mortalidad en las carreteras. Materiales y métodos: investigación comparativa, para evaluar las dos ubicaciones de la encuesta de las capitales nuevas y antiguas de Nigeria, con diferencias y similitudes geográficas y económicas. Se utilizaron métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, con la técnica de recolección de datos de observación participante para complementar las cuatro fases de la investigación. Autoinforme directo de los factores cognitivos y las características sociodemográficas de los encuestados, a través del instrumento de medición del comportamiento cinco en uno recientemente adaptado y probado llamado LOMICS-DBQ. Resultados: El resultado del estudio mostró que las características sociodemográficas como la edad, la religión, el origen étnico, el estado salarial y el estado de la licencia, ofrecen una relación más significativa con el desempeño real de la tarea del conductor y la probabilidad de accidente. Además, el 61% de la variación en un accidente (el 50% en Lagos) se explican conjuntamente por las actitudes de sus conductores, como exceso de velocidad, uso móvil, fatiga, visión borrosa y alcohol o sustancias tóxicas tomadas antes de conducir con nivel estadísticamente significativo entre 1 y 5 %. El estudio recomienda, un comienzo urgente de un examen genuino de la teoría de la conducción a nivel nacional en inglés, y en los idiomas locales después de una capacitación práctica intensiva; introducir la conducción y la seguridad en los planes de estudio de las escuelas primarias y secundarias. La introducción de campañas de aplicación, vigilancia y sensibilización de alta visibilidad sobre las normas y reglamentos de tráfico. Conclusiones: Este estudio ha llenado un vacío significativo: ninguna herramienta de investigación de medición de comportamiento ha tenido en cuenta las variables de creencias socioculturales y religiosas como posibles factores que influyen en las actitudes y los comportamientos de conducción en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. El estudio básicamente hace hincapié en la aplicación de la ley, el cambio de comportamiento y la intervención de aprendizaje que podrían minimizar el comportamiento de conducción riesgo.
Introduction: Every year, 1.3 million people are killed by road accidents, with 90% of these deaths and injuries recorded in low-and middle-income countries. Wherein Africa is documented as the highest proportion of vulnerable road users with an alarming death rate, the impact of these damages is inexhaustible and avoidable. Until lately, Nigeria has witnessed unprecedented, horrible road crashes from its length and breadth as featured in documented sources, and the fatalities affect the loss of individuals resources and economic burden of the nation. This is partly due to the fact that Nigeria as the most populous, heterogeneous, and second-largest road network country in Africa. Aim/Objectives: The study examines the details of a driver's demographic and cognitive characteristics with driving history and its effect on crash risk fatalities. It seeks to analyse strategic interventions in reducing carnage on the roads. This study aims to provide a practical framework for an effective and efficient measuring technique, to assess the individual´s driving description vis description vis-a-vis the differences in accident involvement. Materials and Methods: This study applied a comparative research design to evaluate Nigeria's new and old capital cities; hence, two survey locations with geographical and economic differences was chosen. This study administered quantitative and qualitative methods with the Participant Observation data collecting technique to complement the investigation's four phases. Direct self - report respondent´s cognitive and socio-demographic characteristics via the newly adapted and tested five-in-one behaviour measuring instrument called LOMICS-DBQ with the constructs of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Results: The study result showed that socio-demographic characteristics such as age, religion, ethnicity, wages status, and license status offer a more significant relation to driver´s actual task performance and accident likelihood. Besides, 61% of the variation in an accident (and 50% in Lagos) is explained jointly by drivers' attitudes such as over-speeding, mobile use, fatigue driving, blurred vision, and alcohol or intoxicants before driving with statistically significant between 1 and 5 % level. The study recommends an urgent commencement of a genuine nationwide driving theory test in English and local languages followed by intensive practical training, the introduction of driving and safety education in both the primary and secondary schools curriculums, and the introduction of high visibility enforcement, surveillance, and awareness campaigns of traffic rules and regulations. Conclusions: This study has filled a significant gap - no single behaviour measuring research tool has considered socio-cultural and religious beliefs variables as possible factors that influences driving attitudes and behaviours in low-and middle-income countries. The study emphasizes enforcement, behavioural change, and learning intervention to minimize risky driving behaviour.

Work is an essential activity that provides goods or services of value to oneself and others. Paradoxically, in a bid for self-realisation, workers are seriously endangered. Work-related or induced diseases and stresses pose serious threats to workers’ health and the general well-being, hence, the need to seriously consider the issue of occupational health and safety of workers. In terms of safety at work, the experience of small and medium scale enterprises (SMSEs) worldwide is that of neglect. Their incomes are very low and uncertain, coupled with high levels of risk and hazard in their work, with little or no social protection coverage (Chen, 2008). This study therefore examines how environmental and sociological factors determine occupational health and safety of workers in SMSEs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Ulrich Beck “Risk Society” theory, Political Economy of Health framework (PEH) (Minkler et al 1994, Linnan et al, 2001) and Labour Process Theory (LPT) (Braverman, 1974; Marx, 1976; Bottome, 1991) underpinned the study. The study adopts both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The qualitative method includes field observation of the selected workplaces, six Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and eight In-depth interviews (IDIs). The quantitative involved the use of structured questionnaire. The sample survey involved 180 respondents in a multi-stage sampling technique from purposively selected sawmills, mechanic villages and blacksmith cottages in three Local Government Areas in Lagos State. The quantitative data analysis uses simple percentile and univariate analyses, while the qualitative data are content-analysed, based on the objectives of the study. The findings identified low level of education (60.5%), and poor awareness of OHS in SMSEs (86.1%). It further reveals poor physical (69.5%) and technological environment (70.5%), unavailability of OHS facilities (60.5%) and prevention methods by manager/owners (60.5%), carefree attitudes of workers/managers/owners to OHS (69.5), non-acquaintance of workers to OHS laws (86.1%), workers’ economic incapacitation to deal with issues of occupational hazard (76.1%), lack of enforcement of OHS (88.3%), and transferring knowledge on OHS (82.2%) in the selected SMSEs. The study recommends roles for managers/owners, workers, trade associations, government, non-governmental organisations to promote effective OHS in the selected SMSEs.
Sociology
D.Phil. (Sociology)

With increasing population comes the concern for waste disposal. The absence of sanitary disposal methods has left most city residents with open landfills as their only source of waste disposal. The resulting leachate formed from the decomposition of these waste materials is highly polluting and finds its way to the underground water supply. The study investigated the effects of open landfill sites on the underground water quality by examining the physical and chemical properties of underground water in hand-dug wells around the Solous landfill sites in Igando, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. Solous landfill is the second largest landfill by landmass and volume of waste in Lagos State. Systematic random sampling was used for data gathering. Eighteen hand-dug wells were sampled at increasing distances from the landfill site. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). Soil samples were also taken from both the A (0 – 30cm) and B (30 – 60cm) horizons of the water sampling points to determine the soil texture (silt, clay and loamy composition) and to show the impact of soil texture on ground water quality within the sampled area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. The results showed high degree of conformance with W.H.O standard with respect to the microbiological properties of the sampled groundwater. However, coliform tests indicated the potential presence of pathogens. Of the seven (7) physical parameters tested, conductivity was higher in one sample. The study of chemical properties from the eighteen wells showed five (5) parameters (dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, iron, lead, nitrates and copper) above W.H.O limits in some samples. The water may therefore not be safe for human consumption and there is a serious need to monitor the groundwater quality in the area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. Areas of high and medium contamination were discovered. There was no area with low contamination level in the area sampled. Contamination levels were mapped to show the exact levels of contamination in the study area. The results of the soil analysis showed that the study area had soil that was mostly sandy in nature which may suggest an increase in parameters over time with significant health implications for the people who depend on surrounding wells for domestic use. The study also showed no significant variation in water quality with increasing distance from the dump site. Findings also indicated that the water around Solous 1 was of better quality for domestic use than groundwater around Solous 2 and 3 due to temporal reduction of contaminant concentration. There is therefore a need for adequate and proper planning, design and construction, and strategic management disposal of waste, as well as the implementation of a better sustainable environmental sanitation practice.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

abstract: In rural and urban areas of Nigeria, dependence on groundwater is increasing since the population is growing and high quality, treated municipal water is scarce. Municipal drinking water is often compromised because of old and leaking distribution pipes. About 58% of the water consumed in Lagos State, Nigeria, comes from residential wells. However, a majority of residential wells are shallow wells that are constructed relatively close to septic tanks or pit latrines and are therefore subject to contamination. In certain parts of Africa, there is high potential of severe epidemic if water quality is not improved. With increasing reliance on groundwater, a need exists to monitor the quality of groundwater. This thesis develops a plan for a monitoring program for residential wells in Lagos State, Nigeria. The program focuses on ways by which owners can maintain reasonably good water quality, and on the role of government in implementing water quality requirements. In addition, this thesis describes a survey conducted in various areas of Lagos State to assess community awareness of the importance of groundwater quality and its impact on individuals and the community at large. The survey shows that 30% to 40% of the households have located their wells and septic tanks in the same general area. Various templates have been created to help the staff of a future monitoring program team to effectively gather information during site characterization. A "Questions and Answers" leaflet has been developed to educate citizens about the need for monitoring residential wells. 
Dissertation/Thesis
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M.S.Tech Technology 2010

BACKGROUND: In order to accelerate universal health coverage, Nigeria’s National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) decentralized the implementation of government health insurance to the States in 2014. Lagos has passed its State Health Scheme (LSHS) into law with a statewide roll out set to commence in 2018. The LSHS aims to improve access to quality care by reducing the financial burden of obtaining care for Lagos residents. Public and private healthcare providers are a critical component of this ambitious insurance roll out. Yet, little or no understanding exists on how to engage providers, the factors that influence their participation in insurance and expectations from the LSHS. In addition, little is known about the geographic distribution of NHIS accredited facilities and enrollees in Lagos State. METHODS: This study used a mixed-methods cross sectional design to analyze primary and secondary data. Primary data included both quantitative and qualitative data and were collected from representatively selected 60 healthcare providers in 6 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos State through questionnaires probing issues on the challenges and benefits of insurance participation, capacity pressure, resource availability and changes in financial management. Secondary data were obtained from NHIS and Lagos State inventory of health facilities, and household survey reports, and were visually mapped using a geographic information system (GIS) software. RESULTS: Facilities participating in insurance were more likely to be bigger with mid to very high patient volume and workforce. In addition, private were more likely than public facilities to participate in insurance. Furthermore, increase in patient volume and revenue were motivating factors for providers to participate in insurance, while low tariffs, delay and denial of payments, and patients’ unrealistic expectations were inhibiting factors. Also, NHIS enrollees were more likely to be located in the urban than rural LGAs. However, many urban LGAs have larger population sizes and as a result, were also characterized with higher number of non-NHIS enrollees and fewer NHIS accredited facilities. For the LSHS, many private facilities anticipate an increased patient volume and revenue but also worry that low tariffs without guaranteeing a high patient volume would be a major challenge. For many public facilities, inadequate infrastructure, lack of workforce, and insufficient drugs and commodities remain major challenges. CONCLUSION: For the LSHS to be successful, effective contracting of healthcare providers especially those in the low income and densely populated LGAs is essential. However, this would require that provider payment is adequate and regular. In addition, the government would need to invest heavily in improving the infrastructure and the amount of workforce, drugs and commodities available to public facilities.