Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals'

This work examines how values seem to be contingent on various factors which affect their growth and development. This study is based around the ethical writings of Friedrich Nietzsche. Specifically, On the Genealogy of Morals serves as the foundation for my thesis. This book contains three essays which purport to show how moral values originated as a result of certain human phenomena rather than, as many people take for granted, from moral “truths.” This contribution to ethics is important because it leaves many questions regarding the value of morality untouched. In the Genealogy, there are numerous themes of Nietzsche’s philosophy which are important to note such as anti-realism and naturalism. However, one of the difficulties of reading Nietzsche is that his writing has been misinterpreted, and it can be difficult to reach a consensus on how to properly understand his meanings. In the paper, I argue that to properly interpret Nietzsche one must recognize that his Genealogy serves two purposes: 1) to shake our faith in morality as “given” or “factual;” and 2) to provide us reasons that moral values might have detrimental effects on human flourishing. To fully appreciate these aspects of the Genealogy, I argue that the historical form of the text is a crucial component which cannot be ignored. Ultimately, if Nietzsche is successful in demonstrating these factors, then it will be shown that morality is contingent upon a plethora of historical factors.

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This work aims to understand what the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche calls the ascetic ideals and nihilism. This dissertation is the result of a research that tries to show it specifically from the work On the Genealogy of Morals. The following is an attempt to identify and characterize this issue in other works of this thinker and in the works of some Nietzsche‟s experts. The study begins with an overview of the meaning of ascetic ideals down the forms of expression in the world, through religion, philosophy and art. It presents the ascetic priest as the element from which you get the main understanding of the ascetic ideal; seeks to indicate that talk of the ascetic ideal in the priest‟s talk about how to be critical of the ascetic ideal. On the Genealogy of Morals, the ascetic ideals are characterized as being essentially form of nihilism. We resort to Nietzschean nihilism to show that and how the character will to nothingness intrinsic to nihilism is also present in the ascetic ideal as a form of decay. The conclusion is based on that fact that the ascetic ideals make the decadent will to power because make a will to value where value in this case is the value of nothing. Finally is used to understand the concept of creation as a possibility for overcoming these ideals through tragic art and lawmaker philosophy as a way of will to power.
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal compreender o que o filósofo Friedrich Nietzsche chama de ideais ascéticos e de niilismo. Essa dissertação é o resultado de uma pesquisa que tenta mostrar isso especificamente a partir da obra Genealogia da moral. Segue-se buscando identificar e caracterizar este assunto também em outras obras deste pensador e em obras de alguns especialistas de Nietzsche. O estudo começa com um apanhado do significado dos ideais ascéticos estabelece as formas como se manifestam no mundo, através da religião, da filosofia e da arte. Apresenta-se o sacerdote ascético como o elemento a partir do qual se obtém a compreensão principal dos ideais ascéticos; procura-se indicar que falar do ideal ascético no sacerdote é falar do modo de ser fundamental do ideal ascético. Na Genealogia da moral, os ideais ascéticos são caracterizados como sendo essencialmente forma de niilismo. Recorre-se ao conceito nietzschiano de niilismo para mostrar que e como o caráter de vontade de nada intrínseco ao niilismo está presente também nos ideais ascéticos como uma forma de decadência. Conclui-se com base nesse fato que os ideais ascéticos tornam a vontade de poder decadente porque a tornam uma vontade de valorar em que valor neste caso é valor de nada. Por fim é empregada a compreensão do conceito de criação enquanto possibilidade de superação desses ideais através da arte trágica e da filosofia legisladora como forma da vontade de poder.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
O objetivo desta dissertaÃÃo à analisar e explicitar a crÃtica sobre a moral no pensamento de Nietzsche; sobretudo, à moral judaico-cristà diagnosticada como a moral do ressentimento. Uma moral capaz de imobilizar os mais nobres instintos e desprezar todos os valores que se harmonizam e embelezam a vida. Partindo do princÃpio de que tal diagnÃstico à de fundamental importÃncia para o seu projeto-filosÃfico-final â o de transvaloraÃÃo dos valores â resolvemos lanÃar mÃo de sua interpretaÃÃo sobre a moral a partir dos seus Ãltimos escritos, em particular, a Genealogia da Moral. Escrito este que, no decorrer desta anÃlise, à primeiramente compreendido como um mÃtodo, um procedimento criado por Nietzsche, imprescindÃvel para a instauraÃÃo do projeto de transvaloraÃÃo, que à o de expansÃo da vida e o de destruiÃÃo da moral. Em seguida, o escrito à interpretado como uma genealogia que vai mostrar trÃs formas distintas de interiorizaÃÃo do ressentimento. No terceiro momento, sÃo apresentados O Anticristo e o CrepÃsculo dos Ãdolos. Nestas obras, Nietzsche traz à baila certas personagens e movimentos histÃricos que, segundo ele, assim como o cristianismo, encontram-se impregnados de ressentimento. Ao final, para os problemas apresentados, esboÃamos uma resposta perspectivista. Assim, em oposiÃÃo ao discurso fechado da moral do ressentimento que encerra uma direÃÃo Ãnica para as suas conclusÃes, e onde se elege o alÃm, o eterno e o imutÃvel como o caminho para a felicidade do homem, preferimos, neste ensaio, que se pretende inacabado e incompleto, afirmar o mÃltiplo como o objeto de afirmaÃÃo da vida.
The goal of this dissertation is to examine and explain the moral review on Nietzscheâs thoughts, especially the Judeo-Christian moral, diagnosed as the moral of resentment. A moral able to immobilize the noblest instincts and discard all values that harmonize and beautify life. Assuming that this diagnosis is critical for his finalphilosofical- project - the transvaluation of values - we decided to use his interpretation of the moral from his recent writings, in particular, the Genealogy of Morals. This writing, during this analysis, is first seen as a method, a procedure introduced by Nietzsche, essential for the establishment of the transvaluation project, which comprehends life expansion and morale destruction. Then, it is interpreted as a genealogy that will show three distinct forms of internalizing resentment. In third place, The Twilight of the Idols and the Antichrist are presented. In these works, Nietzsche brings some historical figures and movements that, according to him, as well as Christianity, are impregnated with resentment. Finally, we outline a perspectivist answer to the problems previously discussed. Thus, in opposition to the closed discourse of resentment morality that has only one direction to its findings, and which elects the beyond, the eternal and the immutable as the way to men happiness, we prefer, in this test, which is proposed as unfinished and incomplete, saying the multiple as the object of life affirmation

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Florianópolis, 2013.
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Na presente dissertação, dedicamo-nos à análise do trabalho realizado por Friedrich Nietzsche em sua Genealogia da Moral - Uma Polêmica, destacando a ideia de transvaloração de todos os valores apresentada em tal obra. Acompanhamos o percurso do filósofo neste escrito, desde sua investigação a respeito da origem dos pares de conceitos "bom e ruim" e "bom e mau", até sua conclusão sobre a preferência do homem por "querer o nada a nada querer". Inicialmente analisamos os conceitos morais colocados em questão por Nietzsche, até alcançarmos os ideais que os fundamentam e constatarmos que eles estão a serviço de uma saúde fraca que luta agonicamente pela vida. Em seguida, elucidamos osmotivos e os perigos de uma disseminação de tal fraqueza entre oshomens que compõem o substrato cultural analisado na obra emquestão. Por fim, refletimos sobre duas ocorrências que emergem apartir deste movimento cultural, tornando possível uma transvaloraçãodos valores que pautam a moral investigada: a autoconscientização davontade de verdade e o niilismo.

Abstract : In the thesis we dedicate the analysis of the work made by Friedrich Nietzsche in his On Genealogy of Morals - A Polemic, showing the idea of transvaluation of values emphasized in the composition. Followingthe philosopher's way in this thesis, since his investigations about thebeginning of pair conceptions "good and evil" and "good and bad", untilhis conclusions about the men preferences "to want nothing instead ofnothing to want". At first we studied the moral concepts as is shown byNietzsche until we reach the ideals that substantiate them and we noticethey are in service of a weak health that struggles for life. Then, we elucidate the reasons and the dangers of the dissemination of such weakness among men who compose the cultural substratum analyzed in the composition. Finally, we realize that two occurrences emerge from this cultural movement, they make a transvaluation of values (thatcompose the investigated moral) possible: the self-awareness of a will to truth and the nihilism.

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In this thesis, an analysis of the problem of resentment in Nietzsche's thought from his criticism of the Socratic - Platonic philosophy of inspiration and the Judeo-Christian tradition is held. Firstly, we sought to understand the genealogic point of view adopted by the philosopher in his "Genealogy of morals", in which the author makes an assessment as to how " good and bad " values, created by a morality of lords, were transmuted into "good and bad", by the morality of slaves. According to Nietzsche, all values - imposed by tradition - are nothing more than a result of a revaluation of noble values - which come from a free and strong people - to a culture of weak and decadent men, which is woven by a sick and slave morality. A metaphysical moral that eventually would give to the weak a meaning for life and for his suffering. Thus, guided by his estimate, we try to show that, in Nietzsche, the resentment takes a key place in the history of the emergence of a particular form of valuation, namely, slave. Were also considered, the genesis of the moral values and how happened their revaluation through traditional thinking. Was indicated, therefore, the main elements of Nietzsche's critique to metaphysics and religion, as sources that form values. It was also found, how the problems raised by Nietzsche's reflection revealed up to date, especially those concerning the relations resentment.
Nesta dissertação, é realizada uma análise do problema do ressentimento no pensamento de Nietzsche a partir de sua crítica à filosofia de inspiração socrático-platônica e à tradição judaico-cristã. Primeiramente, buscou-se a compreensão do ponto de vista genealógico adotado pelo filósofo em sua Genealogia da moral , no qual o autor faz uma avaliação acerca de como os valores bom e ruim , criados por uma moral dos senhores, foram transmutados em bom e mau , simultaneamente, pela moral dos escravos. De acordo com Nietzsche, todos os valores instituídos pela tradição , nada mais são do que consequência de uma transvaloração de valores nobres os quais são provenientes de um povo livre e forte , para uma cultura de homens fracos e decadentes, a qual é tecida por uma moral escrava e doente. Uma moral metafísica que, por fim daria, ao fraco, um sentido para a vida e para o seu sofrer. Dessa forma, pautados em sua estimativa, tentamos mostrar que, em Nietzsche, o ressentimento toma um lugar essencial na história da emergência de uma determinada forma de valoração, a saber, escrava. Foram abordados, também, a gênese dos valores morais e o modo como se deu a sua transvaloração pelo pensamento tradicional. Indicou-se, pois, os principais elementos da crítica de Nietzsche à metafísica e à religião, enquanto fontes constituidoras de valores. Verificaram-se, ainda, como os problemas suscitados pela reflexão nietzschiana revelam-se atuais, notadamente os relacionados ao ressentimento.

MOREIRA, Antônio Rogério da Silva. Nietzsche, genealogia e transvaloração uma crítica ao cristianismo enquanto um moral do ressentimento. 2009. 115f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2009.
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The goal of this dissertation is to examine and explain the moral review on Nietzsche’s thoughts, especially the Judeo-Christian moral, diagnosed as the moral of resentment. A moral able to immobilize the noblest instincts and discard all values that harmonize and beautify life. Assuming that this diagnosis is critical for his finalphilosofical- project - the transvaluation of values - we decided to use his interpretation of the moral from his recent writings, in particular, the Genealogy of Morals. This writing, during this analysis, is first seen as a method, a procedure introduced by Nietzsche, essential for the establishment of the transvaluation project, which comprehends life expansion and morale destruction. Then, it is interpreted as a genealogy that will show three distinct forms of internalizing resentment. In third place, The Twilight of the Idols and the Antichrist are presented. In these works, Nietzsche brings some historical figures and movements that, according to him, as well as Christianity, are impregnated with resentment. Finally, we outline a perspectivist answer to the problems previously discussed. Thus, in opposition to the closed discourse of resentment morality that has only one direction to its findings, and which elects the beyond, the eternal and the immutable as the way to men happiness, we prefer, in this test, which is proposed as unfinished and incomplete, saying the multiple as the object of life affirmation.
O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar e explicitar a crítica sobre a moral no pensamento de Nietzsche; sobretudo, à moral judaico-cristã diagnosticada como a moral do ressentimento. Uma moral capaz de imobilizar os mais nobres instintos e desprezar todos os valores que se harmonizam e embelezam a vida. Partindo do princípio de que tal diagnóstico é de fundamental importância para o seu projeto-filosófico-final – o de transvaloração dos valores – resolvemos lançar mão de sua interpretação sobre a moral a partir dos seus últimos escritos, em particular, a Genealogia da Moral. Escrito este que, no decorrer desta análise, é primeiramente compreendido como um método, um procedimento criado por Nietzsche, imprescindível para a instauração do projeto de transvaloração, que é o de expansão da vida e o de destruição da moral. Em seguida, o escrito é interpretado como uma genealogia que vai mostrar três formas distintas de interiorização do ressentimento. No terceiro momento, são apresentados O Anticristo e o Crepúsculo dos Ídolos. Nestas obras, Nietzsche traz à baila certas personagens e movimentos históricos que, segundo ele, assim como o cristianismo, encontram-se impregnados de ressentimento. Ao final, para os problemas apresentados, esboçamos uma resposta perspectivista. Assim, em oposição ao discurso fechado da moral do ressentimento que encerra uma direção única para as suas conclusões, e onde se elege o além, o eterno e o imutável como o caminho para a felicidade do homem, preferimos, neste ensaio, que se pretende inacabado e incompleto, afirmar o múltiplo como o objeto de afirmação da vida.

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By analyzing the concept of nihilism, which is shown polysemic in Nietzsche's work, we encounter frequent deadlocks concerning the origin of this phenomenon. This concept usually presents signifying a consequence of the moral development of the West, where the slave resentment and bad conscience, rooted in culture, ends up affecting modern man of a weariness and an emptying of value: it is nihilism in its own sense, a phenomenon of modern origin. On the other hand, there are aphorisms and excerpts, least discussed by the German philosopher in his work, indicating that the origin of nihilism refers to a distant period of human history, preceding the Christian moral-ascetic, and a phenomenon that opens a gap of absence of meaning about life and human suffering. These incompatible aspects of nihilism are present both in print, and in private notes of Nietzsche. The interior of the book Genealogy of Morals also holds that ambiguity of the concept of nihilism. The main objective of this work is to investigate the work Genealogy of Morals, with the help of other texts, trying to understand the meanings of nihilism and position in the history of civilization. Nietzsche s work as objects of study presents the concepts of resentment and bad conscience ascetic ideal, elements that are constitutive of Western morals. With interests in its topicality, Nietzsche investigates the past moral to its prehistory. Thus, this work is fundamental research into the origin of nihilism. His concepts are analyzed from a procedure that puts them in the realm of historical development and the dynamics instinctual, while concepts that change over time and have multiple meanings: with this polysemic feature that the central elements of the work are presented as well as nihilism. The Genealogy of Morals finally reveals that nihilism has various meanings, but that does not necessarily clash with each other. We show in this work a form of nihilism primordial, a "first nihilism" that is precedent-Christian ascetic morality, including that operates as one of the causes of this moral. However, nihilism is presented as historical product of peacemaking mechanisms of civilization, which inevitably leads to poor awareness and resentment. Human instincts turn inward, causing a great malaise of civilization in the form of a long suffering baseless. The ascetic priest gives an answer to this suffering, reverses the direction of resentment, bad conscience reinterpreting the animal, making it more serious, in a way defined as the interpretation of suffering for sin. The bad conscience made man suffer senseless with instincts that turned against him, however, with the ascetic interpretation, now he unloads his forces against them with a sense that justifies the suffering.
Ao analisar o conceito de niilismo, que se mostra polissêmico na obra de Nietzsche, nos deparamos com impasses frequentes referentes à origem desse fenômeno. Esse conceito se apresenta geralmente significando uma consequência do desenvolvimento da moral do ocidente, em que o ressentimento escravo e a má consciência, enraizados na cultura, se transformam até que terminam acometendo o homem moderno de um cansaço e de um esvaziamento de valor: é o niilismo em seu sentido mais próprio, um fenômeno de origem moderna. Por outro lado, há aforismos e trechos, menos debatidos pelo filósofo alemão em sua obra, que indicam que a origem do niilismo remete a um período longínquo da história humana, precedente à moral ascético-cristã, e a um fenômeno que abre uma lacuna de ausência de sentido em relação à vida e ao sofrimento humano. Esses aspectos incompatíveis do niilismo se apresentam tanto em textos publicados, quanto em anotações privadas de Nietzsche. O interior da obra Genealogia da moral também detém essa ambiguidade do conceito de niilismo. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é investigar a obra Genealogia da moral, com a ajuda de outros textos, buscando compreender os significados e a posição do niilismo na história da civilização. O escrito nietzschiano apresenta como objetos de estudo os conceitos de ressentimento, má consciência e ideal ascético, elementos que são constitutivos da moral ocidental. Com interesses na sua atualidade, Nietzsche investiga o passado moral até a sua pré-história. Com isso, essa obra é fundamental na investigação sobre a origem do niilismo. Seus conceitos são analisados a partir de um procedimento que os coloca sob a esfera do devir histórico e da dinâmica instintual, enquanto conceitos que se transformam ao longo do tempo e possuem múltiplos sentidos: é com essa característica polissêmica que os elementos centrais da obra se apresentam, assim como o niilismo. A Genealogia da moral revela finalmente que o niilismo possui sentidos variados, mas que não necessariamente se chocam entre si. Evidenciamos nessa obra uma forma de niilismo primordial, um niilismo primeiro , que é precedente à moral ascético-cristã, que opera inclusive como uma das causas dessa moral. Entretanto, o niilismo se apresenta como histórico, produto dos mecanismos de pacificação da civilização, que inevitavelmente levam à má consciência e ao ressentimento. Os instintos humanos se voltam para dentro, causando um grande mal estar civilizatório, sob a forma de um sofrimento por longo tempo sem fundamento. O sacerdote ascético dá uma resposta a esse sofrimento, inverte a direção do ressentimento, reinterpretando a má consciência animal, tornando-a mais grave, de uma forma definida, como a interpretação do sofrimento pelo pecado. A má consciência fazia o homem sofrer sem sentido com os instintos que se voltavam contra si, porém, com a interpretação ascética, ele agora descarrega suas forças contra si com um sentido que justifica o sofrimento.

La presente investigación aborda la relación entre la fisiología y el método en la filosofía de Nietzsche. Su propósito es esclarecer cómo se procede al rastrear el origen de las valoraciones morales en La genealogía de la moral. Al centrarse en la conexión entre vida y valor, se resalta la importancia del papel que juega la concepción nietzscheana del organismo para la cuestión del método, y se ofrece una explicación del pluralismo metódico empleado en el trabajo genealógico. En primer lugar, se analiza la influencia de Schopenhauer y de Lange sobre Nietzsche, con la intención de resaltar la preeminencia metódica del cuerpo para la investigación filosófica. En segundo lugar, se explica la importancia procedimental y el estatuto del vocabulario fisiológico para la genealogía. La fisiología es, en última instancia, un “lenguaje simbólico” que Nietzsche combina con otros registros para no caer en los impasses de la tradición metafísica. En tercer lugar, con la finalidad de profundizar en el pluralismo metódico de Nietzsche, se aborda la hipótesis del perspectivismo, su relación con la voluntad de poder y las exigencias interpretativas que estas implican. De esta manera se puede aclarar la exigencia metódica pluralista y la necesidad de proceder combinando tres herramientas: la fisiología, la psicología y la historia. Finalmente, se muestra cómo se emplea esta combinación de herramientas en las líneas argumentativas de La genealogía de la moral. Con el presente estudio se espera echar luces sobre un aspecto metódico que, a nuestro juicio, es de suma importancia para comprender la filosofía de Nietzsche: cómo filosofar sin principios últimos.
Tesis

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é demonstrar que, nos escritos de Nietzsche sobre a moral, não há uma negação da moral ou da filosofia, e sim da pretensão da filosofia e da moral em conferir a seus postulados o caráter de dogmas, objetos de fé, fins últimos, em relação aos quais o homem e o mundo são apenas meios. Trata-se, por um lado, de uma contraposição àquelas formas de interpretar o pensamento de Nietzsche que, tomando, de maneira descontextualizada, expressões como "nada é verdadeiro, tudo é permitido..." (GM 111, 24), associam-no a um apregoador do relativismo no campo filosófico e do laisser aller no campo moral, ou a um precursor do que se convencionou chamar de "pós-modemidade". E, por outro lado, de afirmar que nesses escritos o que se tem é a recondução da moral e da filosofia ao papel de meios num processo que tem a elevação do homem por "meta". Para demonstrar essa possibilidade de leitura, serão tomados como referência principal os escritos posteriores a Assim falou Zaratustra, (em particular Além de Bem e. Mal e Para a Genealogia da Moral), entendendo-se que é especialmente neles que se articulam os novos conceitos como ¿vontade de poder¿, ¿além-do-homem¿ (o primeiro entendido como a característica básica de toda moral e o segundo como o tipo fisiológico que Nietzsche defende em seus escritos), que oferecem a Nietzsche a linguagem própria para tratar de problemas próprios e para expor sua perspectiva no campo da moral. A partir desses escritos e das peculiaridades que Ihes são próprias, é feita uma análise do procedimento genealógico de Nietzsche, de sua concepção dinâmica da vontade de poder, de seu perspectivismo e de sua compreensão da moral ocidental como décadence. Por fim, são apresentados alguns traços da moral que se oculta, mas que também se delineia na crítica de Nietzsche à moral
Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that in Nietzsche's works about moral there is not a denial of moral or philosophy, but a denial of the intention of philosophy and moral to confer on their postulates the character of dogmas, something sacred, the ultimate goal, in relation to which man and world are only the means. This dissertation is, on the one hand, a contraposition to those ways of interpreting Nietzsche's thought which, taking expressions such as "nothing is true, everything is allowed..." (GM 111, 24) in a decontextualized manner, associate him to a supporter of relativism in the philosophical field and of the laisser aller in the moral field, or to a forerunner of what has become commonly known as "post-modernism". On the other hand, we intend to claim that Nietzsche's writings lead moral and philosophy back to their role of means in a process which takes man's uplifting as its "target". In order to demonstrate the possibility of this reading, the works published after Thus Spoke Zarathustra (specifically Beyonç/ Good and Evil and Toward a Genealogy of MoraIs), are going to be the main source of reference considering that it is specially them that the new concepts of "will to power"and "beyond man" (the Superman) are articulated (the former understood as the basic characteristic of all moral and the latter as the physiological type that Nietzsche defends in his writings), concepts which offer Nietzsche his specific language to deal with his specific problems and to explain his perspective in the moral field. Based on these writings and their peculiarities, we are going to present an analysis of Nietzsche's genealogical procedure, of his dynamic concept of will to power, of his perspectivism and understanding of Westem moral as décadenceo Finally, some traits of Nietzsche's hidden moral, which are outlined in his criticism to moral, are going to be presented.
Doutorado
Doutor em Filosofia

In the following essay I offer an analysis of the concept of genealogy in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault. The genealogical is illuminated as a critical approach, a period and a method. Taking as a point of departure Foucault‘s description of genealogy as a historico-philosophical method, with which we can approach the question of how we constitute ourselves as human beings, by analyzing our ideas about knowledge, morals and the self as an acting subject, I go back to Nietzsche, from where Foucault derives his genealogical project. By analyzing how Nietzsche examines the three domains of genealogy, found in Foucault‘s description – knowledge, morals and the subject – I thereby present a way to read, understand and use the works of Nietzsche, a reading of Nietzsche which at the same time brings out some of the core topics, offering a more profound understanding of Foucault‘s genealogical project. My overall reading will show that one of the main aspects of what can be understood as the genealogical method is to locate concepts that constitute the way we think and act. In trying to determine the social and practical settings where these concepts take on form and content, the genealogy demystifies the located constituting concepts, offering new perspectives on how the present lives its past. This reading will show how the genealogy interweaves the philosophical and historical, at the same time exposing the problematic and varying practical and social settings that produce and uphold the inevitable link between the political and the human.

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O texto visa evidenciar e depurar a função da arte no interior da análise crítica do ascetismo entendido como subseqüência do ressentimento, função essa necessariamente imbricada com a idéia de uma gaia ciência em oposição aos valores metafísico-niilistas. Conforme a tese dos escritos de Nietzsche, o tipo homem deu-se, via de regra, sob a égide dos valores negativos do ressentimento, cujo corolário é o ideal ascético, atual paradigma dominante de todas as áreas da vida humana (e de todo ¿conhecimento¿ sobre essas áreas). Contra esse processo de decadência que corresponde a um castramento do homem, a um enfraquecimento de seus impulsos positivos, criadores, apenas a arte poderá indicar o caminho para novas possibilidades de existência, posto que é a única atividade humana que exemplifica uma valoração não-asceta da existência. O espírito livre, o filósofo do futuro, tem na arte a matriz operacional que permitirá idealizar novamente o mundo, levar o homem a assumir, agora de forma consciente e plena, a função ¿divina¿ de auto-criador e modelador da vida, no espírito de Dioniso (do segundo Dioniso, o do velho Nietzsche). Ao invés do auto-apequenamento do homem, ter-se-ia, com e a partir da ¿arte¿ (isto é, com a auto-criação de cunho nobre, regida pela gaia ciência), as diretrizes para a auto-superação da vida humana atual, dando lugar e vazão a novas, ¿até agora não desejadas¿, realidades. Estas se traduzirão, por exemplo, numa grande saúde, numa grande política, numa grande razão, e mesmo numa grande seriedade; numa palavra, à existência em grande estilo, inédita na história, senão por alguns ¿acasos felizes¿. O ponto de viragem é a chamada morte de Deus, perpetrada pela própria vontade de verdade ascética, numa imensa e inédita auto-implosão que implica, inclusive, na auto-superação-supressão ou metamorfose da Filosofia em gaia ciência. Seus herdeiros diretos serão uma nova espécie de pensadores-que-sentem-e-criam, que englobarão e extrapolarão e superarão o filósofo, o artista, o médico, o legislador. Conclui-se, então, que a função da arte na Terceira Dissertação de ¿Para a genealogia da moral¿ tem lugar e se constitui no entremeio das engrenagens que movem a necessária, autoprogramada superação-supressão da vontade de verdade ascética em direção à gaia ciência. Conclui-se que na tessitura do aberto plano existencial humano há, entre arte e ciência-filosofia (Wissenschaft) uma contínua, inesgotável, instigante e produtiva tensão; uma relação, de mão dupla, entre dois pólos opostos-complementares, relação que se desdobra historicamente através de complexos tipos de formas de vida. Conclui-se que, na prática, ¿a filosofia ?na medida em que genuinamente olhe para dentro do 'abismo¿ da realidade? necessita das ilusões embelezadoras da arte a fim de não 'perecer pela verdade¿. Pois a arte constitui a melhor força de oposição contra o pessimismo negador do mundo e o maior estimulante para a vontade¿ [MAY, 1999, p. 35 (tr. pr.1)]. Conclui-se que Nietzsche quer, conscientemente, pôr em evidência e manter ativada essa relação na configuração filosofia-arte, bem como nas descrições do artista autêntico e do filósofo da gaia ciência
Abstract: The text aims to select and put in evidence the function of art in the interior of Nietzsche¿s critical analysis of asceticism, understood as a subsequence of resentment, function which necessarily imbricates with the idea of a gay science in opposition to the metaphysical-nihilistic values.As the thesis of Nietzsche¿s writings puts it, man type was given, usually, under the sign of the negative values of resentment, corollary of which is the ascetic ideal, current dominant paradigm of all human life realms (and of all "knowledge" on these areas). Against this process of decay that corresponds to a castration of man, to a weakness of its positive, creative impulses, only art will be able to indicate the way for new existence possibilities, given that is the sole human activity that exemplifies a non-ascetic valuation of the existence. The free spirit, the philosopher of the future, has in art the operational matrix that will allow idealizing the world again, to take man to assume, now in a conscientious and plain way, the ¿divine" function of self-creator and life shaper, in the spirit of Dionysus (of the second Dionysus, the one of the old Nietzsche). Instead of the self-diminishing of man, the lines of direction for current human life¿s self-overcoming would transpire with and from "art" (that is, the auto-creation of noble matrix, conducted by a gay science), giving place and outflow to new, "not yet desired", realities. These will be expressed, for example, in a great health, a great politics, a great reason, even in a great seriousness; in a word, in the existence in great style, unknown to history but for some "happy accidents". The turning point is the so-called death of God, perpetrated by the ascetic will to truth itself, an immense and unknown self-implosion that also implies the self-overcoming-suppression or metamorphosis of Philosophy in gay science. Its inheritors by right shall be a new species of thinkers-who-feel-and-create, who shall encompass and overcome and overpass the philosopher, the artist, the doctor, and the legislator. One then concludes that the function of art in the Third Inquire of "Toward the genealogy of morals" has place and constitutes itself in the in between of the gears that move the necessary, selfprogrammed, overcoming-suppression of the ascetic will to truth toward gay science. One concludes that upon the open plain of human existential tissue there is a continuum, inexhaustible, exciting and productive tension between art and science-philosophy (Wissenschaft); a double-handed relation between two opposite-complementary polar poles that historically unfolds through complex life form types. One concludes that, in short, ¿philosophy ?insofar as it genuinely looks into the 'abyss¿ of reality? needs the beautifying illusions of art lest it 'perish of the truth¿. For art constitutes the best counterforce against world-denying pessimism and the greatest stimulant of the will.¿ [MAY, 1999, p. 35]. One concludes that Nietzsche wants, conscientiously, to put in evidence and to keep activated this relation in the philosophy-art configuration as well as in the descriptions of the authentic artist and of the gay science philosopher
Mestrado
Historia da Filosofia Contemporanea
Mestre em Filosofia

This thesis in Educational Sciences consists of a narrative ideology-analysis of the Swedish school's fundamental values with perspectives from the philosophy of Nietzsche and Kant, which also analyzed the same way, with the aim to trace and problematize the ideological foundations of "our society's shared values" that teachers should convey to the students. Based on a theory that a humanism crisis occurs when important values are perceived as threatened, does the introduction of the basic values of the curriculum appear as a response tosocietal changes. Nietzsche and Kant represent completely different idea currents that both have been reflected in the curriculum in which basic values have different meanings. Nietzsche has inspired social criticism, postcolonial and postmodern thinkers to a critical constructivist approach that is an asset in the multicultural classroom to deconstruct stereotypes and prejudices. That culture, ethnicity, morality and religion do not have an objective essence, but seen as social constructions, using a critical approach is a way of thinking which was developed with inspiration from Nietzsche. The school shall strengthen the ability "to live with and realize the values inherent in cultural diversity" is the expression of a postmodern narrative, suggesting that there is not only a valid story, but several. In Nietzsche's perspective, the current standards, such as basic values, is an expression of power, but it is possible to become a superman that frees itself from the prevailing conventions and fulfilling herself, like the postmodern man, or the self-sufficient individual, while Kant rather believe that there are an objective morality that can be reversed by reason that people will follow. Democracy carries the fundamental values of the National Agency for Education. The curriculum values are based on political decision by the Swedish Riksdag and law, but the curriculum refers simultaneously to the ethics borne of humanism. Humanism as Enlightenment, where Kant seems one of the great philosophers of the Enlightenment, is the basis for the curriculum of values. The belief in human rights as a guiding principle and core values constitute a kind of ideology in the curriculum that can be defended by Kant's philosophy, but not with Nietzsche's philosophy. The Curriculum Committee also argues in the report, SOU 1992: 94 for the classic humanistic educational ideal, as both Nietzsche and Kant included, which was weak in Sweden during the post-war period.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--New School University, 2006.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-214). Also available in electronic format on the World Wide Web. Access restricted to users affiliated with the licensed institutions.

The dissertation begins by discussing recent critical treatments of Nietzsche in the work of Alasdair MacIntyre and Jürgen Habermas, then gives a brief discussion of the broader scholarly reception of Nietzsche’s political thought. The body of the dissertation proceeds through the text of the Second Essay of Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals, trying to explicate his account of the origin of political society. The dissertation attempts in the first place to show that the historical narrative Nietzsche offers in the Second Essay is coherent, then to illuminate the details of his account of the rise of political society, and thus of civilized morality (what Nietzsche calls “the bad conscience”), and finally to detail the different stages in the development of the bad conscience. The dissertation lays particular emphasis on determining the relation between what Nietzsche calls ressentiment and the bad conscience. The dissertation also attempts to shed light on Nietzsche’s view of the relation between nature and political society and morality, as he expresses it both in his analysis of the bad conscience and in the somewhat more thematic discussion of this question at the beginning of the Essay.

碩士
真理大學
宗教學系碩士班
93
The thesis focuses on Nietzsche’s critique of Christian Asceticism. In “On The Genealogy Of Morals”, Nietzsche takes new approach to moral. Nietzsche assesses Christian moral value to be a form of Nihilism, and he comes to a conclusion that Christian moral makes human beings lose the value of their own beings. The influence of moral value on Nietzsche and Augustine is never superficial. The purpose of this thesis is to interpret Christian Asceticism between“On The Genealogy Of Morals”and“The Confessions”. The most important thing is to analyze Christian Asceticism. There are five chapters in this thesis. The first chapter includes the motive, the range, the age of Nietzsche, and this chapter describes the atmosphere of the age of Nietzsche to realize his thoughts. The second chapter and the third chapter include the point of view in “On The Genealogy Of Morals” and “The Confessions”, and explain the intention of their writing. The forth chapter includes the conversation of Nietzsche and Augustine, and I attempt to prove their philosophy with the notion of tolerance at their center. In the final chapter, I draw a conclusion of the two books mentioned above, and try to build my own philosophy of life.

碩士
南華大學
哲學與生命教育學系
102
This paper attempts to find out the way of overcoming the resentment by analyzing th Nietzsche’s “On the Genealogy of Morals” and “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”. 　 　　Nietzsche assesses the combination of traditional metaphysics and Christianity to be a form of nihilism, which results in antithesis between this world and the beyond world. This antithesis between this world and the beyond world is the slave morality with resentment, which as the foundation for the creation. In the test of“ On the Genealogy of Morals”, Nietzsche have described clearly about an origin of resentment. According to “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”, Nietzsche had argued that the complex relationship between the ideas of Overman, the Will to Power and Eternal Recurrence, is the way of overcoming the resentment. 　 　　Nietzsche's revaluation of all values and he had suggest a rediscovery of the will to power.Nietzsche assesses the world of will to power as a becoming, that set in a definite space as a definite force, so everything will return.In the world of will to power does not have the absoluteness of value, lets the lives present the real good.

Throughout the 1990s feminism was criticised for being centred on a representation of women as 'victims', a representation which purportedly is substantially untrue, inimical to female agency, and politically regressive. This criticism has gained increasingly broad purchase both outside and within feminist circles, and has become something of a mass media truism. The main task of this dissertation is to examine salient articulations of this criticism, firstly within the sphere of popular feminism, and secondly within the sphere of feminist political theory. The concern motivating the dissertation is that this criticism, while illuminating in some important respects, predominantly has operated as a vehicle through which attempts are made to curtail feminism's potential to foster radical social change. The first part of the dissertation addresses popular feminist critiques of 'victim feminism'. The popular accounts are found to construe the 'victim problem in feminism' as a venue for reasserting traditional liberal feminist edicts and for cultivating a neoliberal feminism. With a view to elucidate the generic turns of 'victim talk' in liberal democratic settings, and with particular attention to the issue of sexual violence, my analysis reveals (inter alia) that the association these accounts set up between 'the victim problem' and radical feminist politics relies on an elision of the latter's guiding construction of 'victims' as agentic subjects. The second part of the dissertation exammes accounts by feminist political theorists in which the question of feminism's relationship with hecategory 'victim' is taken up under the aegis of Nietzsche's concept of ressentiment. These accounts argue that feminism has become a politics of ressentiment-a resubordinative disposition which reifies women's victim status and encourages apolitical moralism-and ought to construe its political horizon as a move beyond ressentiment. However, my analysis reveals fundamentally conflicting judgements in these accounts regarding which feminist political strategy-liberal/neoliberal or radical-counts as ressentimental and, therefore, which could lead the move beyond ressentiment. With this problem in mind, but agreeing that Nietzsche's concept of ressentiment has explanatory power for interpreting feminism's relation with the category 'victim,' I set out to examine this concept in the third part of the dissertation. The dissertation's third and final part offers a critical re-reading of the concept of ressentiment, most notably as it is articulated in Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals. Rather than uphold Nietzsche's condemnatory attitude toward ressentiment, I present a positive reading of ressentiment as the affective venue in which the relatively disempowered craft the agentic capacity to articulate, problematise and ameliorate their experience of, and vulnerability to, victimisation. On this reading, liberal feminist strategy appears as a containment of ressentiment, while radical feminist strategy appears to mine its energy for far-reaching socio-political change. On the basis of this reading I also articulate my view that feminism's relationship with ressentiment is twofold in character: feminism is both 'within' and 'against' ressentiment. This view posits that feminism will move beyond ressentiment when it has successfully redressed the configurations of power which serve to incite ressentiment in the first instance. My reading of ressentiment also suggests that this concept can perform a greater variety of labours for feminist political theory than that of intra-feminist diagnosis. Most notably, I suggest that this concept can be used to interpret aspects of the relationship between men, masculinity and violence. The analyses presented in the dissertation draw on literatures within feminist theory, political theory, criminology and Nietzsche scholarship.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
哲學研究所
90
The thesis focuses on how Nietzsche reveals ”life ” as an essential element to the being of every individual by means of an interpretation of moral. Nietzsche assesses traditional moral value to be a form of nihilism, and a illegitimate product of traditional metaphysics. Against such traditional moral, Nietzsche takes new approach to moral. In his view, “Genealogical thinking” is a tool to investigate the legitimacy of moral, and to reject any claim of an ultimate end. Nietzsche’s genealogical method, which gives him an insight that moral can be judged only in its dynamic and unstable nature, is formed and based on Ursprung, Entstehung, and Herkunft. Furthermore, Nietzsche’s analysis of Ressentiment reveals the prospect of a new moral. In short, Nietzsche uses genealogy as a method and Ressentiment as an approach to examine human history. He comes to a conclusion that it is the traditional moral which impedes human beings to create their own value and lose sight of the invaluable value of their own beings. To counter traditional moral, Nietzsche suggests a rediscovery of the will to power, which, in his view, is the real source of moral values. However, Nietzsche’s will to power is regarded by Heidegger as no more than a variation of nihilism. Heidegger’s interpretation is of course too violent, in the sense that he tried to downgrade Nietzsche’s view of moral. Our work tries to understand Nietzsche’s moral in terms of human value. As we see, Nietzsche connects moral critique with genealogy in the terms of “will to power” and “revaluation of life”. He dismisses the transcendental structure of the Kantian tradition, and proposes genetical variation and development to understand human life and morals. In brief, Nietzsche’s achievements are seen in: 1. Replacing the transcendental structure of traditional metaphysics with the genetical process and consequently, building a new science based on genealogy. 2. Giving a new meaning to Ressentiment and exploring its relation to nihilism. Nietzsche’s Ressentiment could be of help to understand the formation of traditional moral. 3. Criticizing the nihilistic essence of traditional moral, and in contributing to the philosophy of life.

This thesis examines the moral philosophical commitments that Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche advance in their respective oppositions to utilitarianism. Though not always under that title, all three reject the claim that promoting happiness is the ultimate end that we pursue, or ought to pursue, through moral principles and values. Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche see this rejection reflected in human nature itself. Each develops a distinctive conception of 'higher self,' or of higher purposes already belonging, in some sense, to each of us, in accordance with which we ought to shape our character. Self-formation, not the mere pursuit of happiness (whether our own or that of others), is thus our true moral project. I focus on each philosopher's account of agency and motivation as the locus in which this view of morality is developed, highlighting the differences that emerge from the details of their respective accounts. This thesis shows that a tight relation between cognition and motive feeling is central, though in different ways, for Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, to the motivational structure of those actions through which we develop moral character. According to Kant, recognition of being bound by the moral law (our 'practical cognition' of freedom) is indissolubly linked to the feeling of respect for it, which in turn is explicable only through such recognition. For Schopenhauer, the 'intuitive cognition' that our existence as distinct individuals is illusory is the feeling of compassion. Nietzsche radically expands this point, arguing that, in every act of will, the motive feeling and guiding cognition are uniquely linked. Only a superficial grasp of human motivation supports the idea that pleasure and pain are the common motive forces underlying all our actions. The inner conflict in human nature, the creative tension in self-formation, is not, for Nietzsche, that between a uniquely moral form of motivation and a 'lower' instrumental pursuit of pleasure. Rather, this inner tension, expressed most strikingly and distressingly in extreme ascetic and guilt-ridden strands of Christian morality, is the product of a complex historical conflict between two different modes of behavioural selection – our evolutionary development and the processes of socialization.