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Journal articles on the topic 'Nicotine patches'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

&NA;. "Nicotine patches." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1197 (July 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199911970-00012.

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2

Benowitz, N. L. "Nicotine patches." BMJ 310, no. 6991 (May 27, 1995): 1409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6991.1409b.

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3

Kalra, Roma, Shashi P. Singh, Juan C. Pena-Philippides, Raymond J. Langley, Seddigheh Razani-Boroujerdi, and Mohan L. Sopori. "Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nicotine Administered by Patch in an Animal Model." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.3.563-568.2004.

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ABSTRACT To study the immunological effects of nicotine, there are several rodent models for chronic nicotine administration. These models include subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pumps, nicotine-spiked drinking water, and self-administration via jugular cannulae. Administration of nicotine via these routes affects the immune system. Smokers frequently use nicotine patches to quit smoking, and the immunological effects of nicotine patches are largely unknown. To determine whether the nicotine patch affects the immune system, nicotine patches were affixed daily onto the backs of Lewis rats for 3 to 4 weeks. The patches efficiently raised the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and strongly inhibited the antibody-forming cell response of spleen cells to sheep red blood cells. The nicotine patch also suppressed the concanavalin A-induced T-cell proliferation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by spleen cells, as well as the fever response of animals to subcutaneous administration of turpentine. Moreover, immunosuppression was associated with chronic activation of protein tyrosine kinase and phospholipase C-γ1 activities. Thus, in this animal model of nicotine administration, the nicotine patch efficiently raises the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and impairs both the immune and inflammatory responses.
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4

Miller, Virginia M., W. Darrin Clouse, Britt H. Tonnessen, Umar S. Boston, Sandra R. Severson, Sue Bonde, Kevin S. Rud, and Richard D. Hurt. "Time and dose effect of transdermal nicotine on endothelial function." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): H1913—H1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.4.h1913.

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Nicotine patches are available as an over-the-counter medication for aid in smoking cessation. This study was designed to determine how nicotine patch therapy over time and dose ranges used in smoking cessation programs in humans affects endothelium-dependent relaxations. Dogs were treated with nicotine patches (11, 22, or 44 mg/day) for 2 and 5 wk. Circulating nicotine and oxidized products of nitric oxide (NOx) were measured. Coronary arteries were prepared for measurement of isometric force and aortic endothelial cells were prepared for measurement of mRNA or NO synthase (NOS) activity. Circulating nicotine increased with increasing concentrations of nicotine patches. After 5 wk of treatment with 22 mg/day patches, circulating NOx was reduced but NOS activity was increased. NOS mRNA was similar among groups. Only after 5 wk of treatment with 22 mg/day patches were endothelium-dependent relaxations reduced to α2-adrenergic agonists, ADP, and the calcium ionophore A-23187. These results suggest a time and biphasic dose effect of nicotine treatment on endothelium-dependent responses that may be related to bioavailability of NO. This complex relationship of duration and dose of nicotine treatment may explain, in part, discrepancies in effects of nicotine on endothelium-dependent responses.
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5

Walker, Natalie, Marjolein Verbiest, Tomasz Kurdziel, George Laking, Murray Laugesen, Varsha Parag, and Chris Bullen. "Effectiveness and safety of nicotine patches combined with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e023659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023659.

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IntroductionEvidence indicates e-cigarettes can help people quit smoking; however, more confirmatory trials are needed. To date, no trials have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of combining nicotine patches with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation.Methods and analysisThis study is a pragmatic, three-arm, community-based, single-blind, randomised trial undertaken in New Zealand. Eligible participants are daily/non-daily smokers, aged ≥18 years, naive e-cigarette users and motivated to quit smoking in the next 2 weeks. Participants (n=1809), recruited using multi-media advertising, are randomised to 14 weeks of (1) 21 mg nicotine patches (n=201); (2) 21 mg nicotine patches+18 mg/mL nicotine e-cigarette (n=804); or (3) 21 mg nicotine patches+nicotine free e-cigarette (n=804). Participants receive weekly withdrawal-oriented behavioural support calls for 6 weeks post-randomisation. The primary outcome is self-reported biochemically verified continuous abstinence (CA) at 6 months post quit-date. The primary comparison is nicotine patch + nicotine e-cigarette versus nicotine patch + nicotine free e-cigarette, and the secondary comparison is nicotine patch versus nicotine patch +nicotine e-cigarette (90% power, p=0.05, to detect an absolute difference in 6 month CA rates of 8% and 15% respectively). Secondary outcomes, collected by phone interview at quit date, then 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-quit date, include self-reported CA, 7 day point prevalence abstinence, cigarettes per day (if smoking, or when smoking for non-daily smokers), time to relapse (if returned to smoking), belief in ability to quit, use of other cessation support, side effects/serious adverse events, treatment compliance, seeking additional support around e-cigarette use, daily use of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes, use of treatment past 14 weeks, views on treatment and recommendation to others, weight and cost-per-quitter.Ethics and disseminationThe Northern A Health and Disability Ethics Committee approved the trial. Findings will be disseminated through publication, conference/meeting presentations, and media.Trial registration numberNCT02521662; Pre-results.
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6

Ueda, Kimiko. "Nicotine patches in Japan." Lancet 358, no. 9280 (August 2001): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05660-4.

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7

Palmer, R., C. Scully, and D. H. Felix. "Nicotine, smoke and patches." British Dental Journal 200, no. 2 (January 2006): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4813187.

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8

Jarvis, M. J., M. A. Russell, and C. Feyerabend. "Unlicensed nicotine skin patches." BMJ 306, no. 6878 (March 6, 1993): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6878.647.

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9

Ruela, André Luís Morais, Eduardo Costa Figueiredo, Aline Gravinez Perissinato, Ana Carolina Zogbi Lima, Magali Benjamim Araújo, and Gislaine Ribeiro Pereira. "In vitro evaluation of transdermal nicotine delivery systems commercially available in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, no. 3 (September 2013): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502013000300020.

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The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for evaluating the release and skin permeation from transdermal nicotine patches using the vertical diffusion cell (VDC). The VDC is an experimental apparatus employed in research, development, and the pharmaceutical field because it can simulate conditions closest to those established in clinical trials. Two transdermal nicotine delivery systems marketed in Brazil to release 14 mg over 24 hours were evaluated. Release studies were carried out using a regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane and permeation studies were carried out using excised porcine ear skin. The results indicated that nicotine release from both evaluated patches follows Higuchi's release kinetics, while skin permeation studies indicated zero-order release kinetics. Nicotine release rates were different between both evaluated patches, but drug permeation rates were not significantly different. According to validation studies, the method was appropriate for evaluating in vitro performance of nicotine patches. The proposed method can be applied to in vitro comparative studies between different commercial nicotine patches and may be used as an auxiliary tool in the design of new transdermal nicotine delivery systems.
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10

Kang, Jeong Ho, and Sung Kgun Lee. "Progressive nicotine poisoning by multiple transdermal nicotine patches." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2021.18.2.31.

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The pharmacokinetic properties of transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) are different from those of other routes of nicotine administration; further, acute nicotine poisoning by TNPs may present with different clinical features. In the present report, we describe the case of a 23-year-old woman who was admitted to emergency department (ED) at Jeju National University Hospital with loss of consciousness. Five hours before the ED visit, she used multiple TNPs to attempt suicide. Initially, nausea and vomiting occurred, and the symptoms worsened over time. We immediately removed the TNPs, and the application sites were gently washed with sterile water. The patient’s level of consciousness gradually improved, and she fully recovered an altered mental status 5 hours later. Her initial urinary cotinine level was 324 ng/mL. Physicians should be aware that acute nicotine poisoning by TNPs can cause various toxic symptoms.
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11

Limsuwat, Chok, Shigeki Saito, and Karin Halvorson. "Review: Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation." Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles 6, no. 25 (July 20, 2018): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12746/swrccc.v6i25.482.

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Smoking is associated with numerous cancers and atherosclerosis. Smoking cessationhas substantial potential in reducing morbidity and mortality worldwide. The initial steps “5 A’s”(Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) should be applied in all patients. Behavioral counselingand pharmacotherapy are both effective, but the combination of the two is more effective thaneither alone. The first-line pharmacotherapy includes nicotine replacement, bupropion, andvarenicline. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) consists of long-active formulations, such asin a patch, and short-acting formulations such as in gum, lozenge, inhaler, and nasal spray. Ascompared to placebo, NRT increases the chances of quitting smoking. Nicotine replacementtherapy does not increase cardiovascular risk and is safe in patients with cardiovasculardisease. Sustained-release bupropion is more effective than nicotine patches and can becombined with nicotine patches. Buprenorphine is generally well tolerated, except that it lowersseizure threshold and is contraindicated in patients with seizure disorders. Varenicline alsosignificantly improves the success rate of smoking cessation. The latest evidence suggeststhat varenicline is not associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric or cardiovascularevents. In conclusion, the use of NRT (nicotine patch + nicotine gum/lozenge/inhaler/spray),bupropion (with NRT), or varenicline is strongly recommended for smoking cessation, unlessthey are contraindicated.
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12

&NA;. "Sustained nonsmoking after nicotine patches." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 957 (October 1994): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199409570-00032.

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13

Marston, Geoffrey Michael, and Irene Dove Cormac. "Nicotine patches and paranoid psychosis." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 12, no. 2 (June 1995): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700004262.

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14

Serra, Steven J., Julia A. Robertson, and John C. Carey. "Nicotine transdermal patches and pregnancy." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 183, no. 3 (September 2000): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2000.106978.

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15

WISBORG, KIRSTEN, TINE BRINK HENRIKSEN, LONE BIRK JESPERSEN, and NIELS JØRGEN SECHER. "Nicotine Patches for Pregnant Smokers." Obstetrics & Gynecology 96, no. 6 (December 2000): 967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200012000-00019.

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16

&NA;. "More on nicotine transdermal patches." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 837 (May 1992): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208370-00058.

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17

Fiore, M. C. "Side effects of nicotine patches." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 22 (December 8, 1993): 2735b—2735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.270.22.2735b.

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18

Jameson, Mark. "Nicotine Patches: Up in Smoke?" JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 268, no. 13 (October 7, 1992): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03490130074032.

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19

Jameson, M. "Nicotine patches: up in smoke?" JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 268, no. 13 (October 7, 1992): 1686b—1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.268.13.1686b.

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20

Campbell, I. A. "Nicotine patches in general practice." BMJ 306, no. 6888 (May 15, 1993): 1284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6888.1284.

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21

Lagrue, G., F. Verra, F. Lebargy, and Matthew Jackson. "Nicotine patches and vascular risks." Lancet 342, no. 8870 (August 1993): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91698-l.

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22

Choi, Stephanie K. Y., Duong T. Tran, Anna Kemp-Casey, David B. Preen, Deborah Randall, Kristjana Einarsdottir, Louisa R. Jorm, and Alys Havard. "The Comparative Effectiveness of Varenicline and Nicotine Patches for Smoking Abstinence During Pregnancy: Evidence From a Population-based Cohort Study." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 23, no. 10 (August 16, 2021): 1664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab063.

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Abstract Introduction In the general population, varenicline is consistently shown to be more efficacious for smoking cessation than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Current clinical guidelines for the management of smoking during pregnancy recommend against the use of varenicline, whilst supporting the use of NRT. However, little is known about the comparative effectiveness of these smoking cessation therapies among pregnant women. Aims and Methods Routinely-collected records of all births in two Australian States during 2011 and 2012 were used to create a population-based cohort of women who smoked during the first half of pregnancy. Pharmaceutical dispensing data were used to identify varenicline and nicotine patch dispensings in the first half of pregnancy. Propensity score matching was used to account for the potentially different distribution of confounding factors between the treatment groups. The outcome was defined as smoking abstinence during the second half of pregnancy. Results After propensity score-matching, our cohort comprised 60 women who used varenicline and 60 who used nicotine patches during the first half of pregnancy. More varenicline users (33.3%, 95% CI: 21.7%–46.7%) quit smoking than nicotine patch users (13.3%, 95% CI: 5.9%–24.6%). The adjusted rate difference was 24.2% (95% CI: 10.2%–38.2%) and the adjusted relative risk was 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4–5.7). Conclusions Varenicline was almost three times more effective than nicotine patches in assisting pregnant women to quit smoking. Further studies are needed to corroborate our results. Together with data on the safety of varenicline during pregnancy, evidence regarding the relative benefit of varenicline and NRT during pregnancy important for informing clinical decisions for pregnant smokers. Implications This study is the first to measure the comparative effectiveness of varenicline and nicotine patches during pregnancy – women using varenicline were almost three times as likely to quit smoking than those using nicotine patches. This study addressed a clinically important question using an observational study, noting that there is an absence of evidence from randomized controlled trials because of the ethical issues associated with including pregnant women in clinical trials of medicines of unknown safety.
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23

Sipe, Richard V. Sipe, David C. Buck, and Jeffrey O. Hollinger. "Nicotine Administration In Rabbits Using HabitrolR Nicotine Patches And Nicotine Nasal Spray." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 27, no. 7 (July 17, 2000): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03285.x.

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24

Handschin, Jonnie, Brian Hitsman, Sonja Blazekovic, Anna Veluz-Wilkins, E. Paul Wileyto, Frank T. Leone, Rebecca L. Ashare, and Robert A. Schnoll. "Factors Associated with Adherence to Transdermal Nicotine Patches within a Smoking Cessation Effectiveness Trial." Journal of Smoking Cessation 13, no. 1 (March 9, 2017): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2017.2.

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Introduction: Adherence to transdermal nicotine patches, one of the most popular and effective treatments for nicotine dependence, remains very low and is a strong predictor of cessation rates.Aims: This study examined individual factors related to adherence as well as differences over time between adherent (>85% of daily patch use) and non-adherent participants (<85% of daily patch use).Methods: We analysed data from 440 participants who received 8 weeks of 21 mg transdermal nicotine and four behavioural counselling sessions within an effectiveness trial that examined the effects of long-term treatment. Multiple logistical regression assessed baseline variables associated with patch adherence and generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to evaluate changes in craving and withdrawal, depressive and anxiety symptoms, substitute and complementary reinforcers, and side effects between participants who were or were not adherent.Results: Adherence to patch use was strongly associated with smoking cessation at week 8 (p < 0.05). In a logistic regression model, being female, living with a child or children, and higher self-reported anxiety symptoms were predictive of lower patch adherence (p < 0.05). In the GEE analysis, adherence was significantly associated with a greater reduction in craving, a greater engagement in substitute reinforcers, and a greater decrease in complementary reinforcers over time (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Difficulties adhering to transdermal nicotine patches may be related to psychiatric comorbidity, difficulty managing nicotine craving, and challenges with engaging in substitute reinforcers and reducing exposure to complementary reinforcers. These constructs may serve as targets for interventions designed to increase treatment adherence.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01047527
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25

Woolf, A., K. Burkhart, T. Caraccio, and T. Litovitz. "Childhood Poisoning Involving Transdermal Nicotine Patches." PEDIATRICS 99, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): e4-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.5.e4.

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26

&NA;. "GERD: remove nicotine patches at night." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 994 (July 1995): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199509940-00038.

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27

&NA;. "War declared against unlicensed nicotine patches." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 880 (March 1993): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199308800-00007.

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28

&NA;. "Nicotine patches useful in general practice." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 888 (May 1993): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199308880-00028.

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29

&NA;. "Nicotine patches improve antipsychotic-induced akathisia." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 682 (December 1997): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199706820-00012.

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30

&NA;. "Nicotine patches improve antipsychotic-induced akathisia." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1118 (December 1997): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199711180-00036.

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31

&NA;. "Nicotine patches: effectiveness related to genotype." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1431 (April 2004): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200414310-00021.

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32

Arnaot, M. R. "Nicotine patches may not be safe." BMJ 310, no. 6980 (March 11, 1995): 663–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6980.663c.

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33

Lardi, C., S. Vogt, S. Pollak, and A. Thierauf. "Complex suicide with homemade nicotine patches." Forensic Science International 236 (March 2014): e14-e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.017.

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34

McAfee, Timothy A., Terry Bush, T. Mona Deprey, Lisa D. Mahoney, Susan M. Zbikowski, Jeffrey L. Fellows, and Jennifer B. McClure. "Nicotine Patches and Uninsured Quitline Callers." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, no. 2 (August 2008): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.04.017.

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35

Dani, John A. "Nicotinic Receptor Activity Alters Synaptic Plasticity." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.74.

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Studies using specific agonists, antagonists, and lesions have shown that nicotinic cholinergic systems participate in attention, learning, and memory[1,2]. The nicotinic manipulations usually have the greatest influence on difficult tasks or on cognitively impaired subjects[2]. For example, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a loss of cholinergic projections and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the cortex and hippocampus[3]. Nicotine skin patches can improve learning rates and attention in Alzheimer's patients[4].
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36

Warner, David O., Christi A. Patten, Steven C. Ames, Kenneth P. Offord, and Darrell R. Schroeder. "Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Stress and Smoking Behavior in Surgical Patients." Anesthesiology 102, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200506000-00013.

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Background Many surgical patients are dependent on nicotine. Smoke-free policies in healthcare facilities mandate abstinence from smoking, which could contribute to psychological stress in the perioperative period. The authors tested the hypothesis that nicotine replacement therapy decreases psychological stress in cigarette smokers scheduled to undergo elective surgery and determined whether nicotine replacement therapy affects postoperative smoking behavior, even when not specifically prescribed to promote abstinence. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 121 smokers, of whom 116 received a study intervention, were randomly assigned to receive either active (nicotine-containing) or placebo patches, beginning on the morning of surgery and continuing for up to 30 days after discharge from the hospital. Outcomes included the Perceived Stress Score, the Nicotine Withdrawal Score, and subject self-report of smoking behavior. Results The Perceived Stress Score and the Nicotine Withdrawal Score did not change significantly from baseline over the immediate perioperative period and did not differ between active or placebo patch groups (all P &gt; 0.19). The percentage of placebo versus active patch subjects reporting 7-day abstinence at 30 days postoperatively (30% vs. 39%; P = 0.29) did not differ significantly between groups. At 30 days postoperatively, subjects in both groups significantly reduced their cigarettes smoked per day from baseline, but those receiving active patches reported a greater decrease (a mean decrease of 11 +/- 11 vs. 15 +/- 7 cigarettes/day in placebo and active groups; P = 0.045). Conclusion Routine nicotine replacement therapy is not indicated in smokers undergoing surgery for the purposes of managing nicotine withdrawal and stress but can modify some aspects of postoperative smoking behavior.
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Kras, M., C. Stough, A. Scholey, C. Kure, and D. Camfield. "P.6.f.002 Hypericum perforatum, nicotine patches and combination hypericum perforatum/nicotine patches for smoking cessation." European Neuropsychopharmacology 20 (August 2010): S608—S609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(10)70930-5.

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&NA;. "Efficacy of Transdermal Nicotine Patches for Nicotine Replacement and Smoking Cessation." Nurse Practitioner 17, no. 7 (July 1992): 46???50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199207000-00013.

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&NA;. "Intensive intervention not necessary with nicotine patches." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 906 (September 1993): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199309060-00026.

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BOSCHERT, SHERRY. "Lidocaine, Nicotine Patches Can Reduce Postoperative Pain." Hospitalist News 1, no. 1 (April 2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-9122(08)70018-x.

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&NA;. "Nicotine patches go OTC in the US." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1050 (August 1996): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199610500-00052.

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JANCIN, BRUCE. "Nicotine Patches Appear Safe for CAD Patients." Internal Medicine News 40, no. 9 (May 2007): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(07)70526-7.

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TONNESEN, PHILIP, JESPER NORREGAARD, URBAIN SAWE, and KARE SIMONSEN. "Recycling with nicotine patches in smoking cessation." Addiction 88, no. 4 (April 1993): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02060.x.

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44

Jagadeesan, Jagajeevan, Wee Leon Lam, and Jeyaram Srinivasan. "Nicotine Patches on Patients for Free Flaps." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 119, no. 1 (January 2007): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000233615.54648.63.

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&NA;. "Two more nicotine patches for the UK." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 866 (December 1992): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208660-00051.

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46

DeNelsky, G. Y. "Transdermal nicotine patches: How effective are they?" Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 60, no. 3 (May 1, 1993): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.60.3.252.

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47

Griffith, Richard. "Prescribing nicotine patches to children: caution required." Nurse Prescribing 5, no. 3 (April 2007): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2007.5.3.23607.

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48

Yoshifuku, Asuka, Yuko Higashi, Shigeto Matsushita, Kazuhiro Kawai, and Takuro Kanekura. "Transdermal nicotine patches for eosinophilic pustular folliculitis." Journal of Dermatology 40, no. 9 (June 27, 2013): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12211.

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49

Mendelsohn, Colin P. "Three Decades of High-Dose Nicotine Gum Dependence Treated With Nicotine Patches." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 18, no. 5 (June 4, 2015): 1220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv124.

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Shiraki, T., A. Toyoda, H. Sugino, A. Hori, and S. Kobayashi. "Possible nicotinic receptor-mediated modulation of synaptic transmission in nucleus of the solitary tract." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): R869—R873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.3.r869.

Full text
Abstract:
Signal transmission from afferent nerves to neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) may be mediated partially by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, we investigated nAChR-mediated signal transmission using rat NTS slices. First, we characterized nAChRs by obtaining patch-clamp recordings from NTS neuronal cell bodies. Under whole cell voltage-clamp conditions at -60 mV, application of nicotine induced an inward current, and this effect was blocked by hexamethonium. In outside-out patch recordings, nicotine was seen to induce a hexamethonium-sensitive single-channel current. Second, we investigated nAChR-mediated signal transmission. Fast synaptic transmission mediated by nAChRs was not detected. The action of diffusible acetylcholine (ACh) on nAChRs was then tested using the outside-out patches excised from NTS neurons as probes for ACh. When the patch was placed at a distance of 20-30 microm from the cell body, single-channel currents were recorded, and these were inhibited by hexamethonium. The frequency of channel opening was increased by high-extracellular potassium concentration solution suggesting the voltage-dependent release ofACh that acts on nAChRs. These results suggested that nAChR-mediated signal transmission from sensory afferents to NTS neurons is in part mediated by diffusible ACh.
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