Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nicotine patches

Academic literature on the topic 'Nicotine patches'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Nicotine patches"

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&NA;. "Nicotine patches." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1197 (July 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199911970-00012.

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Benowitz, N. L. "Nicotine patches." BMJ 310, no. 6991 (May 27, 1995): 1409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6991.1409b.

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Kalra, Roma, Shashi P. Singh, Juan C. Pena-Philippides, Raymond J. Langley, Seddigheh Razani-Boroujerdi, and Mohan L. Sopori. "Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nicotine Administered by Patch in an Animal Model." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.3.563-568.2004.

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ABSTRACT To study the immunological effects of nicotine, there are several rodent models for chronic nicotine administration. These models include subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pumps, nicotine-spiked drinking water, and self-administration via jugular cannulae. Administration of nicotine via these routes affects the immune system. Smokers frequently use nicotine patches to quit smoking, and the immunological effects of nicotine patches are largely unknown. To determine whether the nicotine patch affects the immune system, nicotine patches were affixed daily onto the backs of Lewis rats for 3 to 4 weeks. The patches efficiently raised the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and strongly inhibited the antibody-forming cell response of spleen cells to sheep red blood cells. The nicotine patch also suppressed the concanavalin A-induced T-cell proliferation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by spleen cells, as well as the fever response of animals to subcutaneous administration of turpentine. Moreover, immunosuppression was associated with chronic activation of protein tyrosine kinase and phospholipase C-γ1 activities. Thus, in this animal model of nicotine administration, the nicotine patch efficiently raises the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and impairs both the immune and inflammatory responses.
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Miller, Virginia M., W. Darrin Clouse, Britt H. Tonnessen, Umar S. Boston, Sandra R. Severson, Sue Bonde, Kevin S. Rud, and Richard D. Hurt. "Time and dose effect of transdermal nicotine on endothelial function." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): H1913—H1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.4.h1913.

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Nicotine patches are available as an over-the-counter medication for aid in smoking cessation. This study was designed to determine how nicotine patch therapy over time and dose ranges used in smoking cessation programs in humans affects endothelium-dependent relaxations. Dogs were treated with nicotine patches (11, 22, or 44 mg/day) for 2 and 5 wk. Circulating nicotine and oxidized products of nitric oxide (NOx) were measured. Coronary arteries were prepared for measurement of isometric force and aortic endothelial cells were prepared for measurement of mRNA or NO synthase (NOS) activity. Circulating nicotine increased with increasing concentrations of nicotine patches. After 5 wk of treatment with 22 mg/day patches, circulating NOx was reduced but NOS activity was increased. NOS mRNA was similar among groups. Only after 5 wk of treatment with 22 mg/day patches were endothelium-dependent relaxations reduced to α2-adrenergic agonists, ADP, and the calcium ionophore A-23187. These results suggest a time and biphasic dose effect of nicotine treatment on endothelium-dependent responses that may be related to bioavailability of NO. This complex relationship of duration and dose of nicotine treatment may explain, in part, discrepancies in effects of nicotine on endothelium-dependent responses.
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Walker, Natalie, Marjolein Verbiest, Tomasz Kurdziel, George Laking, Murray Laugesen, Varsha Parag, and Chris Bullen. "Effectiveness and safety of nicotine patches combined with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e023659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023659.

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IntroductionEvidence indicates e-cigarettes can help people quit smoking; however, more confirmatory trials are needed. To date, no trials have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of combining nicotine patches with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation.Methods and analysisThis study is a pragmatic, three-arm, community-based, single-blind, randomised trial undertaken in New Zealand. Eligible participants are daily/non-daily smokers, aged ≥18 years, naive e-cigarette users and motivated to quit smoking in the next 2 weeks. Participants (n=1809), recruited using multi-media advertising, are randomised to 14 weeks of (1) 21 mg nicotine patches (n=201); (2) 21 mg nicotine patches+18 mg/mL nicotine e-cigarette (n=804); or (3) 21 mg nicotine patches+nicotine free e-cigarette (n=804). Participants receive weekly withdrawal-oriented behavioural support calls for 6 weeks post-randomisation. The primary outcome is self-reported biochemically verified continuous abstinence (CA) at 6 months post quit-date. The primary comparison is nicotine patch + nicotine e-cigarette versus nicotine patch + nicotine free e-cigarette, and the secondary comparison is nicotine patch versus nicotine patch +nicotine e-cigarette (90% power, p=0.05, to detect an absolute difference in 6 month CA rates of 8% and 15% respectively). Secondary outcomes, collected by phone interview at quit date, then 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-quit date, include self-reported CA, 7 day point prevalence abstinence, cigarettes per day (if smoking, or when smoking for non-daily smokers), time to relapse (if returned to smoking), belief in ability to quit, use of other cessation support, side effects/serious adverse events, treatment compliance, seeking additional support around e-cigarette use, daily use of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes, use of treatment past 14 weeks, views on treatment and recommendation to others, weight and cost-per-quitter.Ethics and disseminationThe Northern A Health and Disability Ethics Committee approved the trial. Findings will be disseminated through publication, conference/meeting presentations, and media.Trial registration numberNCT02521662; Pre-results.
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Ueda, Kimiko. "Nicotine patches in Japan." Lancet 358, no. 9280 (August 2001): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05660-4.

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Palmer, R., C. Scully, and D. H. Felix. "Nicotine, smoke and patches." British Dental Journal 200, no. 2 (January 2006): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4813187.

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Jarvis, M. J., M. A. Russell, and C. Feyerabend. "Unlicensed nicotine skin patches." BMJ 306, no. 6878 (March 6, 1993): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6878.647.

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Ruela, André Luís Morais, Eduardo Costa Figueiredo, Aline Gravinez Perissinato, Ana Carolina Zogbi Lima, Magali Benjamim Araújo, and Gislaine Ribeiro Pereira. "In vitro evaluation of transdermal nicotine delivery systems commercially available in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, no. 3 (September 2013): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502013000300020.

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The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for evaluating the release and skin permeation from transdermal nicotine patches using the vertical diffusion cell (VDC). The VDC is an experimental apparatus employed in research, development, and the pharmaceutical field because it can simulate conditions closest to those established in clinical trials. Two transdermal nicotine delivery systems marketed in Brazil to release 14 mg over 24 hours were evaluated. Release studies were carried out using a regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane and permeation studies were carried out using excised porcine ear skin. The results indicated that nicotine release from both evaluated patches follows Higuchi's release kinetics, while skin permeation studies indicated zero-order release kinetics. Nicotine release rates were different between both evaluated patches, but drug permeation rates were not significantly different. According to validation studies, the method was appropriate for evaluating in vitro performance of nicotine patches. The proposed method can be applied to in vitro comparative studies between different commercial nicotine patches and may be used as an auxiliary tool in the design of new transdermal nicotine delivery systems.
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Kang, Jeong Ho, and Sung Kgun Lee. "Progressive nicotine poisoning by multiple transdermal nicotine patches." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2021.18.2.31.

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The pharmacokinetic properties of transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) are different from those of other routes of nicotine administration; further, acute nicotine poisoning by TNPs may present with different clinical features. In the present report, we describe the case of a 23-year-old woman who was admitted to emergency department (ED) at Jeju National University Hospital with loss of consciousness. Five hours before the ED visit, she used multiple TNPs to attempt suicide. Initially, nausea and vomiting occurred, and the symptoms worsened over time. We immediately removed the TNPs, and the application sites were gently washed with sterile water. The patient’s level of consciousness gradually improved, and she fully recovered an altered mental status 5 hours later. Her initial urinary cotinine level was 324 ng/mL. Physicians should be aware that acute nicotine poisoning by TNPs can cause various toxic symptoms.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nicotine patches"

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Foulds, Jonathan Andrew. "An investigation into the role of nicotine in tobacco smoking and smoking cessation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264960.

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Sonmez, Nurhak. "Effectiveness Of A Smoking Cessation Program Combined With Transdermal Nicotine." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609428/index.pdf.

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The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation program combined with nicotine patches in a university student sample. Moreover, changes in self-efficacy judgments of both experimental and control group participants were examined. 37 students from various departments of Middle East Technical University participated in the study. Participants in the experimental group received a 6-week group based multicomponent smoking cessation program combined with nicotine patches, whereas those in the control group were provided with self-help booklets. Point prevalence abstinence was used as the main outcome measure, which was verified by CO-measurement in exhaled air both at post-treatment and follow-ups. Separate one-way ANOVAs and repeated measures ANOVAs were used in data analysis. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the experimental and control group in terms of their degree of motivation, readiness and decision to quit smoking, nicotine dependence, depression, self-efficacy, and perceived social support at pre-treatment. Results of the repeated measures ANOVA with CO-values showed that the CO-levels of experimental groups significantly declined from pre-treatment to post-treatment and to follow-ups. Abstinence rates for the experimental group were found to be 66.67%, 55.55% and 45.44% at post-treatment, 1-month follow-up and 2-months follow-up respectively. On the other hand, abstinence rates for the control group were found to be 11.76%, 5.88% and 5.88% at post-treatment, 1-month follow-up and 2-months follow-up respectively. Moreover, it was found that self-efficacy scores of experimental group participants significantly increased at post-treatment, whereas those of control group participants significantly decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. After discussing the limitations and implications of the study, directions for future studies were suggested.
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Myers, K. "Effects of a combination of a varenicline and transdermal nicotine patch on post-quitting urges to smoke." Thesis, City, University of London, 2012. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19982/.

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The current portfolio is presented in support of the post-chartered “Top-up” Doctorate in Psychology degree. This portfolio comprises of 3 parts; Part 1 - a research project looking at the efficacy of a combination treatment regimen for smokers (which will be referred to throughout the portfolio as the thesis), Part 2 - a systematic review looking at the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in acute care and Part 3 - two case studies reflecting my professional practice which looks at the current clinician and patient perspective of using a combination of treatments in smoking cessation and a reflection on conducting research in an academic setting. Part 1 describes a randomised placebo controlled trial; designed to answer the principal question of whether using a combination of varenicline and nicotine patches reduces post-quitting urges to smoke more than varenicline alone. The study found no difference in post quitting urges between the active and placebo patch groups. Part 2 is a systematic review that was commissioned by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) to review the available evidence concerning the efficacy of different types of smoking cessation interventions in acute care settings. Results from a meta-analysis showed that for interventions with hospital patients to be effective, an extended period of support and stop smoking medication provided for over 4 weeks after discharge is recommended. Finally, part 3 is a series of case studies looking at current clinician practice in prescribing combination nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in UK stop smoking services (UK-SSS); a patient perspective of using combination NRT and varenicline and a reflection on my current clinical practice which gives some insight into my day-to-day role as a practicing health psychologist. These parts are independent of one another but all reflect practice in the field of smoking cessation.
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Jayakar, Selwyn S. "Abl family kinases regulate neuronal nicotinic receptors and synapses in chick ciliary ganglion neurons." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=mco1242668863.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2009.
"In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Sciences." Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 138-150.
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Steinhafel, Nathan W. "Expression and Function of Alpha3 and Beta2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits in HEK-293 Cells." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1665.pdf.

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Biet, Michaël. "Rôle et implication du courant sodique cardiaque dans la genèse de phénomènes arythmogéniques en conditions physiopathologiques." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6054.

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Le potentiel d’action cardiaque est un phénomène électrique finement régulé par des modifications du voltage membranaire engendré par l’ouverture de différents canaux ioniques (sodium, calcium, chlore et potassium) présents à la surface des cardiomyocytes. Les transferts d’ions, de part et d’autre de la membrane via ces canaux, génèrent des courants pouvant être mesurés par la technique de patch clamp. L’activité électrique cardiaque est donc la résultante d’un équilibre de différents flux d’ions qui peut également être modulé par les systèmes sympathique et parasympathique afin de permettre l’adaptation du rythme cardiaque. Le courant sodique (I[indice inférieur Na]) est responsable de l’initiation des potentiels d’action (PA) et module sa durée. Il joue donc un rôle prépondérant dans l’excitabilité cardiaque et la conduction de l’influx électrique. De par ce fait, une modification des propriétés biophysiques d’I[indice inférieur Na] lors de conditions physiopathologiques peut engendrer des troubles du rythme. I[indice inférieur Na] est divisé en phases rapide (I[indice inférieur Na] pic) et soutenue (I[indice inférieur NaL]) qui interviennent respectivement dans l’excitabilité et la durée d’un PA (phase de plateau). De plus, notre laboratoire a démontré que les canaux sodiques de types cardiaque ([indice inférieur Na]V1.5) et neuronaux (n[indice inférieur Na]Vs) contribuent à I[indice inférieur Na]. Chacun se différencie par leurs propriétés biophysiques, leurs contributions à I[indice inférieur Na] (pic et soutenu) ainsi qu’à leurs sensibilités à la tétrodotoxine (TTX). Nous avons étudié les effets précoces d’un diabète de type II, de l’exposition in-utero à la nicotine des nouveau-nés, de l’épilepsie et de l’ischémie sur les propriétés biophysiques du courant sodique cardiaque I[indice inférieur Na] responsable de l’impulsion électrique menant au battement cardiaque. Ces pathologies ont comme point commun l’apparition de troubles du rythme cardiaque tels que des bradycardies, des troubles de conduction menant parfois à des blocs auriculo-ventriculaires (BAV), des insuffisances cardiaques ou encore des problèmes d’excitabilité pouvant tous être reliés au courant sodique. Nos résultats montrent que toutes ces conditions physiopathologiques altèrent les propriétés du courant sodique en augmentant l’amplitude du courant I[indice inférieur Na] (diabète, exposition in-utero à la nicotine, épilepsie), l’excitabilité (diabètes, exposition in-utero à la nicotine, épilepsie) ou en augmentant le taux de participation des nNaVs à I[indice inférieur NaL] (épilepsie, ischémie). Nos données concordent avec la littérature et les observations cliniques et permettent d’expliquer en partie l’apparition de ces anomalies de troubles du rythme survenant chez les personnes atteintes de ces pathologies.
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Sutter, Jens-Uwe. "Charakterisierung regulatorischer Schritte in der konstitutiven Exocytose in Pflanzenzellen." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963101315.

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Hotham, Elizabeth. "Use of nicotine patches by pregnant women : assessment of acceptability and safety." 2000. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/46677.

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This thesis was funded by the Department of Human Services (South Australia) to test the acceptability of nicotine patches to pregnant women and to assess the safety of nicotine patches for pregnant women, at least in terms of overall exposure to nicotine. The study was conducted in the antenatal clinics at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide and was a pilot for a planned larger study. If the pilot indicated that the nicotine patches could be used safely by this group of women, the larger study would examine the effectivemess of patches in a smoking cessation program. Four focus groups, three with pregnant women and one with their care providers, were used to elucidate issues for pregnant women related to smoking and the use of nicotine patches to aid cessation.
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Lai, Chih-Kuan, and 賴志冠. "Comparative effectiveness of varenicline and nicotine patch reimbursed partially in health service." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58891010856261162771.

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碩士
臺灣大學
流行病學研究所
98
Background: National Smoking Cessation Service (NSCS), implemented since 2002, encourages and promotes motivated smokers to participate anti-smoking treatment by partially reimbursing related pharmacotherapy. Varenicline is a novel, recently launched adjuvant for treating tobacco dependence. Its long term cessation rate is superior to traditional treatment in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, whether its efficacy can be translated into daily practice with a partial coverage of drug expense remains unclear. Aim: The aim of this study is three folds: (1) To investigate the comparative effectiveness of varenicline and nicotine patch in a health care system with partial coverage; (2) To determine whether varenicline still maintain a better effectiveness than nicotine patch as it does in RCTs; (3) To identify any possible factors that influence or lead to the difference of the treatment outcome between varenicline and nicotine patch? Material and method: Eligible participants are: (1) aged 20 to 70 years; (2) those who received varenicline or nicotine patch (Nicotinell) between Apr 2006 and Nov 2009 in NSCS; and (3) qualified for the telephone follow-up made 6 months after their first visit of smoking cessation service. We recruited 1,117 participants in varenicline group and 1,211 in nicotine patch group. The primary outcome of analysis is 7-day point prevalent abstinence (PPA) at 6months. The secondary outcome is the duration of prescribed pharmacotherapy (in weeks). Statistic analysis: Logistic regression is used for association analysis to find the related factors. Result: The success of cessation at 6 months after initiating treatment is mainly determined by the type of pharmacotherapy and its duration of prescription in our study. The ORs are 1.48 (95% CI: 1.20–1.81) for varenicline group vs. Nicotinell patch group and 2.18 (95% CI: 1.72–2.75) for those with at least 4 weeks of prescribed pharmacotherapy vs. those less than 4 weeks. Older age is a modest but positive factor to enhance successful cessation. There are two negative factors to curb cessation attempt: smoker in the household (OR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.56–0.88) and higher FTND (Fagerstrom Tolerance of Nicotine Dependence) score (OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.83–0.91). The durations of prescription are only 3.16±2.25 weeks and 2.39±1.97 weeks in varenicline and Nicotinell group respectively. Both are far below than guideline recommendation. Discussion and Suggestion: Varenicline is more effective in treating tobacco use as compared with Nicotinell patch no matter the duration of prescription is at least or less than 4 weeks in routine daily practice. The findings of this comparative effectiveness research are similar to those identified in previous RCTs. In addition, the participants who receive varenicline also tend to be more compliant than those treated with Nicotinell patch. The better compliance of varenicline will synergistically exaggerate its treatment effect. Under-treatment is a common problem in NSCS. Most participants terminate adjuvant therapy prematurely. Varenicline with partial coverage is relatively expensive and infrequently prescribed in NSCS. A new strategy to encourage the distribution and prescription of varenicline is imperative to improve the cessation rate of NSCS.
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Sie, Cheng-Kai, and 謝承凱. "Effects of acute dose nicotine patch on force of muscle, explosive power and reaction time." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03707886063786206513.

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碩士
國立體育大學
運動科學研究所
101
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the acute dose of nicotine patch could alter the catecholamine secretion and thereby affecting the muscle force, explosive power and reaction time among college male students. The subjects were nine male students (22.2 ± 1.4 years) from the National Taiwan Sports University. Participants received the treatments of nicotine group (NIC) and placebo (PLB) test followed by crossing over experimental design. Both groups were examined the muscle force, explosive power and reaction time of the indicated exercise. Paired T-test stat was used to analyze the differences between those two groups. There was no statistically significance difference in terms of urine catecholamines between those two groups. However, muscle force, explosive power and reaction time were all significantly differences (P <.05) from each other . The results showed that acute dose of nicotine patch could possibly enhance not only the subjects' muscle force and explosive power, but also prolonging the reaction time.
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Books on the topic "Nicotine patches"

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Quit Smart: Stop smoking : With the Nicotine Skin Patch and other new methods. JB Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nicotine patches"

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Jones, T. E. "Smoking cessation programme with nicotine patches for employees of a teaching hospital." In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 711–13. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_305.

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Tiro, Jasmin, Simon J. Craddock Lee, Steven E. Lipshultz, Tracie L. Miller, James D. Wilkinson, Miriam A. Mestre, Barbara Resnick, et al. "Nicotine Patch." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1336–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_269.

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Rose, Jed E. "Nicotine Patch." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1504–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_269.

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Gonzàlez Quintana, J., D. Marín Tuyà, M. J. Consuegra Manzanares, and A. Garcia Baena. "Improving the effectiveness of the transdermal Nicotine Patch: A multicentre study." In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 708–9. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_303.

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Parks, Randolph W., Carter S. Young, Robert F. Rippey, Valerie Danz, Cathy Vohs, Jane R. Matthews, G. Todd Collins, et al. "Nicotinic Stimulation of Anterior Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease: Preliminary Study with Transdermal Patches." In Alzheimer Disease, 424–27. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8149-9_70.

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Richmond, Robyn, Abilio Almeida Neto, Kathy Harris, and Colin Mendelsohn. "Controlled Trial of the 24-Hour Transdermal Nicotine Patch in Conjunction With Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy." In Tobacco and Health, 817–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1907-2_184.

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Shuy, Roger W. "Nicotine Patch Advertisements." In Fighting over Words, 55–62. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0007.

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Seutin, Vincent, Bernard Dor, and Éric Englebert. "Chapitre 15. Les gommes et les patchs de nicotine sont-ils vraiment utiles au sevrage ?" In Le tabac en questions, 133–40. Mardaga, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mard.seuti.2020.02.0133.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nicotine patches"

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Wirapatrungrot, Supawat, and Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn. "Alteration of human brainwaves to the single dose of nicotine patch." In 2017 International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (ICDAMT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdamt.2017.7904992.

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Reports on the topic "Nicotine patches"

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Using both nicotine patches and gum together improves the chances of quitting smoking. National Institute for Health Research, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000786.

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