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1

Miller, Norman S., and James A. Cocores. "Nicotine Dependence: Diagnosis, Chemistry, and Pharmacologic Treatments." Pediatrics In Review 14, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.7.275.

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Columbus brought tobacco to the Old World, and in the following centuries, tobacco smoking spread throughout the world, despite vigorous opposition. The tobacco plant was named Nicotiana tabacum after Jean Nicot, who promoted his belief that the plant had medicinal value. Nicotine, the basic addicting drug contained in cigarettes, may be the deadliest drug known to humans in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality from nicotine addiction is greater than that from World Wars I and II, the Vietnam War, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and heroin and cocaine addiction combined. Tobacco use is linked to more than 390 000 deaths per year in the United States alone. The powerful lobbying forces of the tobacco industry have managed to keep supplies of nicotine available to the public despite efforts from medical and legal bodies to reduce advertising and educate the public about the adverse consequences of nicotine use. The addictive potential of cigarettes and the extent to which nicotine is the active ingredient in generating and sustaining addiction has been debated. The reasons for the resistance to considering whether nicotine is addictive have origins in attitudes toward addiction. Free will and personal choice have prevailed as explanations for why a 20-cigarette per day smoker will receive more then 70 000 boluses of nicotine per year despite the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this drug.
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2

Sharma, Geeta, and Sukumar Vijayaraghavan. "Nicotinic Receptors: Role in Addiction and Other Disorders of the Brain." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 1 (January 2008): 117822180800100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117822180800100005.

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Nicotine, the addictive component of cigarette smoke has profound effects on the brain. Activation of its receptors by nicotine has complex consequences for network activity throughout the brain, potentially contributing to the addictive property of the drug. Nicotinic receptors have been implicated in psychiatric illnesses like schizophrenia and are also neuroprotective, potentially beneficial for neurodegenerative diseases. These effects of nicotine serve to emphasize the multifarious roles the drug, acting through multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. The findings also remind us of the complexity of signaling mechanisms and stress the risks of unintended consequences of drugs designed to combat nicotine addiction.
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3

Jia, Wenbin, Ichiro Kawahata, An Cheng, and Kohji Fukunaga. "The Role of CaMKII and ERK Signaling in Addiction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063189.

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Nicotine is the predominant addictive compound of tobacco and causes the acquisition of dependence through its interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and various neurotransmitter releases in the central nervous system. The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) play a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. CaMKII is involved in long-term potentiation induction, which underlies the consolidation of learning and memory; however, the roles of CaMKII in nicotine and other psychostimulant-induced addiction still require further investigation. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms and crucial roles of CaMKII and ERK in nicotine and other stimulant drug-induced addiction. We also discuss dopamine (DA) receptor signaling involved in nicotine-induced addiction in the brain reward circuitry. In the last section, we introduce the association of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cellular chaperones of fatty acid-binding protein 3 in the context of nicotine-induced addiction in the mouse nucleus accumbens and provide a novel target for the treatment of drug abuse affecting dopaminergic systems.
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Tomei, Alexander, Joseph Studer, and Gerhard Gmel. "Prosocialness in young males with substance and behavioral addictions." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10, no. 2 (July 19, 2021): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00035.

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AbstractBackground and aimsSocial determinants are closely related to addiction, both as a cause and a consequence of substance use and other addictive behaviors. The present paper examines prosocialness (i.e. the tendency to help, empathize, and care for others) among a population of young males. We compared prosocialness across different types of addiction and examined whether prosocialness varied according to the presence of multiple addictions.MethodsA sample of 5,675 young males, aged 19–29 years old (Mean = 21.4; Median = 21), completed a questionnaire that included screening tools to identify addictive behaviors with regards to alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, gambling, and gaming. The questionnaire also included a scale to measure prosocialness.ResultsCompared to a no-addiction control group, the subgroups of young men suffering from behavioral addictions (i.e., gambling and gaming) reported the lowest levels of prosocialness. Respondents with an alcohol addiction also showed lower prosocialness compared to no-addiction controls. By contrast, no significant differences in prosocialness were found between respondents with nicotine disorder or cannabis disorder and the no-addiction controls. Furthermore, the number of addictions had no clear, observable effects on prosocialness. Significant differences were found between the no-addiction control group and the groups reporting one or more addictions, but not between the separate groups reporting one, two, and three or more addictions.Discussion and conclusionsA better understanding of the social dimension affecting young males with addiction, particularly gambling and gaming addictions, may be useful for their prevention and treatment.
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Santoro, Alessia, Carlo Tomino, Giulia Prinzi, Palma Lamonaca, Vittorio Cardaci, Massimo Fini, and Patrizia Russo. "Tobacco Smoking: Risk to Develop Addiction, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Lung Cancer." Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery 14, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574892814666190102122848.

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Background: The morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco smoking is well established. Nicotine is the addictive component of tobacco. Nicotine, through the non-neuronal α7nicotinic receptor, induces cell proliferation, neo-angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and inhibits drug-induced apoptosis. Objective: To understand the genetic, molecular and cellular biology of addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Methods: The search for papers to be included in the review was performed during the months of July- September 2018 in the following databases: PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), EMBASE (http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/embase), and ISI Web of Knowledge (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). The following searching terms: “nicotine”, “nicotinic receptor”, and “addiction” or “COPD” or “lung cancer” were used. </P><P> Patents were retrieved in clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). All papers written in English were evaluated. The reference list of retrieved articles was also reviewed to identify other eligible studies that were not indexed by the above-mentioned databases. </P><P> New experimental data on the ability of nicotine to promote transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells, exposed for one hour to Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9-10-epoxide, are reported. Results: Nicotinic receptors variants and nicotinic receptors upregulation are involved in addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or lung cancer. Nicotine through α7nicotinic receptor upregulation induces complete bronchial epithelial cells transformation. Conclusion: Genetic studies highlight the involvement of nicotinic receptors variants in addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or lung cancer. A future important step will be to translate these genetic findings to clinical practice. Interventions able to help smoking cessation in nicotine dependence subjects, under patent, are reported.
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6

Risi, Ella. "Giving Up Nicotine." British Gestalt Journal 7, no. 1 (June 1, 1998): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53667/acre2841.

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"Abstract: The paper describes nicotine addiction in the context of chemical dependency generally, including differences between nicotine and other addictions. Addiction is related to narcissistic injury of an already narcissistically wounded self. Difficulties and dangers for the therapist working with clients who are addicted are pointed out. Smokers can benefit from employing alternative coping sirakgies in high risk situations, and other cognitive and interpersonal skills. Key words: nicotine, addiction, chemical dependency, narcissistic injury, phenomenology, lifestyle management."
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7

Li, Du, and Xiaorui Ma. "Effects and Withdrawal of Drug Addiction." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (February 7, 2023): 1454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4502.

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Drug addiction is very common among people. Thousands of people are now suffering from cocaine addiction. Nicotine addiction may be one of the most common in the world, but many people underestimate the health hazards of nicotine. This report, presents nicotine in four parts: harms and addiction; research; conclusions, and further implications. Because nicotine is not like most banned drugs on the market-nicotine cannot be absorbed directly, people must be exposed to nicotine through a certain medium. The most common and intuitive way is through smoking, secondhand smoke, and e-cigarettes. However, most people don’t start smoking because of nicotine addiction, so the authors of this paper conducted experiments on why people start smoking late. Through self-made questionnaires and online experimental surveys, the results showed people were exposed to smoking because of environmental factors, social factors, psychological factors, and so on. People were exposed to nicotine for too long due to their addiction to cigarettes, which evolved into an addiction to nicotine. In the later stage, due to the addictive nature of nicotine, people no longer smoke because of the original addiction to smoking, but because they want to meet the needs of nicotine.
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Korkmaz Aslan, Tuba, and Serap Batı. "Addiction in university students – determining the levels of cigarette, alcohol, substance, game, and Internet addiction." European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 21, no. 1 (March 2023): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2023.1.8.

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Introduction and aim. This study aims to determine the average addiction levels of university students and the effects of different demographic variables on addiction levels and types. Material and methods. The study included 783 volunteer students in the Seydişehir campus of Necmettin Erbakan University. Data were collected face-to-face using Sociodemographic Information Form, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Cut-off test (CAGE), Digital Game Addiction Scale (DGAS-7), and Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Results. Of the students, 27.7% were using tobacco, 14.8% were using alcohol, 2.6% were using ecstasy, 2.3% were using cannabis, 1.4% were using inhalants, 1% were using pills. FTND, DGAS-7, and IAT mean scores were 3.80±2.55, 12.04±5.57, and 43.56±15.73, respectively, and 21.5% had risky alcohol use. Also, 2.2% were game addicts, 3.8% were internet addicts. Digital game addiction, internet addiction, and nicotine addiction were positively correlated. There was no significant relationship between nicotine and internet addictions. Individuals with risky alcohol use had higher rates of nicotine addiction. Conclusion. Students’ addiction rates were similar to the country in general. Addictions gained in the youth years continue in the following years and bring many health problems. Therefore, it is crucial to include the subject of combating addiction more in university education and increase studies on the subject.
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9

Changeux, Jean-Pierre. "Nicotinic receptors and nicotine addiction." Comptes Rendus Biologies 332, no. 5 (May 2009): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2009.02.005.

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10

Cooper, Skylar Y., and Brandon J. Henderson. "The Impact of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Flavors on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Nicotine Addiction-Related Behaviors." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184223.

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Over the past two decades, combustible cigarette smoking has slowly declined by nearly 11% in America; however, the use of electronic cigarettes has increased tremendously, including among adolescents. While nicotine is the main addictive component of tobacco products and a primary concern in electronic cigarettes, this is not the only constituent of concern. There is a growing market of flavored products and a growing use of zero-nicotine e-liquids among electronic cigarette users. Accordingly, there are few studies that examine the impact of flavors on health and behavior. Menthol has been studied most extensively due to its lone exception in combustible cigarettes. Thus, there is a broad understanding of the neurobiological effects that menthol plus nicotine has on the brain including enhancing nicotine reward, altering nicotinic acetylcholine receptor number and function, and altering midbrain neuron excitability. Although flavors other than menthol were banned from combustible cigarettes, over 15,000 flavorants are available for use in electronic cigarettes. This review seeks to summarize the current knowledge on nicotine addiction and the various brain regions and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes involved, as well as describe the most recent findings regarding menthol and green apple flavorants, and their roles in nicotine addiction and vaping-related behaviors.
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11

Aktürk, Ümmühan, Sümeyye Yağmur, Ramazan Murat Türkmen, and Semra Aktürk. "THE EFFECT OF NURSES' CHALLENGES TO STOPPING SMOKING ON NICOTINE ADDICTIONS." International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33457/ijhsrp.1415543.

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This study was conducted to examine the effects of nurses' difficulties in quitting smoking and their socio-demographic characteristics on Nicotine addictions. A cross-sectional study was conducted between August and November 2022. The study reached 410 nurses. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and the challenges to stopping smoking were used in the study. In the analysis of data; percentage, number, and linear regression techniques were used. It was determined that 30.3% of the nurses had high Nicotine Addiction. It was determined that the mean score of the Internal factors sub-dimension of the Nurses' challenges to stopping smoking was 28.89±8.06, the mean score of the Extrinsic Factors sub-dimension was 23.07±8.36, and the mean Nicotine Addiction scale score was 4.20±2.51. It was determined that the smoking nurse's age, perceived income level, smoking duration, and internal factors sub-dimension of the difficulties in quitting smoking had a 34% effect on the Nicotine addiction test. It was determined that the smoking addiction levels of the nurses who had difficulties in quitting smoking were higher. The Extrinsic Factors sub-dimension of the challenges to stopping smoking of nurses who smoked did not affect Nicotine Addiction status.
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12

Werme, Eric, and Joseph H. Lechner. "Nicotine Addiction." Science News 129, no. 6 (February 8, 1986): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3970347.

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13

Benowitz, Neal L. "Nicotine Addiction." New England Journal of Medicine 362, no. 24 (June 17, 2010): 2295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra0809890.

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14

Berrettini, Wade. "Nicotine Addiction." American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 9 (September 2008): 1089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050780.

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15

&NA;. "Nicotine Addiction." Journal of Addictions Nursing 15, no. 2 (2004): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10884600490452469.

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16

Palca, Joseph. "Nicotine addiction." Nature 333, no. 6171 (May 1988): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333287d0.

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17

Moxham, J. "Nicotine addiction." BMJ 320, no. 7232 (February 12, 2000): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7232.391.

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18

Benowitz, Neal L. "NICOTINE ADDICTION." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 26, no. 3 (September 1999): 611–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(05)70120-2.

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19

Bhanu Prakash G, Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, and Madhankumar Swaminathan. "A study on the agents that reduces the nicotine induced nicotinic receptor density in wistar rats." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4074.

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The most important substance causing addiction towards cigarette is nicotine. Nicotine abstinence causes withdrawal symptoms in smokers. It is not just nicotine, along with it is the upregulation of nicotinic receptor density (NRD) that leads to addiction. All together makes nicotine deaddiction the most difficult aspect. Nicotine receptor density increases as long as the person is exposed to nicotine. When once the NRD is initiated by nicotine, later though you stop smoking, the increased nicotine receptors create an urge to smoke. Hence the person feels to smoke for satisfying the nicotine receptors. The smokers may attempt to quit smoking but the NRD will create an urge for nicotine again. One cannot completely quit smoking or cannot stop taking nicotine, until the NRD is reduced to normal. In our present study we have studied the effect of citric acid and tyrosine on decreasing nicotinic receptor density. We have induced the nicotinic receptor density to raise and studied the citric acid and tyrosine’s effect in maintaining the NRD closer to normal. The study concludes that citric acid and tyrosine have reduced the NRD significantly. This can control withdrawal symptoms and can stop craving for nicotine and finally can lead to cessation of smoking and from taking nicotine therapy.
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Saravia, Rocio, Marc Ten-Blanco, Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez, and Fernando Berrendero. "New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 13316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413316.

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Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, plays a major role in tobacco addiction, producing a high morbidity and mortality in the world. A great amount of research has been developed to elucidate the neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems involved in such a complex addictive behavior. The endocannabinoid system, which has been reported to participate in the addictive properties of most of the prototypical drugs of abuse, is also implicated in nicotine dependence. This review summarizes and updates the main behavioral and biochemical data involving the endocannabinoid system in the rewarding properties of nicotine as well as in nicotine withdrawal and relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior. Promising results from preclinical studies suggest that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating nicotine addiction.
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Zaika, Vitalii, and Roman Sharavara. "THE INFLUENCE OF DISHARMONOUS CHILD-PARENT RELATIONSHIPS ON THE EMERGENCE OF ADDICTIVE TENDENCIES IN ADOLESCENT AGE AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM." Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», no. 1(52) (June 1, 2023): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2023.52.50-54.

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The article highlights the current issue of peculiarities of emergence of addictive tendencies in adolescence based on child-parent relations in the family. On the basis of psychodiagnostic methods, it was found that various forms of inadequate upbringing in the family (high demandingness of parents, high strictness of parents, high control in relation to the child, emotional distance of parents, denial of the child by parents, lack of cooperation between parents and child, disagreement between the child and by parents, parental inconsistency, parental authority) lead to a predisposition to certain types of addictions, which differ between high school and college students. These types of addictions include: alcohol addiction, Internet and computer addiction, love addiction, drug addiction, game addiction, nicotine addiction, food addiction, intersex addiction, workaholism, television addiction, religious addiction, addiction to a healthy life, drug addiction dependence. Among all types of addictions, according to the results of the study, school students are more prone to the following addictions: smoking (80%), gaming addiction (80%), food addiction (80%) and love addiction (76%). At the average level, they show a tendency to: addiction to alcohol, addiction to intersex relationships, drug addiction, addiction to the computer (Internet, social networks), addiction to a healthy lifestyle). Adolescent college students have among the prevailing tendencies towards addictions: addiction to the computer (Internet, social networks) (88%), addiction to intersex relationships (88%), addiction to a healthy lifestyle (80%). At the average level, students show tendencies towards the following addictions: alcohol addiction, gaming addiction, smoking addiction, food addiction, love addiction, drug addiction. Both schoolchildren and college students have a low level of addiction to the following types: religious addiction, television addiction, work addiction.
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Viscarra, Franco, Juan González-Gutierrez, Erica Esparza, Carla Figueroa, Pablo Paillali, Martin Hödar-Salazar, Camilo Cespedes, et al. "Nicotinic Antagonist UFR2709 Inhibits Nicotine Reward and Decreases Anxiety in Zebrafish." Molecules 25, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25132998.

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Zebrafish is becoming a popular animal model in neuropharmacology and drug discovery, mainly due to its ease of handling and low costs involved in maintenance and experimental work. This animal displays a series of complex behaviours that makes it useful for assessing the effects of psychoactive drugs. Here, adult zebrafish were used for assessment of the anxiolytic and anti-addictive properties of UFR2709, a nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonist, using two behavioural paradigms to test for addiction, the novel tank diving test to assess anxiety and the conditioned place preference (CPP). Furthermore, the expression of nAChR subunits α4 and α7 was measured in the zebrafish brain. The results show that UFR2709 exhibits an anxiolytic effect on zebrafish and blocks the effect evoked by nicotine on CPP. Moreover, UFR2709 significantly decreased the expression of α4 nicotinic receptor subunit. This indicates that UFR2709 might be a useful drug for the treatment of nicotine addiction.
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23

Li, Shupeng, ZhaoXia Li, Lin Pei, Anh D. Le, and Fang Liu. "The α7nACh–NMDA receptor complex is involved in cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking." Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, no. 12 (October 22, 2012): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20121270.

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Smoking is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and premature death. Nicotine, the main psychoactive drug in tobacco, is one of the most heavily used addictive substances, and its continued use is driven through activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Despite harmful consequences, it is difficult to quit smoking because of its positive effects on mood and cognition that are strong reinforcers contributing to addiction. Furthermore, a formidable challenge for the treatment of nicotine addiction is the high vulnerability to relapse after abstinence. There is no currently available smoking cessation product able to achieve a &gt;20% smoking cessation rate after 52 wk, and there are no medications that directly target the relapse process. We report here that the α7nAChR forms a protein complex with the NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR) through a direct protein–protein interaction. Chronic nicotine exposure promotes α7nAChR–NMDAR complex formation. Interestingly, administration of an interfering peptide that disrupts the α7nAChR–NMDAR complex decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and blocked cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rat models of relapse, without affecting nicotine self-administration or locomotor activity. Our results may provide a novel therapeutic target for the development of medications for preventing nicotine relapse.
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von Deneen, Karen M., Hadi Hussain, Junaid Waheed, Wen Xinwen, Dahua Yu, and Kai Yuan. "Comparison of frontostriatal circuits in adolescent nicotine addiction and internet gaming disorder." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 11, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00086.

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Abstract Background Recently, there has been significantly increased participation in online gaming and other addictive behaviors particularly in adolescents. Tendencies to avoid social interaction and become more involved in technology-based activities pose the danger of creating unhealthy addictions. Thus, the presence of relatively immature cognitive control and high risk-taking properties makes adolescence a period of major changes leading to an increased rate of emotional disorders and addiction. Aims The critical roles of frontostriatal circuits in addiction have become the primary focus associated with reward in the striatum and cognitive control in the PFC. Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and nicotine addiction are currently becoming more and more serious. Methods In the light of neuroimaging, the similarity between brain mechanisms causing substance use disorder (SUD) and IGD have been described in previous literature. Results In particular, two distinct brain systems affect the way we act accounting for uncharacteristic neural function in addiction: the affective system comprises of the striatum driven by emotional, reward-related, and internal stimuli, and a cognitive system consisting of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) supporting the ventral affective system's actions via inhibitory control. Discussion and Conclusion Therefore, as a novel concept, we focused on the implication of frontostriatal circuits in nicotine addiction and IGD by reviewing the main findings from our studies compared to those of others. We hope that all of these neuroimaging findings can lead to effective intervention and treatment for addiction especially during this critical period.
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Armstrong, Lucas C., Glenn E. Kirsch, Nikolai B. Fedorov, Caiyun Wu, Yuri A. Kuryshev, Abby L. Sewell, Zhiqi Liu, Arianne L. Motter, Carmine S. Leggett, and Michael S. Orr. "High-Throughput Patch Clamp Screening in Human α6-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors." SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 22, no. 6 (March 15, 2017): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472555217696794.

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Nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco products, is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. The subtypes of nAChR are defined by their α- and β-subunit composition. The α6β2β3 nAChR subtype is expressed in terminals of dopaminergic neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens and striatum and modulate dopamine release in brain regions involved in nicotine addiction. Although subtype-dependent selectivity of nicotine is well documented, subtype-selective profiles of other tobacco product constituents are largely unknown and could be essential for understanding the addiction-related neurological effects of tobacco products. We describe the development and validation of a recombinant cell line expressing human α6/3β2β3V273S nAChR for screening and profiling assays in an automated patch clamp platform (IonWorks Barracuda). The cell line was pharmacologically characterized by subtype-selective and nonselective reference agonists, pore blockers, and competitive antagonists. Agonist and antagonist effects detected by the automated patch clamp approach were comparable to those obtained by conventional electrophysiological assays. A pilot screen of a library of Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs identified compounds, previously not known to modulate nAChRs, which selectively inhibited the α6/3β2β3V273S subtype. These assays provide new tools for screening and subtype-selective profiling of compounds that act at α6β2β3 nicotinic receptors.
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Carr, Ellen. "Targeting Nicotine Addiction." Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/18.cjon.243-244.

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BRITTON, JOHN, MARTIN JARVIS, ANN McNEILL, CLIVE BATES, LINDA CUTHBERTSON, and CHRISTINE GODFREY. "Treating Nicotine Addiction." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 164, no. 1 (July 2001): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2010034.

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Jain, A. "Treating nicotine addiction." BMJ 327, no. 7428 (December 13, 2003): 1394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7428.1394.

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29

Slade, John. "Nicotine and Addiction." JAMA 274, no. 3 (July 19, 1995): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530030045033.

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30

Kotlyar, Michael, and Dorothy K. Hatsukami. "Managing Nicotine Addiction." Journal of Dental Education 66, no. 9 (September 2002): 1061–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2002.66.9.tb03575.x.

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Chmielowiec, Krzysztof, Jolanta Chmielowiec, Aleksandra Strońska-Pluta, Grzegorz Trybek, Małgorzata Śmiarowska, Aleksandra Suchanecka, Grzegorz Woźniak, Aleksandra Jaroń, and Anna Grzywacz. "Association of Polymorphism CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 Gene in People Addicted to Nicotine." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 10478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710478.

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Smoking is a chronic and relapsing addictive trait that harms public health. Among the many identified genetic variants of nicotine dependence, the variants in the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster on chromosome 15 that encode the α5, α3, and β4 subunits have recently received a lot of attention. Importantly, variants in this gene cluster have been associated with nicotine addiction. Among the many significant variants in this cluster, the polymorphism SNP rs16969968 seems to be the most interesting factor in nicotine addiction. This polymorphism causes an amino acid change from aspartate to asparagine at position 398 of the α5 nicotinic receptor protein sequence. Our study aimed to analyze three polymorphic variants: the rs16969968 located in the CHRNA5 gene, the rs578776 and rs1051730 located in the CHRNA3 gene in nicotine-addicted subjects, and in controls. Our study encompasses an association analysis of genotypes and haplotypes. A group of 401 volunteers was recruited for the study and divided into two groups: the study group consisted of addicted smokers and a control group of 200 unrelated non-smokers who were not dependent on any substance and healthy. A statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of genotypes of the rs1051730 polymorphism of the CHRNA3 gene (χ2 = 6.704 p = 0.035). The T/T genotype was statistically significantly more frequent in the group of nicotine-dependent subjects. The haplotypes rs16969968, rs578776, and rs1051730 were distinguished, of which the G-T-T and G-C-T haplotypes were present only in the study group. With differences in frequencies, statistical significance was noted—for the G-T-T haplotype p = 0.01284 and the G-C-T haplotype p = 0.00775. The research stated that novel haplotypes G-T-T and G-C-T, though with very low-frequency variants in CHRNA3, were associated with nicotine addiction.
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Ahijevych, Karen. "Nicotine metabolism variability and nicotine addiction." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 1, no. 1 (1999): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622299050011821.

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Jamali, Qutub. "Galantamine as a Treatment Option for Nicotine Addiction." Journal of Smoking Cessation 2021 (July 17, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9975811.

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The pharmacological therapy for smoking cessation recommended by National Institute for Health and care Excellence (NICE) guidelines is nicotine replacement therapy such as gum, inhalator, lozenge, nasal spray, oral spray, sublingual tablet, and transdermal patch. Medications such as bupropion and varenicline are also used. Varenicline is the only established drug used to alleviate symptoms of craving as it acts as a partial nicotine agonist. Galantamine has a similar mechanism of action where it is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and nicotinic receptor agonist. However, varenicline is the only recommended drug. There are not many studies to illustrate the effectiveness of galantamine for smoking cessation. This article explores the possibility of potential use of galantamine in alleviating the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
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Kaplan, Robert. "Carrot Addiction." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 5 (October 1996): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609062670.

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Objective: A case report of carrot addiction is presented with a review of the literature and comment on the role of beta carotene in addictive behaviour. Clinical Picture: The addiction occurred in a 49-year-old woman under conditions of stress due to marital problems, leading to a depressive illness and increased smoking. The patient maintained that the sensations of carrot craving and withdrawal were quite distinct from those associated with smoking. Treatment: The patient was advised to record her daily carrot consumption. Outcome: The patient did not return for several months, but stopped eating carrots after an operation, at which time she also stopped smoking. Conclusion: Compusive carrot eating, regarded as a rare condition, has received scant documentation, unlike hypercarotenemia due to unusual diets or food fads. Nervousness, craving, insomnia, waterbrash and irritability are associated with withdrawal from excessive carrot eating. The basis for the addiction is believed to be beta carotene, found in carrots. Does carrot eating, an aggressively oral activity, merely act as a behavioural substitute for smoking? Or does beta carotene contain a chemical element that replicates the addictive component of nicotine? Further study of this unusual but intriguing addiction may reveal more about the basis of all addictions, with particular implications for the cessation of cigarette smoking.
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Mira Yustika and Agung Ikhssani. "Case Report: Nicotine Addiction-Adolescence obsession." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KESEHATAN BORNEO 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30602/jtkb.v2i2.40.

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Nicotine dependence is a chronic relapse defined as a compulsive desire to use it, regardless of social consequences, loss of control over intake, and appearance of withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine dependence develops over time as a person continues to use nicotine. The most commonly used tobacco product is cigarettes, but any form of tobacco use and use of e-cigarettes can lead to dependence. Nicotine dependence is a serious public health problem because it causes continued tobacco use, which is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide, causing more than 8 million deaths per year. The result of the journal review is that preventing the use of tobacco products among adolescents is critical to ending nicotine addiction worldwide. The impact caused by nicotine tends to be bad, so stopping is the way out. Different levels of influence should be considered in interventions aimed at adolescent smokers, including psychological influences, addictions, peers and parents. This review article contains about the effect of nicotine on adolescents and what strategies can be done to stop the problem.
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Patel, Minal, Alison F. Cuccia, Yitong Zhou, Lauren Czaplicki, Lindsay Pitzer, Elizabeth C. Hair, Barbara A. Schillo, and Donna M. Vallone. "Nicotine Perceptions and Response to Proposed Low-Nicotine Cigarette Policy." Tobacco Regulatory Science 5, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 480–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.5.6.1.

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Objective: Proposed regulation may establish nicotine standards in cigarettes to sub-addictive levels. In this study, we explore the association between nicotine perceptions and responses to a reduced nicotine policy scenario among current smokers. Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of 18-54-year-old current tobacco users were collected in March-April 2018 (N = 1746). Current smokers (N = 854) were asked about nicotine-related health beliefs and nicotine addiction. Time to first cigarette (TTFC) was used to examine nicotine dependence. Adjusted and weighted logistic regression models examined these nicotine-related factors in association to support for a proposed government policy and related behavioral intentions. Results: Although 63% of survey participants accurately identified nicotine alone as the addiction cause, 49% incorrectly indicated that cancer and 56% indicated that increased health risk caused by cigarette smoking comes from nicotine. Smokers showed high support (72%) for a proposed low-nicotine policy. Greater misperception about nicotine harm was associated with greater odds (aOR = 1.66, p < .05) of policy support. Shorter TTFC was associated with greater intent to smoke low-nicotine cigarettes but was not associated with policy support. Conclusion: Evidence could inform health message development to address knowledge and misperceptions around nicotine when garnering public support for a low-nicotine policy.
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Ruppert, Ryan, Steve Sussman, and Shanna K. Kattari. "Review: Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Addictions Among Sexual Minority Subgroups." Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 210–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/lgbtq-2020-0007.

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The purpose of this study is to present current data on the prevalence and co-occurrence of 12 substance and behavioral addictions among adult cisgender sexual minorities (SM). We utilized MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases to systematically review the literature on alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, illicit drugs, gambling, eating/food, Internet, sex, love, exercise, work, and shopping within the SM community. Peer reviewed empirical articles in English from 2000 to 2019 were included. When possible, we compared prevalence and co-occurrence statistics between four SM subgroups (stratified into lesbian women, bisexual women, gay men, and bisexual men), and used heterosexual women and men as reference groups. Studies were scant within each area of addiction with the most studies focusing on addictions acknowledged within the DSM-V (alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, illicit drugs, gambling). Significantly fewer studies addressed the prevalence and co-occurrence of behavioral addictions across SM subgroups. Most studies assessing addiction among SM populations either categorize SMs into a single group or only stratify by gender. However, even with limited research, the findings from this review suggest that significant differences in addictive behaviors exist when comparing one SM subgroup to another. There is a strong need for more research that quantifies these disparities through prevalence and co-occurrence statistics.
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Harvanko, Arit, Kimberly A. Koester, Gideon St Helen, Sarah Olson, Hyunjin Cindy Kim, and Pamela M. Ling. "A Mixed-Methods Study on Use of Different Tobacco Products among Younger and Older Adults with Lower and Higher Levels of Nicotine Exposure in California in 2019–2020." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 3, 2022): 5563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095563.

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An increasing number of tobacco products are entering the market, offering a variety of options to attain desired nicotine intake. However, little is known about the effect of this diverse marketplace on the experiences and nicotine exposure among tobacco users. A mixed-methods study examined experiences with tobacco products among individuals with relatively lower or higher levels of biomarkers of nicotine exposure. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with younger and older adults to examine tobacco use behaviors, addiction to tobacco products, and nicotine effects. Younger and older adults provided similar narratives about addiction and nicotine effects, which were similar across age groups, product types (i.e., ENDS, combustible cigarettes, or oral tobacco products), and having lower or higher nicotine exposure. Some individuals with higher nicotine exposure who switched from combustible cigarettes to another product (e.g., ENDS) found similar or greater access and perceived addiction to nicotine. Adults with higher and lower levels of nicotine exposure provided narratives consistent with features of nicotine addiction, regardless of age and products used. Availability of multiple tobacco products may be associated with greater access and exposure to nicotine. Addiction may occur at low levels of use and with non-cigarette products.
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Garcia, Cristian Douglas Sales, Attaira Prince, and Eric E. J. Schwartz. "0027 Ravaged Rat Rhythms: Circadian Rhythm Influence on Mecamylamine-Induced Nicotine Withdrawal." SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0027.

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Abstract Introduction Mecamylamine (Mec) is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, serving as an important piece of nicotine addiction cessation therapies. When co-administered with nicotine, Mec blocks the positive reinforcing effects of the substance of abuse and may promote a lessened desire to perpetuate an addictive cycle. On the other hand, the magnitude of the withdrawal symptoms caused by this co-administration may reinforce addiction as users can choose to terminate the process of quitting. Methods The present study uses Sprague-Dawley rats to examine if the time of withdrawal onset in relation to circadian rhythms impacts the magnitude of the relevant aversive symptoms. We hypothesized that Mec injected during the rat’s dark period show significantly less aversive symptoms when compared to when it’s done during their light period. For this, we injected rats (n=3 per group) twice a day for thirteen days subcutaneously, with either saline or nicotine, a validated protocol to induce addiction. To measure aversive symptoms of nicotine precipitated withdrawal in light vs dark periods, we used a conditioned place aversion (CPA) behavioral assay in which the rats were either tested mid-light or mid-dark periods. In CPA, the rats were first introduced to the two distinct chambers and allowed to freely move in between them (day 10, for 15 minutes), while time spent in each one was analyzed. Then, they were conditioned to associate one chamber with saline and the other with Mec (days 11-12, for 30 minutes each). Finally, they were placed again in freedom, and the time spent in the mecamylamine-paired chamber was detracted from pre-conditioning to give us the results of aversion (day 13, for 15 minutes). Results We predicted that in the aftermath, the light-period rats on nicotine addiction schedule would show the shortest change in time in Mec-paired chamber, while saline-scheduled rats across both periods would show a change of zero—or no impact of Mec. Results indicated no significant differences between group averages for time spent in the Mec-paired chamber, but they showed saline-scheduled rats to be similarly aversive to it. Conclusion This result indicates the potential need for a study with a more selective nicotine blocker. Support (if any)
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Xu, Ziping. "Early Nicotine Exposure and Opioid Abuse." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 14, no. 1 (October 26, 2023): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/14/20230984.

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Over the last few years, the number of opioid-related deaths has been skyrocketing across racial, age, and gender groups in the United States. Researchers have found that continuous exposure to nicotine-containing substances among teenagers increases the likelihood of opioid addiction during adulthood. Hence, exposure to nicotine remains an essential factor associated with opioid use. Early Nicotine Exposure and Opioid Abuse is the central theme of this study. The study yielded several noteworthy findings, including the following: Upon consumption, nicotine rapidly enters the bloodstream and binds to specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, resulting in the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for the pleasurable and rewarding effects of nicotine use. Significantly, increased dependence on nicotine is strongly associated with heightened pain symptoms, which in turn exacerbate the likelihood of opioid use. To mitigate the risks of concurrent nicotine and opioid use, a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of addiction and prioritizes positive health outcomes for individuals and communities is needed. Hence, the importance of this study lies in its identification of key factors that inform the development of multifaceted interventions aimed at reducing the harms associated with nicotine and opioid use.
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Li, Xiaodan, Shen You, Jian Xiong, Yamin Qiao, Jinpeng Yu, Dongting Zhangsun, and Sulan Luo. "α-Conotoxin TxID and [S9K]TxID, α3β4 nAChR Antagonists, Attenuate Expression and Reinstatement of Nicotine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice." Marine Drugs 18, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18120646.

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Tobacco smoking has become a prominent health problem faced around the world. The α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is strongly associated with nicotine reward and withdrawal symptom. α-Conotoxin TxID, cloned from Conus textile, is a strong α3β4 nAChR antagonist, which has weak inhibition activity of α6/α3β4 nAChR. Meanwhile, its analogue [S9K]TxID only inhibits α3β4 nAChR (IC50 = 6.9 nM), and has no inhibitory activity to other nAChRs. The present experiment investigates the effect of α3β4 nAChR antagonists (TxID and [S9K]TxID) on the expression and reinstatement of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and explores the behaviors of acute nicotine in mice. The animal experimental results showed that TxID and [S9K] TxID could inhibit the expression and reinstatement of CPP, respectively. Moreover, both had no effect in acute nicotine experiment and the locomotor activity in mice. Therefore, these findings reveal that the α3β4 nAChR may be a potential target for anti-nicotine addiction treatment. [S9K]TxID, α3β4 nAChR antagonist, exhibit a superior effect for anti-nicotine addiction, which is promising to develop a novel smoking cessation drug.
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de Miranda, John. "What about nicotine?" Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 36, no. 28 (July 20, 2024): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adaw.34190.

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“People smoke for the nicotine but die from the tar.” Michael Russell, a psychiatrist who was an early proponent of nicotine's role in cigarette addiction and developed smoking‐cessation therapies. Born on March 9, 1932, in Cape Town, South Africa, he died of a heart attack on July 16, 2009, in Cape Town.
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43

Havermans, Anne, Edwin P. Zwart, Hans W. J. M. Cremers, Maarten D. M. van Schijndel, Romy S. Constant, Maja Mešković, Laura X. Worutowicz, et al. "Exploring Neurobehaviour in Zebrafish Embryos as a Screening Model for Addictiveness of Substances." Toxics 9, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100250.

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Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide and is highly addictive. Nicotine is the main addictive compound in tobacco, but less is known about other components and additives that may contribute to tobacco addiction. The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) has been shown to be a good model to study the toxic effects of chemicals on the neurological system and thus may be a promising model to study behavioral markers of nicotine effects, which may be predictive for addictiveness. We aimed to develop a testing protocol to study nicotine tolerance in ZFE using a locomotion test with light-dark transitions as behavioral trigger. Behavioral experiments were conducted using three exposure paradigms: (1) Acute exposure to determine nicotine’s effect and potency. (2) Pre-treatment with nicotine dose range followed by a single dose of nicotine, to determine which pre-treatment dose is sufficient to affect the potency of acute nicotine. (3) Pre-treatment with a single dose combined with acute exposure to a dose range to confirm the hypothesized decreased potency of the acute nicotine exposure. These exposure paradigms showed that (1) acute nicotine exposure decreased ZFE activity in response to dark conditions in a dose-dependent fashion; (2) pre-treatment with increasing concentrations dose-dependently reversed the effect of acute nicotine exposure; and (3) a fixed pre-treatment dose of nicotine induced a decreased potency of the acute nicotine exposure. This effect supported the induction of tolerance to nicotine by the pre-treatment, likely through neuroadaptation. The interpretation of these effects, particularly in view of prediction of dependence and addictiveness, and suitability of the ZFE model to test for such effects of other compounds than nicotine, are discussed.
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Adejare, Abdullahi, A. K. Oloyo, I. O. Ishola, A. A. Busari, K. B. Ismail-Badmus, M. M. Abdulrazaq, O. O. Osifala, and M. O. Salami. "Brain antioxidant status and gene expressions of nicotinic and dopamine receptors are improved by black seed oil administration in cigarette smoke or nicotine vapour-exposed rats." Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54548/njps.v38i2.5.

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Background: Smoking is associated with dysregulation of the antioxidant system and addiction. Aim: This study sought to ascertain the effect of Nigella Sativa (NS) oil on the antioxidant system, nicotine/tobacco addiction as well as the expressions of α4β2 nicotinic (nAChR) and dopamine type-2 (DRD2) receptors in selected brain regions of the rat. Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups comprising of vehicle-treated control, NS oil only, Smoke only, Smoke + NS oil, Nicotine only and Nicotine + NS oil. Animals were passively exposed to cigarette smoke or nicotine vapour for 12 weeks, however, NS oil treatment commenced from 9th-12th week of the experimental duration. Results: Nicotine vapour and cigarette smoke-induced increase in cotinine level were significantly ameliorated by NS treatment. Cigarette smoke or nicotine vapour exposure significantly (p<0.05) decreased the level of antioxidant enzymes while increasing malondialdehyde level in the brain homogenates of the rats. Administration of NS oil significantly (p<0.05) reversed the reduced antioxidant level. Cigarette-smoke also significantly increased α4-nAChR expression in the frontal cortex and olfactory bulb compared to control. Nicotine vapour significantly increased DRD2 expression only in the olfactory cortex. NS oil administration reduced both the cigarette-smoke-induced increase in α4-nAChR and nicotine vapour-induced increase in DRD2 gene expression only in the olfactory cortex. Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that NS oil improves brain antioxidant status while ameliorating nicotine vapour and cigarette smoke addiction through down-regulation of α4-nAChR and DRD2 gene expressions in discrete brain regions in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Benowitz, Neal L. "Treating Tobacco Addiction — Nicotine or No Nicotine?" New England Journal of Medicine 337, no. 17 (October 23, 1997): 1230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199710233371710.

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46

Antolin-Fontes, Beatriz, Kun Li, Jessica L. Ables, Michael H. Riad, Andreas Görlich, Maya Williams, Cuidong Wang, et al. "The habenular G-protein–coupled receptor 151 regulates synaptic plasticity and nicotine intake." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 10 (February 25, 2020): 5502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916132117.

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The habenula, an ancient small brain area in the epithalamus, densely expresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is critical for nicotine intake and aversion. As such, identification of strategies to manipulate habenular activity may yield approaches to treat nicotine addiction. Here we show that GPR151, an orphan G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) highly enriched in the habenula of humans and rodents, is expressed at presynaptic membranes and synaptic vesicles and associates with synaptic components controlling vesicle release and ion transport. Deletion of Gpr151 inhibits evoked neurotransmission but enhances spontaneous miniature synaptic currents and eliminates short-term plasticity induced by nicotine. We find that GPR151 couples to the G-alpha inhibitory protein Gαo1 to reduce cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in mice and in GPR151-expressing cell lines that are amenable to ligand screens. Gpr151– knockout (KO) mice show diminished behavioral responses to nicotine and self-administer greater quantities of the drug, phenotypes rescued by viral reexpression of Gpr151 in the habenula. These data identify GPR151 as a critical modulator of habenular function that controls nicotine addiction vulnerability.
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Carras, Porto. "Nicotine addiction and the modulation of nicotinic receptors." International Journal of Psychophysiology 18, no. 2 (November 1994): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(94)90319-0.

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48

McGehee, D. S. "Nicotinic and Opioid Receptor Interactions in Nicotine Addiction." Molecular Interventions 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mi.6.6.4.

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Graul, A. I., and J. R. Prous. "Executive summary: Nicotine addiction." Drugs of Today 41, no. 6 (2005): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dot.2005.41.6.914907.

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Handa, Sahil, Haneet Kour, and Charu Khurana. "Insight into nicotine addiction." CHRISMED Journal of Health and Research 4, no. 2 (2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2348-3334.201993.

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