Journal articles on the topic 'Nicole Brown'

Ableism in Academia: Theorising Experiences of Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses in Higher Education is a collection of essays and exploratory academic writing. Edited by Dr. Nicole Brown and Dr. Jennifer Leigh, the collection identifies and challenges ableism in the context of higher education, largely in the United Kingdom. The book is the planned result of a conference, Ableism in Academia, held in March 2018 at University College London.

In this monthly column, Kappan authors discuss books and articles that have informed their views on education. Catherine Voulgarides recommends Why Are So Many Minority Students in Special Education by Beth Harry and Janette Klinger. And Pamela Brown recommends the article “High-achieving schools connote risks for adolescents: Problems documented, processes implicated, and directions for interventions” by Suniya Luthar, Nina Kumar, and Nicole Zillmer, published in the October 2020 issue of American Psychologist.

Meeting British lawyers and participating in a comparative reflection on our legal systems has for me a history that goes back to 1966. In 1966 I participated, in London, in the first meeting of British and French administrative lawyers. Among the participants were Nicole Questiaux and Neville Brown; there was also the late President Letourneur, who was a forerunner in the development of the relations of French Administrative lawyers with British lawyers, at a time where these relations were very far from being as extensive as they are today. If I look back to this long period, I think that important progress has been made towards a better mutual understanding of our legal systems. My concern in this paper is with the dynamics and direction of the interactions which the Conseil d'État has had with other legal systems.

En noviembre de 2017, el candidato demócrata Bill de Blasio revalidó su reelección como alcalde de Nueva York frente a la republicana Nicole Malliotakis y el independiente Bo Dietl. Aunque sin duda muchas circunstancias influyeron en el resultado final, tales como sus diferentes niveles de popularidad o el contenido de sus programas, el discurso político juega un papel siempre decisivo. Por esta razón, se propone un análisis de las funciones persuasivas de los candidatos. En concreto, este artículo analiza el lenguaje retórico y figurativo de los candidatos en el momento clave de la campaña: el debate final, celebrado el 1 de noviembre, a la luz de las teorías del Análisis del Discurso Político (van Dijk, 1997, 2011, Fairclough & Fairclough, 2013), que hunde sus raíces en la Retórica de Aristóteles, a través de su revisión por parte de Charteris- Black (2011), la Teoría de Cortesía (Brown & Levinson, 1987) y la noción de imagen (Goffman, 1956, 1967), polarización (van Dijk, 1993, Chilton, 2004), y eufemismo y disfemismo (Allan & Burridge, 1991) para detectar y comparar las estrategias entre los candidatos según su condición de alcalde en funciones o de aspirante desde el punto de vista del discurso político.

Methods for the measurement of marsupial LH invariably rely upon the similarity of the LH molecule between different species and usually use anti-ovine or anti-bovine LH antibody and an ovine or bovine labelled LH preparation. Initial attempts to measure plasma LH in the Western Grey Kangaroo with assays using antibodies to 4 different isoforms of ovine LH raised in 7 different rabbits were unsuccessful. An enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) developed for the Asian elephant (Zoo Biology 23:45–63) was then applied to the Western Grey Kangaroo and the Black-flanked Rock Wallaby. This EIA has an anti-bovine-LH monoclonal antibody (518B7 provided by Dr Jan Roser, University of California, Davis, USA), biotinylated ovine LH label and bovine LH standard (NIADDK-oLH-26 and NIH-bLH-B10, both provided by Dr Janine Brown and Nicole Abbondanza, Smithsonian Institute, Front Royal, Virginia USA). Technical validation showed that serial dilution down to 1:8 of plasma from 7 individuals of each species showed parallelism to the assay standard curve, and control samples (1.24–5.30 ng/mL) had between-assay coefficients of variation <9%. Biological validation was achieved by challenging animals with intramuscular GnRH (Fertagyl®, 2.5 µg/kg) and measuring LH before and 25 min after the injection. Significant increases in plasma concentrations of LH (mean ± sem; all P > 0.0005) were seen after GnRH for both the Western Grey Kangaroo (from 5.0 ± 0.8 ng/mL to 9.4 ± 1.2 ng/mL; n = 19) and the Black-flanked Rock Wallaby (from 6.0 ± 0.7 ng/mL to 10.6 ± 0.6 ng/mL; n = 28). In conclusion, this assay can be successfully used to measure LH in these two species.

Abstract The spatial interactions between the immune system and tumor cells greatly influence antitumoral immunity. Characterization of immune cell composition and infiltration within the tumor niche informs prognosis, drug delivery efficiency, and therapeutic efficacy. However, few methods exist to query large numbers of immune biomarkers at subcellular spatial resolution. The CosMx™ Spatial Molecular Imager is the first platform to demonstrate simultaneous single-cell and subcellular detection of over 100 proteins on standard, biobanked, FFPE tissue samples. This high-plex protein panel detects key drivers of cancer progression and immune cell activation states. Here, we apply the CosMx 100-plex immuno-oncology assay on a set of breast cancer biopsies and demonstrate its quantitative and spatial capabilities. Key to CosMx protein technology is an antibody-oligonucleotide-conjugate 64-bit encoding method, not a cyclic exchange method. The encoding scheme is enabled by a 20nm hybridization-based optical barcode. The CosMx system uses a fully automated, cyclic microfluidics imaging system, high-resolution optics and 3D capability. The raw cyclic encoded 4-color tissue images are decoded using a robust automated decoding algorithm that detects protein sub-cellular localization and quantifies expression level. CosMx SMI produces protein localization maps for each target, which characterizes tissue microenvironment heterogeneity while providing spatial information. Additionally, accurate segmentation of individual cells enables spatial single-cell protein expression analysis, facilitating further mining and analyses of cellular subpopulations. The CosMx protein assay reagents were validated on multi-organ FFPE tissue microarrays and 35 human FFPE cell lines, including overexpression lines for key targets and cellular activation states, such as GITR, CD278, PD-L1, and PD-1. Benchmarking to multiple orthogonal datasets (e.g., the Human Protein Atlas, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, and low-plex IHC) demonstrates that the assay is highly sensitive and specific. CosMx SMI protein assay can be coupled with SMI’s 1000-plex RNA-detection assay; together, such a multi-omics platform can generate an unprecedented information-rich view of spatial biology that could usher in novel discoveries about health and disease. FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Citation Format: Zachary R. Lewis, Tien Phan-Everson, Gary Geiss, Mithra Korukonda, Ruchir Bhatt, Carl Brown, Dwayne Dunaway, Joseph Phan, Alyssa Rosenbloom, Brian Filanoski, Rhonda Meredith, Kan Chantranuvatana, Yan Liang, Emily Brown, Brian Birditt, Giang Ong, Hye Son Yi, Erin Piazza, Vikram Devgan, Nicole Ortogero, Patrick Danaher, Sarah Warren, Michael Rhodes, Joseph Beechem. Subcellular characterization of over 100 proteins in FFPE tumor biopsies with CosMx Spatial Molecular Imager [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3878.

-Stanley L. Engerman, Heather Cateau ,Capitalism and slavery fifty years later: Eric Eustace Williams - A reassessment of the man and his work. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. xvii + 247 pp., S.H.H. Carrington (eds)-Philip D. Morgan, B.W. Higman, Writing West Indian histories. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1999. xiv + 289 pp.-Daniel Vickers, Alison Games, Migration and the origins of the English Atlantic world. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. xiii + 322 pp.-Christopher L. Brown, Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, An empire divided: The American revolution and the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. xviii + 357 pp.-Lennox Honychurch, Samuel M. Wilson, The indigenous people of the Caribbean. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997. xiv + 253 pp.-Kenneth Bilby, Bev Carey, The Maroon story: The authentic and original history of the Maroons in the history of Jamaica 1490-1880. St. Andrew, Jamaica: Agouti Press, 1997. xvi + 656 pp.-Bernard Moitt, Doris Y. Kadish, Slavery in the Caribbean Francophone world: Distant voices, forgotten acts, forged identities. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. xxiii + 247 pp.-Michael J. Guasco, Virginia Bernhard, Slaves and slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999. xviii + 316 pp.-Michael J. Jarvis, Roger C. Smith, The maritime heritage of the Cayman Islands. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. xxii + 230 pp.-Paul E. Hoffman, Peter R. Galvin, Patterns of pillage: A geography of Caribbean-based piracy in Spanish America, 1536-1718. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. xiv + 271 pp.-David M. Stark, Raúl Mayo Santana ,Cadenas de esclavitud...y de solidaridad: Esclavos y libertos en San Juan,siglo XIX. Río Piedras: Centro de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1997. 204 pp., Mariano Negrón Portillo, Manuel Mayo López (eds)-Ada Ferrer, Philip A. Howard, Changing history: Afro-Cuban Cabildos and societies of color in the nineteenth century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. xxii + 227 pp.-Alvin O. Thompson, Maurice St. Pierre, Anatomy of resistance: Anti-colonialism in Guyana 1823-1966. London: Macmillan, 1999. x + 214 pp.-Linda Peake, Barry Munslow, Guyana: Microcosm of sustainable development challenges. Aldershot, U.K. and Brookfield VT: Ashgate, 1998. x + 130 pp.-Stephen Stuempfle, Peter Mason, Bacchanal! The carnival culture of Trinidad. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 1998. 191 pp.-Christine Chivallon, Catherine Benoît, Corps, jardins, mémoires: Anthropologie du corps et de l' espace à la Guadeloupe. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2000. 309 pp.-Katherine E. Browne, Mary C. Waters, Black identities: Wsst Indian immigrant dreams and American realities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. xvii + 413 pp.-Eric Paul Roorda, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo - Los días finales: 1960-61. Colección de documentos del Departamento de Estado, la CIA y los archivos del Palacio Nacional Dominicano. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1999. xx+ 783 pp.-Javier Figueroa-de Cárdenas, Charles D. Ameringer, The Cuban democratic experience: The Auténtico years, 1944-1952. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ix + 230 pp.-Robert Lawless, Charles T. Williamson, The U.S. Naval mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999. xv + 395 pp.-Noel Leo Erskine, Arthur Charles Dayfoot, The shaping of the West Indian Church, 1492-1962. Kingston: The Press University of the West Indies; Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xvii + 360 pp.-Edward Baugh, Laurence A. Breiner, An introduction to West Indian poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xxii + 261 pp.-Lydie Moudileno, Heather Hathaway, Caribbean waves: Relocating Claude McKay and Paule Marshall. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. xi + 201 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Claudette M. Williams, Charcoal and cinnamon: The politics of color in Spanish Caribbean literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. xii + 174 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Marie Ramos Rosado, La mujer negra en la literatura puertorriqueña: Cuentística de los setenta: (Luis Rafael Sánchez, Carmelo Rodríguez Torres, Rosario Ferré y Ana Lydia Vega). San Juan: Ed. de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Ed. Cultural, and Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1999. xxiv + 397 pp.-William W. Megenney, John H. McWhorter, The missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the birth of plantation contact languages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. xi + 281 pp.-Robert Chaudenson, Chris Corne, From French to Creole: The development of New Vernaculars in the French colonial world. London: University of Westminster Press, 1999. x + 263 pp.

The possibility of obtaining brown pigments with the use of blast furnace slag from waste water containing nickel is justified. The scheme of the main reactions is proposed. The kinetics of the reactions is studied. The contribution of the chemical interaction into the overall degree of treatment is established by potentiometric titration. The influence of the main factors on the degree of nickel extraction is determined. The phase composition of the formed pigment is established with the help of X-ray analysis. Rheological properties of the pigment particles are set. The main color characteristics of the obtained products are identified by visual and spectrophotometric way. X-ray microanalysis indicated the presence of the two phases in the obtained precipitate. Dispersed and phase compositions of the original slag determine the rheological properties of the pigment. By varying the synthesis parameters, the obtained patterns provide us with possibility of receiving pigments of the color from light brown to deep brown.

Abstract Many cancer cells possess supernumerary centrosomes, having more than one centrosome at each pole during mitosis which can lead to aberrant mitotic division and cell death. To prevent this fate, cancer cells cluster their centrosomes at two poles during division to divide in a pseudobipolar manner. As the presence of supernumerary centrosomes is rare in normal cells, targeting the declustering of supernumerary centrosomes in cancer cells is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an oncogenic protein and chemotherapeutic target shown to be found at the centrosome where it has a role in facilitating centrosome clustering. Inhibition of ILK, via an anti-ILK chemotherapeutic drug QLT-0267, has been shown to increase centrosome declustering causing mitotic arrest and cell death. However, not all cancers cells are susceptible to anti-ILK treatment alone. Therefore, we investigate a combination treatment strategy targeting ILK and another oncogenic kinase, Abelson kinase (Abl). Both ILK and Abl are involved in cancer cell survival, regulated by the same signalling pathways and share common binding partners that occur at the centrosome and are critical for mitosis. The ILK inhibitor QLT-0267 induced a significant sub-G1 peak following propidium iodide FACS analysis and an increase in MTT labelling, indicating that QLT-0267 significantly decreased survival in glioblastoma cell lines. These effects were augmented in the presence of imatinib, an Abl inhibitor. Moreover, QLT-0267 and imatinib, in combination, significantly increased mitotically arrested cells over the ILK inhibitor alone. Increased levels of cytosolic Abl have been associated with its transformative abilities. The ILK inhibitor effects on survival correlated with its ability to decrease cytosolic Abl levels and inhibited Abl’s localization to mitotic centrosomes in dividing glioblastoma cells. These effects were reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 (a drug that inhibits the degradation of Abl). Together these results indicate that combination treatment with QLT-0267 and imatinib are more effective then QLT-0267 alone at decreasing successful mitoses and survival in glioblastoma cells. Future studies will unravel the relationship between these oncogenic kinases at centrosomes and its effect on cancer cell cycle progression and survival. Citation Format: Jonathan Dresselhuis, Maddisen Brown, Nicole Robinson, Jacqueline Tan, Michael E. Cox, Julia Mills. Regulation of Abl at mitotic centrosomes and survival by ILK in glioblastoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 161.

Abstract Background Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) is a first in class novel oral triazaacenaphthylene bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor. In this study, we evaluated the potential impact of orally administered gepotidacin on the human microbiome, across three body-sites and at three specific time-points, as an exploratory endpoint in a Phase 2a clinical trial for the treatment of uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection (uUTI) (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03568942). Methods Through DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA variable region 4, we analyzed samples collected with consent from study subjects from the gastrointestinal tract or GIT (stool), pharyngeal cavity (saliva swabs) and vagina (vaginal swabs). Samples were taken at three time points which were pre-dosing (Day 1), end of dosing (Day 5) and follow-up visit (Day 28 ±3 days). A total of 156 samples were collected and 141 samples passed quality control criteria for DNA sequence analyses. Using a rigorous computational work-flow, changes in microbiome diversity and relative abundances of microbial species were quantified. Results Time series analyses showed that microbiota alpha diversity dropped, relative to pre-dose, by the end of gepotidacin dosing but trended a return trajectory to original pre-dose levels by the follow-up visit, for all body sites (Figure). However, the character and extent of the microbiota changes varied by location. The relative ordering from least to greatest changes in microbiota diversity of body sites is vaginal, pharyngeal and GIT. We found no statistically significant occurrences of pathogen related taxa, such as Clostridioides or Enterobacterales spp., at the final timepoints. Conclusion Since gepotidacin is both orally dosed and elimination includes the biliary route, it was predicted to affect the GIT microbiome, however changes in the distal pharyngeal and vaginal microbiota were also observed. Gepotidacin alteration of the endogenous microbial community appears to be temporary and reversible as microbiota diversity rebounded to near pre-dosing status within a period of several weeks. Our study illustrates how microbiome analyses in antibiotic clinical studies can quantify patterns of microbiota disruption and recovery. Disclosures Andrea Nuzzo, PHD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee) Stephanie Van Horn, B.Sc., GlaxoSmithKline (Employee) Christopher Traini, PHD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee) Caroline R. Perry, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee) Etienne Dumont, MD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee) Nicole Scangarella-Oman, MS, GlaxoSmithKline plc. (Employee, Shareholder) David Gardiner, MD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee) James R. Brown, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee)

Recently a number of young, ultra-talented, Māori and Pacific Island performers have emerged on local stages in Aotearoa (the Māori name for New Zealand) and beyond. Exemplifying this bright, youthful energy is Hone Kouka's multi-media production The Beautiful Ones, a joyful exploration of luminous rangatahi (youth) unleashed in a liminal realm. Adopting the Māori cosmological concept of Te Kore, in this article Nicola Hyland explores the depiction of rangatahi in this performance as transformational: liberated – culturally, sexually, and performatively – from historical tropes of youth and indigeneity. Nicola Hyland is a lecturer in Theatre at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and has ancestral ties to the Te Ati-Haunui-a-Paparangi and Ngati Hauiti iwi tribes of Aotearoa.

Trevor Wilson (ed.); Myanmar’s long road to national reconciliation (Jean A. Berley) Jennifer Lindsay (ed.); Between tongues; Translation and/of/in performance in Asia (Michael Bodden) Volker Grabowsky; Bevölkerung und Staat in Lan Na; Ein Beitrag zur Bevölkerungsgeschichte Südostasiens Peter Boomgaard) Odille Gannier, Cécile Picquoin (eds); Journal de bord d’Etienne Marchand; Le voyage du Solide autour du monde (1790-1792 (H.J.M. Claessen) Arjan van Helmond, Stani Michiels (eds); Jakarta megalopolis; Horizontal and vertical observations (Ben Derudder) Bert Scova Righini; Een leven in twee vaderlanden; Een biografie van Beb Vuijk (Liesbeth Dolk) Gerrit R. Knaap, J.R. van Diessen, W. Leijnse, M.P.B. Ziellemans; Grote Atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie/ Comprehensive Atlas of the Dutch United East India Company; Volume II: Java en Madoera/Java and Madura (Amrit Gomperts) Nordin Hussin; Trade and society in the Straits of Melaka; Dutch Melaka and English Penang, 1780-1830 (Hans Hägerdal) Wilco van den Heuvel; Biak; Description of an Austronesian language of Papua (Volker Heeschen) Ann L. Appleton; Acts of integration, expressions of faith; Madness, death and ritual in Melanau ontology (Menno Hekker) Amity A. Doolittle; Property and politics in Sabah, Malaysia; Native struggles over land rights (Monica Janowski) Rajeswary Ampalavanar Brown; The rise of the corporate economy in Southeast Asia (J. Thomas Lindblad) Dwi Noverini Djenar; Semantic, pragmatic and discourse perspectives of preposition use; A study of Indonesian locatives (Don van Minde) Sherri Brainard, Dietlinde Behrens, A grammar of Yakan (Chandra Nuraini) Dietlinde Behrens; Yakan-English dictionary (Chandra Nuraini) Pierre Lemonnier; Le sabbat des lucioles; Sorcellerie, chamanisme et imaginaire cannibale en Nouvelle-Guinée (Anton Ploeg) Edgar Aleo and others; A voice from many rivers; Central Subanen oral and written literature. Translated and annotated by Felicia Brichoux (Nicole Revel) Joos van Vugt, José Eijt, Marjet Derks (eds); Tempo doeloe, tempo sekarang; Het proces van Indonesianisering in Nederlandse orden en congregaties (Karel Steenbrink) Nancy Eberhardt; Imagining the course of life; Self-transformation in a Shan Buddhist community (Nicholas Tapp) J.C. Smelik, C.M. Hogenstijn, W.J.M. Janssen; A.J. Duymaer van Twist; Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlands-Indiё (1851-1856) (Gerard Termorshuizen) David Steinberg; Turmoil in Burma; Contested legitimacies in Myanmar (Sean Turnell) Carl A. Trocki; Singapore; Wealth, power and the culture of control (Bryan S. Turner) Matthew Isaac Cohen; The Komedie Stamboel; Popular theatre in colonial Indonesia, 1891-1903 (Holger Warnk) Jörgen Hellman; Ritual fasting on West Java (Robert Wessing) Waruno Mahdi; Malay words and Malay things; Lexical souvenirs from an exotic archipelago in German publications before 1700 (Edwin Wieringa) RECENT PUBLICATIONS Russell Jones, C.D. Grijns, J.W. de Vries, M. Siegers (eds); Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay VERHANDELINGEN 249 Peter Carey: The power of prophecy. Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java, 1785-1855

Ellis, Deebie and Norton, Bob. Implementing BS 5750/ISO 9000 in libraries. Jackson, Peter and Ashton, David. Implementing quality through BS 5750 (ISO 9000) Brown, Tony. Understanding BS 5750 and other quality systems. Baird, Nicola. Setting up and running a school library Pickering, Helen and Sumsion, John. A survey of library services to schools and children in the UK 1992-93. Lancaster, F W. If you want to evaluate your library... Abbott, Christine. Performance measurement in library and information services

Presence of the genus Neoparasitylenchus Nickle, 1967 (Tylenchida, Allantonematidae), parasitizing Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Argentina. We describe a new species Neoparasitylenchus platense sp. n., which is characterized by having the free living stages lip region flatly rounded, spear slender, faintly knobbed, tail rounded, females with light brown body, stylet not sunken into body, and not prominent, subterminal vulva and anus, obtusely rounded tail end, with a peg-like projection, oviparous, and the males with a little stylet and partially degenerate oesophagus, spicules filiform with widened base, short gubernaculum, leptodera bursa. ________________________________________________________________Publicación registrada en Zoobank/ZooBank article registered:LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FBE9DC98-04C4-4074-9037-1F5979320E2FActo nomenclatural/nomenclatural act:Neoparasitylenchus platense Camino, Reboredo & González, 2020LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B1146E52-46CC-40D0-B9FA-6627EA3B53E7________________________________________________________________

Abstract Background: Highly penetrant pathogenic variants causing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome occur among patients of racial/ethnic minorities at least as frequently as they do among non-Ashkenazi Jewish, non-Hispanic White patients. However, studies suggest that disparities persist in genetic counseling and testing in these populations. It is critical that we reduce the testing gap to better understand genetic susceptibility in minority patients and identify individuals who may benefit from preventive and therapeutic interventions. We explore genetic counseling and testing outcomes in a safety net system with significant support from financial assistance programs that minimizes typical financial and insurance barriers. Methods: This is a retrospective study of adult patients evaluated by a genetic counselor for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome between October 1, 2009 and September 30, 2019 in Smith Clinic, which is part of a large, county hospital system serving predominantly racial/ethnic minority and uninsured or under-insured patients, and affiliated with the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center. All patients between October 1, 2009 and February 28, 2013 underwent genetic testing, whereas all patients after March 1, 2013 were evaluated by a genetic counselor but may not have completed testing. Patient clinical data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: 1,682 patients (mean age at time of counseling/testing 48.2 years) were evaluated by a genetic counselor. Patient-reported race/ethnicity was 58.7% Hispanic, 25.2% non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 8.8% non-Hispanic White (NHW), 4.6% Asian, and 2.7% other with 2.6% having some Native American and 0.6% having any Ashkenazi Jewish genealogic ancestry. Among the 1,397 patients who completed genetic testing, 76.2% received financial assistance. The majority were tested with a multigene panel (70.4%) with the remaining primarily undergoing BRCA sequencing or BRCA large rearrangement test (multigene panels not available until April 2014). More than three-quarters of patients who did not complete testing (n=285, 20.6% of those evaluated after March 1, 2013) did not meet guideline-based criteria or had a relative who was a more appropriate candidate for testing. Only 10.2% declined testing with rates of decline highest among NHB patients. A pathogenic mutation was found in 15.4% of individuals tested: BRCA1 (n=108), BRCA2 (n=57), PALB2 (n=26), ATM (n=8), other (n=18). Rates of pathogenic mutations were higher among NHW and Hispanic patients (NHW 14.9%, Hispanic 17.4%, NHB 11.3%, Asian 9.0%, Other 17.1%). The relatively high percentages of identified pathogenic mutations was likely related to the fact that 84.1% of patients were referred for a personal history of breast and/or ovarian cancer with 6.1% of NHW and 5.7% of Hispanic patients referred for a relative with or personal history of a known pathogenic mutation. Among those with BRCA1/2 or PALB2 mutations, risk-reducing procedures were frequent among all races except those classified as other (mastectomies: NHW 50%, NHB 45.5%, Hispanic 51.9%, Asian 40%, other 16.7%; salpingo-oophorectomies or salpingectomies: NHW 35.7%, NHB 45.5%, Hispanic 56.4%, Asian 60%, other 16.7%). Conclusions: In a racially/ethnically diverse, low-income population, genetic testing uptake is high when supported by financial assistance programs and an on-site genetic counselor. Regardless, reasons for declining testing warrant further exploration, particularly among non-Hispanic Black patients, to further reduce disparities in testing. Prompt referral of patients who meet testing guidelines for genetic evaluation is also critical since pathogenic mutations were frequently identified in all racial/ethnic subgroups and nearly half underwent a risk-reducing procedure. Citation Format: Nicole Higashiyama, Shaun Bulsara, Susan Hilsenbeck, Tiffaney Tran, Ria Brown, Mary Fang, Cathy Sullivan, Georgiann Garza, Maryam Nemati Shafaee, C. Kent Osborne, Mothaffar Rimawi, Julie Nangia. Genetic assessment of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in the Smith Clinic: A 10-year, single center experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-09.

O artigo analisa a emergência da biotipologia nas ciências biomédicas do Brasil na década de 1930, na Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, onde existiu um Gabinete de Biotipologia vinculado à cadeira de Clínica Propedêutica. A biotipologia congregava conhecimentos da ciência experimental e da medicina constitucional. Primava pela visão holística sobre o corpo do indivíduo e suas práticas científicas consistiam em medidas morfológicas, fisiológicas e psicológicas como base para a classificação. Por meio da obra "O Normotypo Brasileiro", do médico Isaac Brown, busca-se analisar as práticas de medida e classificação das características biológicas dos corpos dos brasileiros. Os modelos biotipológicos adotados no Brasil foram inspirados nas obras dos italianos Nicola Pende, Giacinto Viola e Mario Barbàra. Todavia, os médicos brasileiros criaram suas próprias classificações, adaptando e reconstruindo os modelos originais. Num momento de intenso debate sobre a 'identidade nacional', sugiro que a biotipologia, com suas práticas de produção de pessoas, foi mobilizada como um instrumento para a definição de um tipo físico brasileiro.

In this paper we study rings and bimodules with no known one-sided chain conditions, but whose (two-sided) ideals and subbimodules are ‘nicely’ generated. We define bi-noetherian polycentral (BPC) and bi-noetherian polynormal (BPN) rings and bimodules, large classes of (almost always) non-noetherian objects, and put on record the basic facts about them. Any BPC ring is a BPN ring. In the case of rings we reduce their properties to properties of the prime ideals, and study the d.c.c. on (two-sided) ideals. We define both the artinian and bi-artinian radicals of a BPN ring, and use them to show that for BPN rings the intersections of the powers of both the Brown-McCoy and the Jacobson radicals are zero.

It is currently unclear how Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908) persists in arctic tundra ecosystems in the absence of felid definitive hosts. To investigate potential transmission routes of T. gondii in a terrestrial arctic food web, we collected samples from two migratory herbivores, Ross’s Geese (Chen rossi (Cassin, 1861)) and Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens (L., 1758)), and from two resident herbivores, Nearctic brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson, 1825)) and collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill, 1823)), trapped at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, Canada. Antibodies were detected in 76 of 234 (32.4%) serum samples from Ross’s Geese and 66 of 233 (28.3%) serum samples from Lesser Snow Geese. We did not detect T. gondii antibodies in filter-paper eluate tested from thoracic fluid samples collected from 84 lemmings. We did not detect T. gondii DNA in brain tissue from these lemmings. Although a small sample size, our findings suggest that lemmings in this terrestrial arctic ecosystem are not exposed to, or infected with, the parasite. This suggests that oocysts are not introduced into the terrestrial arctic ecosystem at Karrak Lake via freshwater runoff from temperate regions. This study demonstrated that live adult arctic-nesting geese are exposed to T. gondii and therefore migratory herbivorous hosts are potential sources of T. gondii infection for predators in terrestrial arctic ecosystems.

Cannibalism is a behavioral characteristic found in a wide variety of animal groups. Although the rates of cannibalism can vary from one group to another, studies indicate that the main factors contributing to an increase in the frequency of such behavior are the availability of food, population density, the behavior and availability of victims, and environmental stress. We carried out different laboratory experiments to assess whether different factors such as the presence or absence of food among siblings and non-siblings, and at different densities among conspecific and heterospecific individuals, affect longevity of recently emerged Brazilian brown recluse (Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão, 1934) and Chilean recluse (Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849)) spiderlings during periods of starvation. The results revealed that the survivorship of L. laeta during starvation was significantly higher than that of L. intermedia and that the addition of conspecific individuals increased survival rates by 1.5- and 1.6-fold, respectively. The tolerance of conspecifics differed between the two species, and generally, cannibalism was not observed, probably due to the risk of predation and limited consumption by weakened spiders, which coincided with the continued availability of endogenous vitelline reserves, thus indicating that the use of these spiderlings as a food resource may act to regulate starvation in more resistant spiders. The greater longevity and conspecific tolerance of L. laeta may be important factors contributing to the establishment of large populations of this spider in restricted areas, whereas for L. intermedia, hunger probably functions as a trigger for dispersal.

Abstract Background Abemaciclib is approved in 1st and 2nd line for hormone receptor (HR)-positive HER2-negative advanced breast cancer (ABC). However, outcomes on this agent are unclear in the real world.We determined the safety and efficacy profile of abemaciclib across 15 institutions in the United Kingdom. Methods We retrospectively identified HR-positive, HER2-negative ABC patients who received abemaciclib between July 2018 and June 2020. Demographics, disease characteristics, prior treatments, blood tests, toxicities, treatment delays and responses were recorded. Simple statistics, Fisher’s exact test, chi-squared method and Cox regression were used as appropriate. Results 228 patients identified had median age of 64 (31-93). 172 (75.4%) were postmenopausal and 209 (91.7%) had ECOG Performance Status 0-1. 145 (63.6%) had visceral involvement and 44 (19.3%) only bone disease. Patients received a median 1 (range 0-7) prior lines of treatment and 0 (range 0-5) prior chemotherapy lines.148 patients (64.9%) experienced diarrhoea (grade ≥3 in 16 [7.0%]). 146 patients (64.0%) developed neutropenia (grade ≥3 in 40 [17.5%]). 5 experienced febrile neutropenia (2.2%). 32 patients (14.0%) required hospitalisation due to toxicity (diarrhoea in 9 [3.95%]).Dose reductions were required in 107 patients (46.9%), mainly due to diarrhoea (55 [24.1%]) and to 50mg BD in 30 patients (13.2%). Dose delays were in median 14 (range 2-118). Abemaciclib was discontinued in 121 patients (53.1%) due to disease progression in 61 (26.7%) and toxicity in 48 (21.0%) (diarrhoea in 16 [7.0%]).Abemaciclib produced clinical benefit rate of 82.8% and overall response rate of 47.2% in 163 patients assessed. Overall, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4-7.8) and median overall survival (OS) was 8.8 months (95% CI 7.6-10.6). Conclusions This a large real-world analysis of the safety and efficacy of abemaciclib in combination with endocrine therapy for advanced HR-positive breast cancer. In this analysis, the rates of diarrhoea were lower compared with the pivotal trial data, while neutropenia was more frequent. Although the PFS outcomes were similar to those previously reported, median OS was worse in this cohort which may reflect the different population of patients included, who were older and had more frequent visceral involvement. The selection of patients suitable for abemaciclib is crucial to ensure adequate efficacy and safety outcomes in this setting. Citation Format: Nicolò Matteo Luca Battisti, Laura Morrison, Tamsin Nash, Nishanti Senthivel, Samantha Kestenbaum, Parvin Begum, Mariam Obeid, William Hayhurst, Dorothy Yang, Shafiah Gafoor, Caroline Brown, Farah Rehman, Laura Kenny, Olivia Hatcher, Susan Susan, Jennet Williams, Anna Brown, Hamoun Rozati, Alexandros Alexandros, Elinor Sawyer, Charalampos Gousis, Eleni Karapanagiotou, Anna Rigg, Kleopatra Rapti, Rebecca Roylance, Mark Beresford, Abigail L Gee, Apostolos Konstantis, Judy King, Mark Nathan, Emma Spurrell, Mark Pearce, Dane Bradwell, Arshi Denton, Kate Swain, Sophie McGrath, Mark Allen, Alistair Ring, Stephen Johnston, Fharat Raja. Abemaciclib and endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: A real-world UK multicentre experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-17-08.

The most globally recognized and economically important nematode on wheat is the cereal cyst nematode (CCN) complex (1). One of the most important species of this group is Heterodera filipjevi (Madžidov, 1981) Mulvey and Golden, 1983. During regular soil quarantine control in September 2010, Heterodera sp. cysts were found in soil samples originating from a wheat field in Gunaroš, Vojvodina Province, in northern Serbia. The wheat was a winter crop grown in a dryland production system and had an average cyst density of 2.50/100 cm3 of soil. Morphologically, the cysts were golden brown and lemon shaped with a posterior protuberance. The vulval cone was bifenestrate with horseshoe-shaped semifenestra, bullae, and underbridge. Cyst measurements (n = 30) ranged as follows: cyst length (without neck): 511.50 to 899.00 μm, cyst width: 201.50 to 682.00 μm, fenestral length: 44.80 to 65.60 μm, fenestral width: 24.00 to 40.00 μm, vulval bridge length: 12.80 to 20.80 μm, vulval bridge width: 6.40 to 14.40 μm, vulval slit: 6.00 to 12.80 μm, and underbridge length: 60.00 to 112.00 μm. The second-stage juveniles had an offset head, stylet with characteristic anchor-shaped basal knobs, four incisures, and a conical tail with a rounded tip. The J2 morphometrics (n = 30) were: length: 447.30 to 611.10 μm, width: 22.40 to 25.60 μm, stylet: 20.80 to 24.00 μm, tail length: 56.00 to 68.80 μm, tail width: 14.40 to 19.20 μm, and hyaline length: 35.20 to 44.80 μm. The ITS region was used for molecular analysis. Each DNA sample was extracted from a single cyst. Sequencing was done with primers TW81 and AB28 (2). In comparison with other H. filipjevi populations, the obtained sequence (GenBank Accession No. JX235959) revealed 99 to 100% similarity. Morphological and molecular data confirmed the existence of H. filipjevi. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of H. filipjevi from Serbia. Since wheat has important socioeconomic value for Serbia, after extensive surveys, additional phytosanitary measures may be necessary to prevent the spread of this parasite. References: (1) J. M. Nicol et al. Current Nematode Threats to World Agriculture. Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, Springer, New York, 2011. (2) A. M. Skantar et al. J. Nematol. 39:133, 2007.

-Chuck Meide, Kathleen Deagan ,Columbus's outpost among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2002. x + 294 pp., José María Cruxent (eds)-Lee D. Baker, George M. Fredrickson, Racism: A short history. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. x + 207 pp.-Evelyn Powell Jennings, Sherry Johnson, The social transformation of eighteenth-century Cuba. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. x + 267 pp.-Michael Zeuske, J.S. Thrasher, The island of Cuba: A political essay by Alexander von Humboldt. Translated from Spanish with notes and a preliminary essay by J.S. Thrasher. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener; Kingston: Ian Randle, 2001. vii + 280 pp.-Matt D. Childs, Virginia M. Bouvier, Whose America? The war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation. Westport CT: Praeger, 2001. xi + 241 pp.-Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Antonio Santamaría García, Sin azúcar no hay país: La industria azucarera y la economía cubana (1919-1939). Seville: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla y Diputación de Sevilla, 2001. 624 pp.-Charles Rutheiser, Joseph L. Scarpaci ,Havana: Two faces of the Antillean Metropolis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. x + 437 pp., Roberto Segre, Mario Coyula (eds)-Thomas Neuner, Ottmar Ette ,Kuba Heute: Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vervuert, 2001. 863 pp., Martin Franzbach (eds)-Mark B. Padilla, Emilio Bejel, Gay Cuban nation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. xxiv + 257 pp.-Mark B. Padilla, Kamala Kempadoo, Sun, sex, and gold: Tourism and sex work in the Caribbean. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999. viii + 356 pp.-Jane Desmond, Susanna Sloat, Caribbean dance from Abakuá to Zouk: How movement shapes identity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. xx + 408 pp.-Karen Fog Olwig, Nina Glick Schiller ,Georges woke up laughing: Long-distance nationalism and the search for home. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2001. x + 324 pp., Georges Eugene Fouron (eds)-Karen Fog Olwig, Nancy Foner, From Ellis Island to JFK: New York's two great waves of immigration. Chelsea MI: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000. xvi + 334 pp.-Aviva Chomsky, Lara Putnam, The company they kept: Migrants and the politics of gender in Caribbean Costa Rica, 1870-1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. xi + 303 pp.-Rebecca B. Bateman, Rosalyn Howard, Black Seminoles in the Bahamas. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. xvii + 150 pp.-Virginia Kerns, Carel Roessingh, The Belizean Garífuna: Organization of identity in an ethnic community in Central America. Amsterdam: Rozenberg. 2001. 264 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Susanna Regazzoni, Cuba: una literatura sin fronteras / Cuba: A literature beyond boundaries. Madrid: Iberoamericana/Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vervuert, 2001. 148 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Lisa Sánchez González, Boricua literature: A literary history of the Puerto Rican Diaspora. New York: New York University Press, 2001. viii + 216 pp.-Kathleen Gyssels, Ange-Séverin Malanda, Passages II: Histoire et pouvoir dans la littérature antillo-guyanaise. Paris: Editions du Ciref, 2002. 245 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Simone A. James Alexander, Mother imagery in the novels of Afro-Caribbean women. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press, 2001. x + 215 pp.-Gert Oostindie, Aarón Gamaliel Ramos ,Islands at the crossroads: Politics in the non-independent Caribbean., Angel Israel Rivera (eds)-Katherine E. Browne, David A.B. Murray, Opacity: Gender, sexuality, race, and the 'problem' of identity in Martinique. New York: Peter Lang, 2002. xi + 188 pp.-James Houk, Kean Gibson, Comfa religion and Creole language in a Caribbean community. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. xvii + 243 pp.-Kelvin Singh, Frank J. Korom, Hosay Trinidad: Muharram performances in an Indo-Caribbean Diaspora.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. viii + 305 pages.-Lise Winer, Kim Johnson, Renegades: The history of the renegades steel orchestra of Trinidad and Tobago. With photos by Jeffrey Chock. Oxford UK: Macmillan Caribbean Publishers, 2002. 170 pp.-Jerome Teelucksingh, Glenford Deroy Howe, Race, war and nationalism: A social history of West Indians in the first world war. Kingston: Ian Randle/Oxford UK: James Currey, 2002. vi + 270 pp.-Geneviève Escure, Glenn Gilbert, Pidgin and Creole linguistics in the twenty-first century. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002. 379 pp.-George L. Huttar, Eithne B. Carlin ,Atlas of the languages of Suriname. Leiden, The Netherlands: KITLV Press/Kingston: Ian Randle, 2002. vii + 345 pp., Jacques Arends (eds)

Context. Gaia Data Release 2 provides high-precision astrometry and three-band photometry for about 1.3 billion sources over the full sky. The precision, accuracy, and homogeneity of both astrometry and photometry are unprecedented. Aims. We highlight the power of the Gaia DR2 in studying many fine structures of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD). Gaia allows us to present many different HRDs, depending in particular on stellar population selections. We do not aim here for completeness in terms of types of stars or stellar evolutionary aspects. Instead, we have chosen several illustrative examples. Methods. We describe some of the selections that can be made in Gaia DR2 to highlight the main structures of the Gaia HRDs. We select both field and cluster (open and globular) stars, compare the observations with previous classifications and with stellar evolutionary tracks, and we present variations of the Gaia HRD with age, metallicity, and kinematics. Late stages of stellar evolution such as hot subdwarfs, post-AGB stars, planetary nebulae, and white dwarfs are also analysed, as well as low-mass brown dwarf objects. Results. The Gaia HRDs are unprecedented in both precision and coverage of the various Milky Way stellar populations and stellar evolutionary phases. Many fine structures of the HRDs are presented. The clear split of the white dwarf sequence into hydrogen and helium white dwarfs is presented for the first time in an HRD. The relation between kinematics and the HRD is nicely illustrated. Two different populations in a classical kinematic selection of the halo are unambiguously identified in the HRD. Membership and mean parameters for a selected list of open clusters are provided. They allow drawing very detailed cluster sequences, highlighting fine structures, and providing extremely precise empirical isochrones that will lead to more insight in stellar physics. Conclusions. Gaia DR2 demonstrates the potential of combining precise astrometry and photometry for large samples for studies in stellar evolution and stellar population and opens an entire new area for HRD-based studies.

Abstract Introduction: While the FDA has approved over 20 targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), less than half of patients in the US undergo comprehensive biomarker testing to determine if they would benefit from these agents. This gap in testing is compounded in ex-US and minority populations. There are multiple barriers to access for biomarker testing, many of which stem from the complexity and high costs of current solutions, which limit testing to large, centralized laboratories. Alongside this, tissue requirements are high, turnaround times (TAT) for results typically take weeks, and reimbursement is uncertain. We demonstrate how ASPYRE can address these limitations by enabling ultra-sensitive biomarker testing using existing staff and widely available instrumentation. The technology is based on four enzyme steps (Silva et al 2020), the last of which is monitored on a real-time PCR instrument. ASPYRE-Lung targets 111 markers in 11 genes, including 77 DNA variants (substitutions and indels), and 34 RNA variants (fusions and exon skipping) across 24 wells, with a TAT of less than &lt;4 hours from extracted nucleic acids to result. Experimental procedures: Four test sites were provided with ASPYRE reagents and contrived samples including Seracare ctDNA Mutation Mix v2 and a panel consisting of synthetic RNA oligonucleotides diluted in a background of normal lung RNA. The Seracare sample included variants in BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, and KRAS at 0.25% variant allele fraction. The RNA sample included fusions in RET, ROS1 and NTRK1, with each fusion present at a mean of 6 copies in a background of 1 ng lung RNA. Operators from a range of educational backgrounds were provided a set of written Instructions for Use, with no additional training. Summary of data: The ASPYRE-Lung test was set up and performed at each test laboratory in as little as one day, using their existing real-time PCR instrument. The results demonstrated detection of the expected variants with consistent performance characteristics across the test sites and between users. Importantly, the sensitivity of detection was in line with, or superior to, the current gold standard. Conclusions: Biofidelity’s breakthrough ASPYRE technology enables a dramatic simplification of workflows, and the ultra-sensitive detection of actionable biomarkers using existing real-time PCR instruments. This work has demonstrated the ease with which independent laboratories can implement comprehensive multi-gene assays based on ASPYRE technology, utilizing their existing staff and infrastructure. This stands in stark contrast to alternative solutions, which typically require substantial investments in new instrumentation, skilled staff, IT infrastructure and bioinformatics. Taken together, ASPYRE promises to remove key barriers in cancer biomarker testing, enabling all patients to access the right treatment at the right time. Citation Format: Paulina Powalowska, Nicola Potts, Brandon A. Smith, Kala F. Schilter, Honey V. Reddi, Lan Beppu, Jerald Radich, Charles Massie, Quentin Vicentini, Tom Brown, Robert Osborne, Barnaby Balmforth. External user testing of Biofidelity’s ASPYRE-Lung assay demonstrates breakthrough capabilities and ease of use [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4105.

Background:Patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation face increased mortality. There is an urgent need for effective treatments to reduce the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.Objectives:Our protocol aimed at evaluating the potential improvement in clinical outcomes with mavrilimumab, an anti-Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor alpha (GM-CSFRα) monoclonal antibody, in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyper-inflammation.Methods:Single-center, open-label, single active arm intervention; Adult patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia (as evaluated by CT scanning), hypoxia (PaO2:FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 mmHg), and systemic hyper-inflammation (increased C-reactive protein [CRP] ≥ 100 mg/mL and/or ferritin ≥ 900 μg/L, increased lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) received a single intravenous dose of mavrilimumab added to standard of care; follow-up 28 days. Main outcomes measure was time to clinical improvement (reduction ≥ 2 categories on the 7-point WHO clinical status scale, 1=discharge, 7=death); others included time to discharge from hospital; % of pts achieving a clinical improvement; survival; mechanical-ventilation free survival; time to fever resolution; CRP; PaO2:FiO2 ratio.Results:A mavrilimumab group (n=13 COVID-19 patients, non-mechanically ventilated, median age 57 [IQR, 52-58], males 12 [92%], febrile 11 [85%]; PaO2:FiO2195.5[166.7–215.0]) was compared to a cohort of 26 contemporaneous patients with similar baseline characteristics. Death occurred in 0% (n=0/13) of mavrilimumab recipients and 27% (n=7/26) of comparison-group patients (log rank p=0.046) during the 28-day follow-up. 100% (n=13) of mavrilimumab recipients and 65% (n=17) of comparison-group patients achieved clinical improvement (p=0.018) at Day 28, with earlier improvement (median 8.0 [IQR, 5.0–11.0] days vs 18.5 [11.0–NE] days) (p<0.001) in mavrilimumab recipients. Fever had resolved in 91% (n=10/11 febrile patients) of mavrilimumab recipients by Day 14, compared to 61% (n=11/18 febrile) of patients in the comparison group (p=0.110); fever resolution was faster in mavrilimumab recipients versus controls (median 1.0 [IQR, 1.0–2.0] day vs 7.0 [3.0 - NE] days, respectively, p=0·009). Mavrilimumab was well tolerated in all patients.Conclusion:Patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyper-inflammation who received treatment with mavrilimumab had better clinical outcomes compared to patients receiving routine care. Mavrilimumab was well-tolerated. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm our findings.References:[1]Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1054-62[2]Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395:1033-4Disclosure of Interests:Giacomo De Luca Speakers bureau: SOBI, Novartis, Celgene, Pfizer, MSD, Giulio Cavalli Speakers bureau: SOBI, Novartis, Pfizer, Corrado Campochiaro Speakers bureau: Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, GSK, SOBI, Emanuel Della Torre: None declared, Piera Angelillo: None declared, Alessandro Tomelleri: None declared, nicola boffini: None declared, Stefano Tentori: None declared, Francesca Mette: None declared, Patrizia Rovere-Querini: None declared, Annalisa Ruggeri: None declared, Teresa D’Aliberti: None declared, Paolo Scarpelllini: None declared, Giovanni Landoni: None declared, Francesco De Cobelli: None declared, John F. Paolini Shareholder of: Kiniksa, Employee of: Kiniksa, Alberto Zangrillo: None declared, Moreno Tresoldi: None declared, Bruce C. Trapnell Consultant of: Kiniksa, Fabio Ciceri: None declared, Lorenzo Dagna Grant/research support from: Abbvie, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, MSD, Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SG, SOBI, Consultant of: Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celltrion, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SG, and SOBI

BackgroundThe delay of the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) leads to severe impairment of survival.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of right ventricular (RV) function at rest and during exercise on survival in patients with SSc presenting for screening for PH.MethodsData from SSc patients who underwent routinely performed examinations for PH screening including echocardiography and right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise were analyzed. Uni- and multivariable analyses were performed to identify prognostic parameters in SSc and to compare them to known prognostic predictors.ResultsOut of 285 SSc patients screened for PH, 225 patients (81.3% female, mean age 58.1±13.0 years, 68% limited cutaneous SSc, WHO-FC II-III 74%, 24 manifest PH) were included in the analysis. During an observation period of 3.2±2.7 (median 2.6) years 35 patients died. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion ≤18 mm (p=0.0004), increase of cardiac index (CI) during exercise ≤ 2 l/min (p=0.0002), RV output reserve >3 mmHg/l/min (p=0.001), peak CI ≤ 5.5l/min (p=0.01), pulmonary arterial compliance >2 ml/mmHg (p=0.0005) and qualitative RV function at rest (p<0.0001) significantly predicted survival. In the multivariable analysis, RV function at rest, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide < 65% predicted and CI increase <2 l/min/m2 were identified as independent prognostic predictors and had >70% sensitivity and specificity to predict development of pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) during follow-up.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that assessment of RV function at rest and during exercise may provide crucial information to identify SSc patients who are at a high risk of an impaired survival and development of PVD.References[1]Brown ZR, et al. Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: Now or never!. Eur J Rheumatol. 2020;7(Suppl 3):S187-S192.Disclosure of InterestsPanagiota Xanthouli Speakers bureau: MSD and OMT, outside the submitted work, Julia Miazgowski: None declared, Nicola Benjamin Speakers bureau: Actelion pharmaceuticals, Bayer HealthCare and MSD outside the submitted work., Ojan Gordjani: None declared, Benjamin Egenlauf Speakers bureau: Actelion, MSD, Bayer and OMT (less than $10,000 each)., Satenik Harutyunova Speakers bureau: Bayer, MSD, Actelion and GSK, outside the submitted work., Rebekka Seeger: None declared, Alberto Marra Speakers bureau: MSD, Norbert Blank Speakers bureau: MSD, GSK, Actelion and Bayer Vital., Hanns-Martin Lorenz Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Pfizer, Cellgene, Medac, GSK, Roche, Chugai, Novartis, UCB, Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, and Lilly (less than $10,000 each) and research support from AbbVie, MSD, BMS, Cellgene, Medac, GSK, Roche, Chugai, Novartis, UCB, Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Baxter, SOBI, Biogen, Actelion, Bayer Vital, Shire, Octapharm, Sanofi, Hexal, Mundipharm, and Thermo Fisher, Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Pfizer, Cellgene, Medac, GSK, Roche, Chugai, Novartis, UCB, Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, and Lilly (less than $10,000 each) and research support from AbbVie, MSD, BMS, Cellgene, Medac, GSK, Roche, Chugai, Novartis, UCB, Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Baxter, SOBI, Biogen, Actelion, Bayer Vital, Shire, Octapharm, Sanofi, Hexal, Mundipharm, and Thermo Fisher, Ekkehard Grünig Speakers bureau: Actelion, Bayer AG, and MSD; grants from GSK, Novartis, and United Therapeutics; and personal fees from SCOPE, OrPha Swiss GmbH, and Zurich Heart House, Consultant of: Actelion, Bayer AG, and MSD; grants from GSK, Novartis, and United Therapeutics; and personal fees from SCOPE, OrPha Swiss GmbH, and Zurich Heart House, Christina Eichstaedt: None declared

The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer 1934) Nickle 1970 is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. It is especially damaging in East Asian countries, including Japan, China, and Korea. In China, the nematode has been found in Anhui, Guangdoung, Guizhou, Chongqing, and Zhejiang Provinces since its discovery in Jiangsu Province in 1982 (1). China is confronted with an enormous threat to its pine forests. B. xylophilus is transmitted by the insect vector pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus). The main host trees are Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii, and P. densiflora, which are the most common pine trees in China. Shandong Province, located north of Jiangsu Province, is a high-risk area because it was thought to be the northernmost suitable area for the pine wood nematode. P. tabulaeformis, P. densiflora, and P. thunbergii are the principal hosts. In 2010, a pine tree with suspected wilt disease was found in Lushang Forest (36°16′31.11″ N, 118°03′59.79″ E) of P. thunbergii located in Zibo city of Shandong Province. Symptoms were systemic, with almost all leaves brown or yellowish; the tree was nearly dead. Wood samples were collected and nematodes were extracted using a modified Baermann's funnel method. After 12 h, the nematodes were collected from the wood chips, and their morphology was observed with an inverted light microscope (Nikon 90i, Japan). Nematodes had a typical Aphelenchoid-type esophagus and female vulva flap. Females had subcylindrical tails, usually with broadly rounded terminus, some with a short mucro, and flat vulva, whereas males had large paired arcuate spicules with a sharply pointed prominent rostrum, and typical disc-like expansions on distal ends. Standard measurements of these nematodes were as follows: 25 females: body length = 960.9 ± 117.4 (791.5 to 1,265.2) μm, a = 32.1 ± 5.1 (23.7 to 44.5), b = 13.6 ± 1.4 (11.4 to 16.1), c = 28.3 ± 4.6 (21.7 to 42.2), V = 77.8 ± 2.0 (74.2 to 83.9), stylet length = 13.7 ± 1.6 (11.4 to 17.6) μm; 21 males: body length = 785.6 ± 103.2 (609.6 to 1,004.5) μm, a = 33.3 ± 4.4 (26.0 to 40.8), b = 11.9 ± 1.3 (9.0 to 14.6), c = 31.0 ± 2.7 (25.5 to 37.1), stylet length = 13.5 ± 1.9 (11.0 to 17.5) μm, spicule length = 18.8 ± 2.5 (14.9 to 23.9) μm. The morphometrics of this population, apart from body length and “a” value, which are shorter than the Portugal isolate measured by Mota et al. (3), are very much in the same range reported for B. xylophilus. For a more accurate identification, DNA was extracted from individual nematodes using a liquid nitrogen method. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1, ITS-2, 5.8S) were amplified by using PCR (2). Nucleotide sequences were compared with the sequences of B. xylophilus in GenBank, accession nos. JN684828 (Portugal), JN684829 (Portugal), JF826219 (Madeira Island) and JQ288086 (Japan). The ITS DNA sequences of the nematode from P. thunbergii were 99% identical to those of B. xylophilus in GenBank. A sequence of this nematode was submitted to the GenBank database and assigned the number KC460340. We have thus confirmed that B. xylophilus is now present north of Changjiang River in Zibo city, Shandong Province. This range expansion, perhaps the result of global warming, will affect both domestic and international quarantine efforts to control the further spread of pinewood nematode. References: (1) X. Y. Cheng et al. Heredity 100:356, 2008. (2) K. Metge and W. Burgermeister. J. Plant Dis. Protect. 113:275, 2006. (3) M. Mota et al. Nematology 1:727, 1999.

Leadership in midwifery must be demonstrated by all registrants. However, developing leadership skills can be daunting. This series explores how student midwives can work to embed these core skills into their practice. In this first instalment, Nicole Rajan-Brown and Krystyna Nowobilska-Dean discuss how students can find the courage to speak out to promote change within perinatal care.

This article focuses on the mentoring relationships Black women create and develop. The authors highlight how mentoring is communal and the ways these relationships serve to connect communities of Black women as resources of support. The article illuminates the generative power of Black women’s mentoring relationships to create alternate realities that make the academy more accessible, supportive, and beneficial for Black women. Black women engage in these mentoring relationships as acts of resistance by fighting to make space for their voices to be heard. As members of marginalized communities and outsiders within the academy, the article utilizes conversation as a method of inquiry, to share a curated exchange between the co-authors, Nicole M. Brown and Ruby Mendenhall, discussing the evolution of their decade’s long mentoring relationship.

Abstract The WHO has reported that mental health disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide, and the gaps in access to treatment, especially in low resourced settings, are a global public health issue. Refugees and migrants are disproportionately negatively impacted by factors contributing to mental health disorders barriers to care. Although considerable advances have been made in the development of MHPSS interventions, the efficacy and sustainability of these strategies depends largely on the ability to provide effective educational and training programs preparing and incentivizing future students needed to design, implement, and deliver MHPSS services. This roundtable discussion convenes individuals working across public, private, and academic sectors to explore novel partnerships seeking to scale up and transform mental health education to support refugees and forcibly displaced migrants. Panelists will discuss multi sector and institutional collaborations are needed to address such large-scale mental health gaps. In addition, this panel will discuss recent projects expanding curricular development, educational and research partnerships, and the development of pedagogical tools for professionals working in the mental health field, undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, and community partners. Anne Jachmann, a member of the Migration and Medicine research division of the Emergency Department of the University of Bern, has been studying and development of new practices to reduce barriers to diagnosis and the development of early interventions for asylum seekers in the Emergency Room. Adam Brown is a Clinical Psychologist and Director of the Trauma and Global Mental Health Lab. He will be discussing new initiatives and partnership in New York City and Latin America to scale up clinical treatment and research capacity for refugee and immigrant communities. Maria Hoen is a Historian and the Principal Investigator of the Consortium for Forced Migration, Displacement, and Education, a network of universities and colleges that has been developing novel educational strategies for refugee students and scholars as well as those working in this context. Nicole Shea is the Director of the Council for European Studies and the Executive Editor of EuropeNow, a global publication for a broad, multi-disciplinary educated audience. She will discuss how findings disseminated by media outlets on mental health and migration are critical for shaping discourse, education, and policy. Finally, Kyle Farmbry, Principal Investigator of the University Alliance for Refugees and At-Risk Migrants will provide insights on how a group of researchers, practitioners, and policymaker are coordinating efforts to harness the potential of university communities for the empowerment and protection of refugees and at-risk migrants. A discussion with audience will follow the panelists presentations. Key messages This panel will explore ways mental health education and training may better address the needs of refugees and migrants, through promoting interdisciplinary collaborations. Discuss ways for interdisciplinary partnerships and multi-institutional collaborations to provide comprehensive and dynamic training opportunities in forced migration mental health care.

Abstract Background The CDC lists multidrug-resistant PA as a Serious Threat pathogen causing 32,200 hospital infections and 2,700 deaths in the US in 2017. PA resistance is frequent with antibiotic monotherapies. SPR206 is a next generation polymyxin that, in a first in human study, was generally safe and well tolerated at the potential therapeutic dose of 100 mg IV Q8h. The aim of this study was to quantify the dose-range PA killing activity of SPR206 monotherapy in a hollow fiber infection model (HFIM) and to assess if the combination of SPR206 and MEM more effectively reduces bacterial burden and prevents development of resistance than either drug alone. Methods Agar dilution MICs and mutation frequencies (MFs) for SPR206, PMB, & MEM were performed for PA ATCC 27853. A 10-day HFIM dose range study simulating the free PK profiles for SPR206 (50 – 600 mg IV Q8h) quantified PA killing and possible regrowth. A HFIM study compared single vs combination SPR206 100 mg IV Q8h over 1h and MEM 2g IV Q8h over 1h regimens for enhanced PA killing and resistance suppression. Results The SPR206, PMB, & MEM MICs were 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. The MFs for SPR206 and PMB to 3x, 5x and 8x MIC were -6.2, -6.9, & -7.7 log CFU and -5.3, -6.4, & -7.7 log CFU, respectively. The MF for 3x MIC of MEM was -6.8 log CFU. In a dose-range HFIM, simulated regimens for 50 – 600 mg IV Q8h showed a dose-response effect, with 2.9 – 7.3 log CFU/mL reductions in PA seen at 5h. All regimens had regrowth by isolates with SPR206 MICs of 1 – 8 mg/L. In a HFIM study simulating the SPR206 and MEM clinical regimens, alone and in combination, SPR206 alone killed 5 log CFU/mL of PA at 5h, followed by regrowth. MEM alone killed 3.5 log CFU/mL of PA at 5h, with maximum kill seen on Day 4, followed by regrowth. SPR206 plus MEM killed 0.8 log CFU/mL more PA at 5h vs SPR206 alone and had undetectable PA counts by day 4. Combination therapy prevented regrowth (see figure). Conclusion Conclusions: SPR206 (100 mg IV Q8h) killed 5 log CFU/mL of PA at 5h, but regrowth ensued. SPR206 plus MEM produced 0.8 log CFU/mL more killing of PA at 5h. The killing activity of the 2-drug regimen combined with its resistance prevention effect resulted in undetectable PA counts by Day 4 of treatment. Disclosures Arnold Louie, MD, Curza, Inc.: Grant/Research Support|Prokaryotics: Grant/Research Support|Spero Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support Nicole Cotroneo, B.S., Spero Therapeutics: Employee|Spero Therapeutics: Stocks/Bonds Weiguo Liu, M.D., Spero Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support David Brown, M.B.A., Curza, Inc.: Grant/Research Support|Prokaryotics: Grant/Research Support|Spero Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support Jenny Myrick, B.S., Spero Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support George Drusano, M.D., Curza: Advisor/Consultant|Curza: Grant/Research Support|Prokaryotics: Grant/Research Support|Spero Therapeutics: Grant/Research Support.

Despite the availability of these management tools the success of any project remains vulnerable to how effectively they are applied (Schreiber, Bearlin, Nicol, & Todd, 2004). Managers commonly do not have the capacity to effectively monitor progress and evaluate success at landscape (Failing & Gregory, 2003; Sayer, Campbell, Petheram, Aldrich, Perez, Endamana, et al., 2007; Stem, Margoluis, Salafsky& Brown, 2005). Due to the complexity of socio-economic factors associated with projects, Margoluis, Stem, Salafsky& Brown (2009) emphasize that organizations had some challenges in the monitoring and evaluation of the projects they implemented. The challenges identified affect the way they monitor and evaluate the projects they implemented. This implies that the adequacy and effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation of the projects implemented was severely hampered by the challenges identified.

Jelena Subotić’s book is an important contribution to memory studies scholarship because it shows how the mechanism of memory appropriation connects state-led remembrance practices with the processes of national identity formation. Through the comparative analysis of Serbia, Croatia, and Lithuania, Subotić argues that Holocaust remembrance in these states is less about remembering the Holocaust – or acknowledging the states’ own responsibilities for the forced displacement and mass killing of the Jewish population on their territories – and more about the political use of the memory of the Holocaust in the context of the postcommunist transition and national identity insecurities. Yellow Star, Red Star, and particularly its chapters on Serbia and Croatia, nicely complement the existing literature – such as the work of Keith Brown, Siniša Malešević, Vjekoslav Perica, Dejan Jović, Emil Kerenji, Vjeran Pavlaković, Jelena Đureinović, Tamara Banjeglav, and Ana Ljubojević, among others – analyzing linkages between nationalism and state-sponsored memorialization practices in the post-Yugoslav states.

Winstanley, Nicola. A Bedtime Yarn, illustrated by Olivia Chin Mueller, Tundra Books, 2017.This picture book explores the dreams of Frankie, a little bear who has trouble falling asleep at night. To help him sleep, his mother provides a ball of yarn for him to hold while she works on the other end, knitting a special surprise for Frankie. Each ball of yarn is a different colour with its own story that takes the young bear on incredible adventures. For instance, a sea-green yarn invokes a dream that takes him deep into underwater caverns and a brown yarn reminds him of cake as a result of his upcoming birthday celebrations. Every colour depicts a new dream and unique experience. The story concludes with Frankie’s mother surprising him with a multi-coloured blanket that was made from all the different colours of yarn that he held. Beautiful artwork illustrated by Olivia Chin Mueller accompanies the story, including strands of coloured yarn that surround the images. The author creatively used colour as the starting off point for representing the wide variety of dreams that the little bear encounters. This children’s book teaches readers about different colours and the imaginative element of dreams. This book is suitable for children from Kindergarten to Grade 2. Recommended: 3 out of 4 starsReviewer: Janice KungJanice Kung is a Public Services Librarian at the University of Alberta, John W. Scott Health Sciences Library. She obtained her undergraduate degree in commerce and completed her MLIS degree in 2013. She believes that the best thing to beat the winter blues is to cuddle up on a couch and lose oneself in a good book.

Abstract Self-confidence is the core point of this research. Self confidence is a feeling that makes people think that they will do better after their efforts, a feeling that they can know more over time, a feeling that they can change themselves to adapt to the environment.There are three points of discussion under the topic. The first is self-confidence in facing family problem. There is no family without a problem and every single problem could be settled by means of self-confidence. This is followed by self-confidence in love as the second point. Love is a universal nuance that comes to everybody’s uplifting or crushing the person concerned and again by self-confidence love becomes a ladder to betterment in life. The third is self confidence in self-identity. A man will never be considered a man unless he has self-identity, which may appear in various forms, one of which is social standing. The main theory of self-confidence in taken from Brown stating that confidence is the belief that one will perform in a correct proper effective way. This research is conducted with descriptive qualitative method proposed by Krathwohl (1998), exploring social issues to be an epitome of guidelines. The results show that the protagonist has a strong self-confidence in facing family problem, love and self-identity. He faces a lot of problems in his family and this happens because he is an adopted child. However, through his strong self-confidence he could settle all the obstacles nicely and finally his self-confidence gives comfort to him. Key words: confidence, family, love, identity.

Each community’s title deed carries the indelible blood stains of our ancestors. (Watson, "Howard’s End" 2)IntroductionAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term coalition comes from the Latin coalescere or ‘coalesce’, meaning “come or bring together to form one mass or whole”. Coalesce refers to the unity affirmed as something grows: co – “together”, alesce – “to grow up”. While coalition is commonly associated with formalised alliances and political strategy in the name of self-interest and common goals, this paper will draw as well on the broader etymological understanding of coalition as “growing together” in order to discuss the Australian government’s recent changes to land rights legislation, the 2007 Emergency Intervention into the Northern Territory, and its decision to use Indigenous land in the Northern Territory as a dumping ground for nuclear waste. What unites these distinct cases is the role of the Australian nation-state in asserting its sovereign right to decide, something Giorgio Agamben notes is the primary indicator of sovereign right and power (Agamben). As Fiona McAllan has argued in relation to the Northern Territory Intervention: “Various forces that had been coalescing and captivating the moral, imaginary centre were now contributing to a spectacular enactment of a sovereign rescue mission” (par. 18). Different visions of “growing together”, and different coalitional strategies, are played out in public debate and policy formation. This paper will argue that each of these cases represents an alliance between successive, oppositional governments - and the nourishment of neoliberal imperatives - over and against the interests of some of the Indigenous communities, especially with relation to land rights. A critical stance is taken in relation to the alterations to land rights laws over the past five years and with the Northern Territory Emergency Intervention, hereinafter referred to as the Intervention, firstly by the Howard Liberal Coalition Government and later continued, in what Anthony Lambert has usefully termed a “postcoalitional” fashion, by the Rudd Labor Government. By this, Lambert refers to the manner in which dominant relations of power continue despite the apparent collapse of old political coalitions and even in the face of seemingly progressive symbolic and material change. It is not the intention of this paper to locate Indigenous people in opposition to models of economic development aligned with neoliberalism. There are examples of productive relations between Indigenous communities and mining companies, in which Indigenous people retain control over decision-making and utilise Land Council’s to negotiate effectively. Major mining company Rio Tinto, for example, initiated an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Policy platform in the mid-1990s (Rio Tinto). Moreover, there are diverse perspectives within the Indigenous community regarding social and economic reform governed by neoliberal agendas as well as government initiatives such as the Intervention, motivated by a concern for the abuse of children, as outlined in The Little Children Are Sacred Report (Wild & Anderson; hereinafter Little Children). Indeed, there is no agreement on whether or not the Intervention had anything to do with land rights. On the one hand, Noel Pearson has strongly opposed this assertion: “I've got as much objections as anybody to the ideological prejudices of the Howard Government in relation to land, but this question is not about a 'land grab'. The Anderson Wild Report tells us about the scale of Aboriginal children's neglect and abuse" (ABC). Marcia Langton has agreed with this stating that “There's a cynical view afoot that the emergency intervention was a political ploy - a Trojan Horse - to sneak through land grabs and some gratuitous black head-kicking disguised as concern for children. These conspiracy theories abound, and they are mostly ridiculous” (Langton). Patrick Dodson on the other hand, has argued that yes, of course, the children remain the highest priority, but that this “is undermined by the Government's heavy-handed authoritarian intervention and its ideological and deceptive land reform agenda” (Dodson). WhitenessOne way to frame this issue is to look at it through the lens of critical race and whiteness theory. Is it possible that the interests of whiteness are at play in the coalitions of corporate/private enterprise and political interests in the Northern Territory, in the coupling of social conservatism and economic rationalism? Using this framework allows us to identify the partial interests at play and the implications of this for discussions in Australia around sovereignty and self-determination, as well as providing a discursive framework through which to understand how these coalitional interests represent a specific understanding of progress, growth and development. Whiteness theory takes an empirically informed stance in order to critique the operation of unequal power relations and discriminatory practices imbued in racialised structures. Whiteness and critical race theory take the twin interests of racial privileging and racial discrimination and discuss their historical and on-going relevance for law, philosophy, representation, media, politics and policy. Foregrounding contemporary analysis in whiteness studies is the central role of race in the development of the Australian nation, most evident in the dispossession and destruction of Indigenous lands, cultures and lives, which occurred initially prior to Federation, as well as following. Cheryl Harris’s landmark paper “Whiteness as Property” argues, in the context of the US, that “the origins of property rights ... are rooted in racial domination” and that the “interaction between conceptions of race and property ... played a critical role in establishing and maintaining racial and economic subordination” (Harris 1716).Reiterating the logic of racial inferiority and the assumption of a lack of rationality and civility, Indigenous people were named in the Australian Constitution as “flora and fauna” – which was not overturned until a national referendum in 1967. This, coupled with the logic of terra nullius represents the racist foundational logic of Australian statehood. As is well known, terra nullius declared that the land belonged to no-one, denying Indigenous people property rights over land. Whiteness, Moreton-Robinson contends, “is constitutive of the epistemology of the West; it is an invisible regime of power that secures hegemony through discourse and has material effects in everyday life” (Whiteness 75).In addition to analysing racial power structures, critical race theory has presented studies into the link between race, whiteness and neoliberalism. Roberts and Mahtami argue that it is not just that neoliberalism has racialised effects, rather that neoliberalism and its underlying philosophy is “fundamentally raced and produces racialized bodies” (248; also see Goldberg Threat). The effect of the free market on state sovereignty has been hotly debated too. Aihwa Ong contends that neoliberalism produces particular relationships between the state and non-state corporations, as well as determining the role of individuals within the body-politic. Ong specifies:Market-driven logic induces the co-ordination of political policies with the corporate interests, so that developmental discussions favour the fragmentation of the national space into various contiguous zones, and promote the differential regulation of the populations who can be connected to or disconnected from global circuits of capital. (Ong, Neoliberalism 77)So how is whiteness relevant to a discussion of land reform, and to the changes to land rights passed along with Intervention legislation in 2007? Irene Watson cites the former Minister for Indigenous Affairs, Mal Brough, who opposed the progressive individual with what he termed the “failed collective.” Watson asserts that in the debates around land leasing and the Intervention, “Aboriginal law and traditional roles and responsibilities for caring and belonging to country are transformed into the cause for community violence” (Sovereign Spaces 34). The effects of this, I will argue, are twofold and move beyond a moral or social agenda in the strictest sense of the terms: firstly to promote, and make more accessible, the possibility of private and government coalitions in relation to Indigenous lands, and secondly, to reinforce the sovereignty of the state, recognised in the capacity to make decisions. It is here that the explicit reiteration of what Aileen Moreton-Robinson calls “white possession” is clearly evidenced (The Possessive Logic). Sovereign Interventions In the Northern Territory 50% of land is owned by Indigenous people under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 (ALRA) (NT). This law gives Indigenous people control, mediated via land councils, over their lands. It is the contention of this paper that the rights enabled through this law have been eroded in recent times in the coalescing interests of government and private enterprise via, broadly, land rights reform measures. In August 2007 the government passed a number of laws that overturned aspects of the Racial Discrimination Act 197 5(RDA), including the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Bill 2007 and the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment (Township Leasing) Bill 2007. Ostensibly these laws were a response to evidence of alarming levels of child abuse in remote Indigenous communities, which has been compiled in the special report Little Children, co-chaired by Rex Wild QC and Patricia Anderson. This report argued that urgent but culturally appropriate strategies were required in order to assist the local communities in tackling the issues. The recommendations of the report did not include military intervention, and instead prioritised the need to support and work in dialogue with local Indigenous people and organisations who were already attempting, with extremely limited resources, to challenge the problem. Specifically it stated that:The thrust of our recommendations, which are designed to advise the NT government on how it can help support communities to effectively prevent and tackle child sexual abuse, is for there to be consultation with, and ownership by the local communities, of these solutions. (Wild & Anderson 23) Instead, the Federal Coalition government, with support from the opposition Labor Party, initiated a large scale intervention, which included the deployment of the military, to install order and assist medical personnel to carry out compulsory health checks on minors. The intervention affected 73 communities with populations of over 200 Aboriginal men, women and children (Altman, Neo-Paternalism 8). The reality of high levels of domestic and sexual abuse in Indigenous communities requires urgent and diligent attention, but it is not the space of this paper to unpack the media spectacle or the politically determined response to these serious issues, or the considered and careful reports such as the one cited above. While the report specifies the need for local solutions and local control of the process and decision-making, the Federal Liberal Coalition government’s intervention, and the current Labor government’s faithfulness to these, has been centralised and external, imposed upon communities. Rebecca Stringer argues that the Trojan horse thesis indicates what is at stake in this Intervention, while also pinpointing its main weakness. That is, the counter-intuitive links its architects make between addressing child sexual abuse and re-litigating Indigenous land tenure and governance arrangements in a manner that undermines Aboriginal sovereignty and further opens Aboriginal lands to private interests among the mining, nuclear power, tourism, property development and labour brokerage industries. (par. 8)Alongside welfare quarantining for all Indigenous people, was a decision by parliament to overturn the “permit system”, a legal protocol provided by the ALRA and in place so as to enable Indigenous peoples the right to refuse and grant entry to strangers wanting to access their lands. To place this in a broader context of land rights reform, the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 2006, created the possibility of 99 year individual leases, at the expense of communal ownership. The legislation operates as a way of individualising the land arrangements in remote Indigenous communities by opening communal land up as private plots able to be bought by Aboriginal people or any other interested party. Indeed, according to Leon Terrill, land reform in Australia over the past 10 years reflects an attempt to return control of decision-making to government bureaucracy, even as governments have downplayed this aspect. Terrill argues that Township Leasing (enabled via the 2006 legislation), takes “wholesale decision-making about land use” away from Traditional Owners and instead places it in the hands of a government entity called the Executive Director of Township Leasing (3). With the passage of legislation around the Intervention, five year leases were created to enable the Commonwealth “administrative control” over the communities affected (Terrill 3). Finally, under the current changes it is unlikely that more than a small percentage of Aboriginal people will be able to access individual land leasing. Moreover, the argument has been presented that these reforms reflect a broader project aimed at replacing communal land ownership arrangements. This agenda has been justified at a rhetorical level via the demonization of communal land ownership arrangements. Helen Hughes and Jenness Warin, researchers at the rightwing think-tank, the Centre for Independent Studies (CIS), released a report entitled A New Deal for Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Remote Communities, in which they argue that there is a direct casual link between communal ownership and economic underdevelopment: “Communal ownership of land, royalties and other resources is the principle cause of the lack of economic development in remote areas” (in Norberry & Gardiner-Garden 8). In 2005, then Prime Minister, John Howard, publicly introduced the government’s ambition to alter the structure of Indigenous land arrangements, couching his agenda in the language of “equal opportunity”. I believe there’s a case for reviewing the whole issue of Aboriginal land title in the sense of looking more towards private recognition …, I’m talking about giving them the same opportunities as the rest of their fellow Australians. (Watson, "Howard’s End" 1)Scholars of critical race theory have argued that the language of equality, usually tied to liberalism (though not always) masks racial inequality and even results in “camouflaged racism” (Davis 61). David Theo Goldberg notes that, “the racial status-quo - racial exclusions and privileges favouring for the most part middle - and upper class whites - is maintained by formalising equality through states of legal and administrative science” (Racial State 222). While Howard and his coalition of supporters have associated communal title with disadvantage and called for the equality to be found in individual leases (Dodson), Altman has argued that there is no logical link between forms of communal land ownership and incidences of sexual abuse, and indeed, the government’s use of sexual abuse disingenuously disguises it’s imperative to alter the land ownership arrangements: “Given the proposed changes to the ALRA are in no way associated with child sexual abuse in Aboriginal communities […] there is therefore no pressing urgency to pass the amendments.” (Altman National Emergency, 3) In the case of the Intervention, land rights reforms have affected the continued dispossession of Indigenous people in the interests of “commercial development” (Altman Neo-Paternalism 8). In light of this it can be argued that what is occurring conforms to what Aileen Moreton-Robinson has highlighted as the “possessive logic of patriarchal white sovereignty” (Possessive Logic). White sovereignty, under the banner of benevolent paternalism overturns the authority it has conceded to local Indigenous communities. This is realised via township leases, five year leases, housing leases and other measures, stripping them of the right to refuse the government and private enterprise entry into their lands (effectively the right of control and decision-making), and opening them up to, as Stringer argues, a range of commercial and government interests. Future Concerns and Concluding NotesThe etymological root of coalition is coalesce, inferring the broad ambition to “grow together”. In the issues outlined above, growing together is dominated by neoliberal interests, or what Stringer has termed “assimilatory neoliberation”. The issue extends beyond a social and economic assimilationism project and into a political and legal “land grab”, because, as Ong notes, the neoliberal agenda aligns itself with the nation-state. This coalitional arrangement of neoliberal and governmental interests reiterates “white possession” (Moreton-Robinson, The Possessive Logic). This is evidenced in the position of the current Labor government decision to uphold the nomination of Muckaty as a radioactive waste repository site in Australia (Stokes). In 2007, the Northern Land Council (NLC) nominated Muckaty Station to be the site for waste disposal. This decision cannot be read outside the context of Maralinga, in the South Australian desert, a site where experiments involving nuclear technology were conducted in the 1960s. As John Keane recounts, the Australian government permitted the British government to conduct tests, dispossessing the local Aboriginal group, the Tjarutja, and employing a single patrol officer “the job of monitoring the movements of the Aborigines and quarantining them in settlements” (Keane). Situated within this historical colonial context, in 2006, under a John Howard led Liberal Coalition, the government passed the Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Act (CRWMA), a law which effectively overrode the rulings of the Northern Territory government in relation decisions regarding nuclear waste disposal, as well as overriding the rights of traditional Aboriginal owners and the validity of sacred sites. The Australian Labor government has sought to alter the CRWMA in order to reinstate the importance of following due process in the nomination process of land. However, it left the proposed site of Muckaty as confirmed, and the new bill, titled National Radioactive Waste Management retains many of the same characteristics of the Howard government legislation. In 2010, 57 traditional owners from Muckaty and surrounding areas signed a petition stating their opposition to the disposal site (the case is currently in the Federal Court). At a time when nuclear power has come back onto the radar as a possible solution to the energy crisis and climate change, questions concerning the investments of government and its loyalties should be asked. As Malcolm Knox has written “the nuclear industry has become evangelical about the dangers of global warming” (Knox). While nuclear is a “cleaner” energy than coal, until better methods are designed for processing its waste, larger amounts of it will be produced, requiring lands that can hold it for the desired timeframes. For Australia, this demands attention to the politics and ethics of waste disposal. Such an issue is already being played out, before nuclear has even been signed off as a solution to climate change, with the need to find a disposal site to accommodate already existing uranium exported to Europe and destined to return as waste to Australia in 2014. The decision to go ahead with Muckaty against the wishes of the voices of local Indigenous people may open the way for the co-opting of a discourse of environmentalism by political and business groups to promote the development and expansion of nuclear power as an alternative to coal and oil for energy production; dumping waste on Indigenous lands becomes part of the solution to climate change. During the 2010 Australian election, Greens Leader Bob Brown played upon the word coalition to suggest that the Liberal National Party were in COALition with the mining industry over the proposed Mining Tax – the Liberal Coalition opposed any mining tax (Brown). Here Brown highlights the alliance of political agendas and business or corporate interests quite succinctly. Like Brown’s COALition, will government (of either major party) form a coalition with the nuclear power stakeholders?This paper has attempted to bring to light what Dodson has identified as “an alliance of established conservative forces...with more recent and strident ideological thinking associated with free market economics and notions of individual responsibility” and the implications of this alliance for land rights (Dodson). It is important to ask critical questions about the vision of “growing together” being promoted via the coalition of conservative, neoliberal, private and government interests.Acknowledgements Many thanks to the reviewers of this article for their useful suggestions. 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When deaf people work in professional environments and participate in public events, we are often accompanied by sign language interpreters. This usually means wonderfully enhanced access – we can learn, participate and network in ways which are difficult if not impossible on our own. But while we often try to insist that our interpreters are ‘invisible’, that we are the ones learning, engaging in dialogue and consuming services, we are regularly bemused by the public fascination and focus on our interpreters – sometimes at the expense of their attention to us. When interpreters are in our midst, it seems it is not always clear whose interests they are representing. After years of experience and observation, certain attitudes and responses no longer surprise us. We become familiar with the strange behaviour of hearing people. After an interpreter has worked at a public event, perhaps standing on a stage and interpreting a presentation or performance, there is bound to be a wild-eyed member of the public rushing up to say, “That was fantastic!” Or if they are particularly suggestive, they might gush, “That was beautiful!”. How would they know if it was good interpreting, we wonder. And why don’t they come up to us and say, “Your interpreter looks good, where did you find him/her?” Other people ask the interpreter questions about themselves and their use of sign language – “How long did it take you to learn that?”, “I’ve always wanted to learn sign language, where can I find a class?” Experienced interpreters joke wryly about carrying a tape or printout of answers to these predictable questions. But the most predictable thing of all is that people will ask the interpreter, not us. But of course most people aren’t comfortable talking to deaf people, at least when they first encounter them. We perceive that the interpreter is used as a kind of shield by some people, as a way of keeping the unfamiliar and possibly confronting reality of deafness at arm’s length. Indeed we often do the same thing ourselves, keeping tiresome hearing people at bay by making conversation with our interpreter. The interpreter represents facility not only with two languages, but also with two cultures. In a situation of potential cultural conflict, we each displace our awkwardness and discomfort with the other onto the interpreter. As a repository of bilingual and bicultural knowledge, they will simultaneously understand us and render us less strange to the other. Another dimension of people’s fascination with interpreters is that they can potentially represent us in new ways, or know things about us that they’re not telling. Just as we are fascinated by a photograph of ourselves that shows how we appear to others, we are drawn to the idea that what we have said may be presented to others in a different form, that we might appear or sound different from the way we projected ourselves. And conversely, we are aware of the interpreter’s power to misrepresent, edit or obfuscate, even though we know they are ethically bound not to do so. For some people these possibilities are intriguing, for others they arouse unease or suspicion. Indeed, for some people, interpreters appear as custodians of obscure and mysterious knowledge, with the potential—almost never realised but alarming nonetheless—to use or withhold this knowledge in unpredictable ways. Interpreters are, for the most part, highly trained professionals working with a Code of Ethics which requires them to ‘render faithfully’ a message from one language to another. There is an academic discipline, Interpreting and Translation Studies, with an extensive literature about their practice and the social contexts of their work. Interpreters work in all kinds of situations, from boardrooms to doctors’ offices, from international conferences to workplace staff meetings. The common denominator to almost all of these settings is people’s misconceptions about their role and skills. Where do these misconceptions spring from? I suspect that representations of interpreting in our popular culture help to feed some of the confusion. It seems that the world is most interested in interpreters when they are working in fraught situations, confronting ethical dilemmas, and especially when they are breaking the rules. This seems to apply to interpreters in any language, not only sign language interpreters. Many of us remember the news story in 2005 about the Ukrainian sign language interpreter, Natalia Dmytruk. A TV news interpreter in Ukrainian Sign Language, she broke with protocol and informed viewers that the election results were fraudulent. It grabbed international headlines and Dmytruk became a hero, with her “courageous action” winning awards and earning her speaking engagements around the world. It was hard not to join in the acclaim, but it was also hard to reconcile this with the way we expect interpreters to behave and to be perceived by the public. One of Nicole Kidman’s films a few years ago was “The Interpreter”, about a woman working for the United Nations as an interpreter in an obscure African language. She inadvertently eavesdrops on a plot to assassinate an African leader, feels obliged to reveal this, and immediately becomes an object of intense interest for rival politicians and minders. This film highlighted the way interpreters can be perceived as repositories of great and often mysterious knowledge, and objects of ambivalence because they have choices about what to do with that knowledge. What happens when their ethical obligations conflict with international security and diplomatic relations? And how is this different from interpreters who face ethical dilemmas every day, but whose situations don’t threaten to start World War III or warrant the attentions of Sean Penn – are their ethical dilemmas any less important and perplexing? John Le Carré, the wonderful novelist who specialises in stories of spying and intrigue, used a similar dilemma in his 2006 novel The Mission Song, about an interpreter of mixed Irish/Congolese descent, Bruno Salvador (known as Salvo). Salvo is brought in to interpret some delicate political negotiations between warring clans from his own country, and international agents who have an interest in the country. Before long, he is caught between his professional obligations and his own loyalties, and becomes entangled in a dangerous web of intrigue and corruption. Le Carré, the master of the spy genre, presents the interpreter as a “double-agent” by default. At the beginning of the meeting, one of the negotiators summons Salvo to the top of the table and demands of him, “So which are you, my boy? Are you one of us or one of them?” He replies, “Mwangaza, I am one of both of you!” But as modern interpreters might agree, it isn’t always so easy to resolve divided loyalties or to stay impartial. As Salvo remarks elsewhere, “top interpreters must always be prepared to act as diplomats when called upon.” While working on a recent research project with a colleague (who is also, coincidentally, an interpreter) we were intrigued by the tale of a 17th-century Native American man known as Squanto, who served as an interpreter between the first English settlers in New England – the Pilgrims – and the Native Americans of the area. Squanto’s story is fascinating not only as an example of how interpreters have been present throughout history, but also because he took advantage of his access to both groups in order to seek political power for himself and his relatives. The only person who was able to expose his machinations was, of course, another interpreter. But Squanto had developed such close relationships with the Pilgrims that the English Governor could not bear to hand him over to be punished even when confronted with evidence of his duplicity. And when Squanto was dying (probably poisoned by his fellow tribesmen), he asked the Governor to “pray … that he might go to the Englishmen’s God in Heaven.” The story is an intriguing historical example of an interpreter exploiting his access to two languages, and it also illustrates the bi-cultural affiliations and even the co-dependency that can arise from the interpreting relationship. Squanto has remained well-known for hundreds of years. Had he operated just as a disinterested translator, without his extra-curricular activities, his story would probably not have endured as long as it has. These are just a few examples of the fascination and ambivalence with which popular culture can view interpreters. But in each case, what brings the interpreter into the foreground is that they are confronting the possibilities of crossing the line of confidentiality, though it is rarely given that name in these stories. And – in all of these examples – they do cross it. The conflicted, flawed interpreter is becoming a handy plot device… just as the isolated, silent deaf person has been for centuries. Where are the news stories, movies, novels and historical sagas about the interpreters who do their job with care and attention, who work to make their ethical obligations clear and manageable, who successfully stay in the background and let their clients emerge as agents? There aren’t any of course, because people like that don’t make good copy or memorable fictional characters. And because these thousands of professional interpreters don’t get celebrated in popular culture, the average person doesn’t know how they work, and they still need to keep explaining their role to people. Sometimes we speculate about futuristic interpreters. It’s already possible to have a ‘remote’ interpreter working via video-conference. This can result in strangely stilted interactions, since we don’t have that live human buffer in the room to deflect – or absorb – deaf and hearing people’s uncertainty with each other. Will holograms or avatars be part of the interpreting scene in the future, as some have suggested? I hope not – the complex interplay of uneasiness, curiosity and communication in live interpreting experiences is just too interesting. Note An earlier version of this article was published as "Interpreters Behaving Badly" in Across the Board, the magazine of ASLIA (Vic.). Used with permission of the editor. References Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association. "Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Professional Conduct. 2007. 3 May 2010 < http://aslia.com.au/images/stories/ASLIA_Documents/ASLIA_Code_of_Ethics.pdf >. The Interpreter. Motion picture. Prod. G.M. Brown, A. Minghella, and S. Pollack. Dir. S. Pollack. Universal Pictures, 2005. Le Carré, J. The Mission Song. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2006. Napier, J., R. McKee, and D. Goswell. Sign Language Interpreting: Theory and Practice in Australia and New Zealand. 2nd ed. Sydney: Federation Press, 2010. Philbrick, N. Mayflower: A Voyage to War. London: HarperPress, 2006. Washington Post. “As Ukraine Watched the Party Line, She Took the Truth into Her Hands.” 29 Apr. 2005. 25 Nov. 2008 < http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/28/AR2005042801696.html >.