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1
Greulich, Peter. Schwermetalle in Fichten und Böden im Burgwald (Hessen): Untersuchungen zur räumlichen Variabilität der Elemente Blei, Cadmium, Nickel, Zink, Calcium und Magnesium, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Reliefeinflusses. Marburg/Lahn: Im Selbtsverlag der Marburger Geographischen Gesellschaft, 1988.
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2
Negusanti, J. J. Studies of the terrestrial environment in the Sudbury Area 1978-1987. Toronto: Ministry of the Environment, 1990.
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3
Fatemi, Navid S. The achievement of low contact resistance to indium phosphide: The roles of Ni, Au, Ge, and combinations thereof. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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5
Center, Lewis Research, ed. A study of reduced chromium content in a nickel-base superalloy via element substitution and rapid solidification processing. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.
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6
I, Maibach Howard, and Menné Torkil, eds. Nickel and the skin: Immunology and toxicology. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.
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7
(Editor), Jurij J. Hostynek, and Howard I. Maibach (Editor), eds. Nickel and the Skin: Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy (Dermatology, Clinical and Basic Science). Informa Healthcare, 2002.
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8
Hass, Christine C., and Jerry W. Dragoo. Competition and coexistence in sympatric skunks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0024.
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Ecological niches of three species of skunks (Mephitidae: Conepatus leuconotus, Mephitis mephitis, M. macroura) in and near their overlap zone in the American Southwest were studied to determine if competition may be limiting distribution of these species. A species distribution model developed in MaxEnt was used to identify suitable habitat for each species, from which contact zones for each species pair were identified. Principal components derived from habitat and climate variables inside and outside of contact zones for each species, and between species pairs within the contact zone were then compared. Species differed in environmental space inside and outside of contact zones, but species pairs did not differ within contact zones, indicating no evidence of competitive exclusion, and possible niche convergence at a broad spatial scale
9
Lampert, William V. A study of aluminum-germanium-nickel ohmic contact metallurgical effects at the gallium arsenide interface. 1992.
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10
Kazuhisa, Miyoshi, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., eds. Humidity effects on adhesion of nickel-zinc ferrite in elastic contact with magnetic tape and itself. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.
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11
Winkler, Adolf. Reaction studies on nanostructured surfaces. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.12.
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This article examines the properties of some self-organized nanostructured surfaces with respect to specific model reactions, from a surface-science point of view. It begins with an overview of the most important types of nanostructured surfaces, their preparation and characterization. It then considers the fundamentals of reaction processes, focusing on the kinetics and dynamics of adsorption and desorption. It also describes the experimental techniques used in the context of reaction studies under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Finally, it presents some experimental results of model reactions, including hydrogen adsorption and desorption on stepped nickel surfaces, methanol adsorption on self-assembled copper-copper oxide surfaces, and hydrogen desorption and water formation on vanadium-oxide nanostructures on palladium surfaces.
12
Boffone, Trevor. Renegades. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577677.001.0001.
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Renegades: Digital Dance Cultures from Dubsmash to TikTok interrogates the roles that Dubsmash, social media, and hip hop music and dance play in youth identity formation in the United States. It explores why Generation Z—so-called Zoomers—use social media dance apps to connect, how they use them to build relationships, how race and other factors of identity play out through these apps, how social media dance shapes a wider cultural context, and how community is formed in the same way that it might be in a club. These Zoomer artists—namely D1 Nayah, Jalaiah Harmon, TisaKorean, Brooklyn Queen, Kayla Nicole Jones, and Dr. Boffone’s high school students—have become key agents in culture creation and dissemination in the age of social media dance and music. These Black artists are some of today’s most influential content creators, even if they lack widespread name recognition. Their artistic contributions have come to define a generation. And yet, up until this point, the majority of influential Dubsmashers have not been recognized for their influence on US popular culture. This book tells their stories.
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Studia Patristica Vol. XXXIII: Augustine and His Opponents, Jerome, Other Latin Fathers After Nicaea, Orientalia, Index Patrum and Table of Contents. Peeters, 1996.
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14
Wille, Christian, and Birte Nienaber, eds. Border Experiences in Europe. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845295671.
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For a decade now, borders in Europe have been back on the political agenda. Border research has responded and is breaking new ground in thinking about and exploring borders. This book follows this development and strengthens a perspective that is interested in life realities and that focuses on everyday cultural experiences of borders. The authors reconstruct such experiences in the context of different forms of migration and mobility as well as language contact situations and are sensitive to the freedom of the participants. In this way, they empirically identify everyday cultural usage or appropriation strategies of borders as vastly different experiences of borders. The readers of this volume will gain insights into current developments in border research and liefe realities in Europe where borders are (made) relevant. With contributions by Christian Wille, Birte Nienaber, Carsten Yndigegn, Isabelle Pigeron-Piroth, Rachid Belkacem, Ursula Roos, Elisabeth Boesen, Ariela House, Ignacy Jóźwiak, Corinne Martin, Erika Kalocsányiová, Xosé-Afonso Álvarez, Konstanze Jungbluth, Florian Dost, Nicole Richter, Dominik Gerst
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Robinson, Dana. How to Start a Money Making Blog with No Experience: Discover the Mindset of a Blogger, Creating Content, Finding Profitable Niches, Email Marketing, Generate Traffic, and More. Independently Published, 2020.
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16
Frankel, Laura Lazarus, and D. Sunshine Hillygus. Niche Communication in Political Campaigns. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.020.
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Dramatic changes in communication technology and the information environment in recent years have changed not only our daily lives, but also campaign communications. With each new election cycle, candidates seem to add to the expanding list of communication technologies used—smartphones, Facebook, blogs, and the like—to get their message to intended recipients. In this essay, we review the limited, but growing, research that examines candidates’ use of niche campaign communications, conceptualized here as any communication medium candidates employ to directly and narrowly target a particular audience. There is a tendency to think of the use of new technologies as a supplemental communication tool for conducting politics as usual. The authors suggest, however, that new communication technologies have changed not only how candidates communicate, but also whom they contact and what they are willing to say. In this way, niche communications have fundamentally changed candidate strategy and campaign dynamics.
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Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. Neurological Development and Legal Competency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 discusses recent findings in biological and neurological development that may potentially impact the legal socialization process. Although biology is of central importance when talking about development of any kind, legal socialization scholars have largely ignored the role biology plays in the process. This represents a fundamental gap within the literature as it has becoming increasingly clear that how people interface with laws and legal authority are affected by their biological maturity. In particular, recent research has highlighted multiple neurological networks following different developmental trajectories that are fundamental to people’s capacity to regulate their social and legal behavior. Although this work has not been formally incorporated into the legal socialization context, it aligns nicely with the approaches outlined in chapters 4 and 5.
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O’Hanlon, James C., Thomas E. White, and Kate D. L. Umbers. Visual communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0011.
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The diverse ecological niches that insects occupy have led to the immense variation we observe in the structure of their compound eyes and the visual signals that insects can produce. The modular structure of the compound eye, through which insects receive visual information, is a highly adaptable structure capable of impressive feats of image resolution, colour perception, and motion detection, in a range of varying light environments. Additionally, the insect exoskeleton, through which insects produce visual signals and cues, is a dynamic canvas producing a diversity of shapes, textures, pigments, and structural colours. This chapter attempts to present the diversity resultant from millennia of selective pressure in a variety of contexts, including conspecific assessment, prey capture, and predator avoidance.
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Lopes, Dominic McIver. Hundred Mile Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827214.003.0008.
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The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than aesthetic hedonism. According to the network theory, an aesthetic value figures in a fact that lends weight to the proposition that it would be an aesthetic achievement for an agent to act in the context of an aesthetic practice. Each aesthetic practice has its own aesthetic profile, in which determinate aesthetic values are distinctively realized, and each has core aesthetic norms centred on its distinctive aesthetic profile. An account is given of the valence of aesthetic values. The theory explains why aesthetic experts disperse into almost all demographic niches, why they jointly inhabit the whole aesthetic universe, why they specialize by aesthetic domain, why they specialize by type of activity, why they specialize by activity and domain interacts, and why their expertise is rooted in relatively stable psychological traits.
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Trudgill, Peter. The Anthropological Setting of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.13.
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A sociolinguistically oriented study of polysynthesis literature reveals one rather striking observation. Varieties often cited as being incontrovertibly polysynthetic include languages from many different language families and different areas of the world. But many of these languages have a number of social characteristics in common: they are spoken in relatively small, traditional, non-industrialized communities, over relatively small territories. This chapter suggests that this is not a coincidence. There seems to be considerable agreement in the literature, for instance, that polysynthetic languages are ‘highly’, ‘extremely’, or ‘extraordinarily’ complex. And the literature on polysynthesis abounds in descriptors referring to their complexity as ‘exuberant’, ‘unusual’, ‘spectacular’, ‘baroque’, ‘rich’, ‘daunting’, and ‘startling’. This tallies nicely with the suggestion (Trudgill 2011) that linguistic complexity is particularly associated with relatively small, isolated, stable communities which have dense social-network structures; and is relatively unlikely to be found in large, high-contact (for example urban, colonial, standard) language varieties.
21
Delamont, Shane. Syncope. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0029.
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This chapter details the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and major causes of syncope. There is a conceptual framework of the physiology behind syncope and a discussion about cerebral blood flow. Particular attention is given to understanding neurocardiogenic syncope, which is the commonest cause. It looks at the latest physiological understanding of syncope and the importance of clinical context which enables risk stratification and facilitates diagnosis of the causes and hence management of syncope. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, their effective use are emphasized, and the importance of understanding the differences between single and multiple syncopal events is detailed. A brief discussion about the role of neurophysiology in syncope and treatment approaches follows.
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Whitaker, Iain S., Kayvan Shokrollahi, and William A. Dickson, eds. Burns (OSH Surgery). Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199699537.001.0001.
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Burn injuries are recognized as a major health problem worldwide, causing morbidity and mortality in individuals of all ages. Written in the concise, easy-to-navigate Oxford Handbook style, this new book outlines the assessment, management, and rehabilitation of burns patients. With contributions from international experts, this handbook covers all aspects of burn patient care, from first aid to reconstructive techniques and physiotherapy. This new, pocket-sized title is an invaluable resource for all those who come into contact with burns patients, from accident and emergency doctors to allied health professionals, as well as specialists and trainees in burns units. Filling an important niche in the market for an accessible quick-access guide for those first on the scene, The Oxford Specialist Handbook of Burns is a comprehensive and detailed new title on all aspects of burn care.
23
Krämer, Benjamin, and Christina Holtz-Bacha, eds. Perspectives on Populism and the Media. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297392.
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This volume assembles a wide range of perspectives on populism and the media, bringing together various disciplinary and theoretical approaches, authors and examples from different continents and a wide range of topical issues. The chapters discuss the contexts of populist communication, communication by populist actors, different types of populist messages (populist communication in traditional and new media, populist criticism of the media, populist discourses related to different topics, etc.), the effects and consequences of populist communication, populist media policy and anti-populist discourses. The contributions synthesise existing research on this subject, propose new approaches to it or present new findings on the relationship between populism and the media. With contibutions by Caroline Avila, Eleonora Benecchi, Florin Büchel, Donatella Campus, María Esperanza Casullo, Nicoleta Corbu, Ann Crigler, Benjamin De Cleen, Sven Engesser, Nicole Ernst, Frank Esser, Nayla Fawzi, Jana Goyvaerts, André Haller, Kristoffer Holt, Christina Holtz-Bacha, Marion Just, Philip Kitzberger, Magdalena Klingler, Benjamin Krämer, Katharina Lobinger, Philipp Müller, Elena Negrea-Busuioc, Carsten Reinemann, Christian Schemer, Anne Schulz, Christian Schwarzenegger, Torgeir Uberg Nærland, Rebecca Venema, Anna Wagner, Martin Wettstein, Werner Wirth, Dominique Stefanie Wirz
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Hockenberry, Matthew, Nicole Starosielski, and Susan Zieger, eds. Assembly Codes. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478013037.
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The contributors to Assembly Codes examine how media and logistics set the conditions for the circulation of information and culture. They document how logistics—the techniques of organizing and coordinating the movement of materials, bodies, and information—has substantially impacted the production, distribution, and consumption of media. At the same time, physical media, such as paperwork, along with media technologies ranging from phone systems to software are central to the operations of logistics. The contributors interrogate topics ranging from the logistics of film production and the construction of internet infrastructure to the environmental impact of the creation, distribution, and sale of vinyl records. They also reveal how logistical technologies have generated new aesthetic and performative practices. In charting the specific points of contact, dependence, and friction between media and logistics, Assembly Codes demonstrates that media and logistics are co-constitutive and that one cannot be understood apart from the other. Contributors Ebony Coletu, Kay Dickinson, Stefano Harney, Matthew Hockenberry, Tung-Hui Hu, Shannon Mattern, Fred Moten, Michael Palm, Ned Rossiter, Nicole Starosielski, Liam Cole Young, Susan Zieger
25
Ellis, Katharine. Researching Audience Behaviors in Nineteenth-Century Paris. Edited by Christian Thorau and Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.2.
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This chapter starts by revisiting a now-familiar text: James H. Johnson’s book Listening in Paris (1995). On the basis of concert and opera reviews, images, and the paratexts of concert programs, Ellis reframes Johnson’s question “When did audiences fall silent?” as “Where and why did audiences fail to fall silent?” Multilayered answers show how (1) many of the noisier phenomena of the eighteenth century resurfaced in new guises from the 1850s onward; (2) the democratization of art music took place in contexts that could not always impose “religious” listening; and (3) there was a resurgent demand, possibly concomitant, for music as pure entertainment in venues where silence was neither required nor expected. The chapter argues that although attentive listening was a gold standard during the latter two-thirds of the nineteenth century in Paris, practice rarely lived up to such expectations, and it was in effect a niche activity.
26
Cally, Jordan. International Capital Markets. Edited by Golden Jeffrey. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849001.001.0001.
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This book provides a critical analysis of and context to international capital markets, their regulation and their institutions. The book takes a comparative and developmental perspective, examining the characteristics, interaction and regulation of developed markets in the US, UK and the EU, as well as Asian markets such as Hong Kong and China. In addition to examining Malaysia’s efforts to create an international regulatory framework for Islamic finance, the book looks at other niche markets of the world, such as Luxembourg, Switzerland, Singapore, Ireland, Bahrain and Dubai. There is both a detailed analysis of complex concepts, supporting the competing regulatory goals and techniques, as well as a conceptual overview of the regulatory landscape, making this book an indispensable resource. Current issues such as the delineation of regulated and unregulated markets, stratification of markets, and the capital market activities of international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are explained. Practitioners, scholars and post-graduate students will find this book to be a valuable guide to understanding the regulation and practice of international capital markets.
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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Secondary defences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0006.
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In this chapter we consider defences that are usually deployed during, or just before, contact between a prey and its predator: so-called ‘secondary’ defences. Secondary defences are found right across the tree of life and therefore come in very many forms, including: 1.) chemical defences; 2.) mechanical defences; and 3.) behavioural defences. Here we review selected examples that provide useful illustrations of the ecological and evolutionary characteristics associated with secondary defences. We discuss costs of secondary defences, placing emphasis on the consequences of such costs, especially as they relate to forms of social interaction. We show also that the acquisition of secondary defences may modify niche, life history, and habitat range of prey animals and review a well-known and significant study of predator–prey co-evolution of defensive toxins of prey and resistance to those toxins in predators. We include a small selection of examples and ideas from the plant and microbe defence literature where we think a broader perspective is helpful. We begin the chapter by considering the evolutionary mechanisms that favour secondary defence evolution.
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Hitchcott, Nicki. Rwanda Genocide Stories. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781381946.001.0001.
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This book provides an in-depth analysis of fictional responses written in response to the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Through the course of the book, the reader is taken on a journey from the events leading up to the genocide, the horrific massacres that were carried out against the Tutsi population, and finally to modern-day Rwanda, where the country comes to terms with a brutal episode in its recent past. Nicki Hitchcott focuses her analytic study on a group of African authors, including Rwandans, who were brought together as part of the Rwanda: écrire par devoir de mémoire initiative in 1998 to write a variety of works to commemorate and reflect on the genocide. Hitchcott organises her analysis of each imagined work in to the context of tourists, witnesses, survivors, victims and perpetrators, whilst carefully examining the effects that an author’s positionality has on their response to the genocide. In addition to this, Hitchcott calls in to question the ethical issues raised when writing fiction based on the genocide, and how the reader becomes implicated by studying the works of fiction based on it. Above all, this work serves as a testimony to the range and diversity of genocide fiction written by African authors, and how the works they have produced enables a country to move forward.
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McIvor, Méadhbh. Representing God. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193632.001.0001.
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Over the past two decades, a growing number of Christians in England have gone to court to enforce their right to religious liberty. Funded by conservative lobby groups and influenced by the legal strategies of their American peers, these claimants — registrars who conscientiously object to performing the marriages of same-sex couples, say, or employees asking for exceptions to uniform policies that forbid visible crucifixes — highlight the uneasy truce between law and religion in a country that maintains an established Church but is wary of public displays of religious conviction. This book charts the changing place of public Christianity in England through the rise of Christian political activism and litigation. The book explores the ideas and contested reception of this ostensibly American-inspired legal rhetoric. It argues that legal challenges aimed at protecting “Christian values” ultimately jeopardize those values, as moralities woven into the fabric of English national life are filtered from their quotidian context and rebranded as the niche interests of a cultural minority. By framing certain moral practices as specifically Christian, these activists present their religious convictions as something increasingly set apart from broader English culture, thereby hastening the secularization they seek to counter. The book offers a unique look at how Christian politico-legal activism in England simultaneously responds to and constitutes the religious life of a nation.
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Saylor, Eric. Afterword. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041099.003.0007.
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The disparate approaches to English pastoralism considered within this book—whether evoking scenes and characters from classical poetry, depicting an imaginary past or a hoped-for future, responding to the landscape, commenting on contemporary social and political challenges, providing spiritual sustenance for the living, or eulogizing the dead—firmly banish outdated clichés of it as little more than folky-wolky roister-doistering. Instead, pastoralism stands revealed as a subtle and flexible expressive mode capable of transcending the circumstances and surroundings of its creation, conveyed by a distinctive and highly adaptable array of stylistic traits. But in the wake of Finzi’s death in 1956 and Vaughan Williams’s only two years later, English pastoral music fell into relative obscurity. Composers who had written pastoral works in previous decades (including Howells, Ireland, and Bliss) had either largely turned away from the idiom or limited it to certain smaller-scale or niche contexts (such as church music, in Howells’s case). Meanwhile, the rise of both a prominent British avant-garde musical movement during the later 1950s and an extraordinarily vital pop music scene in the following decade made it difficult for the older, less demonstrative pastoral style to hold the public or critical imagination....
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Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, and Marielle Butters. The Emergence of Functions in Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844297.001.0001.
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Why do grammatical systems of various languages express different meanings? Given that languages spoken in the same geographical area by people sharing similar social structure, occupations, and religious beliefs differ in the kinds of meaning expressed by the grammatical system, the answer to this question cannot invoke differences in geography, occupation, social and political structure, or religion. The present book aims to answer the main question through language internal analysis. This book offers a methodology to discover meaning in a way that is not based on inferences about reality. The book also offers a methodology to discover motivations for the emergence of meanings. The grammatical system at any given time constitutes a base from which new meanings emerge. The motivations for the emergence of functions include: the communicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency whereby every function encoded in the grammatical system must be expressed if it is in the scope of the situation described by the proposition; opportunistic emergence of meaning whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence whereby a property of an existing function receives a formal means of its own, thus creating a new function; emergence of functions through language contact. Several phenomena, such as benefactive and progressive in English, as well as point of view of the subject and goal orientation in several languages, receive new analyses.
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Rondinone, Troy. The Discovery of New York. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037375.003.0006.
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This chapter details events following Gaspar's arrival in New York. In the summer of 1954, Nick Corby gave Gaspar a one-way Greyhound bus ticket and five dollars and told him they would meet up in New York City. After three long days and nights, Gaspar arrived in Manhattan. What a sight it was! He'd never seen anything even remotely like it. Long, wide corridors of concrete and glass extended out in every direction, thickly channeled with noisy, car-choked avenues. At a time when Tijuana had around 100,000 residents, Manhattan contained almost 2 million people. Gaspar got out between Eighth Avenue and Broadway and wandered around the station for thirty minutes, looking for his local contact and new trainer, Hipolito “Happy” Rodriguez. The next day, Happy took his new charge to Stillman's Gym to start his real education. Here Gaspar received the biggest shock yet. He was already scheduled to fight at what boxing fans called the Center of the Universe. He had a match in Madison Square Garden in just three weeks.
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Santos, Ana Silvia Pereira, Daniele Maia Bila, Emanuel Manfred Freire Brandt, Juacyara Carbonelli Campos, and Renata de Oliveira Pereira. Guia prático do artigo científico. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-375-6.
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Publishing a scientific article is not a simple task. You may ultimately have to publish a paper to either take scientific grants or take a Ph.D. or master's degree, so it is to your advantage to keep all the necessary steps in your hands. First and foremost, when you are asked to write such a paper, it is essential to organize your ideas in a way that is convenient for submitting a manuscript for consideration in an appropriate journal. Everyone who has submitted a manuscript in a scientific journal has had the frustrating experience of spending a long time writing the manuscript and waiting for the journal feedback, only to discover at the end that your article is not good enough for publication in that journal. Therefore, the task wouldn't end if the manuscript weren't accepted for publication, following a long peer-review process. However, you have no idea how to be successful in publishing your article? Calm down! There are several reasons for using this guide. This work was designed exactly to help you, casually, but with much content. All the authors' experience is shared here, with tips and recommendations to save you from frequent mistakes and lead you to the fastest and most assertive path. Not only have you the charge of contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge, but also to publish your research with responsibility. Publishing your article will not be easy, but it would be nice and less complicated if you came with us to build it up.
34
Brint, Steven, and Jerome Karabel. The Diverted Dream. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195048155.001.0001.
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In the twentieth century, Americans have increasingly looked to the schools--and, in particular, to the nation's colleges and universities--as guardians of the cherished national ideal of equality of opportunity. With the best jobs increasingly monopolized by those with higher education, the opportunity to attend college has become an integral part of the American dream of upward mobility. The two-year college--which now enrolls more than four million students in over 900 institutions--is a central expression of this dream, and its invention at the turn of the century constituted one of the great innovations in the history of American education. By offering students of limited means the opportunity to start higher education at home and to later transfer to a four-year institution, the two-year school provided a major new pathway to a college diploma--and to the nation's growing professional and managerial classes. But in the past two decades, the community college has undergone a profound change, shifting its emphasis from liberal-arts transfer courses to terminal vocational programs. Drawing on developments nationwide as well as in the specific case of Massachusetts, Steven Brint and Jerome Karabel offer a history of community colleges in America, explaining why this shift has occurred after years of student resistance and examining its implications for upward mobility. As the authors argue in this exhaustively researched and pioneering study, the junior college has always faced the contradictory task of extending a college education to the hitherto excluded, while diverting the majority of them from the nation's four-year colleges and universities. Very early on, two-year college administrators perceived vocational training for "semi-professional" work as their and their students' most secure long-term niche in the educational hierarchy. With two thirds of all community college students enrolled in vocational programs, the authors contend that the dream of education as a route to upward mobility, as well as the ideal of equal educational opportunity for all, are seriously threatened. With the growing public debate about the state of American higher education and with more than half of all first-time degree-credit students now enrolled in community colleges, a full-scale, historically grounded examination of their place in American life is long overdue. This landmark study provides such an examination, and in so doing, casts critical light on what is distinctive not only about American education, but American society itself.
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Mpedi, Letlhokwa George, ed. Santa Claus: Law, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Decolonisation and Covid-19. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928314837.
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The origins of Santa Claus, or so I am told, is that the young Bishop Nicholas secretly delivered three bags of gold as dowries for three young girls to their indebted father to save them from a life of prostitution. Armed with immortality, a factory of elves and a fleet of reindeer, his has been a lasting legacy, inextricably linked to Christmas. Of course, this Christmas looks a little different. Amidst a global pandemic, shimmying down the chimneys of strangers certainly does not adhere to social distancing guidelines. Some borders remain closed, and in some instances, the quarantine period is far too long. After all, he only has 24 hours to spread cheer across the world. As with the rest of us, Santa Claus is likely to get the remote working treatment. The reindeers this year are likely to be self-driving, reminiscent of an Amazon swarm of technology, and the naughty and nice lists are likely to be based on algorithms derived from social media accounts. In the age of the fourth industrial revolution, it is difficult to imagine that letters suffice anymore. How many posts were verified as real before shared? Enough to get you a drone. Fake news? Here is a lump of coal. Will we see elves in personal protective equipment (PPE) and will Santa Claus, high risk because of age and his likely comorbidities from the copious amount of cookies, have to self-isolate in the North Pole? In fact, will there be any toys at all this year? Surely production has been stalled with the restrictions on imports and exports into the North Pole. Perhaps, there is a view to outsourcing, or perhaps, there is a shift towards local production and supply chains. More importantly, as we have done in many instances in this period, maybe we should pause to reflect on the current structures in place. The sanctification of a figure so clearly dismissive of the Global South and to be critical, quite classist must be called into question. From some of the keenest minds, the contributions in this book make a strong case against this holly jolly man. We traverse important topics such as, is the constitution too lenient with a clear intruder who has conveniently branded himself a Good Samaritan? Allegations of child labour under the guise of elves, blatant animal cruelty, constant surveillance in stark contrast to many democratic ideals and his possible threat to national security come to the fore. Nevertheless, as the song goes, he is aware when you are asleep, and he knows when you are awake. Is feminism a farce to this beloved man – what role does Mrs Claus play and why are there inherent gender norms in his toys? Then is the worry of closed borders and just how accurate his COVID-19 tests are. Of course, this brings his ethics into question. While there is an agreement that transparency, justice and fairness, nonmaleficence, responsibility, and privacy are the core ethical principles, the meaning of these principles differs, particularly across countries and cultures. Why are we subject to Santa Claus’ notions of good and evil when he is so far removed from our context? As Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein would tell you, this is fundamentally a nudge from Santa Claus for children to fit into his ideals. A nudge, coined by Thaler, is a choice that predictably changes people’s behaviour without forbidding any options or substantially changing their economic incentives. Even with pinched cheeks and an air of holiday cheer, Santa Claus has to come under scrutiny. In the process of decolonising knowledge and looking at various epistemologies, does Santa still make the cut?