Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nickel (110)

Academic literature on the topic 'Nickel (110)'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Nickel (110)"

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Kim, Insoo, and Sae Gwang Lee. "Initial and Recrystallization Textures of Nickel Electrodeposits." Textures and Microstructures 34, no. 2-3 (January 1, 2000): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.34.159.

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The texture of electrodeposits vary with deposition conditions. Electrodeposits texture is also related to microstructure, surface morphology and mechanical properties. When the electrodeposits annealed, the recrystallization texture may be different from the original deposition texture. The surface morphology, the microstructure and the initial and recrystallization textures of nickel electrodeposits vary with deposition conditions.The 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 textures of nickel electrodeposits can be obtained from nickel sulfate, nickel chloride and boric acid baths. The size of surface asperities decreases with increasing current density and decreasing temperature. The 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 textures of nickel electrodeposits changed to the 〈100〉 and 〈310〉 texture, when recrystallized, respectively.
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Callen, B. W., K. Griffiths, P. R. Norton, and D. A. Harrington. "Autocatalytic decomposition of water on nickel (110)." Journal of Physical Chemistry 96, no. 26 (December 1992): 10905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100205a055.

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Lindner, H., D. Rupprecht, L. Hammer, and K. Müller. "Reactivity of carbon dioxide at nickel (110)." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 44, no. 1 (January 1987): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(87)87015-9.

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Goldmann, A., V. Dose, and G. Borstel. "Empty electronic states at the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of nickel, copper, and silver." Physical Review B 32, no. 4 (August 15, 1985): 1971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.32.1971.

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Niu, Kai Yang, Jing Sun, and Xi Wen Du. "Synthesis of Carbon Encapsulated Nickel Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Liquid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 5487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.5487.

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Carbon encapsulated nickel nanoparticles (CENNPs) with high purity were fabricated by laser ablation of nickel target in ethanol. The size of CENNPs varies from tens to hundreds of nanometers, and CENNPs show two kinds of typical morphologies i. e. a nickel core with a carbon shell or a nickel core with two carbon shells. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the CENNPs formed as a result of laser evaporation of the nickel target and the decomposition of ethanol, whose carbon atoms mixed with the nickel vapor, and Ni/C liquid droplets appeared during the cooling stage. The carbon shells formed by precipitation of carbon atoms on the surface of the nickel cores led to the formation of CENNPs.
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Wang, Cici, Qitang Fan, Shanwei Hu, Huanxin Ju, Xuefei Feng, Yong Han, Haibin Pan, Junfa Zhu, and J. Michael Gottfried. "Coordination reaction between tetraphenylporphyrin and nickel on a TiO2(110) surface." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 61 (2014): 8291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc02919d.

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Goldmann, A., V. Dose, and G. Borstel. "Erratum: Empty electronic states at the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of nickel, copper, and silver." Physical Review B 33, no. 4 (February 15, 1986): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.33.2851.

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Sheikh, M. Ashraf. "The Combine Effect of Copper and Nickel on Tensile Strength of Ductile Iron." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.665.

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The present study investigated the effect of copper and nickel together on ductile iron. Ductile iron was produced by the sandwich method using induction furnace installed at local commercial foundry. Heats without copper & nickel and with copper 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% nickel in combination were made. Tensile samples were machined from Y Block castings. Tensile test was performed to find out the effect of copper and nickel together on tensile strength of ductile iron. Effect of austempering heat treatment was also studied to find out the effect of copper and nickel in combination on tensile strength. The samples were austenitized at 900 oC for one hour and austempered at 270 oC and 370 oC. It was found that with the addition of copper and nickel the tensile strength of ductile iron increased. The tensile strength was more than double when the samples were subjected to austempering heat treatment at 270°C.
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FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "Element 110 created by fusing nickel and lead." Chemical & Engineering News 72, no. 48 (November 28, 1994): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n048.p005.

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Li, Junshan, Yong Zuo, Junfeng Liu, Xiang Wang, Xiaoting Yu, Ruifeng Du, Ting Zhang, et al. "Superior methanol electrooxidation performance of (110)-faceted nickel polyhedral nanocrystals." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 38 (2019): 22036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07066d.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nickel (110)"

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Warburton, D. R. "Surface EXAFS and XANES studies of sulphur absorption on the (110) and (111) faces of nickel." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237271.

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Michel, Anne-Charlotte. "Structure et réactivité en chimisorption et catalyse des alliages Pd8Ni92 (111) et (110)." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10264.

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Ce travail vise à caractériser au mieux les surface d'alliage Pd8Ni92 (111) et (110), et à étudier les propriétés chimisorptives et réactives de ces faces afin de déterminer les facteurs (géométriques, électroniques. . . ) qui influencent les propriétés catalytiques de ces systèmes bimétalliques. Un très fort enrichissement en Pd (80 % atomique) dans l'ultime plan de surface a été mis en évidence pour les deux faces de l'alliage conduisant à une reconstruction de surface dans le cas de la face (110). L'étude de l'adsorption de CO par spectrométrie vibrationnelle (HREELS) et thermodésorption a montré que les propriétés chimisorptives des faces (110) et (111) de l'alliage sont modifiées par rapport aux faces correspondantes du Pd pur, celles de la face (110) étant toutefois moins altérées que la face (111) : une diminution de l'énergie d'adsorption de CO a pu être observée sur les alliages et les sites d'adsorption ont pu être caractérisés (sites linéaires, pontés ternaires, Pd, Ni ou mixtes PdNi). Les mesures de réactivité en hydrogénation du butadiène indiquent que le Pd présent à la surface de l'alliage est beaucoup plus actif que le Pd pur et ceci d'autant plus sur la face (110), l'alliage étant vingt fois plus actif que le palladium. Contrairement à la face (110), la face (111) se désactive au cours de la réaction. L'étude de la chimisorption du butadiène par HREELS a permis de montrer une adsorption de type di-π sur la face (110) de l'alliage, identique à celle observée sur Pd (110). Sur la face (111), le butadiène se modifie par réaction de surface.
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Kuang, MingHui. "Catalytically active nickel (110) surfaces in the growth of carbon tubular structures." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15900.

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Mohsenzadeh, Abas. "Computational studies of nickel catalysed reactions relevant for hydrocarbon gasification." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-323.

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Sustainable energy sources are of great importance, and will become even more important in the future. Gasification of biomass is an important process for utilization of biomass, as a renewable energy carrier, to produce fuels and chemicals. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate i) the effect of co-adsorption of water and CO on the Ni(111) catalysed water splitting reaction, ii) water adsorption and dissociation on Ni(111), Ni(100) and Ni(110) surfaces, as well as iii) formyl oxidation and dissociation, iv) hydrocarbon combustion and synthesis, and v) the water gas shift (WGS) reaction on these surfaces. The results show that the structures of an adsorbed water molecule and its splitting transition state are significantly changed by co-adsorption of a CO molecule on the Ni(111) surface. This leads to less exothermic reaction energy and larger activation barrier in the presence of CO which means that far fewer water molecules will dissociate in the presence of CO. For the adsorption and dissociation of water on different Ni surfaces, the binding energies for H2O and OH decrease in the order Ni(110) > Ni(100) > Ni(111), and the binding energies for O and H atoms decrease in the order Ni(100) > Ni(111) > Ni(110). In total, the complete water dissociation reaction rate decreases in the order Ni(110) > Ni(100) > Ni(111). The reaction rates for both formyl dissociation to CH + O and to CO + H decrease in the order Ni(110) > Ni(111) > Ni(100). However, the dissociation to CO + H is kinetically favoured. The oxidation of formyl has the lowest activation energy on the Ni(111) surface. For combustion and synthesis of hydrocarbons, the Ni(110) surface shows a better catalytic activity for hydrocarbon combustion compared to the other surfaces. Calculations show that Ni is a better catalyst for the combustion reaction compared to the hydrocarbon synthesis, where the reaction rate constants are small. It was found that the WGS reaction occurs mainly via the direct pathway with the CO + O → CO2 reaction as the rate limiting step on all three surfaces. The activation barrier obtained for this rate limiting step decreases in the order Ni(110) > Ni(111) > Ni(100). Thus, the WGS reaction is fastest on the Ni(100) surface if O species are present on the surfaces. However, the barrier for desorption of water (as the source of the O species) is lower than its dissociation reaction on the Ni(111) and Ni(100) surfaces, but not on the Ni(110) surface. Therefore the direct pathway on the Ni(110) surface will dominate and will be the rate limiting step at low H2O(g) pressures. The calculations also reveal that the WGS reaction does not primarily occur via the formate pathway, since this species is a stable intermediate on all surfaces. All reactions studied in this work support the Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) principles.
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Sanders, Helen Elizabeth. "Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy of adsorbates on Ni{110} and nickel oxide surfaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320051.

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Poirault, Richard. "Etude par spectrométrie de rendement photoélectrique, par spectrométrie Auger et par diffraction d'électrons lents des systèmes suivants : nickel (111) : adsorption du souffre et de cc. : stabilité thermique des faces (100), (001), et (110) de TiO2." Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOS007.

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La valeur du travail de sortie du nickel (111) est de 4,75 +ou- 0,05 eV. Il existe un état de surface électronique à 0,3 eV du niveau de fermi. Il à été montré que la présence de soufre ou de monoxyde de carbone entraine une variation du travail de sortie. Sur TiO2, les défauts localisés en surface jouent un rôle prépondérant. Sur la face (110), il y a en surface une structure d'un sous-oxyde de TiO2 : Ti8O15 après recuit. Il existe un pic à 40 eV sur nos spectres Auger non attribuable a une transition classique. Le nickel croit sur TiO2 (100) "quasi-stœchiométrique" suivant un mode de croissance Stransky-Krastanov modifié : 2 à 3 monocouches de nickel + ilots tridimensionnels. Le nickel diffuse dans TiO2 "non stœchiométrique" à température ambiante. Cette diffusion est d'autant plus importante que l'écart à la stœchiométrie et la température sont élevés
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Guigner, Jean-Michel. "Etude de l'alliage PdCu(100) et de dépôts de Pd sur Ni(110) : caratérisation de surface par microscopie à effet tunnel et relation avec la réactivité." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10024.

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Le but de ce travail est la reconnaissance des sites catalytiques en surface d'alliages binaires a base de palladium. L'etude a porte sur la face (110) de l'alliage pdcu et sur l'alliage de surface obtenu par depot de pd sur ni(110). Les surfaces ont ete preparees sous haut vide et caracterisees a l'aide de diverses techniques d'etude de surfaces, principalement la microscopie a effet tunnel (stm) couplee a la diffraction d'electrons lents (leed). Leur reactivite a ete testee en catalyse d'hydrogenation du butadiene-1,3. La surface du pdcu(110) presente un enrichissement en cu. Elle est formee d'une succession de terrasses composees soit de cu pur, soit de pdcu ; celles-ci sont separees par des marches de hauteur parfois monoatomique mais souvent quatre fois plus hautes. Une surstructure d'ordre 221 selon la direction 110 est observee sur le diagramme leed, ainsi que par stm sur certaines zones de l'echantillon. On peut l'expliquer par une alternance des atomes pd et cu sur les terrasses de composition mixte, selon les rangees de cette direction. L'ensemble des resultats est bien coherent avec la formation d'une phase ordonnee '-pdcu#3 en surface. Elle permet aussi de comprendre la reactivite de cette echantillon en catalyse d'hydrogenation du butadiene, dans la mesure ou les paires de pd (sites d'adsorption de la molecule de butadiene comme montre par ailleurs) sont absentes aux endroits ou la surstructure se forme. Le depot d'une fraction de monocouche (ml) de pd a temperature ambiante sur ni(110) conduit a la formation d'ilots allonges selon la direction 110 du substrat. Les depots plus importants (de 0. 3 a 4 ml) se structurent par recuit a une temperature modere (<250c), sans que le pd ne diffuse vers l'interieur. Les images stm de ces depots recuits montrent des rangees alignees suivant la direction 001, separees de 2,7 a 1,8 nm les les unes des autres et presentant une corrugation verticale de 0,1 a 0,02 nm, pour les depots allant de 0,3 a 4 ml, respectivement. Ces arrangements se manifestent en leed par l'observation de surstructures, avec notamment l'apparition de taches supplementaires d'ordre n (n 11-7) selon 110. Les resulats peuvent s'interpreter par la formation d'arrangements particuliers des atomes de pd, dans lesquels ceux-ci sont contraints par le substrat (dont le parametre de maille est 10% inferieur a celui du metal depose) et ont une grande maille de coincidence selon la direction des rangees 110 du substrait. Ces couches contraintes se sont averees 20 a 40 fois plus actives en hydrogenation du butadiene-1,3 que le palladium pur portant reconnu jusqu'alors comme le catalyseur le plus performant pour cette reaction.
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Tanner, Robert E. "The structure of the rutile TiOâ‚‚(110) surface and Ni/TiOâ‚‚ nanoislands." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325929.

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Jeliazova, Yanka Martcheva. "The growth of multilayer systems, consisting of thin oxidic (Ga2O3, Al2O3) and metallic (Ga, Al, Co, Au) films on Ni(100) and Cu(111) surfaces." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96635611X.

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Barolo, Andrea. "Studio di catalizzatori a base di film sottili di ossidi metallici di transizione su substrato metallico monocristallino." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427523.

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This work discuss thin solid films of transition metal oxides on crystalline metal substrate morpholgy and reactivity toward gases. In particular the systems analyzed are: CoO on Pd(100), SnO on Pt(110) and NiO on Pd(100).
Questo lavoro discute in proposito di film sottili di ossidi di metalli di transizione su substrato metallico cristallino in riferimento alla loro morfologia e reattività verso i gas. In particolare i sistemi analizzati sono CoO su Pd(100), SnO su Pt(110) and NiO su Pd(100).
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Books on the topic "Nickel (110)"

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Rodrigo, Ibanez-Meier, Ferrante John 1936-, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Growth of Au on Ni(110): A BFS modelling of surface alloy phases. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Rodrigo, Ibanez-Meier, Ferrante John 1936-, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Growth of Au on Ni(110): A semiempirical modeling of surface alloy phases. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Rodrigo, Ibanez-Meier, Ferrante John 1936-, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Growth of Au on Ni(110): A semiempirical modeling of surface alloy phases. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Rodrigo, Ibanez-Meier, Ferrante John 1936-, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Growth of Au on Ni(110): A BFS modelling of surface alloy phases. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Thompson, Paul B. J. X-ray photoelectron diffraction of molecular adsorbates on nickel (111). [s.l.]: typescript, 1996.

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Mingo, Jack. How to spit nickels, and 101 other cool tricks you never learned to do as a kid. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1993.

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Ssq 100 Hole/Nickel Folder. Whitman Coin Products, 2006.

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Kumar, Roshan, Vasvi Chaudhry, and Om Prakash, eds. Multi-omics Profiling of Unique Niches to Reveal the Microbial and Metabolite Composition. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-83250-120-7.

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Scott, Andrew G. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879594.003.0001.

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An overview of Cassius Dio’s life and career, his role as historian of Rome, his call to history, and his background. This chapter also reviews ancient and modern sources for the period 217–224 A.D. Cassius Dio, born around A.D. 165 into a senatorial family from Nicaea in Bithynia, lived primarily in Rome from approximately A.D. 180 During his lengthy political career, he was both participant in and eyewitness to events, albeit a biased one, in the eighty books he composed about Rome’s history. Although much of Dio’s Roman history was preserved through the work of excerptors and epitomators, a single surviving manuscript, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1288 (fifth or sixth century A.D.), transmits the text of 79(78).2.2–80(79).8.3.
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Check and Debit Card Register: Checking Account -Checkbook Register - Small Print Check Record Book - 6x9 Inch - Nicely Designed Book Layout 110 Pages. Independently Published, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nickel (110)"

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Sukhoruchkin, S. I., and Z. N. Soroko. "Atomic Mass and Nuclear Binding Energy for Ni-110 (Nickel)." In Nuclei with Z = 1 - 54, 2710–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69945-3_1224.

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Yoder, Bruce L. "State-Resolved Steric Effects in CH4(ν3) Dissociation on Ni(110)." In Steric Effects in the Chemisorption of Vibrationally Excited Methane on Nickel, 133–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27679-8_5.

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Lin, Zong Ching, and Wei Fu Huang. "Two-Dimension Three-Atom Removal Model for (110) Plane Nanocutting of Defectless Crystals of Copper, Nickel and Silver in [001] Direction." In Materials Science Forum, 139–44. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-990-3.139.

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Yang, Hong, and Jerry L. Whitten. "Reaction of Methane with Nickel [111] Surface." In ACS Symposium Series, 140–52. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0394.ch010.

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Hall, R. B., C. A. Mims, J. H. Hardenbergh, and J. G. Chen. "Nickel Monoxide Surface Films on Ni(100)." In ACS Symposium Series, 85–105. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0482.ch006.

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Lipsett, Arthur. "Very Nice, Very Nice." In 100 Documentary Films, 230–31. London: British Film Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84457-551-0_95.

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Kauffman, George B., Lloyd T. Takahashi, Karl H. Pearson, Lewis W. Sequin, and Stanley Kirschner. "Resolution of the tris-(1,10-Phenanthroline)nickel(II) Ion." In Inorganic Syntheses, 227–32. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132395.ch60.

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Wang, S. L., M. A. Meyers, and R. A. Graham. "Shock Consolidation of In-100 Nickel-Base Superalloy Powder." In Shock Waves in Condensed Matter, 731–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2207-8_106.

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Yoder, Bruce L. "State-Resolved Steric Effects in Methane Chemisorption on Ni(100)." In Steric Effects in the Chemisorption of Vibrationally Excited Methane on Nickel, 95–131. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27679-8_4.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of nickel(II) bromide complex with 1,10-phenanthroline." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 478. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54234-7_283.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nickel (110)"

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Guo, Xiao, Xiao-Rong Wang, Yu-Long Jiang, Guo-Ping Ru, and Bing-Zong Li. "Nickel silicide formation on Si(110) substrate." In 2010 International Workshop on Junction Technology (IWJT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwjt.2010.5474895.

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Siddiqui, Shadab, Nagaraj K. Arakere, and Fereshteh Ebrahimi. "Effect of Temperature and Crystal Orientation on the Plasticity (SLIP) Evolution in Single Crystal Nickel Base Superalloy Notched Specimens." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27095.

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A comprehensive numerical investigation of plasticity (slip) evolution near notches was conducted at 28°C and 927°C, for two crystallographic orientations of double-notched single crystal nickel base superalloys (SCNBS) specimens. The two specimens have a common loading orientation of &lt;001&gt; and have notches parallel to the &lt;010&gt; (specimen I) and &lt;110&gt; (specimen II) orientation, respectively. A three dimensional anisotropic linear elastic finite element model was employed to calculate the stress field near the notch of these samples. Resolved shear stress values were obtained near the notch for the primary octahedral slip systems ({111} &lt;110&gt;) and cube slip systems ({100} &lt;110&gt;). The effect of temperature was incorporated in the model as changes in the elastic modulus values and the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS). The results suggest that the number of dominant slip systems (slip systems with the highest resolved shear stress) and the size and the shape of the plastic zones around the notch are both functions of the orientation as well as the test temperature. A comparison between the absolute values of resolved shear stresses near the notch at 28°C and 927°C on the {111} slip planes revealed that the plastic zone size and the number of activated dominant slip systems are not significantly affected by the temperature dependency of the elastic properties of the SCNBS, but rather by the change in critical resolved shear stress of this material with temperature. The load required to initiate slip was found to be lower in specimen II than in specimen I at both temperatures. Furthermore, at 927°C the maximum resolved shear stress (RSS) on the notch surface was found to be greater on the {100} slip planes as compared with the {111} slip planes in both specimens. The results from this study will be helpful in understanding the slip evolution in SCNBS at high temperatures.
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Prasad, S. V., J. R. Michael, C. Battaile, P. G. Kotula, and B. S. Majumdar. "On the Evolution of Friction-Induced Nanostructures in Single Crystal Nickel." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63577.

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We have investigated the fundamental phenomena governing the friction-induced microstructures in single crystal nickel. Friction measurements were made using a unidirectional linear wear tester against a hard Si3N4 ball so that deformation is confined to the softer Ni surface. To minimize the environmental effects on friction, we conducted the experiments in dry nitrogen atmosphere. A high precision rotary stage was designed and built to enable friction measurements to be made in specific crystallographic directions. Measurements were made on (100), (110) and (111) crystal faces. Focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy was used to prepare cross-sections of wear scars suitable for electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The EBSD data revealed the formation of low-angle grain boundaries leading to the development of fine-grained equiaxed recrystallized substructues underneath the wear scars. The extent of subsurface deformation and the steady state friction coefficients were strongly dependent on the crystal orientation. At higher contact stresses, TEM analysis confirmed the formation of fine-grained equiaxed nanocrystalline grain structures. Subsequent friction tests on these nanostructured layers performed at much reduced contact stresses showed significant reductions in the friction coefficients. The role of the friction-induced nanostructures on the mechanisms of metallic friction is discussed.
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Fox, Gordon, Ryan Hahnlen, and Marcelo Dapino. "TIG Welding of Nickel-Titanium to 304 Stainless Steel." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5154.

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Shape memory nickel-titanium (NiTi) is attractive for use in solid-state actuators as it exhibits large recoverable stresses, limited by its ultimate shear strength of over 120 ksi (960 MPa), and large recoverable strains, up to 8%. Broad application of NiTi is hindered by the expense, complexity, and lack of reliability in machining and joining it to structural materials. This paper investigates the use of orbital Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding to join NiTi to 304 stainless steel (304 SS), a common structural material that can be readily machined and welded. Tubes of NiTi and 304 SS were joined using a nickel filler to mitigate the formation of brittle intermetallics. Both tubes had a 0.375 in (9.53 mm) outer diameter with wall thicknesses of 0.065 in and 0.075 in (1.7 mm and 1.9 mm) for the 304 SS and NiTi tubes, respectively. Viable joints were created and characterized through X-ray analysis, optical microscopy, hardness mapping, and strength testing. The joints had an average failure torque of 450 in-lb (52 N-m), corresponding to an ultimate shear strength of approximately 50 ksi (350 MPa). This was sufficient to detwin the NiTi in the tubes, which occurs at a shear stress of 16 ksi (110 MPa), and plastically deform the annealed 304 SS tubes. Optical microscopy and hardness mapping revealed a heat-affected zone 0.005 in (125 μm) wide with a maximum hardness of 817 HV. Outside of this heat-affected zone the hardness was not affected, indicating that no large-scale loss of superelastic or shape memory properties arises from TIG welding.
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Bernardin, John D., and Issam Mudawar. "Transition Boiling Heat Transfer of Droplet Streams and Sprays." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79351.

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An experimental study was performed to characterize the transition boiling heat transfer rate from a surface to a stream of impinging water droplets, and to extrapolate this information to predict the transition boiling heat transfer of a dilute spray. First, transition boiling heat transfer data was gathered for a continuous stream of monodispersed water droplets striking a polished nickel surface. From this data, empirical correlations were developed to describe the heat transfer rate and heat transfer efficiency for droplet velocities between 1.0 and 7.1 m s−1, droplet diameters ranging from 0.250 × 10−3 to 1.002 × 10−3 m, and surface temperatures covering 110 to 240°C. By properly accounting for the hydrodynamic differences between a spray and a single droplet stream, the empirical single droplet stream heat transfer correlations were effectively extrapolated into a model for predicting the transition boiling heat flux of dilute sprays (Q′ ≈ 0.5 × 10−3 m3s−1m−2).
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Siddiqui, Shadab, Nagaraj K. Arakere, and Fereshteh Ebrahimi. "Evolution of Slip Through the Thickness of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy Notched Specimen." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90454.

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Deformation mechanisms and failure modes of FCC (face centered cubic) single crystal components subjected to triaxial states of static and fatigue stress are very complicated to predict, because plasticity precedes fracture in regions of stress concentration, and the evolution of plasticity on the surface and through the thickness is influenced by elastic and plastic anisotropy. The triaxial stress state at regions of stress concentration results in the activation of many slip systems that otherwise would not be activated during uniaxial testing. We recently presented [1] results from a numerical and experimental investigation of evolution of slip systems at the surface of notched FCC single crystal specimens, as a function of secondary crystallographic orientation. Results showed that the slip sector boundaries have complex curved shapes with several slip systems active simultaneously near the notch. We extend our work on slip at the surface to investigating the evolution of slip or plastic deformation through the thickness of the specimen. A single crystal double-edge-notched rectangular specimen of a Ni-base superalloy, under the tensile loading ([001] load orientation and [110] notch direction) is considered. A three dimensional (3-D) finite element model (FEM) including elastic anisotropy is used for the numerical investigation. Results indicate that the stress distribution and slip fields are a strong function of axial location through the thickness. Numerical results are verified by comparing them with experimentally observed slip fields. We demonstrate that inclusion of three dimensional analysis and elastic anisotropy is important for predicting evolution of slip at the surface and through the specimen thickness. The resolved shear stresses (RSS) on the dominant slip systems and the normal stress on the dominant planes are shown to vary significantly from the surface to the midplane of the specimen. Based on the consideration of RSS, normal stress and the number of activated slip systems at each thickness level, it is concluded that fatigue cracks most likely start in the midplane, for the orientation reported here.
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Zhu, Guifeng, Yang Zou, Rui Yan, Wei Guo, Xuzhong Kang, Tiangui Xu, Pu Yang, and Bo Zhou. "Volume Change Analysis of Primary Loop in a Small Modular Thorium-Based Molten Salt Reactor." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-90295.

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Abstract In a molten salt reactor, the volume change in the primary loop may lead to an overflow of fuel salt, which will challenge the radioactive containment. Several factors, such as the thermal expansion, graphite dimensional change caused by fast neutron irradiation, fuel feed online and fuel salt reconstitution that affect volume change are analyzed based on a designed small modular thorium-based molten salt reactor (SM-TMSR) in this paper. The results show that the thermal expansion of nickel alloy is comparable to that of fuel salt, the net volume change due to isothermal expansion is not obvious, about 0.04 m3 per 100 °C in SM-TMSR, which can be easily contained in a pump bowl without an additional overflow tank. Furthermore, the volume decrement due to graphite shrink by irradiation (based on the IG-110 data) is more obvious than the volume increment by fuel feed online, which will lead to a decline of liquid level during the long-term operation. 0.13 m3 excess volume of fuel salt should be provided in the pump of SM-TMSR. Finally, as we analyzed, fuel salt reconstitution will add to the difficulties in volume control, reactivity control and the control of heavy metal mole ratio in fuel salt. It is recommended that the used fuel salt can be recycled into a new power module without any treatment, and the increased volume of fuel salt caused by feed online in last power module can be accommodated in a larger downcomer.
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Rasouli, Erfan, Caton W. Mande, Matthew M. Stevens, and Vinod Narayanan. "On-Sun Characterization of Microchannel Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solar Thermal Receivers: Preliminary Findings." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3898.

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Abstract The design of, and preliminary on-sun tests on, an 8 cm × 8 cm microchannel supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) receiver is presented. The receiver has a laminated design, wherein sheets of Haynes 230 nickel superalloy are patterned and diffusion bonded to form microscale flow passages. The microscale pattern is in the form of square pins with width and height of 500 μm and 200 μm respectively. The pins are arranged in an in-line pattern with respect to the flow direction. The longitudinal and transverse pitch ratios of the micro pin fins are identical and equal to two times the side width of the pillar. A sCO2 test facility is developed with the ability to supply sCO2 at 200 bar pressure and at temperatures between 300–500°C to the receiver inlet. The sCO2 facility is coupled to a seven meter diameter parabolic dish with a 25 kW rating and a concentration ratio of about 800. On-sun tests are performed at a receiver inlet pressure of 150 bar and a receiver inlet temperature between 110–130°C. Receiver and thermal efficiencies in excess of 0.91 and 0.96 respectively for the incident heat flux ranging from 8 to 80 W/cm2, and average surface temperatures ranging from 150–550°C are obtained in these experiments.
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Gill, John J., Ken Ho, and Gregory P. Carman. "The Fabrication of Thin Film NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Micro Actuator for MEMS Application." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0536.

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Abstract Thin film SMA (Shape memory alloy) is a useful method for MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) actuator. This is because the thin film has an improved frequency response compared to bulk SMA, high work density, and produces large strain. A novel two-way thin film NiTi (Nickel Titanium) shape memory alloy actuator is presented in this paper. Thin film shape memory alloy is sputter-deposited onto a silicon wafer in an ultra high vacuum system. Transformation temperatures of the deposited NiTi film are measured by residual stress measurement at temperatures from 25 ° C to 120 ° C. Test results show that the Mf (Martensite Finish Temperature) is around 60 ° C and Af (Austenite Finish Temperature) is around 110 ° C. A free standing NiTi membrane (10 mm × 10mm and 3 μm thick) is fabricated using MEMS technology. We found that a mixture of HF (Hydro Fluidic Acid), HNO3 (Nitric Acid) and DI (Deionized) water with thick photo resist mask works best for the fabrication process. The membrane is hot-shaped in different shapes such as dome shape, pyramidal shape, and cylindrical shape. Results indicate that when the temperature of the NiTi film exceeds Af, the NiTi membrane transforms into the trained hot-shape. When the temperature cools down to room temperature, the membrane returns to the initial flat shape.
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Zhao, Q. T., S. Mi, C. L. Jia, U. Breuer, S. Lenk, and S. Mantl. "Nickel silicidation on sulfur implanted Si(100)." In 2008 International Workshop on Junction Technology (IWJT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwjt.2008.4540036.

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Reports on the topic "Nickel (110)"

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Gadd, M. G., J. M. Peter, and D. Layton-Matthews. Genesis of hyper-enriched black shale Ni-Mo-Zn-Pt-Pd-Re mineralization in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328013.

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Polymetallic (Ni-Mo-Zn-Pt-Pd-Au-Re) hyper-enriched black shales in the northern Canadian Cordillera consist of thin, semi-massive sulfides interbedded with black shale. We studied HEBS deposits at Nick, Peel River, Monster River, and Moss in northern Yukon, and at a single locality underlying the Cardiac Creek Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in northeastern British Columbia. High-grade mineralization contains up to 7.4 weight per cent Ni, 2.7 weight per cent Zn, 0.38 weight per cent Mo, 400 ppb Pt, 250 ppb Pd, 160 ppb Au, and 58.5 ppm Re. Sulfide mineralization formed during syngenesis to later diagenesis. Analyses by LA-ICP-MS indicate that pyrite is the principal host of platinum-group elements, Au, and Re. Mineralization and sedimentation were coeval based on the overlap between Re-Os geochronology of HEBS at Nick and Peel River (390.7 ± 5.1 and 387.3 ± 4.4 Ma, respectively) and conodont biostratigraphic ages of sedimentary host rocks. Bulk S isotope composition of HEBS is uniformly negative, indicating that bacterial reduction of seawater sulfate generated sulfur to precipitate sulfide minerals. The initial Os ratios at Peel River (0.25 ± 0.07) and Nick (0.32 ± 0.20) overlap with Middle Devonian seawater, suggesting that elemental enrichment was derived from seawater.
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Fader, G. B. J., R. O. Miller, and B. J. Todd. Geological interpretation of Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331504.

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An important part of seabed mapping is understanding the shape of the seabed and the depth of water. Hydrographic charts are produced for this purpose by the Canadian Hydrographic Service. During the final survey stages of the Harbour a new technology called multibeam bathymetry became available for high resolution mapping. This system uses transducers (sound sources) mounted on a ship that produce many independent sound beams and can map a large swath of the seabed at one time covering 100% of the bottom. The images that are produced are computer shaded to look as if the water is drained and you are flying over the area. They are the underwater equivalent of aerial photographs of the adjacent land. Because the information is collected digitally, many different kinds of maps can be produced to show subtle aspects of sediment deposition, erosion, and seabed features. The information can also be displayed using various colour schemes to represent seabed shape and computer generated fly-throughs can be produced. The multibeam bathymetric images nicely complement the other geological data sets.
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Yusgiantoro, Luky A., Akhmad Hanan, Budi P. Sunariyanto, and Mayora B. Swastika. Mapping Indonesia’s EV Potential in Global EV Supply Chain. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.004.

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• Energy transition in the transportation sector is indicated by the gradual shifting from the use of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) globally. • The transportation sector consumed 43% of total global energy and emitted 16.2% of total global emissions in 2020. Similarly, the transportation sector in Indonesia consumed 45% of the total energy and contributed to 13.6% of CO2 emission in 2019. • Global EV development and utilization are increasing exponentially, especially in developed countries, and there were 10 million EVs in 2020 worldwide. • China has successfully dominated global EVs, both in EV utilization and manufacturing with 45% global EVs Stock and 77% global EV batteries production. • Geopolitically, the abundance of Indonesian nickel reserves provides Indonesia a great opportunity to be one of the main players in EV battery manufacturing. • With an annual average growth of 6%, the projected motorized vehicles growth in Indonesia will reach 214 million in 2030. The right government policies would make Indonesia become the Southeast Asia EV market hub as Indonesia has the largest automotive sales and production market among ASEAN countries. • Measurable and realistic national EV development targets and plans supported by executing policies such as fiscal incentives and hardware standardization, sufficient EV charging infrastructure, and other supporting infrastructures are key elements that drive successful EV development in several countries. • Insufficient domestic industries and technology, and the absence of policies that comprehensively cover the customers and producers directly to support EV development and utilization in Indonesia, resulting in the achieved number of EVs and EV infrastructures in Indonesia are far from the updated target or even the initial target (RUEN, 2017).
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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, Jakob Deutloff, Christiane Lösel, Paul J. Witting, Nils O. Niebaum, et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.
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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.

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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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Yu, Haichao, Haoxiang Li, Honghui Shi, Thomas S. Huang, and Gang Hua. Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks. Web of Open Science, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/ejai.v1i1.82.

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We present Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks (Any- Precision DNNs), which are trained with a new method that empowers learned DNNs to be flexible in any numerical precision during inference. The same model in runtime can be flexibly and directly set to different bit-width, by trun- cating the least significant bits, to support dynamic speed and accuracy trade-off. When all layers are set to low- bits, we show that the model achieved accuracy compara- ble to dedicated models trained at the same precision. This nice property facilitates flexible deployment of deep learn- ing models in real-world applications, where in practice trade-offs between model accuracy and runtime efficiency are often sought. Previous literature presents solutions to train models at each individual fixed efficiency/accuracy trade-off point. But how to produce a model flexible in runtime precision is largely unexplored. When the demand of efficiency/accuracy trade-off varies from time to time or even dynamically changes in runtime, it is infeasible to re-train models accordingly, and the storage budget may forbid keeping multiple models. Our proposed framework achieves this flexibility without performance degradation. More importantly, we demonstrate that this achievement is agnostic to model architectures. We experimentally validated our method with different deep network backbones (AlexNet-small, Resnet-20, Resnet-50) on different datasets (SVHN, Cifar-10, ImageNet) and observed consistent results.
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Lumpkin, Shamsie, Isaac Parrish, Austin Terrell, and Dwayne Accardo. Pain Control: Opioid vs. Nonopioid Analgesia During the Immediate Postoperative Period. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0008.

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Background Opioid analgesia has become the mainstay for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. However, the use of opioid medications comes with significant risks and side effects. Due to increasing numbers of prescriptions to those with chronic pain, opioid medications have become more expensive while becoming less effective due to the buildup of patient tolerance. The idea of opioid-free analgesic techniques has rarely been breached in many hospitals. Emerging research has shown that opioid-sparing approaches have resulted in lower reported pain scores across the board, as well as significant cost reductions to hospitals and insurance agencies. In addition to providing adequate pain relief, the predicted cost burden of an opioid-free or opioid-sparing approach is significantly less than traditional methods. Methods The following groups were considered in our inclusion criteria: those who speak the English language, all races and ethnicities, male or female, home medications, those who are at least 18 years of age and able to provide written informed consent, those undergoing inpatient or same-day surgical procedures. In addition, our scoping review includes the following exclusion criteria: those who are non-English speaking, those who are less than 18 years of age, those who are not undergoing surgical procedures while admitted, those who are unable to provide numeric pain score due to clinical status, those who are unable to provide written informed consent, and those who decline participation in the study. Data was extracted by one reviewer and verified by the remaining two group members. Extraction was divided as equally as possible among the 11 listed references. Discrepancies in data extraction were discussed between the article reviewer, project editor, and group leader. Results We identified nine primary sources addressing the use of ketamine as an alternative to opioid analgesia and post-operative pain control. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between perioperative ketamine administration and postoperative pain control. While this information provides insight on opioid-free analgesia, it also revealed the limited amount of research conducted in this area of practice. The strategies for several of the clinical trials limited ketamine administration to a small niche of patients. The included studies provided evidence for lower pain scores, reductions in opioid consumption, and better patient outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Based on the results of the studies’ randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, the effects of ketamine are shown as an adequate analgesic alternative to opioids postoperatively. The cited resources showed that ketamine can be used as a sole agent, or combined effectively with reduced doses of opioids for multimodal therapy. There were noted limitations in some of the research articles. Not all of the cited studies were able to include definitive evidence of proper blinding techniques or randomization methods. Small sample sizes and the inclusion of specific patient populations identified within several of the studies can skew data in one direction or another; therefore, significant clinical results cannot be generalized to patient populations across the board.
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.

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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias
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