Academic literature on the topic 'Niagara Wall Paper Co'

This paper examines how music and juxtapositions can ground a story in a longer history where the potential of images and cutting points become a dialectics of point, counter-point, and fusion in a revisitation of archetypal images and as a co-authorship of reception. A visual dialogue evolves in the film Shchedryk (2014) through a remediation of scenes from Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin (1925), Alexander Dovzhenko‘s Earth (1930) and Norman McLaren’s experimental film Synchromy (1971). People who do not have recourse to the dominant culture are through recipient-co-authorship able to replay things in more sophisticated ways. Judith Butler’s idea of the performative and of subjects re-performing an injury (Butler 1993) can be introduced to the multi-screen experience. Foregrounding the wounding aspect as visual images is about ‘bad pleasure’ (O’Brien & Julien 2005). If realness is a standard by which we judge any performance, what makes it effective is its ability to compel beliefs and embody and reiterate norms (Butler, 387). Image Credit: Frame from Shechedryk, directed by Kalli Paakspuu

The present paper deals with Barkhausen noise emission in Gd. Barkhausen noise emission was investigated in the temperature range mainly below the Gd Curie temperature when the spontaneous magnetization in Gd occurs. Barkhausen noise from the heavy rare-earth Gd is compared with Barkhausen noise emission from the transition metal Co measured at the same magnetizing and other conditions. This study demonstrates that Barkhausen noise emitted from Gd is much weaker than that originating from Co. This is a consequence of different spin exchange interaction among the neighbouring atoms, domain wall thickness as a well as domain wall energies. Moreover, Barkhausen noise is temperature sensitive especially for Gd sample as a result of the altering magneto-crystalline anisotropy.

This paper discusses about the effect of un-wetted area of tube on the heat transfer performance of horizontal tube falling film evaporation. A 2D CFD model was developed to perform simulations and investigate the output and validated them with published data available in the literature. In the present study the VOF method is used to track the boundary of the liquid vapour from the contours of volume fraction. Effect of varying tube wall temperature or wall super heat (6 to 11?C) on un-wetted area, heat transfer co-efficients and mass transfer co-efficients of the circular tube were obtained from the simulation model and the results were analysed and reasons were identified and discussed here. The threshold value of wall super heat above which phase change occurs between liquid film and tube surface is identified as 6?C. Also it is noted that mass transfer rate increases and then decreases with increase of wall super heat and heat transfer co-efficient showed declining trend.

This paper has illustrated a "near wall" combustion model for a spark ignition engine that was included in a two-zone thermodynamic model. The model has calculated cylinder pressure and temperature, composition, as well as heat transfer of fresh and combustion gas. The CO submodel used a simplified chemical equation to calculate the dynamics of CO during the expansion phase. Subsequently, the HC submodel is introduced, and the post-flame oxidation of un-burned hydrocarbon was affected by the reaction/diffusion phenomenon. After burning 90% of the fuel, the hydrocarbon reaction dominates at a very late stage of combustion. This modeling method can more directly describe the ?near wall? flame reaction and its contribution to the total heat release rate.

Abstract H2S is an important element to high-temperature corrosion for the water-cooled wall of coal-fired boilers, thus, it is an effective means to prevent high-temperature corrosion through reducing the concentration of H2S near the boiler wall. Since the concentration of H2S in the boiler is closely related to the concentration of O2 and CO, the research on the distribution of H2S atmosphere in the boiler furnace was conducted in this paper. With the air distribution regulation as the means, local O2 concentration is increased, to avoid the accumulation of H2S near the wall and reduce high-temperature corrosion.

Purpose H2O, CO2 and CO are three main species in combustion systems which have high volume fractions. In addition, soot has strong absorption in the infrared band. Thus, H2O, CO2, CO and soot may take important roles in radiative heat transfer. To provide calculations with high accuracy, all of the participating media should be considered non-gray media. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to study the effect of non-gray participating gases and soot on radiative heat transfer in an inhomogeneous and non-isothermal system. Design/methodology/approach To solve the radiative heat transfer, the fluid flow as well as the pressure, temperature and species distributions were first computed by FLUENT. The radiative properties of the participating media are calculated by the Statistical Narrow Band correlated K-distribution (SNBCK), which is based on the database of EM2C. The calculation of soot properties is based on the Mie scattering theory and Rayleigh theory. The radiative heat transfer is calculated by the discrete ordinate method (DOM). Findings Using SNBCK to calculate the radiative properties and DOM to calculate the radiative heat transfer, the influence of H2O, CO2, CO and soot on radiation heat flux to the wall in combustion system was studied. The results show that the global contribution of CO to the radiation heat flux on the wall in the kerosene furnace was about 2 per cent, but that it can reach up to 15 per cent in a solid fuel gasifier. The global contribution of soot to the radiation heat flux on the wall was 32 per cent. However, the scattering of soot has a tiny influence on radiation heat flux to the wall. Originality/value This is the first time H2O, CO2, CO and the scattering of soot were all considered simultaneously to study the radiation heat flux in combustion systems.

This paper introduces a new type of rock wool color steel sandwich which is produced by Anhui sambo steel co.,Ltd. The thermal performance analysis of this kind of sandwich is conducted through the finite element software ANSYS in this paper, which reveal the widespread existence of cold bridge phenomenon. And this paper also propose several new ideas on how to reduce the cold bridge condensation of interior wall panels of building.

Abstract The key factor affecting the combustion and operation of corner tangentially fired boilers (CTFBs) is the diameter of the imaginary circle. In this paper, the temperature and reducing gas distribution in a 350 MW supercritical CTFB were studied numerically, and the influence of imaginary circle diameter on combustion characteristics was analyzed. The results show that: 1) When the diameters of the imaginary circles of the primary and secondary air are decreased, there will be a delay in combustion. This is not profit to the steady-state burning of coal powder. In addition, the temperature near the water wall decreases, and the volume fraction of CO and H2S decreases on the rear side of the main combustion area, but increases significantly on the side of the fire. 2) By reducing only the diameter of the imaginary circle of primary air, the ignition distance of pulverized coal in the lower burner can be advanced, which is profit to improving combustion stability at low loads. Besides, the temperature, CO and H2S volume fraction near the water wall all decrease. 3) When the imaginary circle diameters of primary and secondary air in the upper part of the furnace are reduced, the temperature, volume fraction of CO and H2S in the adjacent layer near the water wall are increased.

Based on the excavation of Yuelongmen tunnel on ChengLan Railway in China, this paper will probe into the forced ventilation effect of harmful gas generated by drilling and blasting construction, simulate the diffusion process of harmful gas generated during blasting operation on the tunnel face by establishing the finite element model of gas turbulent flow and concentration diffusion in the tunnel, and study the spatial-temporal evolution law of CO concentration field under different air pipe layout locations and tunnel excavation methods. The results show that, compared with corner layout, haunch layout, and central layout, the ventilation effect is the best when the air pipes are arranged near the wall at the tunnel vault, and the CO concentration can be reduced to the concentration limit after 588 s of ventilation; compared with the full-face tunneling method and the lower pilot heading method, the benching tunneling method can effectively reduce the retention time of CO near the tunnel face, and the CO concentration on the tunnel face can be reduced to the standard limit after 326 s of ventilation near the wall of tunnel vault.

PurposeThis paper examines various turbulence models for numerical simulation of a steady, two-dimensional (2-D) plane wall jet without co-flow using the commercial CFD software (ANSYS FLUENT 14.5). The purpose of this paper is to decide the most suitable and most economical method for steady, 2-D plane wall jet simulation.Design/methodology/approachSeven Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models were evaluated with respect to typical jet scaling parameters such as the jet half-height and the decay of maximum jet velocity, as well as coefficients from the law of the wall and for skin friction. Then, a plane wall jet generating from a rectangular slot of 1:6 aspect ratio located adjacent to the wall was investigated in a three-dimensional (3-D) model using large eddy simulation (LES) and the Stress-omega Reynolds stress model (SWRSM), with the results compared to experimental measurements.FindingsThe comparisons of these simulated flow characteristics indicated that the SWRSM was the best of the seven RANS models for simulating the turbulent wall jet. When scaled with outer variables, LES and SWRSM gave generally indistinguishable mean velocity profiles. However, SWRSM performed better for near-wall mean velocity profiles when scaled with inner variables. In general, the results show that LES performed reasonably well when predicting the Reynolds stresses.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this article is in determining the capabilities of different RANS turbulence closures and LES for the prediction of the 2-D steady wall jet flow to identify the best modelling approach.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Pipeline integration ALC partition wall, prefabricated pipeline and wire box in the retaining wall, directly saving the construction technology of slotting, burying pipe, repairing and blocking. The construction of the same floor is the ALC wall panel in the main structure construction stage, in the downstairs pre-assembly into a whole wall panel, the development of new wall panel fixtures, lifting AIDS, such as lifting tools, with the realization of the integrated lifting process after pre-assembly. Combined with the actual construction schedule, this paper innovatively adopts the same floor construction method as the main body, analyzes the traditional construction scheme and the same floor construction scheme technology and construction period respectively, and then uses AHP method to calculate the influence degree of the factors influencing the construction period of the two schemes. The research results show that the ALC partition wall adopts the same floor construction scheme, which saves the construction time of the secondary structure, and has a natural advantage over the traditional scheme in terms of saving processes, which can effectively reduce the management pressure and reduce the influence of additional factors on the total construction period.

Cracking in boiling water reactor (BWR) core shroud welds has been identified in operating nuclear plants worldwide. The nuclear industry has taken extensive efforts to disposition and evaluate core shroud cracking, most notably within the BWR Vessel and Internals Project (BWRVIP) where many industry guidance documents have been published regarding core shroud integrity [1, 2, 3, 4]. This guidance is predominately focused on evaluating crack stability. Calculating through-wall leakage was not previously a focus of the existing BWRVIP inspection and evaluation (I&E) guidelines for the core shroud; however, there is some guidance in the current documentation. In recent years there has been some evidence of through-wall indications in the core shroud where the through-wall indications were aligned in an array of co-linear, short, flaws. There is currently no BWRVIP document or other open literature, to the authors’ knowledge, that provides insight into whether the crack opening displacements (CODs) for an array of co-linear, through-wall cracks are larger than that calculated for a single through-wall crack. Developing an understanding of the effect of co-linear cracks on the CODs and subsequent crack opening areas (COAs) of each crack is important in augmenting the existing guidance on how to appropriately disposition through-wall cracking in reactor internal components. Specifically, it is important to know if multiple co-linear cracks can lead to individual COAs that are larger than for a single crack of the same length, in order to perform accurate leakage rate calculations. The purpose of the study documented in this paper is to characterize the COA for axial co-linear crack distributions compared to the COA of an individual crack. Cracks that are aligned in series with an uncracked ligament between them are considered to be co-linear. To better understand how these crack distributions behave, an evaluation is conducted to analyze axial co-linear flaw configurations in core shrouds using traditional linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and finite element analysis (FEA) techniques. Through FEA, the COAs and displacements of various co-linear flaw configurations are calculated and compared to the COAs for single flaw configurations. These flaw geometries are useful for the purpose of determining the potential core leakage associated with through-wall co-linear cracks. Co-linear crack configurations for a range of crack sizes and geometries are parametrically evaluated based on the ligament length between the co-linear cracks. Results show that crack openings of co-linear flaw configurations compared to a single flaw can vary substantially depending the crack size and ligament length. Trends of these crack openings are summarized within this report. While the object of this work is to provide criteria for the evaluation of reactor internals, the results can be applied to evaluate COD and COA in any component for which the cracking configuration and inherent assumptions of LEFM are applicable.

Experience from previous earthquakes have shown that wall structural systems experience less damage during earthquake compared to frame systems. Wall systems for functional and architectural reasons frequently have openings (windows, doors, elevators, esc.). Wall systems with regularly distributed openings represent efficient system for resisting earthquake loads. Coupling beams connecting the walls, if designed and detailed properly, increase seismic resistance of the building by distribution of inelastic deformations both vertically and in plan. Eurocode 8 introduced set of rules for design and detailing of coupled walls and coupling beams. In order to access performance of coupled walls and beams designed in accordance with EC8, linear and nonlinear analysis of 11 story building was performed. Linear elastic modelling was done using software for linear analysis. The walls and coupling beams were designed and detailed in accordance with the provisions of Eurocode 8, part 1. Nonlinear model and assessment of inelastic response was conducted using Perform 3d CSI software for nonlinear analysis. For the modelling of coupled walls, wall section with fibers is used. The confined constitutive relationship is used for concrete edge elements, and unconfined relationship for concrete for the rest part. The reinforcement constitutive model was defined with bi-linear curve. Coupling beams are modelled using frame elements with shear hinge elements. Deformation capacities of elements was defined in accordance with EC8 provisions. Considering that EC8 doesn’t provide provisions for deformation capacities of diagonally reinforced coupling beams, deformation capacities for these elements is defined in accordance with the provisions of ASCE 41-06 standard. Static nonlinear analysis is performed in accordance with EC8 provisions and deformation capacities of wall elements and coupling beams checked in accordance with the provisions EC8 part 1 and part 3, where applicable. Characteristic results are presented on the end of paper, with conclusions and recommendations.

This paper presents the methodology for seismic analysis of masonry structures that can be employed in commercial software packages such as SAP2000. The concept of elementary block which combines non-linear spring and linear shell elements is used for discretization of masonry walls. The proposed modelling technique with localized nonlinearity can successfully simulate in-plane wall failure modes induced by compressive or tensile axial force and transverse force. It can also be used to investigate out-of-plane collapse which makes it a good candidate for 3D static and dynamic analysis of buildings. The modelling approach is tested on two examples where pushover analysis was performed: a single slender cantilever masonry wall and a family house. The response was verified against the results delivered by 3MURI and MINEA, and reasonable agreement was obtained. It is demonstrated that the transverse walls have significant contribution to the load bearing capacity of buildings.

More than 140 churches with medieval wall paintings have been preserved in Istria, which are an essential part of Istrian cultural identity, and classify Istria as the region with the greatest density of this type of cultural heritage. In the last 25 years considerable effort has been put into the preservation and conservation of the wall paintings, but also in the restoration of the churches from the structural point of view. The most significant adverse effects on the frescoes are capillary humidity and cracks that occur as a result of the ground settlement. In this paper we will focus on small single-nave churches with pointed barrel vaults, which are characteristic for the Gothic period. As a case study, the seismic capacity of the church of St. Anthony in Barban will be studied. The interior of the church was entirely painted in the early 15th century. The church has a simple architecture: a rectangular ground plan, roof covered with slate tiles and a bell gable present at the front façade. The walls are built of regular stone blocks in lime mortar. We present results of the numerical analysis of the pointed vault due to seismic actions. The admissible failure mechanisms related to formation of plastic hinges are examined.

Fibre property, refining requirement, and handsheet strength and optical property interrelations are examined for a eucalypt and several softwood market kraft pulps and blends. Market krafts included in the study are radiata pine pulps of low and medium coarseness, a benchmark pulp from the interior region of British Columbia, and a eucalypt pulp from Brazil. Eucalypt: softwood blends are in proportions of 100:0, 50:50, 80:20, and 0:100, and effects of separate and co-refining are assessed using -a laboratory scale Escher Wyssre finer which is considered to be indicative of commercial scale refining operations. For the softwood pulps, refining at the low 1 Ws/m specific edge load has minimal effects on fibre shortening, fibre collapse, and wall expansion and delamination. Under these conditions fibres are neither rapidly rewetted nor made flexible. The converse occurs with refining at 3 and 5 Ws/m. Tensile strengths are relatively high and softwood fibre walls are slow to respond with refining at low specific edge load. Such effects are consistent with the retention of fibre stiffness and length, and the development of high bonding potential. The high bonding potential is presumably developed through selective fibre surface disruption, wetting, and molecular and micro level fibrillation. Light-scattering coefficient/tensile index relations are independent of specific edge load and indicate mutual compensatory responses for these handsheet properties. For eucalypt: softwood blend proportions of about 80:20, tear/tensile relationships (reinforcement properties) and light-scattering coefficients (optical properties) are roughly the same and independent of the origin or type of softwood used in the investigation. Such results are to be expected since there are only 2-3% by number of softwood fibres included in the 80:20 eucalypt: softwood furnish blends. For 50:50 eucalypt: softwood blends the effects of using softwoods of different fibre quality are also relatively small. With co-refining reinforcement properties are decreased, and optical properties can be increased depending on specific edge load. It is envisaged with co-refining that the small number of softwood fibres present in the 80:20 eucalypt: softwood softwood blends (<3%) receive disproportionate levels of the refining, and tear strengths decrease forgiven tensile strengths and energy inputs. Also, such an explanation is consistent with the possibility that light scattering coefficients can increase with co-refining. Thus, softwood fibres can be expected to be more refined and hardwood fibres less refined for given energy inputs with co-refining than with separate refining before pulp blending.

Seismic retrofit of existing structures is an extremely important topic in the field of earthquake engineering. For strategic structures such as school and military buildings, bridges and infrastructures in general, the expected performance level is further raised compared to conventional structures to guarantee two fundamental targets: to resist the ultimate design seismic action corresponding to the life safety limit state and to guarantee immediate occupancy after an earthquake event. This means no damage to the structural elements as well as protection of internal equipment from excessive accelerations. Structure functionality is therefore the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for strategic structures. In case of masonry buildings located in medium-high seismicity zones, conventional retrofit (i.e. wall-to-roof and wall-to-floor anchorage, out-of-plane wall bracing, diaphragm strengthening) does not allow to fully achieve the above objectives. Furthermore, the application of these techniques causes an important and invasive impact on the structure, distorting the building on both architectural and functional level. Base isolation is a technical solution that allows to drastically reduce the seismic demand on the structure using special anti-seismic devices characterized by high horizontal flexibility. This paper describes the application of seismic isolation technique to protect the “Giacomo Matteotti” school building, located in the city of Gubbio, Italy. The building was built in the 1940s, and it is made of cast stone and bricks and reinforced concrete-hollow tiles mixed floors. The building has three floors, a total area of 6.000 m2, an inter-storey height of 4 m and a total volume of about 23.750 m3. The City of Gubbio (Umbria region, Italy), is located in an area where strong earthquakes can occur, with expected peak ground acceleration on rock soil equal to 0.29g for 475 years return period (i.e., 10% exceedance probability in 50 years). For the base isolation system, Freyssinet has supplied 94 anti-seismic rubber isolators ISOSISM® type HDRB-H 550x155 and 93 flat sliders with confined elastomeric disc TETRON® type CD GL 3000.600.600 in order to reduce the eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of stiffness of the isolation system and consequently the torsional effects on the superstructure. This paper describes the performance characteristics of the isolators with particular attention to the experimental dynamic response. A special focus is given to all the construction phases and details necessary to isolate a masonry structure.

Non-linear fracture mechanics equations for through-wall cracks in a pipe are used to analyze piping systems for either critical flaw size or critical loading conditions as part of probabilistic Leak-Before-Break (LBB) failure analyses under the eXtremely Low Probability of Rupture (xLPR) program co-sponsored by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The xLPR analysis techniques use a large number of independent analysis solutions to determine an overall assessment of system failure probability. As part of the assessment, each independent solution requires the solution of the crack opening displacement (COD) for a through-wall crack (TWC) in a pipe under the prescribed loading conditions. The COD evaluations are then used to determine a leak rate for the given load conditions and crack sizes. The purpose of this paper is to present results which advance the start-of-the-art for determining the elastic-plastic functions for crack opening displacements (COD) for a TWC in a pipe system under combined tension and bending loads. The current method used to determine COD in xLPR, a blending of tension and bending solution from the GE-EPRI Handbook, determined the continuum equations using structural finite element analyses with shell type elements. Since that body of work was undertaken, there have been significant advancements in computing capability such that structural finite element analyses with three-dimension continuum elements are currently feasible. The use of continuum elements provides several advantages over shell elements; such as, the ability to elicit details of variation in the COD through the thickness of the pipe wall and to apply pressure to the crack face due to the internal pipe pressure. Furthermore, the original GE-EPRI solutions were limited for the case of combined tension and bending loads. The existing GE-EPRI solutions for combined loading conditions are limited to pipe radius-to-wall thickness (R/t) ratios of 10 or greater, typical of those piping systems found in the boiling water reactor (BWR) fleet. For the PWR piping systems of concern today, which are subject to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC), the R/t ratios are typically 5 or less. As a result of the limitations with the existing GE-EPRI method for predicting COD, Battelle and US NRC staff set out to develop a comprehensive COD prediction tool for combined loadings which would be applicable to both PWR as well as BWR piping. This effort involved a matrix of over 1,200 finite element analyses for a full range of pipe sizes, R/t ratios, through-wall crack (TWC) lengths, and internal pipe pressures. It is anticipated that there will be several parts to this effort. Part I, discussed in this paper, focuses on the development of the model and the initial investigation into the elastic- and elastic-plastic fitting functions for the prediction of COD (i.e., the V and h functions). Future parts of this effort will focus on such issues as the effect of restraint of pressure induced bending on COD, the effect of weld residual stresses on COD, J-Integral estimation schemes, and development of variable crack-face pressure.

In laminar flamelet modeling, a laminar flame in a simple 0D or 1D configuration is calculated a-priori and parameterized by a few scalars such as mixture fraction and reaction-progress or strain-rate. Transport equations, or algebraic expressions, for these parameters are then solved in 3D CFD simulations, avoiding computationally expensive in-situ chemical kinetic calculations. Typical configurations for laminar flamelets include, in 1D, opposed flow configurations with either non-premixed or premixed streams, freely propagating premixed flames, premixed flames impinging on a (heated) wall, and burner stabilized premixed flames. In 0D, plug-flow, perfectly-stirred (PSR) and partially-stirred reactors have been employed to build ‘flamelet-like’ ignition and flame-propagation tables. This paper compares 1D strained steady and unsteady non-premixed flamelets, 1D strained premixed flamelets, and 0D PSR simulations at a stochiometric and a lean equivalence ratio. At stochiometric mixtures, all three flamelet configurations show comparable manifolds (i.e. CO and OH mass fractions, and reaction-progress source term distributions). However, at lean equivalence ratios, the different configurations show substantially different manifolds. It is concluded that a unique flamelet configuration cannot be identified for a general partially-premixed model that ranges from the non-premixed to the perfectly premixed limit. Instead, to accurately model CO emissions, it may be necessary to include both premixed and non-premixed flamelets, with a flame-index (e.g. Yamashita et al., 1996, Proc. Combust. Inst., 26) to select the appropriate burning regime.

Co-firing biomass with fossil fuels is increasingly relevant to thermal power plant operators due to new, stricter sanctions relating to carbon footprints. It has been found that the use of biomass results in an altered ash composition, which leads to increased corrosion of the superheater tube walls. This paper presents results for corrosion depth, from initial testing on P91 samples exposed to synthetic salts representative of ash compositions obtained from operational plants. SEM images and EDX element maps are obtained and presented in order to gain an understanding of the complex corrosion mechanism which occurs. A finite element methodology is presented for combined corrosion with creep damage to assess the effect of corrosion tube wall loss on creep rupture life for pressurized tubes.

Developing a classification system (taxonomy) for buildings is a critical step for seismic risk assessment studies. Such a system can be used to characterize a building portfolio within urban/rural settlements or building stock for the entire country. Serbia is located in a region characterized by a moderate seismic hazard. In the last century, 10 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 and higher occurred in Serbia, the strongest (M 6.0) in 1922. The strongest earthquake in the 21st century (Mw 5.5), with an epicenter close to Kraljevo, occurred in November 2010 and caused significant damage to residential buildings. In 2019, members of the Serbian Association for Earthquake Engineering (SUZI-SAEE) contributed to the SERA project and its goal to develop a seismic risk model for Europe. A taxonomy of residential buildings in Serbia was developed based on previous national and regional building stock studies. The proposed taxonomy includes the Lateral Load-Resisting System (LLRS) (e.g., wall, frame, dual wall-frame system) and material of the LLRS (e.g., masonry, concrete, wood) as the main attributes. The type of floor diaphragm (rigid or flexible) has been specified only for masonry typologies with unreinforced masonry walls, while building height and date of construction have been implicitly considered. According to the proposed taxonomy, there are 9 residential building typologies in Serbia; out of those, 5 typologies are related to masonry structures, 3 are related to RC structures, and one is related to wood structures. This paper describes the proposed taxonomy and outlines the characteristic features of different building typologies and their relevance for estimating seismic vulnerability and risk. A comparison of the proposed taxonomy for Serbia and published taxonomies for Croatia is also presented.