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1
Clemow, David B., William D. Steers, Richard McCarty, and Jeremy B. Tuttle. "Altered regulation of bladder nerve growth factor and neurally mediated hyperactive voiding." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): R1279—R1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.4.r1279.
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Elevated bladder smooth muscle cell (BSMC) nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion and related neuroplasticity are associated with hyperactive voiding in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs: hypertensive, behaviorally hyperactive), compared with control Wistar-Kyotos (WKYs). We used two inbred strains (WKHT: hypertensive; WKHA: hyperactive) to further investigate this phenomenon. WKHA BSMCs secreted higher basal levels of NGF than WKHT BSMCs. Antagonists did inhibit NGF output in WKHA but not WKHT cultures. Thus augmented basal secretion of NGF cosegregates with a hyperactive phenotype, whereas a lack of regulatory inhibition of NGF output cosegregates with a hypertensive phenotype. Bladder norepinephrine content paralleled NGF content, with WKHTs > SHRs > WKHAs > WKYs, providing evidence that a lack of inhibition is the greatest contributor to elevated bladder NGF and noradrenergic innervation. Protein kinase C (PKC) agonists affected NGF production differentially depending on strain, suggesting that altered PKC signaling may contribute to strain differences in NGF secretion. Finally, 6-h voiding frequency differed between the strains, with SHRs > WKHTs = WKHAs > WKYs. Thus aspects of both the hypertensive and hyperactive phenotypes may be associated with elevated SHR bladder NGF and hyperactive voiding.
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Do Carmo, Sonia, Benjamin Kannel, and A. Claudio Cuello. "The Nerve Growth Factor Metabolic Pathway Dysregulation as Cause of Alzheimer’s Cholinergic Atrophy." Cells 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010016.
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The cause of the loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) and their terminal synapses in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has provoked a decades-long controversy. The cholinergic phenotype of this neuronal system, involved in numerous cognitive mechanisms, is tightly dependent on the target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF). Consequently, the loss of BFCNs cholinergic phenotype in AD was initially suspected to be due to an NGF trophic failure. However, in AD there is a normal NGF synthesis and abundance of the NGF precursor (proNGF), therefore the NGF trophic failure hypothesis for the atrophy of BCNs was abandoned. In this review, we discuss the history of NGF-dependency of BFCNs and the atrophy of these neurons in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Further to it, we propose that trophic factor failure explains the BFCNs atrophy in AD. We discuss evidence of the occurrence of a brain NGF metabolic pathway, the dysregulation of which, in AD explains the severe deficiency of NGF trophic support for the maintenance of BFCNs cholinergic phenotype. Finally, we revise recent evidence that the NGF metabolic dysregulation in AD pathology starts at preclinical stages. We also propose that the alteration of NGF metabolism-related markers in body fluids might assist in the AD preclinical diagnosis.
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Qu, Zhican, Lawrence A. Wolfraim, John Svaren, Markus U. Ehrengruber, Norman Davidson, and Jeffrey Milbrandt. "The Transcriptional Corepressor NAB2 Inhibits NGF-induced Differentiation of PC12 Cells." Journal of Cell Biology 142, no. 4 (August 24, 1998): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.142.4.1075.
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The PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line responds to NGF by undergoing growth arrest and proceeding to differentiate toward a neuronal phenotype. Among the early genetic events triggered by NGF in PC12 cells are the rapid activation of the zinc finger transcription factor Egr1/NGFI-A, and a slightly delayed induction of NAB2, a corepressor that inhibits Egr1 transcriptional activity. We found that stably transfected PC12 cells expressing high levels of NAB2 do not differentiate, but rather continue to proliferate in response to NGF. Inhibition of PC12 differentiation by NAB2 overexpression was confirmed using two additional experimental approaches, transient transfection, and adenoviral infection. Early events in the NGF signaling cascade, such as activation of MAP kinase and induction of immediate-early genes, were unaltered in the NAB2-overexpressing PC12 cell lines. However, induction of delayed NGF response genes such as TGF-β1 and MMP-3 was inhibited. Furthermore, NAB2 overexpression led to downregulation of p21WAF1, a molecule previously shown to play a pivotal role in the ability of PC12 cells to undergo growth arrest and commit to differentiation in response to NGF. Cotransfection with p21WAF1 restored the ability of NAB2-overexpressing PC12 cells to differentiate in response to NGF.
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Jippo, T., H. Ushio, S. Hirota, H. Mizuno, A. Yamatodani, S. Nomura, H. Matsuda, and Y. Kitamura. "Poor response of cultured mast cells derived from mi/mi mutant mice to nerve growth factor." Blood 84, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 2977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v84.9.2977.2977.
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Abstract Decreased numbers of mast cells and abnormalities in the phenotype of mast cells are observed in the skin of mi/mi mutant mice. Recently, the mi locus was identified to encode a novel member of the basic-helix- loop-helix-leucine zipper protein family of transcription factors. Since nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reported to influence the proliferation and the phenotype of cultured mast cells (CMCs), we compared the effect of NGF between mi/mi and control normal (+/+) CMCs. Addition of NGF to the suboptimal dose of recombinant murine interleukin-3 (rmIL-3) increased the plating efficiency of +/+ CMCs, but not of mi/mi CMCs. Although +/+ CMCs were berberine sulfate- negative when cultured with rmIL-3 alone, +/+ CMCs became berberine sulfate-positive when cultured in the presence of both rmIL-3 and NGF, which suggests increased heparin content. In contrast, NGF did not influence the phenotype of mi/mi CMCs. +/+ CMCs significantly bound 125I-NGF, but mi/mi CMCs did not, which suggests a defect of NGF receptors in mi/mi CMCs. Both p75 and p140 molecules are known to be involved in the formation of NGF receptors. Although the expression of p140 messenger (m)RNA was comparable between +/+ and mi/mi CMCs, the expression of p75 mRNA was significantly lower in mi/mi CMCs than in +/+ CMCs. Taken together, the poor response of mi/mi CMCs to NGF appeared to be attributable to the impaired transcription of the p75 gene.
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Jippo, T., H. Ushio, S. Hirota, H. Mizuno, A. Yamatodani, S. Nomura, H. Matsuda, and Y. Kitamura. "Poor response of cultured mast cells derived from mi/mi mutant mice to nerve growth factor." Blood 84, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 2977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v84.9.2977.bloodjournal8492977.
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Decreased numbers of mast cells and abnormalities in the phenotype of mast cells are observed in the skin of mi/mi mutant mice. Recently, the mi locus was identified to encode a novel member of the basic-helix- loop-helix-leucine zipper protein family of transcription factors. Since nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reported to influence the proliferation and the phenotype of cultured mast cells (CMCs), we compared the effect of NGF between mi/mi and control normal (+/+) CMCs. Addition of NGF to the suboptimal dose of recombinant murine interleukin-3 (rmIL-3) increased the plating efficiency of +/+ CMCs, but not of mi/mi CMCs. Although +/+ CMCs were berberine sulfate- negative when cultured with rmIL-3 alone, +/+ CMCs became berberine sulfate-positive when cultured in the presence of both rmIL-3 and NGF, which suggests increased heparin content. In contrast, NGF did not influence the phenotype of mi/mi CMCs. +/+ CMCs significantly bound 125I-NGF, but mi/mi CMCs did not, which suggests a defect of NGF receptors in mi/mi CMCs. Both p75 and p140 molecules are known to be involved in the formation of NGF receptors. Although the expression of p140 messenger (m)RNA was comparable between +/+ and mi/mi CMCs, the expression of p75 mRNA was significantly lower in mi/mi CMCs than in +/+ CMCs. Taken together, the poor response of mi/mi CMCs to NGF appeared to be attributable to the impaired transcription of the p75 gene.
6
D'Arcangelo, G., R. Habas, S. Wang, S. Halegoua, and S. R. Salton. "Activation of codependent transcription factors is required for transcriptional induction of the vgf gene by nerve growth factor and Ras." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 9 (September 1996): 4621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.9.4621.
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Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of PC12 cells leads to the elaboration of a neuronal phenotype, including the induction of neuronally expressed genes such as vgf. To study vgf transcription, we have created chimeric vgf/beta-globin genes in which vgf promoter sequences drive the expression of the beta-globin reporter gene or of a chimeric beta-globin gene fused to 3' untranslated vgf gene sequences. We have found that the level of inducibility of the latter construct by NGF resembles that of the endogenous vgf gene. Using transient transfection of the chimeric reporter genes into PC12 cells, into PC12 subclones expressing activated or dominantly interfering mutant Ras proteins, and into PC12 variants expressing specific NGF receptor/Trk mutants, we show that transcriptional regulation of the vgf promoter by NGF is mediated through a Ras-dependent signaling pathway. By mutational analysis of the vgf promoter, we have identified three promoter elements involved in mediating transcriptional induction by NGF and Ras. In addition to the cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE), which binds to ATF-1, ATF-2, and CRE-binding protein in PC12 nuclear extracts, a novel CCAAT element and its binding proteins were identified, which, like the CRE, is necessary but not sufficient for the Ras-dependent induction of the vgf gene by NGF. We also identify a G(S)G element unusually located between the TATA box and transcriptional start site, which binds the NGF- and Ras-induced transcription factor, NGFI-A, and amplifies the transcriptional response. Integrating data from studies of vgf promoter regulation and NGF signal transduction, we present a model for vgf gene induction in which transcriptional activation is achieved through the persistent, direct activation of multiple interacting transcription factors binding to CRE and CCAAT elements, coordinated with the delayed transcription factor action at a G(S)G element resulting from the induced expression of NGFI-A.
7
Rizzi, Caterina, Alexia Tiberi, Michela Giustizieri, Maria Cristina Marrone, Francesco Gobbo, Nicola Maria Carucci, Giovanni Meli, et al. "NGF steers microglia toward a neuroprotective phenotype." Glia 66, no. 7 (February 23, 2018): 1395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.23312.
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Dollé, Laurent, Maria-José Oliveira, Erik Bruyneel, Hubert Hondermarck, and Marc Bracke. "Nerve Growth Factor mediates its pro-invasive effect in parallel with the release of a soluble E-cadherin fragment from breast cancer MCF-7/AZ cells." Journal of Dairy Research 72, S1 (July 22, 2005): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001160.
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To define better the function of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in breast cancer progression, we investigated whether this polypeptide was able to induce breast cancer cell invasion. NGF inhibited aggregation of tumour cells through modulation of the E-cadherin/catenin complex function. In addition, NGF induced the breast cancer cells to invade into Matrigel. We focused our attention on how NGF prevents aggregation, in order to discover the signalling pathway that leads tumour cells to acquire the invasive phenotype. Moreover, studies on the identification of signalling pathways that are responsive for NGF-induced invasion will be basically described.
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MWANJEWE, James, Betsy King HUI, Michael D. COUGHLIN, and Ashok K. GROVER. "Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor increases iron uptake." Biochemical Journal 357, no. 3 (July 25, 2001): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3570881.
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Phaeochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with nerve growth factor (NGF) differentiate into a neuronal phenotype. Here we compare the uptake of transferrin-bound and non-transferrin-bound iron in NGF-treated (neuronal phenotype) and control (proliferating) PC12 cells. The non-transferrin-bound iron uptake was greater in the NGF-treated cells than in the control, independently of the uptake time, the iron-chelating agents used, the oxidation state of iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+) and the iron concentration tested. The NGF-treated cells expressed L-type and N-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. Nitrendipine (an L-type inhibitor) and possibly ω-conotoxin (an N-type inhibitor) inhibited the iron uptake by 20%. Thapsigargin inhibits the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump and allowed Mn2+ entry into cells. Preincubating PC12 cells with thapsigargin increased the iron uptake. The rate of transferrin-bound iron uptake was less than 1% of the non-transferrin-bound iron uptake and the maximum transferrin-bound iron uptake was also very low. We conclude that an increase in the iron uptake by multiple pathways accompanies the transition of PC12 cells from the proliferating to the neuronal phenotype.
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Leonard, D. G., E. B. Ziff, and L. A. Greene. "Identification and characterization of mRNAs regulated by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 9 (September 1987): 3156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.9.3156-3167.1987.
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Differential screening of cDNA libraries was used to detect and prepare probes for mRNAs that are regulated in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells by long-term (2-week) treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF). In response to NGF, PC12 cells change from a chromaffin cell-like to a sympathetic-neuron-like phenotype. Thus, one aim of this study was to identify NGF-regulated mRNAs that may be associated with the attainment of neuronal properties. Eight NGF-regulated mRNAs are described. Five of these increase 3- to 10-fold and three decrease 2- to 10-fold after long-term NGF exposure. Each mRNA was characterized with respect to the time course of the NGF response, regulation by agents other than NGF, and rat tissue distribution. Partial sequences of the cDNAs were used to search for homologies to known sequences. Homology analysis revealed that one mRNA (increased 10-fold) encodes the peptide thymosin beta 4 and a second mRNA (decreased 2-fold) encodes tyrosine hydroxylase. Another of the increased mRNAs was very abundant in sympathetic ganglia, barely detectable in brain and adrenals, and undetectable in all other tissues surveyed. One of the decreased mRNAs, by contrast, was very abundant in the adrenals and nearly absent in the sympathetic ganglia. With the exception of fibroblast growth factor, which is the only other agent known to mimic the differentiating effects of NGF on PC12 cells, none of the treatments tested (epidermal growth factor, insulin, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, dexamethasone, phorbol ester, and depolarization) reproduced the regulation observed with NGF. These and additional findings suggest that the NGF-regulated mRNAs may play roles in the establishment of the neuronal phenotype and that the probes described here will be useful to study the mechanism of action of NGF and the development and differentiation of neurons.
11
Leonard, D. G., E. B. Ziff, and L. A. Greene. "Identification and characterization of mRNAs regulated by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 9 (September 1987): 3156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.9.3156.
Full textAbstract:
Differential screening of cDNA libraries was used to detect and prepare probes for mRNAs that are regulated in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells by long-term (2-week) treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF). In response to NGF, PC12 cells change from a chromaffin cell-like to a sympathetic-neuron-like phenotype. Thus, one aim of this study was to identify NGF-regulated mRNAs that may be associated with the attainment of neuronal properties. Eight NGF-regulated mRNAs are described. Five of these increase 3- to 10-fold and three decrease 2- to 10-fold after long-term NGF exposure. Each mRNA was characterized with respect to the time course of the NGF response, regulation by agents other than NGF, and rat tissue distribution. Partial sequences of the cDNAs were used to search for homologies to known sequences. Homology analysis revealed that one mRNA (increased 10-fold) encodes the peptide thymosin beta 4 and a second mRNA (decreased 2-fold) encodes tyrosine hydroxylase. Another of the increased mRNAs was very abundant in sympathetic ganglia, barely detectable in brain and adrenals, and undetectable in all other tissues surveyed. One of the decreased mRNAs, by contrast, was very abundant in the adrenals and nearly absent in the sympathetic ganglia. With the exception of fibroblast growth factor, which is the only other agent known to mimic the differentiating effects of NGF on PC12 cells, none of the treatments tested (epidermal growth factor, insulin, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, dexamethasone, phorbol ester, and depolarization) reproduced the regulation observed with NGF. These and additional findings suggest that the NGF-regulated mRNAs may play roles in the establishment of the neuronal phenotype and that the probes described here will be useful to study the mechanism of action of NGF and the development and differentiation of neurons.
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Ziegler, Christian G., Flavie Sicard, Peter Lattke, Stefan R. Bornstein, Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein, and Alexander W. Krug. "Dehydroepiandrosterone Induces a Neuroendocrine Phenotype in Nerve Growth Factor-Stimulated Chromaffin Pheochromocytoma PC12 Cells." Endocrinology 149, no. 1 (September 20, 2007): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0645.
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The adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is produced in the inner zone of the adrenal cortex, which is in direct contact to adrenal medullary cells. Due to their close anatomical proximity and tightly intermingled cell borders, a direct interaction of adrenal cortex and medulla has been postulated. In humans congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency results in androgen excess accompanied by severe adrenomedullary dysplasia and chromaffin cell dysfunction. Therefore, to define the mechanisms of DHEA action on chromaffin cell function, we investigated its effect on cell survival and differentiation processes on a molecular level in the chromaffin cell line PC12. DHEA lessened the positive effect of NGF on cell survival and neuronal differentiation. Nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated induction of a neuronal phenotype was inhibited by DHEA as indicated by reduced neurite outgrowth and decreased expression of neuronal marker proteins such as synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa and vesicle-associated membrane protein-2. We examined whether DHEA may stimulate the cells toward a neuroendocrine phenotype. DHEA significantly elevated catecholamine release from unstimulated PC12 cells in the presence but not absence of NGF. Accordingly, DHEA enhanced the expression of the neuroendocrine marker protein chromogranin A. Next, we explored the possible molecular mechanisms of DHEA and NGF interaction. We demonstrate that NGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was reduced by DHEA. In summary, our data show that DHEA influences cell survival and differentiation processes in PC12 cells, possibly by interacting with the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway. DHEA drives NGF-stimulated cells toward a neuroendocrine phenotype, suggesting that the interaction of intraadrenal steroids and growth factors is required for the maintenance of an intact adrenal medulla.
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Chevalier, S., V. Praloran, C. Smith, D. MacGrogan, NY Ip, GD Yancopoulos, P. Brachet, A. Pouplard, and H. Gascan. "Expression and functionality of the trkA proto-oncogene product/NGF receptor in undifferentiated hematopoietic cells." Blood 83, no. 6 (March 15, 1994): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v83.6.1479.1479.
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Abstract The expression of the low-affinity NGF receptor (p75) and the trkA proto-oncogene product was analyzed in a series of human hematopoietic cell lines at protein and RNA levels. We did not detect any form of NGF receptor in cell lines displaying a myelomonocytic phenotype (HL60 and U937). In contrast, cells displaying a more immature erythroleukemic phenotype (TF1 and K562) expressed TrkA in the absence of detectable p75. Scatchard analysis showed a single high-affinity site for NGF (kd = 10(-10) mol/L), with a copy number ranging from 300 to 3,000 sites per cell depending on the studied cell line. In addition, NGF induced autophosphorylation of TrkA and could substitute for granulocyte- monocyte colony-stimulating factor to trigger the proliferation of the TF1 cell line, with a half-maximal signal observed at 50 pmol/L, indicating that p75 is not required for DNA synthesis in this cell line. The physiologic relevance of NGF in early hematopoiesis was confirmed by showing that 12% to 15% of progenitor blood cells from mice treated with 5-fluorouracil expressed TrkA and that these cells could be induced to proliferate and differentiate in response to NGF in association with macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Our study demonstrates for the first time that trkA proto-oncogene expression and activation is not restricted to the nervous system, but is also an important element in early hematopoiesis.
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Chevalier, S., V. Praloran, C. Smith, D. MacGrogan, NY Ip, GD Yancopoulos, P. Brachet, A. Pouplard, and H. Gascan. "Expression and functionality of the trkA proto-oncogene product/NGF receptor in undifferentiated hematopoietic cells." Blood 83, no. 6 (March 15, 1994): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v83.6.1479.bloodjournal8361479.
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The expression of the low-affinity NGF receptor (p75) and the trkA proto-oncogene product was analyzed in a series of human hematopoietic cell lines at protein and RNA levels. We did not detect any form of NGF receptor in cell lines displaying a myelomonocytic phenotype (HL60 and U937). In contrast, cells displaying a more immature erythroleukemic phenotype (TF1 and K562) expressed TrkA in the absence of detectable p75. Scatchard analysis showed a single high-affinity site for NGF (kd = 10(-10) mol/L), with a copy number ranging from 300 to 3,000 sites per cell depending on the studied cell line. In addition, NGF induced autophosphorylation of TrkA and could substitute for granulocyte- monocyte colony-stimulating factor to trigger the proliferation of the TF1 cell line, with a half-maximal signal observed at 50 pmol/L, indicating that p75 is not required for DNA synthesis in this cell line. The physiologic relevance of NGF in early hematopoiesis was confirmed by showing that 12% to 15% of progenitor blood cells from mice treated with 5-fluorouracil expressed TrkA and that these cells could be induced to proliferate and differentiate in response to NGF in association with macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Our study demonstrates for the first time that trkA proto-oncogene expression and activation is not restricted to the nervous system, but is also an important element in early hematopoiesis.
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Dusan, Matusica, Canlas Jastrow, Martin M. Alyce, Wei Yingkai, Marri Shashikanth, Erickson Andelain, Barry M. Christine, et al. "Differentiation of the 50B11 dorsal root ganglion cells into NGF and GDNF responsive nociceptor subtypes." Molecular Pain 16 (January 2020): 174480692097036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744806920970368.
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The embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron-derived 50B11 cell line is a promising sensory neuron model expressing markers characteristic of NGF and GDNF-dependent C-fibre nociceptors. Whether these cells have the capacity to develop into distinct nociceptive subtypes based on NGF- or GDNF-dependence has not been investigated. Here we show that by augmenting forskolin (FSK) and growth factor supplementation with NGF or GDNF, 50B11 cultures can be driven to acquire differential functional responses to common nociceptive agonists capsaicin and ATP respectively. In addition, to previous studies, we also demonstrate that a differentiated neuronal phenotype can be maintained for up to 7 days. Western blot analysis of nociceptive marker proteins further demonstrates that the 50B11 cells partially recapitulate the functional phenotypes of classical NGF-dependent (peptidergic) and GDNF-dependent (non-peptidergic) neuronal subtypes described in DRGs. Further, 50B11 cells differentiated with NGF/FSK, but not GDNF/FSK, show sensitization to acute prostaglandin E2 treatment. Finally, RNA-Seq analysis confirms that differentiation with NGF/FSK or GDNF/FSK produces two 50B11 cell subtypes with distinct transcriptome expression profiles. Gene ontology comparison of the two subtypes of differentiated 50B11 cells to rodent DRG neurons studies shows significant overlap in matching or partially matching categories. This transcriptomic analysis will aid future suitability assessment of the 50B11 cells as a high-throughput nociceptor model for a broad range of experimental applications. In conclusion, this study shows that the 50B11 cell line is capable of partially recapitulating features of two distinct types of embryonic NGF and GDNF-dependent nociceptor-like cells.
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Covaceuszach, Sonia, and Doriano Lamba. "The NGF R100W Mutation, Associated with Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy Type V, Specifically Affects the Binding Energetic Landscapes of NGF and of Its Precursor proNGF and p75NTR." Biology 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12030364.
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Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), the prototype of the neurotrophin family, stimulates morphological differentiation and regulates neuronal gene expression by binding to TrkA and p75NTR receptors. It plays a critical role in maintaining the function and phenotype of peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons and in mediating pain transmission and perception during adulthood. A point mutation in the NGFB gene (leading to the amino acid substitution R100W) is responsible for Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type V (HSAN V), leading to a congenital pain insensitivity with no clear cognitive impairments, but with alterations in the NGF/proNGF balance. The available crystal structures of the p75NTR/NGF and 2p75NTR/proNGF complexes offer a starting point for Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations in order to capture the impact of the R100W mutation on their binding energetic landscapes and to unveil the molecular determinants that trigger their different physiological and pathological outcomes. The present in silico studies highlight that the stability and the binding energetic fingerprints in the 2p75NTR/proNGF complex is not affected by R100W mutation, which on the contrary, deeply affects the energetic landscape, and thus the stability in the p75NTR/NGF complex. Overall, these findings present insights into the structural basis of the molecular mechanisms beyond the clinical manifestations of HSAN V patients.
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Esposito, Graziana, Bijorn Omar Balzamino, Maria Luisa Rocco, Luigi Aloe, and Alessandra Micera. "Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) as Partaker in the Modulation of UV-Response in Cultured Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 6337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116337.
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Corroborating data sustain the pleiotropic effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the protection of the visual system from dangerous stimuli, including ultraviolet (UV). Since UV exposure might promote ocular surface changes (conjunctival inflammation and matrix rearrangement), as previously reported from in vivo studies sustaining some protective NGF effects, in vitro cultures of human conjunctival fibroblasts (FBs) were developed and exposed to a single UV exposure over 15 min (0.277 W/m2), either alone or supplemented with NGF (1–10–100 ng/mL). Conditioned media and cell monolayers were collected and analyzed for protein release (ELISA, ELLA microfluidic) and transcript expression (real-time PCR). A specific “inflammatory to remodeling” pattern (IL8, VEGF, IL33, OPN, and CYR61) as well as a few epigenetic transcripts (known as modulator of cell differentiation and matrix-remodeling (DNMT3a, HDAC1, NRF2 and KEAP1)) were investigated in parallel. UV-exposed FBs (i), showed no proliferation or significant cytoskeleton rearrangement; (ii), displayed a trkANGFR/p75NTR phenotype; and (iii), synthesized/released IL8, VEGF-A, IL33, OPN, and CYR61, as compared to unexposed ones. NGF addition counteracted IL8, IL33, OPN, and CYR61 protein release merely at lower NGF concentrations but not VEGF. NGF supplementation did not affect DNMT3a or HDAC1 transcripts, while it significantly upregulated NRF2 at lowest NGF doses and did not change KEAP1 expression. Taken together, a single UV exposure activated conjunctival FBs to release pro-inflammatory/fibrogenic factors in association with epigenetic changes. The effects were selectively counteracted by NGF supplementation in a dose-dependent fashion, most probably accountable to the trkANGFR/p75NTR phenotype. Further in vitro studies are underway to better understand this additional NGF pleiotropic effect. Since UV-shield impairments represent a worldwide alert and UV radiation can slowly affect ocular surface homeostasis (photo-ageing, cataract) or might exacerbate ocular diseases with a preexisting fibrosis (pterygium, VKC), these findings on NGF modulation of UV-exposed FBs might provide additional information for protecting the ocular surface (homeostasis) from low-grade long-lasting UV insults.
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Chesa, P. G., W. J. Rettig, T. M. Thomson, L. J. Old, and M. R. Melamed. "Immunohistochemical analysis of nerve growth factor receptor expression in normal and malignant human tissues." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 4 (April 1988): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.4.2831267.
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Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide important for normal development of the nervous system and promotion of survival and differentiation of sensory and sympathetic neurons in culture. The cellular effects of NGF are mediated by a specific cell surface molecule, nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R). In the present study we have used a monoclonal antibody against human NGF-R to examine, by the avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase method, the receptor distribution in a wide range of normal tissues and in more than 200 malignant tumors. Our results show that (a) human NGF-R is expressed in the peripheral nervous system but not in any of the central nervous system areas tested; (b) NGF-R expression is not restricted to neural tissues but is also found in a number of normal epithelial, mesenchymal, and lymphoid tissues; (c) NGF-R expression changes during normal development; and (d) NGF-R expression in malignant tumors generally parallels its normal tissue distribution. Thus, NGF-R is detected in a proportion of neuroectoderm-derived tumors, carcinomas, and lymphomas, and also in a characteristic group of small round-cell tumors (Ewing's sarcomas and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas). These findings suggest a normal regulatory role for NGF in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells and identify a range of human tumors in which the NGF/NGF-R system may contribute to the malignant phenotype.
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Dzieran, Johanna, Aida Rodriguez Garcia, Ulrica Kristina Westermark, Aine Brigette Henley, Elena Eyre Sánchez, Catarina Träger, Henrik Johan Johansson, Janne Lehtiö, and Marie Arsenian-Henriksson. "MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma maintains an aggressive and undifferentiated phenotype by deregulation of estrogen and NGF signaling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 6 (January 26, 2018): E1229—E1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710901115.
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Neuroblastoma (NB) is a remarkably heterogenic childhood tumor of the sympathetic nervous system with clinical behavior ranging from spontaneous regression to poorly differentiated tumors and metastasis. MYCN is amplified in 20% of cases and correlates with an undifferentiated, aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors TrkA and p75NTR are involved in neuronal differentiation and survival. We have previously shown that MYCN, via miR-18a, targets ERα in NB cells. Here, we demonstrate that interference with miR-18a or overexpression of ERα is sufficient to induce NGF signaling and to modulate both basal and NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in MYCN-amplified NB cells. Proteomic analysis confirmed an increase of neuronal features and showed that processes linked to tumor initiation and progression were inhibited upon ERα overexpression. Indeed, ectopic ERα expression was sufficient to inhibit metabolic activity and tumorigenic processes, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, cell viability, migration, and anchorage independent growth. Importantly, ERα overexpression reduced tumor burden in NB mouse models and high ERα levels were linked to improved survival in patients. In addition to ERα, several other nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), including the glucocorticoid and the retinoic acid receptors, correlated with clinical markers for favorable and low-stage NB disease. Our data suggest that MYCN targets ERα and thereby NGF signaling to maintain an undifferentiated and aggressive phenotype. Notably, we identified the estrogen–NGF crosstalk, as well as a set of other NHRs, as potential prognostic markers and targets for therapeutic strategies against NB.
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Miller, F. D., T. C. Mathew, and J. G. Toma. "Regulation of nerve growth factor receptor gene expression by nerve growth factor in the developing peripheral nervous system." Journal of Cell Biology 112, no. 2 (January 15, 1991): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.112.2.303.
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Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a target-derived neurotrophic protein that promotes the survival and growth of developing sympathetic and sensory neurons. We have examined NGF receptor gene expression in these neurons after NGF administration. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that NGF given systemically to neonatal rats increased levels of NGF receptor mRNA in sympathetic neurons within the superior cervical ganglion. This increase was accompanied by a differential regulation of genes associated with neurotransmitter phenotype; tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA was increased, but neuropeptide Y mRNA was not. NGF receptor mRNA levels were also increased in L4-L5 dorsal root ganglia, although this mRNA was not expressed uniformly in sensory neurons of control or NGF-treated animals. Levels of T alpha 1 alpha-tubulin mRNA, a marker of neuronal growth, also increased. In contrast to developing neurons, systemic NGF did not increase NGF receptor mRNA in nonneuronal cells of the sciatic nerve. To determine if NGF regulated NGF receptor gene expression at the transcriptional level, we examined PC12 cells. NGF treatment for 6 h increased NGF receptor mRNA fourfold; this increase was inhibited by cycloheximide. Nuclear run-off transcription assays demonstrated that the increase in steady-state NGF receptor mRNA levels was mediated at the transcriptional level. In contrast, although NGF treatment increased steady-state tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels, this effect was not blocked by cycloheximide, and was not due to increased transcription. These data raise the possibility that transcriptional regulation of NGF receptor gene expression by target-derived NGF could be a molecular mechanism for potentiating NGF's effects on neurons during developmental periods of neuronal competition and cell death.
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Matsuda, H., Y. Kannan, H. Ushio, Y. Kiso, T. Kanemoto, H. Suzuki, and Y. Kitamura. "Nerve growth factor induces development of connective tissue-type mast cells in vitro from murine bone marrow cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 174, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.174.1.7.
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The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on proliferation/differentiation of mast cells was investigated in vitro. Although NGF alone neither supported colony formation of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMC) nor induced development of mast cell colonies from nonadherent bone marrow cells (NBMC), addition of NGF to the suboptimal dose of interleukin 3 (IL-3) significantly increased the numbers of mast cell colonies produced by BMCMC or NBMC in methylcellulose. When stimulated by IL-3 alone, cells in mast cell colonies were not stained by berberine sulfate, a fluorescent dye. In contrast, mast cells developing in methylcellulose cultures obtaining both IL-3 and NGF were stained by berberine sulfate. The fluorescence was abolished by the treatment of heparinase but not of chondroitinase ABC, suggesting that mast cells stimulated by IL-3 and NGF produced and stored heparin proteoglycan. The histamine content of BMCMC maintained by IL-3 was also increased by addition of NGF. Since BMCMC showed mucosal mast cell-like phenotype, NGF appeared to induce the phenotypic change to connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC). In the culture containing BMCMC, 3T3 fibroblasts, and IL-3, the phenotypic change of BMCMC to CTMC was observed as well. Since NGF was detected in this coculture and since addition of anti-NGF monoclonal antibody suppressed the phenotypic change, NGF produced by fibroblasts appeared to induce the phenotypic change. Neither BMCMC alone nor IL-3 alone increased the concentration of NGF. Therefore, there is a possibility that BMCMC stimulated by IL-3 may induce the production and/or release of NGF by fibroblasts.
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Kawai, Shun, Hiroto Sasaki, Norihiro Okada, Kei Kanie, Satoshi Yokoshima, Tohru Fukuyama, Hiroyuki Honda, and Ryuji Kato. "Morphological Evaluation of Nonlabeled Cells to Detect Stimulation of Nerve Growth Factor Expression by Lyconadin B." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 21, no. 8 (July 10, 2016): 795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057116645500.
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The success of drug development is greatly influenced by the efficiency of drug screening methods. Recently, phenotype-based screens have raised expectations, based on their proven record of identifying first-in-class drugs at a higher rate. Although fluorescence images are the data most commonly used in phenotype-based cell-based assays, nonstained cellular images have the potential to provide new descriptive information about cellular responses. In this study, we applied morphology-based evaluation of nonlabeled microscopic images to a phenotype-based assay. As a study case, we attempted to increase the efficiency of a cell-based assay for chemical compounds that induce production of nerve growth factor (NGF), using lyconadin B as a model compound. Because the total synthesis of lyconadin B was accomplished very recently, there is no well-established cell-based assay scheme for further drug screening. The conventional cell-based assay for evaluating NGF induction requires two types of cells and a total of 5 days of cell culture. The complexity and length of this assay increase both the risk of screening errors and the cost of screening. Our findings show that analysis of cellular morphology enables evaluation of NGF induction by lyconadin B within only 9 h.
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Williams, Lawrence R., R. Jane Rylett, Hylan C. Moises, and Andrew H. Tang. "Exogenous NGF Affects Cholinergic Transmitter Function and Y-Maze Behavior in Aged Fischer 344 Male Rats." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 18, S3 (August 1991): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100032546.
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ABSTRACT:Chronic ICV administration of NGF stimulates the activity of the cholinergic neuronal markers, HACU and ChAT, as well as the evoked release of both endogenous and newly synthesized acetylcholine in the brain of aging Fischer 344 male rats. However, the pattern of cholinergic phenotype stimulation indicates an age-related differential regulation of ChAT, HACU, and ACh release between specific brain areas, with the largest.effects found in the striatum. NGF treatment also increases the effectiveness of neurotransmission between basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and postsynaptic amygdaloid target neurons. The stimulation of central cholinergic transmitter function after NGF treatment affects behavior in a Y-maze brightness discrimination paradigm. NGF treatment does not affect the cognitive measure of brightness discrimination, but reduces the number of avoidance attempts, a measure of motor function.
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von Büdingen, H. Christian, Feng Mei, Ariele Greenfield, Sarah Jahn, Yun-An A. Shen, Hugh H. Reid, David D. McKemy, and Jonah R. Chan. "The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein directly binds nerve growth factor to modulate central axon circuitry." Journal of Cell Biology 210, no. 6 (September 7, 2015): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201504106.
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Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a central nervous system myelin-specific molecule expressed on the outer lamellae of myelin. To date, the exact function of MOG has remained unknown, with MOG knockout mice displaying normal myelin ultrastructure and no apparent specific phenotype. In this paper, we identify nerve growth factor (NGF) as a binding partner for MOG and demonstrate that this interaction is capable of sequestering NGF from TrkA-expressing neurons to modulate axon growth and survival. Deletion of MOG results in aberrant sprouting of nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord. Binding of NGF to MOG may offer widespread implications into mechanisms that underlie pain pathways.
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Niewiadomska, G., J. Wyrzykowska, and M. Chechłacz. "Does senile impairment of cholinergic system in rats concern only disturbances in cholinergic phenotype or the progressive degeneration of neuronal cell bodies?" Acta Biochimica Polonica 47, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2000_4011.
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The trophic effect of continuous intraventricular infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) on morphology of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons was tested in 4- and 28-month-old male Wistar rats. All studies were conducted using behaviorally uncharacterized animals from the same breeding colony. Immunohistochemical procedure for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and p75NTR receptor has been applied to identify cholinergic cells in the structures of basal forebrain (BF). Using a quantitative image analyzer, morphometric and densitometric parameters of ChAT- and p75NTR-positive cells were measured immediately after cessation of NGF infusion. In 28-month-old non-treated rats the number of intensively ChAT-positive cells in all forebrain structures was reduced by 50-70% as compared with young animals. The remaining ChAT-positive cells appeared shrunken and the neuropil staining was NTR markedly reduced. In contrast, the same neurons when stained for p75 were numerous and distinctly visible with perfect morphology. Analysis of Nissl stained sections also showed that 28-month-old rats did not display significant losses of neuronal cell bodies. NGF restored the number of intensely stained ChAT-positive cells to about 90% of that for young controls and caused a significant increase in size of those cells in 28-month-old rats as compared with the control, age-matched group. NGF did not influence the morphology of p75NTR-positive neurons, which were well labeled, irrespective of treatment and age of the rats. In 4-month-old rats, NGF infusion decreased the intensity of both ChAT and p75NTR immunostaining. These data provide some evidence for preservation of BF cholinergic neurons from atrophy during aging and indicate that senile impairment of the cholinergic system in rats concerns decrease in ChAT-protein expression rather than an acute degeneration of neuronal cell bodies. Treatment with NGF resulted in restoration of cholinergic phenotype in the BF neurons of aged rats. However, the present study also rises issue of possible detrimental effects of NGF in young normal animals.
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Gonzalez-Lopez, Tomas Jose, Sergio Matarraz, Isabel Caparros, María Fernanda López Fernández, Maria Eva Mingot, Ana Jiménez, Fernando Fernandez-Fuertes, et al. "Contribution of Next Generation Flow (NGF) Cytometry in Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Utility for the Differential Diagnosis with Myelodysplastic Syndromes." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-152182.
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Abstract Background: Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an immune-mediated acquired disorder characterized by impaired production and increased destruction of platelets with an elevated risk of bleeding. At present, diagnosis of primary ITP still remains one of exclusion with a need to discard other causes of isolated thrombocytopenia, in the absence of robust and accurate clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria. For the diagnosis of ITP, a bone marrow (BM) study may be useful to differentiate between ITP and other diseases, such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Next generation flow (NGF) has emerged as a potential useful tool in these settings. Aim: In this study (FCR-PTI-2017-01) we prospectively evaluated the potential utility of NGF analysis of BM and peripheral blood (PB) for more accurate diagnosis of ITP vs MDS. Methods: 62 patients presenting with isolated thrombocytopenia and classified as ITP (n=20), MDS (n= 11) or inconclusive, i.e. unclassifiable, (n= 25) by BM cytomorphology, were studied. PB (n=47) and BM (n=62) analysis by NGF was blindly performed in parallel for the ITP, MDS and unclassifiable patient groups using the EuroFlow 8-colour AML/MDS classification antibody panel followed by automated analysis against pre-existing flow cytometry databases of normal healthy donor PB and BM immunophenotypic profiles. NGF BM and PB results were then compared with the BM cytomorphological diagnosis. In parallel, epidemiological data from patients were recorded in an electronic case report form (eCRF) and analyzed afterwards. Results: By cytomorphology, expert hematologists were able to conclude an ITP or MDS diagnosis in only 31 cases (55.3%). 62 BM and 48 PB samples with isolated thrombocytopenia were evaluated by NGF. Our 62 patients were allocated in 4 immunophenotypic groups attending to different BM variables observed: maturation blockades, abnormal antigen expression and cross lineage markers. Thus, we observed normal phenotype cases (n=10), isolated (unilineage) alterations (n=24), mild multilineage (>1) alterations (n=20) and severe multilineage (MDS-like) phenotypes (n=8). Cytomorphology diagnosed our cases as ITP, MDS or unclassifiable with a median number of alterations observed by BM NGF of 4 (IQR, 3-6), 2 (IQR, 1-6) and 4 (IQR, 3-5) respectively. For ITP cytomorphology group, NGF demonstrated numerous BM alterations being monocytic alterations (n=17, 94%) the most frequent finding observed. MDS presumed cases were also associated with monocytic alterations (50%) with a frequent decrease in neutrophil precursors (40%). On the contrary, when cytomorphology was not capable to establish a diagnosis, NGF showed a mixture of alterations with no clear predominance of none of them (table 1). Similarly to our work with BM NGF, we looked into a potential correlation of cytomorphology with PB NGF phenotypes. Thus, we observed a median number of alterations of 4 (IQR, 3-5), 4 (IQR, 2-4) and 4 (IQR, 3-5) in ITP, MDS and inconclusive cytomorphology groups. Increased platelet size and upregulated CD41, CD61 and CD63 glycoprotein (GP) expression were the most characteristic findings of ITP cohort. MDS subtype depicted an increased platelet size and overexpression of CD41. Downregulation of GP was restricted to patients with MDS-like phenotypes. (table 2). Nearly statistical significant differences at significance level of 90% were observed between cytomorphology and BM NGF results (p=0.179) (table 3), between platelet score and BM NGF findings (p=0.118) and also, among morphology, BM NGF and platelet score (p=0.179). Nevertheless, cytomorphology and PB NGF showed no statistical differences between them (p=0.206) (table 4). Conclusions: Limitations of BM cytomorphology when facing an isolated thrombocytopenia were demonstrated here. However, normal or unilineage BM NGF alterations may lead us to an ITP diagnosis while mild or severe multilineage BM phenotypes may correlate good with MDS. PB platelet GP expression allowed us to classify our patients in six groups (Gonzalez-Lopez/Matarraz platelet score) which may help ITP diagnosis when this score is low. Comparison of BM cytomorphology, BM NGF and PB NGF techniques at diagnosis showed statistically nearly comparable results (p=0.179), with a bigger amount of patients needed to confirm this trend. All these NGF findings may lead us to better address ITP at diagnosis. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Gonzalez-Lopez: Novartis: Other: Advisoryboard and speakers honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Other: Advisory board and speakers honoraria, Research Funding; Sobi: Other: Advisory board honoraria; Grifols: Other: Advisory board honoraria.
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Jackson, T. R., I. J. Blader, L. P. Hammonds-Odie, C. R. Burga, F. Cooke, P. T. Hawkins, A. G. Wolf, K. A. Heldman, and A. B. Theibert. "Initiation and maintenance of NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth requires activation of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase." Journal of Cell Science 109, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.109.2.289.
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Application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to PC12 cells stimulates a programme of physiological changes leading to the development of a sympathetic neuron like phenotype, one aspect of which is the development of a neuronal morphology characterised by the outgrowth of neuritic processes. We have investigated the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in NGF-stimulated morphological differentiation through two approaches: firstly, preincubation with wortmannin, a reputedly specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide kinases, completely inhibited initial morphological responses to NGF, the formation of actin filament rich microspikes and subsequent neurite outgrowth. This correlated with wortmannin inhibition of NGF-stimulated phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate (PtdInsP3) and phosphatidylinositol(3,4)bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) production and with inhibition of NGF-stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates. Secondly, the overexpression of a mutant p85 regulatory subunit of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which cannot interact with the catalytic p110 subunit, also substantially inhibited the initiation of NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth. In addition, we found that wortmannin caused a rapid collapse of more mature neurites formed following several days exposure of PC12 cells to NGF. These results indicate that NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth requires the activity of a tyrosine kinase regulated PI3-kinase and suggest that the primary product of this enzyme, PtdInsP3, is a necessary second messenger for the cytoskeletal and membrane reorganization events which occur during neuronal differentiation.
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Cahill, Catherine M., and Terence J. Coderre. "Spinal NGF Restores Opioid Sensitivity in Neuropathic Rats: Possible Role of NGF as a Regulator of CCK-Induced Anti-Opioid Effects." Pain Research and Management 5, no. 1 (2000): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/347212.
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The breadth of peripheral effects produced by nerve growth factor (NGF) in nociceptive processing has been well documented. However, less is known about the functional significance of central NGF in nociceptive transmission. The effect of NGF on the nervous system is dependent on the developmental stage. During the prenatal developmental period, NGF is critical for survival of nociceptors; in the postnatal period it regulates the expression of nociceptor phenotype, and in the adult it contributes to pain following an inflammatory insult. The implications for central NGF in the expression and regulation of spinal neuropeptides that are involved in pain mechanisms are reviewed. Knowledge has been gained by studies using peripheral nerve injury models that cause a deprivation of central NGF. These models also give rise to the development of pain syndromes, which encompass spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia, routinely referred to as neuropathic pain. These models provide an approach for examining the contribution of central NGF to nociceptive transmission. Chronic pain emanating from a nerve injury is typically refractory to traditional analgesics such as opioids. Recent evidence suggests that supplementation of spinal NGF restores morphine-induced antinociception in an animal model of neuropathic pain. This effect appears to be mediated by alterations in spinal levels of cholecystokinin. The authors hypothesize that NGF is critical in maintaining neurochemical homeostasis in the spinal cord of nociceptive neurons, and that supplementation may be beneficial in restoring and/or maintaining opioid analgesia in chronic pain conditions resulting from traumatic nerve injury.
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Kremer, N. E., G. D'Arcangelo, S. M. Thomas, M. DeMarco, J. S. Brugge, and S. Halegoua. "Signal transduction by nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor in PC12 cells requires a sequence of src and ras actions." Journal of Cell Biology 115, no. 3 (November 1, 1991): 809–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.115.3.809.
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We have investigated the roles of pp60c-src and p21c-ras proteins in transducing the nerve growth factor (NGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals which promote the sympathetic neuronlike phenotype in PC12 cells. Neutralizing antibodies directed against either Src or Ras proteins were microinjected into fused PC12 cells. Each antibody both prevented and reversed NGF- or FGF-induced neurite growth, a prominent morphological marker for the neuronal phenotype. These data demonstrate the involvement of both pp60c-src and p21c-ras proteins in NGF and FGF actions in PC12 cells, and establish a physiological role for the pp60c-src tyrosine kinase in signal transduction pathways initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases in these cells. Additional microinjection experiments, using PC12 transfectants containing inducible v-src or ras oncogene activities, demonstrated a specific sequence of Src and Ras actions. Microinjection of anti-Ras antibody blocked v-src-induced neurite growth, but microinjection of anti-Src antibodies had no effect on ras oncogene-induced neurite growth. We propose that a cascade of Src and Ras actions, with Src acting first, is a significant feature of the signal transduction pathways for NGF and FGF. The Src-Ras cascade may define a functional cassette in the signal transduction pathways used by growth factors and other ligands whose receptors have diverse structures and whose range of actions on various cell types include mitogenesis and differentiation.
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Samario-Román, Jazmín, Carlos Larqué, Pablo Pánico, Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro, Myrian Velasco, Rene Escalona, and Marcia Hiriart. "NGF and Its Role in Immunoendocrine Communication during Metabolic Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031957.
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Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first neurotrophin described. This neurotrophin contributes to organogenesis by promoting sensory innervation and angiogenesis in the endocrine and immune systems. Neuronal and non-neuronal cells produce and secrete NGF, and several cell types throughout the body express the high-affinity neurotrophin receptor TrkA and the low-affinity receptor p75NTR. NGF is essential for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the complete development of pancreatic islets. Plus, this factor is involved in regulating lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissue. Immune cells produce and respond to NGF, modulating their inflammatory phenotype and the secretion of cytokines, contributing to insulin resistance and metabolic homeostasis. This neurotrophin regulates the synthesis of gonadal steroid hormones, which ultimately participate in the metabolic homeostasis of other tissues. Therefore, we propose that this neurotrophin’s imbalance in concentrations and signaling during metabolic syndrome contribute to its pathophysiology. In the present work, we describe the multiple roles of NGF in immunoendocrine organs that are important in metabolic homeostasis and related to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome.
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Jordan, Robert, Josh Pepe, and Priscilla A. Schaffer. "Characterization of a Nerve Growth Factor-Inducible Cellular Activity That Enhances Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Gene Expression and Replication of an ICP0 Null Mutant in Cells of Neural Lineage." Journal of Virology 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 5373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.7.5373-5382.1998.
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ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP0 is required for efficient viral gene expression during lytic infection, especially at low multiplicities. A series of cellular activities that can substitute for ICP0 has been identified, suggesting that when the activity of ICP0 is limiting, these activities can substitute for ICP0 to activate viral gene expression. The cellular activities may be especially important during reactivation of HSV from neuronal latency when viral gene expression is initiated in the absence of prior viral protein synthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, we have identified an inducible activity in cells of neural lineage (PC12) that can complement the low-multiplicity growth phenotype of an ICP0 null mutant, n212. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) prior to infection produced a 10- to 20-fold increase in the 24-h yield ofn212 but only a 2- to 4-fold increase in the yield of wild-type virus relative to mock treatment. Slot blot analysis of nuclear DNA isolated from infected cells treated or mock treated with NGF indicated that NGF treatment does not significantly affect viral entry. The NGF-induced activity in PC12 cells was expressed transiently, with peak complementing activity observed when cells were treated with NGF 12 h prior to infection. Addition of NGF 3 h after infection had little effect on virus yield. The NGF-induced cellular activity was inhibited by pretreatment of PC12 cells with kinase inhibitors that have high specificity for kinases involved in NGF/FGF-dependent signal transduction. RNase protection assays demonstrated that the NGF-inducible PC12 cell activity, like that of ICP0, functions to increase the level of viral mRNA during low-multiplicity infection. These results suggest that activation of viral transcription by ICP0 and transcriptional activation of cellular genes by NGF and FGF utilize common signal transduction pathways in PC12 cells.
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Islas-Suarez, L., M. Gomez-Chavarin, R. Drucker-Colin, and A. Hernandez-Cruz. "Properties of the sodium current in rat chromaffin cells exposed to nerve growth factor in vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 1938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.4.1938.
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1. This paper examines the electrophysiological properties of cultured rat adrenal chromaffin cells at different stages of neuron-like morphological differentiation in response to nerve growth factor (NGF). 2. Chromaffin cells display a large variability in the morphological changes after exposure to NGF. However, a marked tendency to neuronal phenotypic transformation prevails after two weeks in culture. 3. The voltage dependence of the macroscopic Na currents, judged by the current to voltage relationship, did not change significantly as a result of NGF treatment. Moreover, when kinetics, half-activation, and half-inactivation parameters of Na currents were compared between control and NGF-treated cells, no significant differences were observed. 4. Peak Na currents in control cells remained < 1 nA throughout the 17 d of observation, whereas currents > 1 nA became more frequent after the first week of NGF exposure. Cells with Na currents > 2 nA were found routinely in cultures exposed to NGF for > or = 15 d, but inadequate voltage control and neurite spiking prevented a thorough examination. Sodium current density in the population of NGF-treated chromaffin cells increased progressively over time, until an apparent plateau (3.5-fold increase) was reached by the end of the second week. No significant changes were observed in control, untreated cells. 5. The increase in Na channel density induced by NGF in chromaffin cells in compatible with the acquisition of the neuronal phenotype. Interestingly, the increase in Na channel expression occurs in slower time scale than in their neoplastic correlate, the PC12 cells. Na channels newly expressed by chromaffin cells after NGF treatment are functionally indistinguishable from those already present before treatment.
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Weinberger, R. P., R. C. Henke, O. Tolhurst, P. L. Jeffrey, and P. Gunning. "Induction of neuron-specific tropomyosin mRNAs by nerve growth factor is dependent on morphological differentiation." Journal of Cell Biology 120, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.120.1.205.
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We have examined the expression of brain-specific tropomyosins during neuronal differentiation. Both TmBr-1 and TmBr-3 were shown to be neuron specific. TmBr-1 and TmBr-3 mRNA levels increased during the most active phase of neurite outgrowth in the developing rat cerebellum. In PC12 cells stimulated by nerve growth factor (NGF) to differentiate to the neuronal phenotype, TmBr-1 and TmBr-3 levels increased with an increasing degree of morphological differentiation. Induction of TmBr-1 and TmBr-3 expression only occurred under conditions where PC12 cells were permitted to extend neurites. NGF was unable to maintain levels of TmBr-1 and TmBr-3 with the loss of neuronal phenotype by resuspension of differentiated PC12 cells. The unique cellular expression and regulation in vivo and in vitro of TmBr-1 and TmBr-3 strongly suggests a critical role of these tropomyosins in neuronal microfilament function. The findings reveal that the induction and maintenance of the neuronal tropomyosins is dependent on morphological differentiation and the maintenance of the neuronal phenotype.
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MWANJEWE, James, and Ashok K. GROVER. "Role of transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) in non-transferrin-bound iron uptake in neuronal phenotype PC12 cells." Biochemical Journal 378, no. 3 (March 15, 2004): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20031187.
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Cells take up transferrin-bound iron or NTBI (non-transferrin-bound iron). After treatment with NGF (nerve growth factor), PC12 cells exhibited a neuronal phenotype and an increase in the NTBI uptake (55Fe2+ or 55Fe3+). We loaded the cells with the dye calcein, whose fluorescence increases in the presence of Ca2+ but is quenched with Fe2+ or Fe3+. When examined using calcein fluorescence or radioactive iron, DAG (diacylglycerol)-stimulated NTBI entry was more in NGF-treated PC12 cells compared with untreated cells. All experiments were performed at 1.5 mM extracellular Ca2+. Nramp2 (natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 2) mRNA expression did not change after the NGF treatment. Expression of the bivalent cation entry protein TRPC6 (transient receptor potential canonical 6) was detected only in the NGF-treated cells. To verify that increased NTBI uptake depended on TRPC6, we examined whether transfecting HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney 293) cells with TRPC6 also increased the NTBI (55Fe) uptake. We also cotransfected HEK-293 cells with two plasmids, one expressing TRPC6 and the other expressing the fluorescent protein DsRED2 to identify the transfected cells. Challenging the calcein-loaded HEK-293 cells (which intrinsically express the α1-adrenergic receptors) with phenylephrine or a cell-permeant DAG increased the fluorescence signal more rapidly in transfected cells compared with untransfected cells. However, when iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) was added before adding phenylephrine or DAG, the fluorescence intensity decreased more rapidly in transfected cells compared with untransfected cells, thereby indicating a greater stimulation of the NTBI uptake in cells expressing TRPC6. We postulate that the increase in the NTBI entry into neuronal PC12 cells is through TRPC6, a pathway that is unique since it is receptor-stimulated. Since neuronal cells express TRPC6, this pathway may have a role in neurotoxicity.
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Muñoz, A., C. Wrighton, B. Seliger, J. Bernal, and H. Beug. "Thyroid hormone receptor/c-erbA: control of commitment and differentiation in the neuronal/chromaffin progenitor line PC12." Journal of Cell Biology 121, no. 2 (April 15, 1993): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.121.2.423.
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The c-erbA proto-oncogenes encode nuclear receptors for thyroid hormone (T3), a hormone intimately involved in mammalian brain maturation. To study thyroid hormone receptor (TR) action on neuronal cells in vitro, we expressed the chicken c-erbA/TR alpha-1 as well as its oncogenic variant v-erbA in the adrenal medulla progenitor cell line PC12. In the absence of T3, exogenous TR alpha-1 inhibits NGF-induced neuronal differentiation and represses neuron-specific gene expression. In contrast, TR alpha-1 allows normal differentiation and neuronal gene expression to occur in the presence of T3. Finally, TR alpha-1-expressing cells become NGF-responsive for proliferation when T3 is absent, but NGF-dependent for survival in presence of T3. A similar differentiation induction by NGF plus T3 was observed in a central nervous system-derived neuronal cell line (E 18) expressing exogenous TR alpha-1. Together with the finding that TR alpha-1 constitutively blocked dexamethasone-induced differentiation of PC12 cells into the chromaffin pathway, these results suggest that TR alpha-1 plays an important role in regulating commitment and maturation of neuronal progenitors. In contrast, the v-erbA oncogene, a mutated, oncogenic version of TR alpha-1, partially but constitutively inhibited NGF-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and potentiated dexamethasone-induced chromaffin differentiation, giving rise to an aberrant "interlineage" cell phenotype.
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Contrepas, Aurelie, Joy Walker, Annette Koulakoff, Karl J. Franek, Fatimunnisa Qadri, Christian Giaume, Pierre Corvol, Charles E. Schwartz, and Genevieve Nguyen. "A role of the (pro)renin receptor in neuronal cell differentiation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297, no. 2 (August 2009): R250—R257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90832.2008.
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The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] plays a pivotal role in the renin-angiotensin system. Experimental models emphasize the role of (P)RR in organ damage associated with hypertension and diabetes. However, a mutation of the (P)RR gene, resulting in frame deletion of exon 4 [Δ4-(P)RR] is associated with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) and epilepsy pointing to a novel role of (P)RR in brain development and cognitive function. We have studied (P)RR expression in mouse brain, as well as the effect of transfection of Δ4-(P)RR on neuronal differentiation of rat neuroendocrine PC-12 cells induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). In situ hybridization showed a wide distribution of (P)RR, including in key regions involved in the regulation of blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis. In mouse neurons, the receptor is on the plasma membrane and in synaptic vesicles, and stimulation by renin provokes ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In PC-12 cells, (P)RR localized mainly in the Golgi and in endoplasmic reticulum and redistributed to neurite projections during NGF-induced differentiation. In contrast, Δ4-(P)RR remained cytosolic and inhibited NGF-induced neuronal differentiation and ERK1/2 activation. Cotransfection of PC-12 cells with (P)RR and Δ4-(P)RR cDNA resulted in altered localization of (P)RR and inhibited (P)RR redistribution to neurite projections upon NGF stimulation. Furthermore, (P)RR dimerized with itself and with Δ4-(P)RR, suggesting that the XLMR and epilepsy phenotype resulted from a dominant-negative effect of Δ4-(P)RR, which coexists with normal transcript in affected males. In conclusion, our results show that (P)RR is expressed in mouse brain and suggest that the XLMR and epilepsy phenotype might result from a dominant-negative effect of the Δ4-(P)RR protein.
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Jippo, Tomoko, Eiichi Morii, Kumiko Tsujino, Tohru Tsujimura, Young-Mi Lee, Dae-Ki Kim, Hiroshi Matsuda, Hyung-Min Kim, and Yukihiko Kitamura. "Involvement of Transcription Factor Encoded by the Mouse mi Locus (MITF ) in Expression of p75 Receptor of Nerve Growth Factor in Cultured Mast Cells of Mice." Blood 90, no. 7 (October 1, 1997): 2601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.7.2601.
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Abstract The mi locus of mice encodes a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) protein family of transcription factors (hereafter called MITF ). Cultured mast cells (CMCs) of mi/mi genotype showed a poor response to nerve growth factor (NGF ). Addition of NGF to the suboptimal dose of interleukin-3 (IL-3) increased the plating efficiency of normal (+/+) CMCs but not mi/mi CMCs. Although +/+ CMCs were berberine sulfate–negative when cultured with IL-3, +/+ CMCs became berberine sulfate–positive when cultured in the presence of both IL-3 and NGF, which suggested increased heparin content. In contrast, NGF did not influence the phenotype of mi/mi CMCs. The poor response of mi/mi CMCs to NGF was attributed to the deficient expression of p75 NGF receptor. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of MITF on p75 gene transcription. Overexpression of +-MITF or mi-MITF was observed in mi/mi CMCs to which cDNA encoding each type of MITF had been introduced using the retroviral vector. Overexpression of +-MITF but not of mi-MITF normalized the expression of p75 and the above-mentioned poor responses of mi/mi CMCs to NGF, indicating the involvement of +-MITF in p75 gene transactivation. Then, we analyzed the promoter of the p75 gene. Two CANNTG motifs recognized by bHLH-Zip–type transcription factors were conserved between the mouse and rat p75 promoters. One of these two CANNTG motifs was specifically bound by +-MITF. When the luciferase gene under the control of the p75 promoter was cotransfected into NIH/3T3 fibroblasts with cDNA encoding +-MITF or mi-MITF, luciferase activity increased significantly only when +-MITF cDNA was cotransfected. The mutation of this CANNTG motif abolished the transactivation effect of +-MITF, indicating that +-MITF transactivated the p75 gene, at least in part, through direct binding.
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Jippo, Tomoko, Eiichi Morii, Kumiko Tsujino, Tohru Tsujimura, Young-Mi Lee, Dae-Ki Kim, Hiroshi Matsuda, Hyung-Min Kim, and Yukihiko Kitamura. "Involvement of Transcription Factor Encoded by the Mouse mi Locus (MITF ) in Expression of p75 Receptor of Nerve Growth Factor in Cultured Mast Cells of Mice." Blood 90, no. 7 (October 1, 1997): 2601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.7.2601.2601_2601_2608.
Full textAbstract:
The mi locus of mice encodes a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) protein family of transcription factors (hereafter called MITF ). Cultured mast cells (CMCs) of mi/mi genotype showed a poor response to nerve growth factor (NGF ). Addition of NGF to the suboptimal dose of interleukin-3 (IL-3) increased the plating efficiency of normal (+/+) CMCs but not mi/mi CMCs. Although +/+ CMCs were berberine sulfate–negative when cultured with IL-3, +/+ CMCs became berberine sulfate–positive when cultured in the presence of both IL-3 and NGF, which suggested increased heparin content. In contrast, NGF did not influence the phenotype of mi/mi CMCs. The poor response of mi/mi CMCs to NGF was attributed to the deficient expression of p75 NGF receptor. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of MITF on p75 gene transcription. Overexpression of +-MITF or mi-MITF was observed in mi/mi CMCs to which cDNA encoding each type of MITF had been introduced using the retroviral vector. Overexpression of +-MITF but not of mi-MITF normalized the expression of p75 and the above-mentioned poor responses of mi/mi CMCs to NGF, indicating the involvement of +-MITF in p75 gene transactivation. Then, we analyzed the promoter of the p75 gene. Two CANNTG motifs recognized by bHLH-Zip–type transcription factors were conserved between the mouse and rat p75 promoters. One of these two CANNTG motifs was specifically bound by +-MITF. When the luciferase gene under the control of the p75 promoter was cotransfected into NIH/3T3 fibroblasts with cDNA encoding +-MITF or mi-MITF, luciferase activity increased significantly only when +-MITF cDNA was cotransfected. The mutation of this CANNTG motif abolished the transactivation effect of +-MITF, indicating that +-MITF transactivated the p75 gene, at least in part, through direct binding.
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Siao, Chia-Jen, Christina U. Lorentz, Pouneh Kermani, Tina Marinic, John Carter, Kelly McGrath, Victoria A. Padow, et al. "ProNGF, a cytokine induced after myocardial infarction in humans, targets pericytes to promote microvascular damage and activation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, no. 12 (October 22, 2012): 2291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20111749.
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Treatment of acute cardiac ischemia focuses on reestablishment of blood flow in coronary arteries. However, impaired microvascular perfusion damages peri-infarct tissue, despite arterial patency. Identification of cytokines that induce microvascular dysfunction would provide new targets to limit microvascular damage. Pro–nerve growth factor (NGF), the precursor of NGF, is a well characterized cytokine in the brain induced by injury. ProNGF activates p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and sortilin receptors to mediate proapoptotic responses. We describe induction of proNGF by cardiomyocytes, and p75NTR in human arterioles after fatal myocardial infarction, but not with unrelated pathologies. After mouse cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, rapid up-regulation of proNGF by cardiomyocytes and p75NTR by microvascular pericytes is observed. To identify proNGF actions, we generated a mouse expressing a mutant Ngf allele with impaired processing of proNGF to mature NGF. The proNGF-expressing mouse exhibits cardiac microvascular endothelial activation, a decrease in pericyte process length, and increased vascular permeability, leading to lethal cardiomyopathy in adulthood. Deletion of p75NTR in proNGF-expressing mice rescues the phenotype, confirming the importance of p75NTR-expressing pericytes in the development of microvascular injury. Furthermore, deficiency in p75NTR limits infarct size after I-R. These studies identify novel, nonneuronal actions for proNGF and suggest that proNGF represents a new target to limit microvascular dysfunction.
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Persengiev, Stephan P., Ivanela I. Kondova, and Daniel L. Kilpatrick. "E2F4 Actively Promotes the Initiation and Maintenance of Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Cell Differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 6048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.9.6048.
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ABSTRACT E2F transcription factors play a critical role in cell cycle progression through the regulation of genes required for G1/S transition. They are also thought to be important for growth arrest; however, their potential role in the cell differentiation process has not been previously examined. Here, we demonstrate that E2F4 is highly upregulated following the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF), while E2F1, E2F3, and E2F5 are downregulated. Immunoprecipitation and subcellular fractionation studies demonstrated that both the nuclear localization of E2F4 and its association with the Rb family member p130 increased following neuronal differentiation. The forced expression of E2F4 markedly enhanced the rate of PC12 cell differentiation induced by NGF and also greatly lowered the rate at which cells lost their neuronal phenotype following NGF removal. Importantly, this effect occurred in the absence of any significant change in the growth regulation of PC12 cells by NGF. Further, the downregulation of E2F4 expression with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibited NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, indicating an important role for this factor during PC12 cell differentiation. Finally, E2F4 expression was found to increase dramatically in the developing rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum, as neuroblasts became postmitotic and initiated terminal differentiation. These findings demonstrate that, in addition to its effects on cell proliferation, E2F4 actively promotes the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells as well as the retention of this state. Further, this effect is independent of alterations in cell growth and may involve interactions between E2F4 and the neuronal differentiation program itself. E2F4 may be an important participant in the terminal differentiation of neuroblasts.
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Ford, Christopher P., Kenneth V. Wong, Van B. Lu, Elena Posse de Chaves, and Peter A. Smith. "Differential Neurotrophic Regulation of Sodium and Calcium Channels in an Adult Sympathetic Neuron." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 3 (March 2008): 1319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00966.2007.
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Adult neuronal phenotype is maintained, at least in part, by the sensitivity of individual neurons to a specific selection of neurotrophic factors and the availability of such factors in the neurons' environment. Nerve growth factor (NGF) increases the functional expression of Na+ channel currents ( INa) and both N- and L-type Ca2+ currents ( ICa,N and ICa,L) in adult bullfrog sympathetic ganglion (BFSG) B-neurons. The effects of NGF on ICa involve the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Prolonged exposure to the ganglionic neurotransmitter luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) also increases ICa,N but the transduction mechanism remains to be elucidated as does the transduction mechanism for NGF regulation of Na+ channels. We therefore exposed cultured BFSG B-neurons to chicken II LHRH (0.45 μM; 6–9 days) or to NGF (200 ng/ml; 9–10 days) and used whole cell recording, immunoblot analysis, and ras or rap-1 pulldown assays to study effects of various inhibitors and activators of transduction pathways. We found that 1) LHRH signals via ras-MAPK to increase ICa,N, 2) this effect is mediated via protein kinase C-β (PKC-β-ΙΙ), 3) protein kinase A (PKA) is necessary but not sufficient to effect transduction, 4) NGF signals via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to increase INa, and 5) long-term exposure to LHRH fails to affect INa. Thus downstream signaling from LHRH has access to the ras-MAPK pathway but not to the PI3K pathway. This allows for differential retrograde and anterograde neurotrophic regulation of sodium and calcium channels in an adult sympathetic neuron.
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Heasley, L. E., and G. L. Johnson. "The beta-PDGF receptor induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 3, no. 5 (May 1992): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.3.5.545.
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Expression of the mouse beta-PDGF receptor by gene transfer confers PDGF-dependent and reversible neuronal differentiation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells similar to that observed in response to NGF and basic FGF. A common property of the PDGF, NGF, and basic FGF-induced differentiation response is the requirement for constant exposure of cells to the growth factor. To test the hypothesis that a persistent level of growth factor receptor signaling is required for the maintenance of the neuronal phenotype, we examined the regulation of the serine/threonine-specific MAP kinases after either short- (10 min) or long-term (24 h) stimulation with growth factors. Mono Q FPLC resolved two peaks of growth factor-stimulated MAP kinase activity that coeluted with tyrosine phosphorylated 41- and 43-kDa polypeptides. MAP kinase activity was markedly stimulated (approximately 30-fold) within 5 min of exposure to several growth factors (PDGF, NGF, basic FGF, EGF, and IGF-I), but was persistently maintained at 10-fold above basal activity after 24 h only by the growth factors that also induce PC12 cell differentiation (PDGF, NGF, and basic FGF). Thus the beta-PDGF receptor is in a subset of tyrosine kinase-encoded growth factor receptors that are capable of maintaining continuous signals required for differentiation of PC12 cells. These signals include the constitutive activation of cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinases.
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Nagler, Arnon, Hadar Arien-Zakay, Shimon Lecht, Hanan Galski, and Philip Lazarovici. "Nerve Growth Factor-Responsive Neuronal Progenitors From Human Umbilical Cord Blood." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4601.4601.
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Abstract Abstract 4601 Background Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a well characterized neurotrophin required for the survival and differentiation of a variety of cell types in the peripheral and central nervous system. Over the last decade, many studies have demonstrated the physiological role of NGF in proliferation, differentiation and activation of different hematopoietic cells. Hematopoietic progenitors from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood were found to be responsive to the actions of NGF. Furthermore, bone marrow stromal cells produce and respond to NGF during different steps of normal hematopoiesis. Results In this study, we describe a population of collagen-adherent, CD49a/b (á1/2 integrin receptors) and nestin-positive human umbilical cord blood derived progenitors. The identity of these cells was established as positive for the mesenchymal markers: CD13, CD29, CD44, CD49a,b, CD49e, CD73, CD105 and vimentin and negative for the hematopoietic markers: CD34, CD49c, CD49d, CD62e, CD62p, CD106, CD117, CD133, CD235a, HLA-DRB4 and HAS1, using Affimatrix™ human DNA chip technology, immunomagnetic sorting and Western blotting approaches. The NGF- receptor, TrkA, was found to be expressed upon isolation of these progenitors, but was gradually down-regulated upon 14 days growth in culture, as measured by mRNA, protein expression and binding properties. However, continuous presense of NGF in the culture media preserved the TrkA receptors expression. The pan-neurotrophin NGF receptor p75NTR, belonging to the TNF family of cell-death receptors, was not detected in the progenitors at any time. The effect of NGF on the cord blood progenitors global gene expression indicated highly increased expression of 170 genes, 24 and 20% of which were related to neuronal proliferation (NEK1, cyclin B1, EGR4, LGN, GATA6) or differentiation (AP2, Neurogenic differentiation factor 2, lamin B1, Ca(2+)-activated Cl- channel, Kv channel, GABA-A alpha 5 receptor, D2 dopamine receptor, neuropeptides precursor), respectively and strong reduction in the expression of 58 genes, 35% of which were hematopoiesis-related (CD7, T cell receptor alpha, interleukin 21 receptor, natural killer cell transcript 4, HLA-G, complement component1, defensin alpha1). Furthermore, upon treatment with NGF, the progenitors expressed a neuronal-like phenotype as evaluated by measurements of long neurite outgrowths and various developmental neuronal markers expression (MAP-2, NeuN neurofillament-160, beta-tubulin III, neuron specific enolase). These findings strongly suggest NGF-induced reprogramming of the cord blood derived progenitors towards neuronal differentiation commitment. The progenitors were also found to confer ∼35% neuroprotection to neurons exposed to an ischemic damage by a “bystander” effect mechanism, which includes the increased autocrine secretion of NGF and activation of TrkA receptors in the insulted neurons. Conclusions These results suggest an important role for NGF in regulating human umbilical cord blood neuronal progenitor's growth and reprogramming towards neuronal differentiation. In view of the broad spectrum of possible uses of cord blood in transplantations, we may also suggest that human umbilical cord blood and/or derived NGF-responsive progenitors may serve as a useful source of neuronal cells for cell therapy of neuropathological disorders. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Kim, Sung-Min, Jung-Ah Kim, Dajeong Jeong, Jiwon Yun, Kyu Min Lim, Sang Mee Hwang, Sung-Soo Yoon, and Dong Soon Lee. "Next Generation Flow for Multiple Myeloma Minimal Residual Disease: Igh Rearrangement NGS Is Complement to the NGF." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-120333.
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Abstract Background: Detection of leukemia-associated aberrant immuno-phenotype is used to assess minimal residual disease (MRD) by multi-parameter flow cytometry (MFC). However, detection of MRD by MFC remains to be a challenging due to the possible change in aberrant immunophenotype during disease progress. In our present study, we compared International Myeloma Working group (IMW) treatment response and NGF MRD, including BM PC% and cytogenetics. Thereon, we conducted IgH rearrangement study by NGS in cases showing discrepant results. Methods: A total of 35 BM (35 myeloma patients at follow-up) was enrolled. We performed NGF using 8-color antibody panel using Navios flow cytometer and Infinicyt. Linearity of NGF was validated with myeloma cell line (U266) and BM specimen at initial diagnosis in myeloma patient. IgH rearrangement NGS was performed using Immunoseq assay (Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA). Paired specimen at initial diagnosis BM and follow-up BM were subjected to NGS study. Results: Detection sensitivity of NGF was <0.001%. Patients who achieved CR or sCR showed MRD negativity in 63.6% (7/11). Twenty-three patients showed neoplastic PCs above LLOQ and their response criteria were 1 sCR, 3 CR, 2 VGPR, 3 PR, 1 MR, 5 SD, 3 progressive disease, 3 relapse, and 2 with unavailable response. Four patients who did not achieve CR (1 VGPR, 1 PR, 1 MR, and 1 SD) showed MRD negativity by NGF. In 4 patients with discrepancy between IMW treatment response and NGF, we compared the results of IgH NGS at initial BM with those after treatment. NGS revealed a persistence of residual clone in 1 patient and an acquisition of new clone after treatment. One patient had same dominant clone both initial diagnosis BM (95.2%; proportion of clone) and follow-up BM (45.8%). The other patient had newly appeared clones in follow-up BM (6.12%, 5.63%, 3.42%, 3.11%, 3.09%) which clones were absent in initial diagnosis BM. The other 2 patients showed heterogeneous clones without dominant clone at follow-up BM by NGS. Results of FISH and immunofixation are summarized in Table 1. This results show IgH rearrangement NGS can detect malignant clone that could not be identified by using NGF. Conclusions: Thirty-six percent of patients who did not achieve CR showed NGF MRD negativity and NGS revealed residual clones in half of them. Switching of immunophenotypes of neoplastic PC can escape monitoring of NGF, and complementary NGS test is needed to catch such drifting clones for monitoring of MRD in MM. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Rutten, Michael J., Michael Ann Janes, Ivy R. Chang, Cynthia R. Gregory, and Kenton W. Gregory. "Development of a Functional Schwann Cell Phenotype from Autologous Porcine Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for Nerve Repair." Stem Cells International 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/738484.
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Adult bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) are a potential resource for making Schwann cells to repair damaged peripheral nerves. However, many methods of producing Schwann-like cells can be laborious with the cells lacking a functional phenotype. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method using autologous BM-MNCs to produce a phenotypic and functional Schwann-like cell. Adult porcine bone marrow was collected and enriched for BM-MNCs using a SEPAX device, then cells cultured in Neurobasal media, 4 mM L-glutamine and 20% serum. After 6–8 days, the cultures expressed Schwann cell markers, S-100, O4, GFAP, were FluoroMyelin positive, but had low p75(NGF) expression. Addition of neuregulin (1–25 nM) increased p75(NGF) levels at 24–48 hrs. We found ATP dose-dependently increased intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i, with nucleotide potency being . Suramin blocked the ATP-induced [Ca2+]ibutα,β,-methylene-ATP had little effect suggesting an ATP purinergic P2Y2 G-protein-coupled receptor is present. Both the Schwann cell markers and ATP-induced [Ca2+]isensitivity decreased in cells passaged >20 times. Our studies indicate that autologous BM-MNCs can be induced to form a phenotypic and functional Schwann-like cell which could be used for peripheral nerve repair.
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Hasan, Wohaib, and Peter G. Smith. "Modulation of rat parasympathetic cardiac ganglion phenotype and NGF synthesis by adrenergic nerves." Autonomic Neuroscience 145, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2008.10.012.
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Kordower, Jeffrey H., Massimo S. Fiandaca, Mary F. D. Notter, John T. Hansen, and Don M. Gash. "NGF-like trophic support from peripheral nerve for grafted rhesus adrenal chromaffin cells." Journal of Neurosurgery 73, no. 3 (September 1990): 418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.73.3.0418.
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✓ Autopsy results on patients and corresponding studies in nonhuman primates have revealed that autografts of adrenal medulla into the striatum, used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease, do not survive well. Because adrenal chromaffin cell viability may be limited by the low levels of available nerve growth factor (NGF) in the striatum, the present study was conducted to determine if transected peripheral nerve segments could provide sufficient levels of NGF to enhance chromaffin cell survival in vitro and in vivo. Aged female rhesus monkeys, rendered hemiparkinsonian by the drug MPTP (n-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine), received autografts into the striatum using a stereotactic approach, of either sural nerve or adrenal medulla, or cografts of adrenal medulla and sural nerve (three animals in each group). Cell cultures were established from tissue not used in the grafts. Adrenal chromaffin cells either cocultured with sural nerve segments or exposed to exogenous NGF differentiated into a neuronal phenotype. Chromaffin cell survival, when cografted with sural nerve into the striatum, was enhanced four- to eightfold from between 8000 and 18,000 surviving cells in grafts of adrenal tissue only up to 67,000 surviving chromaffin cells in cografts. In grafts of adrenal tissue only, the implant site consisted of an inflammatory focus. Surviving chromaffin cells, which could be identified by both chromogranin A and tyrosine hydroxylase staining, retained their endocrine phenotype. Cografted chromaffin cells exhibited multipolar neuritic processes and numerous chromaffin granules, and were also immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase and chromogranin A. Blood vessels within the graft were fenestrated, indicating that the blood-brain barrier was not intact. Additionally, cografted chromaffin cells were observed in a postsynaptic relationship with axon terminals from an undetermined but presumably a host origin.
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Leonard, D. G., J. D. Gorham, P. Cole, L. A. Greene, and E. B. Ziff. "A nerve growth factor-regulated messenger RNA encodes a new intermediate filament protein." Journal of Cell Biology 106, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.1.181.
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Differential screening of a cDNA library from the PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line previously revealed a clone, clone 73, whose corresponding mRNA is induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). Induction parallels NGF-stimulated PC12 differentiation from a chromaffinlike phenotype to a sympathetic neuronlike phenotype. We report that DNA sequence analysis reveals that clone 73 mRNA encodes an intermediate filament (IF) protein whose predicted amino acid sequence is distinct from the known sequences of other members of the IF protein family. The sequence has highest homology with desmin and vimentin and includes the highly conserved central alpha-helical rod domain with the characteristic heptad repeat of hydrophobic residues, but has lower homology in the amino-terminal head and carboxyl-terminal tail domains. The head domain contains a large number of serine residues which are potential phosphorylation sites. The expression of clone 73 in vivo in the nervous system of the adult rat was investigated by in situ hybridization of clone 73 probes to tissue sections. The mRNA is expressed at high levels in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system, including the superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic), ciliary ganglion (parasympathetic), and dorsal root ganglion (sensory). In the central nervous system, motor nuclei of cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI, VII, X, and XII as well as ventral horn motor neurons and a restricted set of other central nervous system nuclei express the clone 73 mRNA. Tissues apart from those of the nervous system did not in general express the mRNA, with only very low levels detected in adrenal gland. We discuss the implications of these results for the mechanism of NGF-induced PC12 cell differentiation, the pathways of neuronal development in vivo, and the possible function of the clone 73 IF protein and its relationship to other IF proteins.
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Pallottini, Valentina, Mayra Colardo, Claudia Tonini, Noemi Martella, Georgios Strimpakos, Barbara Colella, Paola Tirassa, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, and Marco Segatto. "ProNGF/p75NTR Axis Drives Fiber Type Specification by Inducing the Fast-Glycolytic Phenotype in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Cells." Cells 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102232.
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Despite its undisputable role in the homeostatic regulation of the nervous system, the nerve growth factor (NGF) also governs the relevant cellular processes in other tissues and organs. In this study, we aimed at assessing the expression and the putative involvement of NGF signaling in skeletal muscle physiology. To reach this objective, we employed satellite cell-derived myoblasts as an in vitro culture model. In vivo experiments were performed on Tibialis anterior from wild-type mice and an mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Targets of interest were mainly assessed by means of morphological, Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. The results show that proNGF is involved in myogenic differentiation. Importantly, the proNGF/p75NTR pathway orchestrates a slow-to-fast fiber type transition by counteracting the expression of slow myosin heavy chain and that of oxidative markers. Concurrently, proNGF/p75NTR activation facilitates the induction of fast myosin heavy chain and of fast/glycolytic markers. Furthermore, we also provided evidence that the oxidative metabolism is impaired in mdx mice, and that these alterations are paralleled by a prominent buildup of proNGF and p75NTR. These findings underline that the proNGF/p75NTR pathway may play a crucial role in fiber type determination and suggest its prospective modulation as an innovative therapeutic approach to counteract muscle disorders.
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Kutcher, Louis W., Shirelyn R. Beauman, Eric I. Gruenstein, Marcia A. Kaetzel, and John R. Dedman. "Nuclear CaMKII inhibits neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells without affecting MAPK or CREB activation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 284, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): C1334—C1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00510.2002.
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Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated protein kinase II (CaMKII) mediates many cellular events. The four CaMKII isoforms have numerous splice variants, three of which contain nuclear localization signals. Little is known about the role of nuclear localized CaMKII in neuronal development. To study this process, PC12 cells were transfected to produce CaMKII targeted to either the cytoplasm or the nucleus and then treated with nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF triggers a signaling cascade (MAPK) that results in the differentiation of PC12 cells into a neuronal phenotype, marked by neurite outgrowth. The present study found that cells expressing nuclear targeted CaMKII failed to grow neurites, whereas cells expressing cytoplasmic CaMKII readily produced neurites. Inhibition of neuronal differentiation by nuclear CaMKII was independent of MAPK signaling, as sustained Erk phosphorylation was not affected. Phosphorylation of CREB was also unaffected. Thus nuclear CaMKII modifies neuronal differentiation by a mechanism independent of MAPK and CREB activation.