Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ngawha'

Le massif volcanique de Nganha est constitué de grandes coulées basaltiques et phonolitiques qui alternent avec les brèches volcaniques, traversées par des pitons et des necks basaltiques et trachytiques, l'ensemble reposant sur un substratum granito-syénitique. Ce massif serait d'âge mio-pliocène

Dans l'étude présente, nous avons fait une analyse distributionnelle du ngam, langue sara parlée au Sud du Tchad et au Nord de la République Centrafricaine. L'étude s'est subdivisée en cinq parties:

- la phonologie

- une description générale des structures du syntagme nominal

- une description du nom

- un chapitre consacré à l'expression de la qualification en nous basant essentiellement sur la définition de la catégorie des adjectifs qualificatifs

- une étude pronominale

Le verbe ne fait partie de cette étude, elle fera l'objet d'une publication dans un futur proche. L'annexe comprend un lexique et un texte d'illustration.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse qui présente une étude générale effectuée sur un robot expérimental, concerne spécifiquement la modélisation et la commande non linéaire basée sur la technique "strict-feedback du backstepping" (SFB) en force et en position, en y introduisant les notions des systèmes passifs. La contribution apportée est relative au développement des lois de commandes passives et adaptatives pour la commande en force et en position. Ces lois de commande ainsi conçues ont l'avantage d'être compatibles aux systèmes robotiques avec des contraintes holonomiques. La modélisation cinématique et la modélisation dynamique, ainsi que des simulations réalisées dans un plan, ont été effectuées à partir des données du robot expérimental. L'architecture de ce robot se caractérise par l'axe 1 qui est prismatique, n axes rotatifs pouvant avoir une structure redondante, et à l'extrémité, deux axes rotatifs (n+1 et n+2) matérialisant le tangage et le roulis. La modélisation cinématique a été réalisée en appliquant la théorie des paramètres de Danevit-Hartenberg (DH), tandis que le modèle dynamique a été l'application des équations de Lagrange. Les matrices des interties, des forces de Coriolis et le vecteur des termes de gravité, issus du modèle dynamique dans l'espace articulaire, ont ensuite été convertis dans le domaine cartésien, puis dans l'espace de la tâche, asortis d'un découplage en force et en position. Nous sommes assurés au préalable que la matrice M des inerties est symétrique et définie positive en rapport avec la matrice C des forces de Coriolis. Aussi, une contrainte en vitesse dans la direction z d'un système d'axes orthonormé, fixe par rapport à l'effecteur et perpendiculaire à la surface de contact, pour une architecture de quatre axes a été imposée au modèle dynamique. Pour atteindre l'objectif qui est celui d'obtenir une stabilité asymptotique globale du système, l'option de la conception de deux lois de commande non linéaires adaptatives hybrides par la technique SFB a été retenue. Un des avantages de ces conceptions et l'élaboration de leur algorithme de commande est celui d'imposer des propriétés de stabilité désirées en fixant ou en calculant respectivement des fonctions: mémoire, de sortie et stabilisatrice, à chaque étape récursive du système en cascade. À cette technique du SFB, nous considérons entre autre la théorie des systèmes passifs. La conception de ces deux lois de commande adaptatives correspond à trois méthodes distinctes pour l'adaptation des paramètres. Nous mettons en place par ce biais deux lois de commande ayant une flexibilité et qui regroupent en leur sein plusieurs propriétés que possèdent les lois de commande existantes. Les forces et les trajectoires désirées correspondent de toute évidence aux forces et aux trajectoires assignées avec des erreurs de poursuite acceptables, aussi bien pour le suivi des forces que pour celui des positions. Toute la méthodologie utilisée et tous les algorithmes de commande asssortis des résultats de simulation vous sont présentés dans cette thèse doctorale.

[EN] The four highly related family genes NGATHA (NGA), which encode transcription factors with a B3 DNA-binding domain, are functionally redundant in the development of the style and stigma in a dose-dependent manner. While the single mutants in the NGA genes only show very subtle or no defects in carpel morphology, the multiple mutants exhibit greater defects in the development of the apical part of the gynoecium, which is completely altered in the quadruple mutant. This phenotype is related with the lack of activation, in the apical part of the gynoecium, of the YUCCA genes, which encode enzymes involved in auxin synthesis. The phenotype of the nga mutants is very similar to the mutants in the SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) genes, and it has been shown that NGA and STY work together to promote style specification, directing the YUC-mediated auxin synthesis in the apical part of the gynoecium (Trigueros et al., 2009). In addition, the phenotypes of the nga mutants and of the plants over-expressing NGA, resemble those observed in genotypes with altered expression of genes with relevant functions in gynoecium morphogenesis. Thus, it can be inferred that the NGA genes have a key role in gynoecium morphogenesis, though their genetic interaction with the network of genes controlling this process is still unclear; therefore, in this thesis we have carried out a detailed genetic analysis to determine the position and role of NGA genes in this network. With this aim, our first approach has been to identify and characterize regulators of the expression of NGA genes. As the four NGA genes show almost identical expression patterns, it seemed likely that they shared common regulators. For that reason, we made a bioinformatic analysis of the promoter regions of the NGA genes looking for conserved regions. In this analysis we identified two conserved regions and we have used these conserved domains to carry out yeast one-hybrid screenings of Arabidopsis cDNA libraries. These screenings led to the identification of a transcription factor from the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family and three from the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, AND PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) family as candidates to regulate NGA expression. After the identification of these candidates, different molecular analysis have been carried out to confirm the binding of these transcription factors to the promoters of the NGA genes. To validate their genetic interaction we have also characterized mutants and over-expression lines of these candidates, as well as genetic combinations of these mutants with reporter and loss- and gain-of-function lines of the NGA genes. In addition, in this thesis we were interested in analyzing in detail the genetic interactions of NGA genes with other genes with a key role in the development of the gynoecium apical tissues. We had observed that over-expression lines of HEC1, HEC3 and NGA3, showed similar phenotypes in the fruit: reduced ovaries and enlarged apical regions and gynophores, similar phenotypes to those of mutants affected in auxin signaling. For that reason, a great part of our analysis has been focused to elucidate the regulatory hierarchy between both factors NGA and HEC. To study this we have carried out genetic analysis combining reporter lines of these genes with mutants in NGA or HEC or with their over-expression lines. We have also carried out several molecular assays which had allowed us to conclude that both factors act at the same level, forming part of a transcriptional complex with cooperative activity. Finally, though similar genetic and molecular analysis in which other genes of the bHLH transcription factor family have been included, we have inferred the participation of the NGA proteins in a high-order complex, possibly composed by NGA, HEC and the IND and SPT proteins, which would be required for correct auxin signaling during gynoecium morphogenesis and stigma development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
[ES] La familia de los genes NGATHA (NGA) está formada por cuatro genes que codifican factores de transcripción de tipo B3 (Álvarez et al., 2006). Los genes NGA son funcionalmente redundantes en el desarrollo del estilo y el estigma de una manera dosis-dependiente, mientras que los mutantes individuales no presentan defectos en la morfología del carpelo, los mutantes múltiples presentan defectos cada vez mayores en el desarrollo de la parte apical del gineceo que está completamente alterada en el cuádruple mutante. Este fenotipo mutante está relacionado con la falta de activación en el dominio apical del gineceo de los genes YUCCA (YUC), que codifican enzimas de la ruta de biosíntesis de auxinas. Los fenotipos mutantes de NGA son muy similares a los causados por las mutaciones en la familia SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) y se ha mostrado que NGA y STY promueven la especificación del estilo, dirigiendo la síntesis de auxinas mediada por YUC en el dominio apical del gineceo (Trigueros et al, 2009). Por otro lado, los fenotipos de los mutantes y de las líneas de sobreexpresión de NGA recuerdan a los fenotipos observados en fondos donde la expresión de otros genes con funciones relevantes en la morfogénesis del gineceo está alterada. Así, es posible inferir que los genes NGA tienen un papel clave en este proceso, aunque su relación genética con otros factores importantes en el mismo no está clara, por lo que en la presente tesis hemos pretendido realizar un análisis genético detallado para determinar su posición y papel en estas rutas. La primera aproximación que hemos abordado ha sido determinar posibles reguladores de estos genes. Como los genes NGA muestran patrones de expresión similares parecía probable que tuvieran reguladores comunes, por lo que mediante un análisis informático de los promotores de los genes NGA identificamos dos regiones conservadas en todos los promotores y hemos utilizado estos dominios conservados para llevar a cabo ensayos de híbrido simple en levadura identificando como posibles reguladores a un factor de la familia de los SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL), y a tres miembros de la familia TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, AND PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP). Tras la identificación de los reguladores candidatos, se han llevado a cabo análisis moleculares para confirmar la unión de estos a los promotores de los genes NGA. Y hemos caracterizado los mutantes y las líneas de sobreexpresión de estos posibles reguladores, así como las combinaciones genéticas de los mutantes correspondientes con las líneas reportadoras de NGA y con mutantes de pérdida y ganancia de función NGA para validar su interacción genética. Además en esta tesis doctoral nos interesaba profundizar en el análisis de las interacciones genéticas de NGA y otros factores clave en la morfogénesis de los tejidos apicales del gineceo. Habíamos observado que las líneas de sobreexpresión de HECATE1 (HEC1), HEC3 y NGA3 presentaban fenotipos similares en el fruto: ovarios reducidos, regiones apicales aumentadas y ginóforos largos, fenotipos similares a los de mutantes afectados en la señalización de auxinas. Para investigar la posible relación funcional entre NGA y HEC hemos llevado a cabo análisis genéticos combinando las líneas reportadoras de estos genes con los mutantes nga o hec, o con las líneas de sobreexpresión; y hemos realizado diferentes ensayos moleculares, mediante los cuales hemos comprobado que ambos factores actúan al mismo nivel formando parte de un complejo transcripcional con actividad cooperativa. Finalmente, mediante análisis genéticos y moleculares similares en los que hemos incluido otros genes de la familia bHLH, hemos deducido la necesaria participación de las proteínas NGA en un complejo de mayor orden formado por NGA, HEC y también los factores IND y SPT, que sería necesario para la correcta señalización de auxinas durante la morfogénesis del gine
[CAT] Els quatre gens NGATHA (NGA), que codifiquen factors de transcripció de tipus B3 (Álvarez et al., 2006), són funcionalment redundants en el desenvolupament de l'estil i l'estigma d'una manera dosi-depenent, mentre que els mutants individuals no presenten defectes en la morfologia del carpel, els mutants múltiples presenten defectes cada vegada majors en el desenvolupament de la part apical del gineceu que està completament alterada en el quàdruple mutant. Aquest fenotip mutant està relacionat amb la falta d'activació en el domini apical del gineceu dels gens YUCCA (YUC), que codifiquen enzims de la ruta de biosíntesi de auxines. Els fenotips mutants de NGA són molt similars als causats per les mutacions en la família SHORT INTERNODES / STYLISH (SHI / STY) i s'ha mostrat que NGA i STY promouen l'especificació de l'estil, dirigint la síntesi d'auxines mediada per YUC al domini apical del gineceu (Trigueros et al, 2009). D'altra banda, els fenotips dels mutants i les línies de sobreexpressió de NGA recorden als fenotips observats en fons on l'expressió d'altres gens amb funcions rellevants en la morfogènesi del gineceu està alterada. Així, és possible inferir que els gens NGA tenen un paper clau en aquest procés, encara que la seua relació genètica amb altres factors importants en el mateix no està clara, pel que en la present tesi hem volgut realitzar una anàlisi genètica detallat per determinar la seva posició i paper en aquestes rutes. La primera aproximació que hem abordat ha sigut determinar possibles reguladors d'aquests gens. Com els gens NGA mostren patrons d'expressió similars semblava probable que tinguessin reguladors comuns, pel que mitjançant una anàlisi informàtic dels promotors dels gens NGA identificarem dos regions conservades en tots els promotors i hem utilitzat aquests dominis conservats per dur a terme escrutinis de híbrid simple en llevat identificant com a possibles reguladors a un factor de la família dels SQUAMOSA PROMOTOR BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL), i a tres membres de la família TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, AND PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP). Després de la identificació dels reguladors candidats, s'han dut a terme anàlisis moleculars per confirmar la unió d'aquests als promotors dels gens NGA. I hem caracteritzat mutants i les línies de sobreexpressió d'aquests possibles reguladors, així com les combinacions genètiques dels mutants corresponents amb les línies reportadores de NGA i amb mutants de pèrdua i ganància de funció NGA per validar la seua interacció genètica. A més en aquesta tesi doctoral ens interessava aprofundir en l'anàlisi de les interaccions genètiques de NGA i altres factors clau en la morfogènesi dels teixits apicals del gineceu. Havíem observat que les línies de sobreexpressió de HECATE1 (HEC1), HEC3 i NGA3 presentaven fenotips similars en el fruit i que aquestos fenotips eren semblants als de mutants afectats en la senyalització de auxines. Per investigar la possible relació funcional entre NGA i HEC hem dut a terme anàlisis genètiques combinant les línies reportadoras d'aquests gens amb els mutants nga o hec, o amb les línies de sobreexpressió; i hem realitzat diferents assajos moleculars, mitjançant els quals hem comprovat que tots dos factors actuen al mateix nivell formant part d'un complex transcripcional amb activitat cooperativa. Finalment, mitjançant anàlisis genètiques i moleculars similars en què hem inclòs altres gens de la família bHLH, hem deduït la necessària participació de les proteïnes NGA en un complex de major ordre format per NGA, HEC i els factors IND i SPT, que seria necessari per a la correcta senyalització de auxines durant la morfogènesi del gineceu i la formació de l'estigma en Arabidopsis thaliana.
Ballester Fuentes, P. (2016). Los genes NGATHA: análisis genético y molecular de su papel en la morfogénesis del gineceo de Arabidopsis thaliana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/72867
TESIS

Thesis (M.A.) --University of Limpopo, 2012
The study deals with ubuntu as reflected in the selected novels of Magau, A.W and Maumela, E.T. Qualitative research method was employed. The study has discovered that ubuntu appears in many forms in Tshivenḓa such as respect for the dignity and worth of human beings, honesty, compassion, solidarity, generosity and forgiveness and reconciliation. The findings also reveal that Tshivenḓa puts more emphasis on activities which signify ubuntu than material wealth. The study also found that there are activities that are emical to ubuntu such as disrespect, dishonesty, cruelty, selfishness and greed and lack of forgiveness and reconciliation. Ubuntu occupies a central position amongst the Vhavenḓa and anyone who negates what ubuntu promotes and upholds has been regarded as non-human.

A travers notre recherche et nos travaux cliniques, nous avons observé deux phénomènes du traitement de la douleur parmi les populations bakongos d'Afrique Centrale. Le premier tient à l'insistance du symptôme (et à sa "vérité"), qui que les Bakongos ne croient plus au "pouvoir" du thérapeute traditionnel, le nganga (guérisseur-magicien) et préfèrent tourner maintenant vers la prière, le prêtre, le pasteur, dans une sorte "d'appel au père" inscrit dans un mouvement de christianisation de ces sociétés. Le deuxième phénomène est une inscription de l'enfant dans une position de ndoki, sorcier à pouvoir maléfique. Il s'ag donc d'apercevoir dans ces sociétés une structure inversée de la culpabilité où c'est l'enfant qui est inculpé d'une culpabilité familiale. Cet enfant africain, "cause" du malheur de la famille, devient aussi la source de sa rédemption. Notre travail a consisté à tenter de montrer de quelle manière s'effectue un virage de l'enfant ndoki (sorcier maléfique) l'enfant martyr dans ces sociétés africaines
Through our research and clinical work we observed two phenomena concerning of pain treatment, among the Central African bakongo populations. The first one is the symptom insistance (and its "truth"), that causes the bakongos no longer to believe in the traditional power of the nganga (healer magician) but to prefer now to turn to prayer, the priest or the pastor, in a kind of "call to the father" made as part of the movement Christianization of this society. The second observable phenomenon is the child being cast in the role of ndoki (evil power wizard). What should be notced in these African societies is an invented guilt structure where it is the child who bears the family guilt. This African child "cause" of the family misfortune thus becomes the origin of its redemption. In these studies, our work consisted of an attempt to show how the ndoki child (evil power wizard) is transformed into the child martyr, in these African societies

Public health ‘expert’ knowledge and technical ‘solutions’ to environment-related diseases are often embedded in biomedical perspectives that emphasise objectivity and rationality. However, such perspectives tend to sidestep the ways in which knowledge and solutions are shaped by social and cultural contexts. Public health interventions have therefore been evaluated in terms of the ‘failure’ of their intended recipients to ‘comply’ with them and in relation to public ‘misperceptions’ of risks to their health. This research was developed in an attempt to understandhow social and cultural beliefs and perceptions mediate health and the way that they contribute to, escalate or reduce risks to health. The study explores these attributes in the context of two issues: firstly, environment-related health risks pertaining to malaria and diarrheal diseases, and secondly residents’ perceptions and views of public health interventions and programmes. The research was carried out in two villages in rural northern Tanzania to explore the complexities of villagers’ behaviours in their everyday lives in order to help understand common public health concerns such as: why do some public health programmes succeed and others fail? Why do some individuals who know how to protect themselves against a particular disease choose not do so? And why are control and prevention of preventable infectious diseases problematic? The study employed an ethnographic approach based on a socio-cultural perspective. Focus groups and interviews were the main tools for data collection, and analysis was done inductively through development of key themes. Research findings show that social and cultural values, especially in relation to social capital, frame health-related risks in such a way as to shape the vulnerability and resilience of citizens to environment related illnesses. The thesis demonstrates a number of ways in which adherence to socio-cultural norms and practices takes precedence over potential concerns about risks to individual health.

Daniel Ndoundou (1911 – 1986) was born in the southern part of French Equatorial Africa, close to the border of the Belgian Congo. At an early age he joined the Swe-dish protestant mission. As a young man he began to work as an evangelist and in 1946 he was ordained pastor. The following year a spiritual revival started and soon Daniel Ndou¬ndou became its leader, a position he held for the rest of his life. The aim of this thesis was to describe and analyse how Daniel Ndoundou carried out his ministry as a revival leader in the intersection between traditional beliefs and the new religion introduced by the protestant missionaries. He experienced the pro-cess of his country gaining its independence and the founding of the autonomous Evangelical Church of Congo. As a well-known counsellor and healer he received many pilgrims at his home. During revival meetings he sometimes preached to thou-sands of people. He had to take a stand on different movements of political and religious character that emerged especially during the colonial era. The thesis shows that the doctrines adopted by Daniel Ndoundou were close to those of the missionaries. However, he sometimes accepted and applied practices that were seen as controversial by his Church leaders. This was particularly evident when he invited people to the “Pool of Siloam” where he organized ritual baths for healing. The thesis also describes the legacy left by Daniel Ndoundou namely how the Evangelical Church of Congo manages the revival almost 30 years after his death. Many charismatic Christians play an important role and for the local pastor they are sometimes difficult to handle. The void left by Daniel Ndoundou is strongly felt by many church members since he was seen as the authority in matters relating to spiritual gifts.

Thesis (Family Medicine))--University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010.
There is growing concern about stress among public hospital doctors. Studies about stress in South Africa are lacking. The aim of our study was to ascertain the prevalence and level of stress among NMM district doctors; establish relationship if any, between stress and working condition, and compare the results with findings of a study done among general practitioners in a private practice. Methods A cross-sectional study using a standardized questionnaire was carried out among medical doctors working in 4 hospitals of the Ngaka Modiri Molema (NMM) district, North West Province, from 5th March 2010 to 21st April 2010. The 12-item GHQ was used to measure the prevalence and the level of stress. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 17.0. A variety of statitistical analyses were applied to the data, including cross-tabulation, analysis of variance (ANOVA). Duncan’s post hoc was applied to establish relationship between stress and working conditions. Results Of the 67 participants in the study, 89.6% claimed feeling stressed, while 50.7% were found to be objectively stressed. The result also revealed that 26.8% of the participants were highly stressed (morbidly). Despite the evidence of heavy workload among doctors in NMM district, no significant association was found between levels of stress and working conditions. x Conclusion: The prevalence and level of stress among medical doctors working in NMM district are very high and they are much higher than the prevalence and level of stress found amongst General Practitionners in Kwa-Du kuza. Doctors were all stressed irrespective of their gender, number of patients seen per day and hours worked per week.

Cette thèse est un comparatisme religieux entre les pentecôtistes et les nganga à Libreville (Gabon). Autour de l’imaginaire du malheur, mis en exergue par l’expression endogène du «sang de l’iguane», nos spécialistes de l’infortune proposent sur le marché des religions, des traitements pour atteindre le salut. Pour rendre compte de la Weltanschauung librevilloise, les conceptions du corps, de la santé et de la maladie ont été interrogées. Cela a permis de mettre en évidence les « destructeurs » du corps, c'est-à-dire la démocratisation de la sorcellerie et la politique du ventre, mais également les pratiques religieuses utilisées pour combattre le «sang de l’iguane». Cette étude souligne aussi les théories profanes de la maladie et leur impact sur la réinterprétation des «maladies des Blancs» et celles des «Noirs». Ici, le corps est hybride, car les sources du « sang de l’iguane » et les techniques pour le combattre dérivent du mélange des imaginaires, fruit de la rencontre coloniale
In order to understand what is the Weltanschauung of the body and its imaginery, the health and healing habitus process, we have made a survey among the medecine men and the pentecotists and the laymen. It appears that most of them suffer of the so-called "iguana's blood". Thus, we have found the causes of those who are destroying the bodies and who are responsible of "iguana's blood” and how to fight them. The dissertation is about the folk comprehension of disease and how it is divided in the city of Libreville: into “diseases of whites” and “diseases of blacks”. The specialists of misfortune propose some treatments of the body on the religious market in order to achieve healing and prosperity of any kind. The body is seen in Libreville as a hybrid, since the causes of "iguana's blood" and the tools needed to fight it, are found in the representations of both cultures of the postcolonial world

Ce travail est l'étude d'un type de spécialiste religieux tibétain, le tantriste (appelé le plus souvent ngakpa), qui se caractérise socialement, en tant que maître de maison, par une forte inscription dans le monde, dans la société des hommes, et religieusement par une spécialisation dans des rituels tantriques et, en particulier, dans l'acte rituel violent. Dans le cadre du bouddhisme, marqué par la prééminence du modèle monastique, ces deux aspects présentent chacun un caractère plus ou moins problématique. Cette étude analyse ces deux facettes et surtout la cohérence d'ensemble que celles-ci manifestent. Elle s'appuie pour cela sur l'ethnographie de Ch'ongkor, communauté villageoise de tantristes située au Baragaon, dans la partie centrale du nord du Népal. L'étude englobe plus généralement l'ensemble des composantes religieuses de cette région et leurs interactions avec les laïcs. Le contraste avec la figure du moine, en particulier, est essentiel dans la compréhension de celle du tantriste. Il émerge ainsi la figure d'un tantriste religieux de lignée, spécialiste par excellence du rituel puissant ou violent (ce qui contraste avec la non-violence et la pureté monastiques), et dont l'activité s'inscrit très largement dans une visée mondaine, au sens de l'ici-bas (rituels apotropaïques, etc. ). Ce travail est par ailleurs sous-tendu, notamment dans le traitement de ces objets fondamentaux que sont les textes religieux, par un questionnement méthodologique sur les modalités et les limites d'une approche qui, fondée sur l'ethnologie de terrain, cherche à intégrer, de façon cohérente avec son orientation première, l'apport des études tibétaines textuelles et bouddhologiques
This sttidy is concerned with a type of Tibetan religious specialist, the Tantrist (often called ngakpa), characterized socially, as a householder, by his in-the-worldness and religiously by his specialization in Tantric rituals and, in particular, in violent ritual acts. In the Buddhist context, where monasticism is the preeminent model, both of these aspects are somewhat problematic. This study analyzes these two defining features and especially how they interrelate and compose a coherent whole. The analysis is based on the ethnographic study of Ch'ongkor, a village community of Tantrists in Baragaon (central northern Nepal). More generally, all religious components of the area and their interactions with the laity are subsumed under the scope of this study. The contrast with the figure of the monk, in particular, is essential for the understanding of that of the Tantrist. The latter figure is typically a lineage priest, the specialist par excellence of powerful or violent rituals (which contrasts with monastic emphasis on non-violence and purity), and whose ritual activity is distinctively oriented towards worldly ends (apotropaic rituals, etc. ). This work is also underwoven, especially in the treatment of the fundamental objects which are religious texts, by methodological questions : how and to what extent can they be coherently integrated in an ethnography-based study that seeks to make use of Tibetological or Buddhological textual materials ?

In 1907 the Liberal Government was under immense pressure to buy more Maori land throughout the North Island and it appointed a Commission comprising Chief Justice Sir Robert Stout and Apirana Ngata, to decide what land was 'excessive' to Maori needs and could be opened up for Pakeha settlement by way of lease or sale, and what areas Maori should be allowed to keep for their own occupation. The Stout-Ngata Commission operated over a two year period from 1907 through to the beginning of 1909. By conducting their own research as to the amounts of land still left in Maori control, and convening sittings which the Maori owners were invited to attend, the Commission attempted to establish how much Maori land was still needed for their own occupation, and how much could be made available for public settlement. Throughout this whole period it was the stated hope of both Stout and Ngata to 'do justice to the Maori', The sittings were conducted throughout various districts and counties in the North Island; proceedings were often held on local marae, community halls, and in the Courthouse. What was special about the work of the Commission more so than any other Government Commission which had investigated Maori land, was the way in which Stout and Ngata went right in amongst the people, and enabled Maori to freely express their concerns about the land, and present ideas as to its future utilisation. The relationship between the Commissioners and the iwi living in each region was unique, and was often based around Maori concerns which had been shaped as a result of specific circumstances surrounding each region's history. However, the primary wish of all Maori who gave evidence to the Commission was their desire to maintain control over their lands. In this respect the people were vehemently opposed to any further sales of their lands, although many were prepared to consider leasing some of their blocks. Stout and Ngata heard evidence from Maori over the two year period, which was interspersed by their writing of reports and presentation of their official recommendations. It became apparent soon after the release of their first General Report, that the Commission was not just going to be another Crown agent for acquiring 'surplus' Maori land, and instead their investigations focused on the needs of Maori. Stout and Ngata became particularly well known for the encouragement they gave Maori to farm their own lands, rather than forcing them to give it up for Pakeha settlement. In relation to this, their primary recommendation identified that the Crown had a duty to provide Maori with sufficient education and financial support in order to allow the people to begin prosperous farming operations like their Pakeha counterparts. This recommendation was largely ignored by the Government, until twenty years after the Commission, when Ngata was able to implement the policy which he and his colleague Sir Robert Stout had vigorously proposed during their tenure as Commissioners from 1907-1909.

This project involved the co-design of a tangible technology to enrich everyday Kuku Yalanji language use by children and their families, in partnership with the Wujal Wujal Aboriginal Shire Council and community. This thesis contributes the design of a relational language technology, the 'Crocodile Language Friend' talking soft toy with a paired web application, along with novel co-design methods and whole-of-community engagement approaches. The thesis argues that participatory design practices involving tangible technologies can support community alignment of resources and initiatives towards Indigenous language revitalization efforts.

E. Mervyn Taylor (1906-1964) was a pakeha artist whose prints drew influence from Maori culture and motif. He was one of a small number of artists who developed interest in Maori culture during the 1940s and 1950s. He expanded interest into detailed study of Maori culture, and interaction with Maori, and produced a significant body of prints on this subject during his career. Taylor's prints were acclaimed during his lifetime, but in the decades after his death, his reputation faded to the extent that he became relatively obscure. This persisted until the late 1980s, when art historical reassessment of his work began. This thesis forms a part of this continued re-evaluation. It focuses on Taylor's prints on Maori subjects, an area not sufficiently scrutinised in an academic context. It aims to reach deeper understanding of his prints through historical analysis of the factors that influenced him to choose Maori, and their culture as subjects for his artwork. The thesis also examines why Taylor's reputation was so emphatically based on his New Zealand heritage, as well as the quality of his craftsmanship, his beliefs about which formed the foundation of his philosophy. Nationalist and regionalist notions also figured in his aesthetic ideals. His prints are also placed in relation to the modern debate over cultural appropriation in art. Greater recognition and understanding of Taylor's oeuvre may be achieved by establishing why he chose Maori subjects, and what specific features they contributed to the character of his work.

Ethnographic collections in western museums such as the Royal Albert Memorial Museum (RAMM) carry many meanings, but by definition, they represent an intercultural encounter. This history of this encounter is often lost, overlooked, or obscured, and yet it has bearing on how the objects in the collection have been interpreted and understood. This thesis uncovers the hidden history of one particular collection in the RAMM and examines the multiple meanings that have been attributed to the objects in the collection over time. The Richard Dennett Collection was made in Africa in the years when European powers began to colonise the Congo basin. Richard Edward Dennett (1857-1921) worked as a trader in the Lower Congo between 1879 and 1902. The collection was accessioned by the RAMM in 1889. The research contextualises the collection by making a close analysis of primary source material which was produced by the collector and by his contemporaries, and includes publications, correspondence, photographs and illustrations which have been studied in museums and archives in Europe and North America. Dennett was personally involved with key events in the colonial history of this part of Africa but he also studied the indigenous BaKongo community, recording his observations about their political and material culture. As a result he became involved in the institutions of anthropology and folklore in Britain which were attempting to explain, classify and interpret such cultures. Through examining Dennett’s history this research has been able to explore the Congo context, the indigenous society, and those European institutions which collected and interpreted BaKongo collections. The research has added considerably to the museum’s knowledge about this collection and its collector, and the study responds to the practical imperative implicit in a Collaborative Doctoral Project, by proposing a small temporary exhibition in the RAMM to explore these histories and meanings. In making this proposal the research considers the current curatorial debate concerning responsible approaches to colonial collections, and assesses some of the strategies that are being employed in museums today.

The Ngawha geothermal system is the only known high temperature (220-230˚C) system in New Zealand outside the Taupo Volcanic Zone. This current examination integrates new and available geochemical and geological data on the system and surroundings. Ngawha occurs in a Quaternary-Holocene basalt field, within a ENE-trending extensional fault block 15 km in width. The youngest volcanism in the region is associated with this structure. The basaltic activity changed in composition from earlier (? 1.5 to 0.5 m.y.) high-Al, to younger alkali basalt (< 0.5 m.y. to at least 1200 yr b.p.). Crystal fractionation of the alkali basalt magma produced comenditic rhyolite lava, which outcrops as a dome near Ngawha, and is also inferred to have formed an unerupted intrusion, the likely heat source. The geothermal system has developed within pre-existing fault/fracture permeability in basement metasediments (Permian-Jurassic greywacke and argillite), and is concluded to be on the order of 10,000-20,000 years old. The hydrological model developed for the system is of a fault-bounded reservoir within basement rocks, formed of a series of blocks within which fluid migrates in fractures and joints. The reservoir has a low permeability base from silica deposition, and fluid is confined by a caprock of 500-700 m of Cretaceous-Tertiary marine sediments. This allows only vapour discharge at the surface, and minor local leakage of reservoir waters. Recharge to the system is indicated to occur from the N-NE, with subsurface discharge from the reservoir to the SW. Recharging waters are heated during deep circulation (? 3.5 km) and enter the reservoir from faults to the N and on the southern boundary. Vertical displacement of up to 100 m occurs on some of these faults. Most of the 15 wells drilled (usually 1000-1200 m deep) are within the reservoir. The reservoir fluids are slightly acid pH (5.6 at 230˚C) alkali C1 type, but contain high B (800 mg/kg) and NH3 (200 mg/kg). They have a high gas content, largely CO2 (1.2 wt %) and H2S (100 mg/kg). These fluids have ascended in boundary faults, "degassing" during ascent, with the greatest vapour separation in the upper part of the reservoir. The residual fluids then enter the reservoir. Most dissolved constituents are probably derived from high temperature (? 350ºC) leaching of metasediments at depth below the reservoir. Some, however, also have a magmatic component (CO2, S(H2S), N2(NH3), Hg). The fluids have elevated б18O values (+ 5.5 ‰) relative to local meteoric water (-5.5‰), but reservoir rocks have only been depleted c. 1‰. It is concluded the high б18O is derived from rock leaching at depth, a magmatic component and boiling enrichment during fluid ascent. Reassessment of the hydrothermal mineralogy and oxygen isotopes in quartz, show that the system previously contained 260º-280ºC fluids. Tectonic (fault) movement resulted in an inflow of cooler groundwater from the E "flooding" part of the reservoir and reducing temperatures to c. 180ºC. continued inflow of hot water from the N and S, and heat in rocks, has reheated the reservoir to the current measured temperatures (c. 230ºC). The onset of the cool inflow was probably only several thousands of years ago, and it has persisted and produced a zone of fluid mixing across the central part of the reservoir. This inflow can be identified by oxygen and carbon isotopes (in quartz and calcite), fluid chemistry, alteration minerals, and major and trace element chemistry of rocks, as well as downhole temperatures. Temperature inversions have resulted in some parts. The distribution of major, and twenty-six trace elements, was examined in cores and cuttings from twelve geothermal wells, and compared to equivalent non-geothermal lithologies. Distribution was also related to temperature, permeability and mineralogy. Most major elements have been added to reservoir rocks, but there is obvious depletion of K and Al. Of trace elements, Ba, Rb and Th are strongly depleted. Most trace elements typically show trends of major elements with which they are associated, usually by ionic substitution (e.g. Ca-Sr; K-Rb). Zn, for example, is strongly associated with Fe-and Mg-bearing alteration minerals. Some elements can be correlated with temperature, such as increasing Li, Cd, S, Ca, La and Mg. Base metals are typically enriched 30-50% relative to non-geothermal samples. Element associations, are however, often hard to determine due to the limited distribution of alteration (very low water/rock ratios), the occurrence of elements in different mineral phases, and the episodic deposition of hydrothermal minerals. The basement rocks (Waipapa Group) are of quartzo-felds-pathic nature, but have a minor volcanic contribution. Ratios of immobile trace elements (La/V vs Y) appear to be useful in distinguishing whether geothermal samples are greywacke or argillite. Sulphur fugacities of Ngawha fluids are low and S-bearing minerals are not abundant. Sulphide minerals are of limited occurrence, pyrite being the main sulphide (< 5% of rocks) with minor amounts of poorly crystalline pyrrhotite. Both are more common in the upper reservoir-lower caprock, a zone in which boiling occurs. Pyrite is often of earlier (hotter) formation, and pyrrhotite of the recent-current regime. Pyrrhotite is typically monoclinic or monoclinic + hexagonal. Minor arsenopyrite was found locally in a fault intersection; traces of sphalerite and chalcopyrite have been identified. Minor S as a sublimate forms veins at the surface, but hydrothermal SO4 minerals are in trace amounts only. Grains of primary (detrital) barite were identified in metasediments. Minor amounts of As and Sb sulphides occur at the surface in the main thermal zone. Within that area Hg was previously mined both as cinnabar in siliceous lenses, and adsorbed Hg˚ in fine grain sediments. Mercury is transported through the system as Hg˚ vapour. Downhole analyses of cuttings (30-50 m intervals) show Hg has not been leached from rocks in the reservoir, and is stable in pyrite at that temperature range (200˚-250˚C). The decrease of temperatures in the caprock (<150˚C) allows adsorbed Hg˚ to become stable and deposit. Gold and Ag are in low concentration in all geothermal rocks, the highest being Au = 0.07 ppm and Ag = 0.55 ppm. Gold is mostly associated with pyrite and concentrations are higher in the hot inflow zones; it is depleted in the cool inflow, presumably by subsequent dissolution. Silver occurs in pyrite, but also as other phases not identified (possibly in pyrrhotite), and is enriched in the cool inflow. Well discharge silica has relatively elevated concentrations (Au = 0.27, Ag = 13.9 ppm) and is considered analagous to sinter deposits that would form in the absence of a caprock. Sinters forming to the N of the thermal area, contain very low metallic trace elements, as they form from neutral pH HCO3 waters in the caprock. Modelling the hydrology of the overall system and using Au bisulphide solubilities suggests the likelihood that Au (and base metals) have deposited from the fluids in upflow zones before they enter the reservoir. This model appears to be supported by greater mineralisation in well Ng5 samples, in the N of the drillfield.

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of phisophy in the Faculty of Arts, in the Department of IsiZulu naMagugu at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2005.
Lolu cwaningo IwethuIa ingqikithi yomlando ngemveIaphi yamagama okuqanjwe ngawo izindawo ezingaphakathi esiqiwini saseffiuhIuwe - Urnfolozi. Isahluko sokuqaIa siqukethe isethulo socwaningo jikelele. Lesi sahIuko simumethe isingeniso socwaningo .Siqukethe nentshisekelo yocwaningo okuyiyona evuse ivuso nesidingo sokuba kuthundIazwe Ie nyathuko . Sibuka izinhIosongqangi zawo wonke 10 msebenzi, Kubukwa izindlela zokuqhuba ucwaningo kanye nemidiyo yakhona nhlangothi zonkana Isipikili sibethelwe ngalabo abazohIomuIa kuIolu cwaningo kanye naIaboasebeke baphosa itshe esivivaneni. Isahluko sesibili sigxiIe kumveIaphi yamagama jikelele . lsisekelo sakho konke okukuIesi sahIuko sisemithethweni eyahIukehIukene yokulotshwa kwamagama ezilimi ngezilimi Lezo zilimi zithinta isiBhunu , isiDashi, isiNgisi, ezaBathwa kanye nezaboMdabu . Lesi sahluko sewukela nasokhaIweni Iongqondongqondo nongoti kwezokuqanjwa kwamagama lsahIuko sesithathu sibIaziya imvelaphi yamagama asesiqiwini saseffiuhIuwe uvtfolozi . La magama ahIaziywa esuswa emthonjeni womlando ngokufika kwabantu bengabade ezimfundeni zeMfolozi kanye nokuzalwa kwesiqiwu uqobo Iwaso.Ngokweqiniso lesi siqiwu saseffiuhIuwe sidala kunazo zonke iziqiwu ezikhona lapha kweiakwaMthaniya . Isiqiwu saseffiuhImve sasunguIwa ngonyaka we - 1894. Lesi siqiwu sasibubanzi obtmgamahekma ayizinkuIungwane ezingamashumi amabili • nantathu (23 000 ha). Kuze kwaba ngunyaka we -1990 Iapho lesi siqiwu sibIanganiswa nesaseMfolozi esasibubanzi base babungamahektha ayizinkuIungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nantathu (73 000 ha), Sezihlanganisiwe zibe sezakha amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha (96 000 ha). Lezi ziqiwu zenganyelwe ngabongi bezemvelo ngaphansi kwe:t'<'hIangano okuthiwa Ezemvelo. Isahfuko sesine sigxile kuliso elinzulu Iengabade ngemvelo endaweni ethintekayo okuyisiqiwu saseHIuhIuwe - Umfolozi . Iso IesiNtu Iijule ngobunjalo bendawo nemvelo okuphatha uknjula,ukuphakama , amawathanga , amawa , imifula , izingoxi , imithi , amatshe , amanzi , ilanga , inyanga , izinyoni , iziIwane , izimvuIa , izimpi , izifo , imibala nokunye okuningi, Konke Iokhu kucacisa ngokuthe bha ngokungathekisa nokufanisa kwesintu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, Kouke Iokhu kuzinze enjuleni nengqikithi abantu bendabuko abalabalabela ukuba iklezwe iphindelelwe ngisho umpheblu yimiznkulu yezizukulwane ngezizukulwane zesizwe kanye nezomb1abajikelele. Isahluko .sesiblanu sijula ngokhaIo Iokublaziywa kocwaningo jikelele . Lapha kucofiywa ngononina ukusuka nokuhlala komsebenzi wengqikithi nomongo wala magama akulesi siqiwu. Ngaphezn kwalokho kwethulwa izincomo jikelele ngokuphathwa ngobumnene nangezandla zozibili kwamagugu engabade kuble kwezikhali zamaNtungwa Ekugcineni kwalo msebenzi ojule ngokwedlulele u1.'UZe ube isivivane nobani nobani ayolangazelela ukuphonsa kuso )tshe qede sibe ngumfelandawonye wesimakade.

This dissertation focuses on an analysis of the poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire printed in P. Seloma's An Analysis of the Poetry of Praise and Exhortation in Setswana (1990). The main objective of the investigation is to apply an adapted narratological model which states that there are three operational levels to a literary text, namely the content level, the plot level and the style level. The discussion poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire is based on these three levels. The methodological framework of the discussion is based on two main concepts namely the difference between defining and interpreting. It is strongly emphasized that these two concepts are used differently throughout the investigation since they are not synonymous in this discussion. . The content structure is discussed as having four elements, namely: characters, events, time and place. The characters are grouped into two categories namely the kind hearted person (Masire) and quarrelsome people (who are members of the opposition parties). These characters are discussed in relation to the following scheme: intention, patronage, resistance, assistance and success. They are also dealt within relation to each other and their special functions in the text. The setting in Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire is examined according to its two major aspects: time and place. Time at the content level is classified into three categories, namely: specific time, historical time and indefinite time. Place is divided into two categories which are the physical place of events and indefinite place (general locale). The plot structure is examined in respect of two major categories, namely the narrative plot and the poetic metre. In relation to the narrative plot, it is clear that events are controlled by the theme of the text, which is emphasized throughout the discussion. This poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire has also been discussed on the basis of the principles of plot: exposition, development, climax and denouement. Other important concepts of the plot structure include the design and the title. The techniques of the plot structure are also examined in this poem. With regard to poetic metre, the poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire is discussed using two rules: the rule of division and the rule of symmetrical harmony. The rule of division deals with metrical devices such as caesura, pause and enjambement, while that of symmetrical harmony concerns itself with the number of syllables, the number of penultimate summits and repetition. The discussion of the style of the poem deals with the mood and intention of the poet. In this discussion, diction as style markers and stylistic techniques are examined. It is clear that the poet Rabojalwa Keetile has used quite a number of stylistic techniques, the most frequently used being elision, conjunction and assonance. These techniques have been used to highlight the theme of the poem which is the need for modern development in Botswana.
Dissertation (MA (Setswana))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
African Languages
unrestricted

博士
國立中央大學
企業管理學系
104
This research attempts to determine the role IT plays in public and private sector. To evaluate the role performance of websites in the public sector, the research uses a survey and content analysis. The field research evaluated the content of Ngawi websites, with 235 webmasters participating in the survey. The evaluation of website performance was based four dimensions, namely “usability,” “service,” “citizen participation,” and “content.” On individual websites, dissemination of online information is just beginning as e-Government development is still in its infancy. The results show that three variables had significant influence on the performance of websites: Regulation Support, Website Management and database management. In addition, quality of human resources and supporting technology were also found to influence website management, while supporting technology influenced database management.

This study was underpinned by the view of the researcher that classroom discipline is gradually collapsing in South African schools. Learners seem to be uncontrollable thus affecting the quality of teaching and learning. Educators worldwide have many responsibilities in managing classroom discipline and shaping the behaviour of learners in schools. For educators to undertake these many responsibilities there is need for them to carryout effective teaching and learning through maintaining a disciplined classroom without enforcing corporal punishment. This might seem difficult from the view of certain attitudes learners display in classroom, but it is possible if educators are groomed with contemporary classroom discipline strategies which conform to the demands of the Department of Education. The study investigated the phenomenon of managing classroom discipline in Ngaka Modiri Molema District to determine the extent to which educators are conversant with the legal framework for managing classroom discipline and to determine strategies currently employed by educators to establish discipline in the classroom. The study also state and describe disciplinary challenges currently faced by educators in the classroom and make recommendations and guidelines on the findings with regard to managing classroom discipline. A literature review was done on conceptual literature relating to issues on managing classroom discipline. Learner's misconduct in class, causes of disciplinary problems and how to prevent and manage classroom discipline by applying the legal framework in class was also reviewed. The research approach was qualitative. Purposively selected participants included experienced teachers and student members of school student governments (prefects) of two purposefully selected schools. Views and experience of participants to this study were captured and explained through interviews, observations and document analysis. Results are discussed in relation to relevant literature, allowing the flow of an open coding process in inductive qualitative analysis. Findings from the research indicated that participants are experiencing varying forms of continued ill discipline in their classrooms. Some of which are; learners not doing their school and homework, absenteeism, disruption of classes by noise making, learners bullying fellow learners and even educators. Literature review revealed that there are nationwide guidelines and legal framework for managing discipline in schools as embedded in SASA. Participants know the guidelines and a legal framework for managing discipline in classrooms that has been used to design a school code of conduct and classroom rules. Most educators are not very conversant with the legal framework for managing classroom discipline except for the fact that they know they are not allowed to use corporal punishment. The findings of this study suggested that educators, through the help of the Department of Education, should familiarise themselves with legal documents on managing discipline in order for them to establish and maintain positive classroom discipline management.
Thesis (M.Ed) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011

The thesis is based on eighteen months of fieldwork in the regency of Ngada on the eastern Indonesian island of Flores. It examines the system of organizing principles and symbolism of Hoga Sara society as is expressed in its social organization and cosmology. The people of the modem village and former village confederacy of the Sara Sedu, the Hoga Sara, are on a continuum with the Ngadha and Nage-Keo ethnic groups of the regency. They exhibit, however, their own unique cultural features as a group in their own right, and as a part of a larger grouping which encompasses the peoples of their neighbouring villages of Taka Tunga, Sanga Deto, and Rowa. The introduction situates the Hoga Sara in their ethnographic region and provides a brief literature and historical review of the regency. The first chapter of the thesis examines Hoga Sara identity in the context of contrasting themselves to the Ngadha on the one hand, and predicating commonality with the Hoga Taka, Are, and Rowa on the basis of common derivation from a ancestral pair and their offspring, the Ga'e siblings, on the other. Common ancestral derivation, ebu mogo, is also a basis of defining the identity of the Hoga Sara as a group, although composed of authochthonous and immigrant clans. Other aspects of group definition are connected with shared agricultural calendar and other collective ritual activities. The second chapter focuses on the individual traditional villages ( nua) which make up the territory of the former village confederacy of Sara Sedu. The composition of the nua and spatial orientation within it are examined. The third chapter deals with Hoga Sara organization of the individual clans (woe) that occupy the nua. The woe is composed of a number of named and supporting unnamed houses. The two eldest houses, sa'o pu'u (source houses) — sa'o saka pu'u and sa'o saka lobo (trunk and tip rider houses) -- form the major dual division within the clan. All named houses relate to each other and to their unnamed houses as elder-younger, ka'e-azi, based on the order of precedence of their establishment. The trunk and tip parts of the clan furthermore relate to each other as female and male. Structural differences between the clans of Sara and Sedu(Bodo) are also highlighted. Chapter four looks at the house as the basic unit of social organization. The house is a collectivity of a group of related families. The principles of membership, who is an ana ebu of the house, as well as the process of derivation from one named house from another are examined. Membership is based on a range of principles: payment of bridewealth, fulfilment of ritual obligations, tracing derivation through the father's houses and the house of origin of the mother, and marriage. Access to ancestral land is ultimately dependant on membership (ana ebu status). The named house ties together wide ranging social relations and is thus the basic unit of social organization of the Hoga Sara. The fifth chapter examines the significance of the named house (sa'o meze) and other physical objects emblematic of house and clan organization with regard to Hoga Sara concepts of identity and continuity. Social use of space, various symbolic aspects, and cosmological significance of the sa'o are explored. The buffalo sacrifice post (madhu or peo), the ancestral mother house (bhaga) and megalithic stone platforms (nabe and ture) are also considered with respect to identity. Chapter six continues to examine the significance of these physical structures of a clan in the context of Hoga Sara concepts of continuity. The cycle by which deceased members of a house become the specific protective ancestors of a clan and house are considered with a focus on the ancestral embodiment in the parts of the house, stone platforms, and sacrificial post. The ritual installation of these objects is thus essential in securing the continuity of a house or clan in the form of lifegenerative potential granted by the ancestors. Chapter Seven looks at the relationship of the Hoga Sara with their ancestors. The nature of the ritual interaction between the living and the ancestors is examined. A specific example, the ritual installation of the buffalo sacrifice post (madhu or peo) is considered in this regard. The conclusion provides an overview of Hoga Sara society with reference to current approaches of comparative studies of Austronesian societies. The comparative remarks highlight the presence of several wide-spread organizing and symbolic principles which the Hoga Sara share with other Indonesian groups, yet in their own unique configuration which is the result of local historical process of development.

Aclolescence, the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood, is a unique stretch of time of discovery and experimentation of many risky practices. The present study sought to fill a research void on adolescent risky behaviours in the North West Province of South Africa by examining the socio-demographic and environmental correlates of seven sexual behaviours and patterns in th ree substance use behaviours of 1,067 Grade 9 and Grade 11 adolescents from eight high schools in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District of South Africa. Using chi-square tests, logistic regression and discrete-time hazard modelling techniques, a select number of socio-demographic and environmental factors were examined to find how they influence sexual engagement, age at first sex, sexual encounters in three months prior to tile survey, number of lifetime sexual partners, condom/contraceptive use among learners, condom refusal, and use of condoms during last sexual encounter and patterns in cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and marijuana use behaviours. A self-administered survey questionnaire was used to collect the required data from the study participants. Overall, about 14 percent of the learners indicated they had ever smoked cigarettes while about 38 percent also indicated they had ever drunk alcohol. Only 9 percent also indicated they had ever consumed hashish. Gender, age, place of residence, parental monitoring and supervision, parent marital status, parent work status and household wealth status were all found to be associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol and hashish consumption by learners. Findings showed male and Grade 11 learners reporting less positive sexual behaviours than female and Grade 9 learners. Gender, grade level, peer sexual influence, perceptions about sex issues, substance use were t11e chief factors found to influence sexual behaviours of learners. In particular, while family-related factors were found to have positive influence on learner sexual behaviours, peers, especially those who exert psycl1ological control over their friends, seemed to influence the sexual behaviours of their friends negatively. The findings from the study have implications for intervention programmes. It should, specifically, assist policymakers, the North West Department of Education and educators in developing and implementing specific intervention programmes that seek to discourage the various risky practices highlighted in this study. In particular, the Department of Education may consider developing a policy that seeks to educate and raise parents' awareness of the possible use of substances such as tobacco and hashish by learners and to crave their full involvement in prevention efforts. A collective participation in the fight against such health risk practices by learners by parents, educators and the Department of Education would go a long way to help minimise the practice among high school learners. Again, a comprehensive sexuality education programme which encourages sexual abstinence by learners can be developed and implemented in school settings. Under this programme, local and national renowned actors, artistes, athletes and musicians can be used as positive role models for learners as well as directing such personalities to deliver messages on the dangers of participating in such health risk practices. Lastly, the Department of Education may consider coming up with a policy that seeks to encourage learner participation in structured and supervised activities, such as the introduction of new school extracurricular activities including organising vacation camps for learners, and taking learners through various developmental and mentorship programmes.
Thesis (PhD. Soc.Sc) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2014

This research investigates the compliance of staff of a North West Provincial Municipal District Office to the Information Security Policy within the municipality. This research therefore focused on information security policy. software analysis. strategic planning, implementing, compliance and the use of intra and internet services as to minimize and manage information security threats. ln its investigation on the availability of a policy to manage security on information systems this research proceeded to discuss the problem statement. definition of terms. research objectives. and research question alongside literature reviewed on how other organizations had dealt with the information security problems and how to minimise the risk of the municipality to become vulnerable. Most of organization employees are ignoring the information security policy hence leading the company information vulnerable to its counter parts and pose an information security threat to its day to day operation or not existence of information security policy. This had led to the main contributing factor of non compliance to information security policy. This study used a quantitative exploratory descriptive design to identify, analyse and describe factors contributing to an assessment of staff compliance to the information security policy in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality. The study recommends that more training should be provided to the younger employees as the study suggests that older people are in the majority within the NMMDM. Security Awareness should also be put in place to all employees as it is the integral part of information security policy.
Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2014

D. Tech. Education
Explores the level of understanding of project management functions by school principals and school governing bodies of schools in the North West province. It also gives guidelines on how school principals and school governing bodies can involve parents in school projects.

In this study, D.P.S. Monyaise’s Ngaka, Mosadi Mooka and Zakes Mda’s Black Diamond are analysed in relation to narrative perspectives on female characters. The main aim of this study is to show how cultural narrative perspectives apply in the comparative study in Ngaka, Mosadi Mooka and Black Diamond, to determine how female characters, particularly Diarona in Ngaka, Mosadi Mooka and Tumi in Black Diamond, are portrayed. The argument maintained in this study is that, although Monyaise in his Ngaka, Mosadi Mooka gives his female characters an exceptionally strong voice, the social and literary perspectives in his novel still draw very sturdily on traditional frameworks. Monyaise’s narrative style and his narrative investigation of his main themes are evidently influenced by views informed by a traditional frame within which women occupy a culturally marginalized position. Mda, on the other hand, controversially challenges dominant views and consequent modes of behaviour, while also expanding the boundaries of creative writing. Research on the portrayal of female characters in Batswana literature is still lacking. This study makes a contribution in the sense that it is an explorative investigation from the perspective of postclassical cognitive narratology, which therefore attempts to approach Batswana literature from a fresh theoretical point of view. The intention is also to enrich the field of Batswana literature by adopting a comparative approach. In achieving this aim, this work adopts the following structure. Chapter one provides the aim and focus of the study. Chapter two discusses the theoretical framework and crucial key terms. Chapter three establishes a background with regard to traditional Batswana cultural views on Batswana women, with emphasis on stereotypical perspectives on women identified through the application of theoretical insights with regard to frames and scripts. The analysis of these traditional perspectives is carried out with reference to traditional Batswana women and the following: the work place; family life; legislation and leadership roles; education; religious belief; and traditional marriage. Chapter four is a comparative analysis with specific attention to the portrayal of the main female characters, that is Diarona in Ngaka, Mosadi Mooka and Tumi in Black Diamond, through application of the theoretical and cultural framework constructed in chapter two and three respectively. Chapter five provides concluding remarks.
MA (Setswana), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Objectives: The specific objectives of the study are identified as follows (I) to determine the Significance Of bullying victimization by gender differences (2) to determine the significance or bullying victimization by race differences and (3) to examine the impact of bullying victimization on learners' school work. Method: Data was collected from the five hundred (500) participants randomly selected, using a table or random numbers of 'yes' or 'no' from 5 different schools around the area of Mafikeng. Ngaka Modiri Molema district. North West Province. All learners were (male= 250. female= 250). Age of participants ranged from 16- 18 years. with mean age of 16.9 years. /\II statistical analyses were done by means of frequencies and cross-tabulations using the chi-square statistical test with race, gender and school work as independent variables. Results: Results of the study indicated that there was a significant association between Gender of victims and name calling, p< .01 with female learners scoring higher than males. Made fun, P< .005 with female learners scoring higher than male learners. Wrote bad things to me, P< .005 with male learners scoring higher than female learners. And lastly. aid mean things. P< .0001 with male learners scoring high<:r than female learners. Results for hypothesis 2 showed a significant correlation between race of victims and name calling. P< .05 with black learners reporting higher levels of victimization than other race. 1obody talk to me. P< .05 with black learners reporting higher levels of victimization than other race. The third hypothesis expected bullying victims to report high levels of poor performance in their school work. The results showed that, played jokes had a significant association with the learners' school work performance. P< .05, of learners reporting between 50-59% of performance rate. Be part of 18 group, P< .05. of learners reporting between 50-59% of performance rate. Attacked me. P< .05. of learners reporting between 50-59% of performance rate. Lastly, said mean things. P< .05 of learners reporting between 50-59% of performance rate. In addition. there were no significant results for called me names, made fun, do bad things, broke my things, nobody talk to me, wrote bad things and pushed and shoved. respectively. Recommendations: The empirical stud) has clear!) indicated that there is poor parental involvement in the education or learners. Parental leave the total responsibility of education of their children on the shoulders of school and educators. Educators need constant support from the parents to impart knowledge as well as to mold the character and behavior of the learners. Continuous monitoring by parents on the academic progress of their children, through regular communication with the educators is extremely important to achieve the desired outcome. Parents are the first ones to notice any change in the behavior of their children. When signs of any behavioral change are noted, parents need to communicate with the educators so that remedial measures can be employed before the problem gets worse.
Thesis (M. Soc Sci in Research Psychology) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013.

This study examined the asessment of waste management service delivery among employees and community members of Ngaka Modiri Molema Di strict Municipality. The population of the study consisted of employees and community members. Sixty employees were selected randomly from employees and community members to makeup a sample of 120. Data was a collected using a structured questionnaire which was subjected to analysis using SPSS. Frequency counts and percentages were used to describe the data. while t- test statistics were used to compare the attitude of employees and community members towards service delivery. Also, correlation was used to test for relationship between attitude and constraints of employees and community member . Majority of important constraints faced by employees towards service delivery show that 85% agreed that waste management record is kept, and seventy eight percent of employees revealed that record keeping is severe. Sixty seven percent of employees revealed that budget allocation is insufficient. The results further show that 95% of employees agreed that time schedule of street sweepers for internal control purpose is in place. Eighty two percent of employees agreed on lack of waste collection strategies. The results further show that 92% of employees indicated that there is poor policy implementation. The results show that majority of employees (90%) agreed on lack of working tools. Majority of employees ( I 00%) expressed there is lack of security for street sweepers. Majority of important findings on attitude of employees towards waste management service delivery revealed that 72% of employees agreed on grass cutting along the verge of roads for the safety and convenience of road u e rs. Seventy seven percent of employees are positive on public education on waste management. The results further show 77% of employees are positive on organising special campaigns on waste management. The main finding on constraints faced by community members towards service delivery show that 80% have knowledge on waste management. The results further show that 70% of community members agreed that services are affordable. There is lack of proper landfill site (77%); Poor public education (70%): Poor working tools (75%) and Poor supervision of waste personnel (70%). Community members revealed that 82% of queries on waste management are attended by the municipality as requested by community. Seventy two percent of community members agreed on Iimited information about waste management to community. Seventy three percent of community members agreed there is no proper evaluation of waste management done. Inadequate service coverage (some people not provided services) (70%) and complaints in ward meetings are not met (78%).
Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2014

This dissertation investigates efficiency in municipal service delivery, the capability and competency of staff, the degree of service quality experienced by the community and the e-Government efficiency and effectiveness at Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality. It highlights problems relating to municipal incapacity and incompetency, and inefficiency of e-Government system. However, municipalities are expected to lead economic development in their respective communities, democratic and governance programmes. Then review of the literature relevant to e-Government capacity and municipal service delivery, serves as a primary data that adds value to the dissertation. Collation of the relevant data was followed by discussion of the employee perception on e-Government capacity and municipal service delivery. Local government struggles to provide services to citizens, but the poor service erodes trust. Service delivery backlogs continue to be unattended and significant segments of the community remain economically inactive and municipal capacity is the catalyst of the whole scenario.The relative lack of research on municipal e-Government capacity and service delivery is the primary motivation for this study to evaluate the e-Government and municipal service delivery and demonstrate that should e-Government capacity and service delivery be enhanced, the episode of local government protest can be eradicated and efficient service quality promoted.The sample was drawn from Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality employees who were cooperative in the execution of the study. As a result of this, the research on the subject has moved beyond imperfect borders of e-Govemment capacity and mtmicipal service delivery issues and has begun to focus more on aspects that can be considered to enhance e-Government capacity and municipal service delivery.The findings of this study provide a strong point of departure for the evaluation of muniicipal e-Government capacity and service delivery at Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality and indicate that there is a lack of capacity and competency, and inefficiency in the e-Government service. Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality management should explore opportunities to ensure that training and development are provided to municipal staff to improve capacity and competency and also explore the opportunity to increase e-Government efficiency and effectiveness.
Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

Thesis ((M.A. (Information Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
This study investigated the users‟ perspective of the role played by public libraries in bridging the digital divide in the rural-urban communities with specific reference to Ngaka Modiri Molema District libraries, in the North-West Province, South Africa. The research methodology utilized in this study is a descriptive survey in design and quantitative in nature, through a questionnaire as a data collection tool, distributed to hundred (100) library users selected through quota, convenience and accidental sampling methods. Twenty (20) library users belonging to each of the five public libraries in the district participated in the study. It is revealed that public libraries in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District are playing a significant and crucial role in bridging the digital divide. This is due to the fact that the library users have indicated that they are able to conduct research, send and receive e-mails; they are able to type their personal and academic documents and even play computer games with the library computers and the internet. Based on these findings, this study recommends that district municipalities and the provincial government should continue to provide the public libraries with computers connected to the internet to all the libraries in Ngaka Modiri Molema District and to train the public librarians to be able to impart computer skills to the communities. Public librarians should also initiate computer orientation courses to provide basic skills to those who are computer illiterate in the communities.

In South Africa, HIV and AIDS as a communicable diseases is difficult to eradicate. The government sector is advocating for comprehensive management thereof. Still the challenge is that the health sector tend to focus on the treatment pillar, pumping a lot of resources into treatment with minimal productivity. The point is, too much emphasis is put on post-intervention as opposed to pro-activity. Prevention is one of the under resourced pillars in terms of funding and capacity, but can bring about positive behavioural change in safe sex and deter other risk behavioural patterns that transmits HIV within our communities, thus combating further HIV infections. It is important to continually find gaps in the prevention techniques and markets when promoting or communicating HIV risks prevention. The study explores if the mainstream promotional and communication messages are reaching the Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual and Transgenders (LGBTs) and are soliciting positive behavioural change or discrimination. The study is qualitative and explores a probable social problem concerning the LGBTs in their natural setting. Probability, snowball sampling was used. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, and loaded into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), a software for analysis. The measure of correlation used was the Spearman's Rho.
Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012

The aim of this study is to examine the extent of women representation in the Councils of the Local Municipalities in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality in the North West, Province of South Africa. The specific objectives of the study are to investigate the ratio of women representation at both the political and administrative structures of the Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality; and examine the factors which inhibit the realization of the women quotas at the District Municipality level. This is an empirical study which utilized both the qualitative and quantitative approaches in the collection and analysis of data. The study identifies the extent of women representation and establishes that there is insufficient women representation in general within local governance in South Africa and in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality in particular. As a consequence, although the critical legislative and policy has been enacted, presentation of women in local governance still remains a challenge.
Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.(Development Studies) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011

The purpose of the current research project was to undertake a thorough quantitative and qualitative survey of the vegetation on Ngamba Island. Based on the results of this survey suggestions are made for future management of the chimpanzees on the island. It was assumed that the introduction of chimpanzees onto an island that was previously not inhabited by this species would have an (to be defined) impact on the environment in general, and the vegetation cover, in particular. The woody vegetation was sampled and analysed using the varying quadrat plot method. This method gives the following results per (a) species, (b) stem growth form and (c) height class: 1. Canopy regime at different height levels; 2. Total projected canopy cover, and 3. Density. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that at this stage the forest structure on Ngamba Island still represents a healthy secondary rain forest cover. A major impact chimpanzees have on the woody vegetation cover of Ngamba Island is that they defoliate and destroy trees of all height classes. The number of mature trees that a parent tree produces per fruiting period might often be as little as < 1. Even though chimpanzees act as seed dispensers in their natural habitat the impressive number of seeds dispersed by each individual chimpanzee is therefore put into perspective by the very low final recruitment rate. Resulting from the above it is postulated that the impact of the Ngamba Island chimpanzees as seed dispersers for selected woody vegetation species is of low importance if not negligible. It is by far outweighed by the destruction caused to the secondary rain forest cover of the Island by this newly introduced species. Using different approaches and calculations to estimate the necessary home ranges for chimpanzees in a confined habitat the areas calculated range from 5-56 hectare per chimpanzee. Even though, there is an 11.2-fold difference between these estimates they indicate nevertheless, that Ngamba Island with an area of 42.40 ha of secondary rain forest cover and 16 adult and 17 juvenile chimpanzees is already highly overstocked. In summary the impact the newly introduced species of chimpanzees on Ngamba Island will have over time on the secondary rain forest cover of their forest refuge is that of continuing destruction. Using a rate of destruction of about 0.50 ha per chimpanzee per year the secondary rain forest cover of Ngamba Island will be completely destroyed in 53 years with a stocking density of 16 adult chimpanzees. Increasing stocking density – also through maturing of the juvenile chimpanzees currently present on the Island into a adulthood – will increase the rate of destruction of the woody vegetation cover of Ngamba Island proportionally.
Dissertation (MSc(Wild Life Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
unrestricted

The study was designed to identify and get a better understanding of the determinants of Smallholder farmers' participation in cattle markets in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District of North West Province, A hundred and nine smallholder cattle farmers were randomly selected using the simple random sample method. The list of smallholder cattle farmers was obtained from the North West Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (Ngaka Modiri Molema District). Data was collected through the use of structured questionnaire that consisted of demographic characteristics market-related constraints encountered by smallholder cattle farmers, availability of infrastructure, access to market information, cattle production, cattle nutrition, cattle health, cattle husbandry, and reasons far keeping cattle and markets participated in by smallholder cattle farmers. The data was coded, captured and analysed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) for frequencies, percentage and profit regression analysis. The results of the study show that the majority of the respondents in this research were male (72%): married (68%); Christians (74%); not formally educated 45°o; and having less than 10 years in farming (61%). The results highlighted that majority of the smallholder cattle farmers used informal markets to market their cattle (83%); mainly used auctions (58%) as a formal marketing channel and were mostly familiar with informal (62%) marketing channels. The farmers received higher prices (65%) from the cattle markets they regularly use and were nearer. The majority of smallholder farmers (55%) do not participate in the most rewarding channels. Majority of the smallholder cattle farmers were affected by, lack of support from government (96%); limited market information (95%); financial constraints (79%); (distance to mainstream markets (60%); and bureaucracy (62%). The results of probit regression model show that out of 15 independent variables considered, the coefficients for 5 variables' were statistical/v significant, These were the number of heifers (Z= 2, 742: PThesis (M.Sc.(Agric Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

A report on a research study presented to The Department of Social Work School of Human and Community Development Faculty of Humanities University of the Witwatersrand In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master in the Field of Social Development by Coursework and Research Report March, 2017
Water is one of the key and most fundamental and indispensable natural resource. Without it nothing on the universe will function. Water scarcity is a global reality threatening economic and societal development. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of community members in Lomanyaneng and Majemantsho villages in the Ngaka Modiri Molema District about water scarcity and its effect on health and development. A qualitative research approach and a case study design were employed during the study. Purposive sampling was used to select participants. The study comprised of thirteen participants: ten community members (five participants from each village; both male and female), the municipality manager (particularly from water and sanitation sector) and two ward councilors (one per ward: Lomanyaneng ward 5 and Majemantsho ward 21). A semi structured interview schedule was used during the in-depth interviews with the municipality manager and two ward councilors, and a focus group guide was used to facilitate the focus group discussions with participants from the two villages. The interviews and the two focus groups were voice recorded during the process of data collection. The collected data was transcribed and analyzed through thematic content analysis. Key findings revealed that water scarcity have detrimental effects on the health and development of the communities in Lomanyaneng and Majemantsho villages. The Ngaka Modiri Molema District water service delivery was perceived as very poor and is attributed to poor planning, poor water supply, and poor water infrastructure. Recommendations made were the need; to increase communal taps, need for drainage system to recycle water, needs assessment for identification of needs, proper planning and outreach programmes to disseminate knowledge on how to conserve and use water, and constant monitoring of Jojo tanks and inspection of drinking water.
MT 2018

This paper reports on the investigation of ICT adoption of tourism SMMEs in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of the North West Province in South Africa. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 200 tourism enterprises with the response rate of 68%. The results indicate, that the level of adoption of ICT is highly influenced by the perception of ICT adoption of tourism SMMEs. Most of the tourism SMMEs use ICT for business purpose and factors such as size of enterprise; location of enterprise; knowledge among owners; improvement of business performance in terms of revenue and financial resources and initial ICT costs have an impact on ICT adoption by tourism enterprises.
Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011

The South African government has placed great emphasis on SMMEs being the group that could assist in steering the economy. It reviewed the measure of introducing women to the mainstream economy, as a marginalised group that are a majority in numbers, but a minority in the economy due to circumstances surrounding their traditional role and especially due to the constraints of the previous regime. The current government has introduced sweeping reforms through regulations aimed at preferential procurement of female-owned companies, but regardless of all government's initiatives female owned companies still struggle to compete with their male counterparts in the construction industry. The research problem questions the processes and systems put in place to alter the social, political and economic climate in South Africa that created a new cycle of opportunities and threats for the different stakeholders. It gave rise to hidden occlusions based on gender and race that need to be addressed. Frustrations such as those found in the empowerment initiatives of BEE that resulted in the decline of standards and an increase in the disadvantaged groups trapped into worse liabilities are worth mentioning. The literature review has produced important recommendations that when implemented may resolve the flaws that tend to create opportunities for unintended parties. Issues such as motivational factors, collaboration between partners, sound partnering relationships and establishing an organisational culture will assist role players to take stock, enable them to make a turn-around, view challenges in terms of concealed manifestations and ultimately effectively address said challenges.
Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012

Rape and sexual assault is a global problem with far reaching and devastating social and health implications for victims of such crimes. South Africa has one of the highest rates of rape and sexual assault cases reported to the police compared to other countries globally. In an attempt to forge intervention, various progq3mmes aimed at addressing sexual assault have been developed by relevant government entities. Since the development of these programmes, research on implementation and effectiveness of sexual assault services in South Africa has been minimal. The absence of research on these interventions prevents an opportunity for programme improvement and resource mobilization that would ensure that these programmes are efficient, effective and to ensure that it meet the needs of beneficiaries. A quantitative and descriptive research design was used to assess the implementation of the national sexual assault policy by health professionals at referral and designated health facilities. The study was conducted in Ngaka Modiri Molema district in the NorthWest province, targeting nurses, doctors, unit managers and social workers rendering sexual assault services within the district. Self-administered questionnaires and checklist were used to collect data. Findings indicated that there was no significant difference with regard to the implementation of the sexual assault policy. There was no hundred percent adherence to policy prescribed by health facilities, while resources were not equitably allocated to health facilities as rural health facilities still lacked basic resources like colposcopy. While most health professionals indicated to be knowledgeable about the service they deliver, the findings indicated that less than 45% of health professionals allocated to render sexual assault services are not trained nor frequently getting ongoing training in the management of sexual assault. Sexual assault services within the district were provided by untrained health professionals as in the whole population only one (1) health professional had forensic nursing training.
Thesis (M. Cur) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

The aim of this study was establish operational systems and viable size of community poultry projects versus number of beneficiaries to determine the capacity to sustain itself and serve its purpose as food security projects. Community poultry projects are expected to serve their purpose of securing food to beneficiaries and continue to run sustainably for longer time. The current study uses qualitative method to assess the performance of community poultry projects. The study used questionnaire to collect primary data by interviewing the accessible beneficiaries of existing poultry community. The results of the survey revealed that the majority of community poultry projects are not viable to fulfil purpose of their establishment which is to secure food for beneficiaries and to be self-sustainable. However, the average value of reward was equivalent to R3 a day from both broiler and layer projects. The study further revealed that the reward was paid once a year. The rewards in terms of product were expected to be consumed by household and transferred into cash to buy other types of food required. The food is mainly determined by the size of the household. However the question remains, R3 a day is sufficient to buy food for a family for four members. Based on the outcome of this study, researcher encourages further research into to all agricultural related community food security projects. Research studies may determine if these projects are really aimed at helping economic growth in rural communities or whether they have capacity to secure basic food for beneficiaries while sustaining them self. Agreed minimum value of reward per beneficiaries must be established to ensure a future perfect match on size on all agricultural projects versus number of beneficiaries.
Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011

Tese de Doutoramento em Geografia (Especialidade em Geografia Física e Estudos Ambientais)
O presente estudo tem como objetivo, analisar e compreender os impactes ambientais e socioeconómicos resultantes da atividade humana na floresta de Miombo na Província do Niassa (Moçambique), estudo de caso dos distritos de Mandimba e Ngauma na região de fronteira com a República do Malawi. O termo Miombo significa “mata de panda”, caracteriza um tipo de vegetação de savana onde predominam árvores que pertencem aos géneros Brachystegia, Isoberlinia e Julbernardia. Embora a floresta de Miombo tenha grande representação no Norte do país, nas regiões fronteiriças tem-se verificado uma ausência quase total deste tipo de floresta, devido a vários factores como o elevado abate de árvores e a falta do processo de fiscalização por parte do governo. A floresta de Miombo contribui significativamente para a vida das várias comunidades rurais oferecendo boas condições para o desenvolvimento de várias práticas. O presente estudo revelou que nas áreas onde se desenvolve o Miombo é favorecida a prática de agricultura, a produção do carvão, a exploração da madeira e de muitos outros recursos como, por exemplo, os com fins medicinais, o que permite, em termos económicos, a aquisição de produtos básicos (sabão, por exemplo), material escolar para os filhos dos agricultores (uniforme escolar, pastas, cadernos, esferográficas, lápis e borrachas) e a compra de medicamentos nas farmácias privadas e públicas. O estudo obedeceu à seguinte metodologia: inventariação, análise, comparação e tratamento da informação, resultante dos dados das entrevistas realizadas aos camponeses, aos líderes comunitários residentes, aos pescadores e aos empresários malawianos, bem como, dos dados dos inquéritos realizados aos professores, aos estudantes e aos técnicos de várias áreas (florestais, de tabaco e de saúde). Com este trabalho pretende-se alertar para a exaustão da floresta de Miombo levada a cabo pelas atividades humanas e contribuir para a divulgação do conhecimento sobre esta questão, de forma a contribuir para um uso sustentável das florestas.
The present study aims to analyze and understand the environmental and socioeconomic impacts resulting from human activity in the Miombo forest in Niassa Province (Mozambique), a case study of the districts of Mandimba and Ngauma in the border region with the Republic of Malawi. The term Miombo means "panda forest", characterizes a type of savannah vegetation where trees belonging to the genera Brachystegia, Isoberlinia and Julbernardia predominate. Although the Miombo forest has great representation in the north of the country, in the border regions there has been an almost total absence of this type of forest, due to various factors such as the high felling of trees and the lack of the inspection process by the government. The present study revealed that in the areas where Miombo develops, it contributes significantly to the life of the various rural communities [practice of agriculture, coal production, the exploitation of wood and many other resources, such as those for medicinal purposes and the acquisition of basic products (soap, for example), school supplies for farmers' children and the purchase of medicines in private and public pharmacies]. The study followed the following methodology: inventory, analysis, comparison and treatment of information, resulting from data from interviews with peasants, resident community leaders, fishermen and Malawian entrepreneurs, as well as data from surveys of teachers, students and forest, tobacco and health technicians. Whether, on the one hand, the socioeconomic conditions of the populations have improved; on the other hand, this dependence on forest resources for daily subsistence causes irreversible environmental impacts. With this work we intend to alert to the exhaustion of the Miombo forest carried out by human activities and contribute to the dissemination of knowledge on this issue, in order to contribute to a sustainable use of forests, particularly in the districts of Mandimba and Ngauma.

Climate change implication and rural livelihood capitals remain the major inextricable dimensions of sustainability in this twenty first century globally. As a result, the impact and outcome of climate change on rural livelihood capitals, including economic development cannot be overemphasized in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality of the North West Province of South Africa, where the study took place. It is one of the largest maize production regions in South Africa, where a preponderance of the people in the province obtain their livelihood from agriculture which contributes enormously to the promotion of household’s food security. The study, therefore, investigated the adaptation strategies, awareness of climate change, factors that influenced climate change adaptation in North West Province of South Africa, with the aim of ascertaining the effects of climate change on livelihood capitals among small and emerging maize farmers. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select three hundred and forty-six (346) farmers who were interviewed from the study area, while a pre-tested questionnaire was administered to the maize farmers, aiming at matters related to climate change impact on livelihood and adaptation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics while inferential statistical tools employed were Principal Component Analysis, Two-Stage Least Square regression model, Binary Logistic regression model, and Tobit regression model. The results of the study showed that climate change was linked to rural livelihood capitals as climate change awareness, low profit and co-operative finance were statistically significant (p<0.05). The study also established that majority of the rural farmers in the study area were aware of climate change, in which farm size, education, ownership of the farm, information received on climate change, source of climate change information, climate change information through extension services, channel of information received on climate change and support received on climate change were statistically significant (p<0.05). Factors such as farm size, household gender, type of farms, who owns the farm, land acquisition, source of climate change information, support received on climate change, and adaptation barrier were statistically significant (p<0.05) and influenced climate change adaptation in the study area. Conclusively, climate change is entwined with rural livelihood, and the variables that are significant to the study were identified. It was therefore recommended that government intervention, access to information, extension service and support, farmers’ networking, adoption of drought and heat stress tolerant seeds, indigenous knowledge should be improved, practiced and promoted among the rural farmers and the stakeholders involved in the study area.
Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology
D. Phil. (Agriculture)