Academic literature on the topic 'Ngawha'

Etnis Ngadha merupakan salah satu kelompok masyarakat tradisional terbesar di Kabupaten Ngada. Kehidupan masyarakatnya ditengah arus globalisasi dan modernitas masih tetap berpegang teguh pada adat-istiadat warisan leluhur, salah satunya adalah upacara adat yang menjadi ciri khas komunitasnya. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada bulan Februari – Mei 2016 di desa Tiwuriwu, Watumanu dan Dariwali Kecamatan Jerebu’u, Kabupaten Ngada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengiventarisasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan dan makna tumbuhan dalam pelaksanaan upacara adat serta upaya pelestarian yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan secara eksploratif, observasi partisipatif dan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh 60 jenis tumbuhan yang tergolong dalam 26 famili yang digunakan dalam upacara adat. Famili yang paling banyak digunakan adalah Poaceae 15 jenis, Fabaceae 8 jenis, Arecaceae 6 jenis, Musaceae dan Solanaceae masing-masing 3 jenis, sedangkan famili lainnya antara 1 sampai dengan 2 jenis. Masing-masing jenis memiliki makna spesifik dalam setiap upacara adat sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan upacara tersebut. Bentuk kegiatan konservasi yang dilakukan masyarakat adalah membudidayakan tumbuhan tersebut di sekitar pekarangan rumah, kebun atau ladang milik mereka.

The Dayak Bakati' community in Segiring Hamlet is one of the community groups that still preserve traditional ceremonies, one of which is related to the culture of planting rice. This study aims to determine the various traditional ceremonies of the Dayak Bakati Tribe related to the culture of growing rice and the types of plants used in it. The research was carried out for 2 months (July 2021 – August 2021) in Segiring Hamlet, Pisak Village, Tujuh Belas District, Bengkayang Regency. This type of research is exploratory descriptive. The results showed that in the Dayak Bakati' community in Segiring Hamlet there were several traditional ceremonies related to the culture of growing rice, including ngansa, ngawah, nyebeong pemudu', matek gerek, nyebeong naben kaja ndu naya ndu anat, and nyabakng. In carrying out traditional ceremonies, as many as 27 types of plants are used. Apart from the Dayak Bakati' tribe, several types of plants are also used by other community groups. This indicates the existence of ethnic closeness between these community groups.

This research is an answer to the concern about the extinction of the local text code of ethics in an area. These codes of ethics teach the noble values ​​of the local area. The area taken in this study is Ngada in the central part of Flores Island, NTT Province. Research and documentation of Ngadha speech which teaches a code of ethics for local texts is widely carried out. However, this is only known by some people who speak Ngadha. The community in general knows the local language spoken from the local customary activities that have been passed down from generation to generation. Current generations and future generations do not know the meaning and speech of their own local language which contains the education of Pancasila values. Information technology is currently one of the solutions in documenting and publishing Ngadha speech. There are 160 Ngadha language sayings which have Pancasila educational values. These data are collected from interviews that have been written in book form and translated into Indonesian. A website is created to document digitally for further dissemination which is equipped with a literal and figurative meaning. It is hoped that, now and in the future, both elementary and secondary school children will know the meaning and value of Ngadha language speech. Educators can teach local wisdom values ​​in the form of texts to students. Another goal, for academic interests, both in the field of information technology and philosophy, is the moral responsibility of academics in documenting local content in Ngadha language.

The article deals with the social organisation of the Ngadha (Flores, eastern Indonesia), of which there are contradictory accounts. While it has been suggested that that the Ngadha are best described as unilineal (matrilineal), others, including the author, hold that the more accurate label is cognatic. The first part of the article outlines central characteristics of unilineality. The second part is more ethnographic. Drawing on his own field research and publications as well as on earlier literature, the author discusses the claim advanced in BKI (by Susanne Schröter, 2005) that the Ngadha have a matrilineal kinship system. He concludes that, superficial appearances notwithstanding, the appellation is misplaced.

ObjectivesTo explore the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension and analyse the potential social environment factors among Ngawa Tibetans in China.DesignThis was a cross-sectional observational study.SettingThe investigation based on a multistage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in the Ngawa area, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. Tibetan residents were selected by random sampling method from one city and six counties in Ngawa.MethodsBasic demographical information, physical activity and blood pressure were collected. In addition, the participants completed the questionnaire. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension and the potential risk factors.ParticipantsThe sample comprised 2228 Ngawa Tibetan residents (age 18–80 years) from September 2018 to June 2019.ResultsThe prevalence rate of hypertension was 24.6%. The control rate was 6.2%, while the awareness rate (32.3%) and treatment rate (21.7%) of hypertension had been significantly improved.ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension among Ngawa Tibetans was high. The awareness and treatment were improved in recent years. But the control rate was low. The government needs to strengthen the basic medical care and health education for Ngawa Tibetans.

Le massif volcanique de Nganha est constitué de grandes coulées basaltiques et phonolitiques qui alternent avec les brèches volcaniques, traversées par des pitons et des necks basaltiques et trachytiques, l'ensemble reposant sur un substratum granito-syénitique. Ce massif serait d'âge mio-pliocène

Dans l'étude présente, nous avons fait une analyse distributionnelle du ngam, langue sara parlée au Sud du Tchad et au Nord de la République Centrafricaine. L'étude s'est subdivisée en cinq parties:

- la phonologie

- une description générale des structures du syntagme nominal

- une description du nom

- un chapitre consacré à l'expression de la qualification en nous basant essentiellement sur la définition de la catégorie des adjectifs qualificatifs

- une étude pronominale

Le verbe ne fait partie de cette étude, elle fera l'objet d'une publication dans un futur proche. L'annexe comprend un lexique et un texte d'illustration.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse qui présente une étude générale effectuée sur un robot expérimental, concerne spécifiquement la modélisation et la commande non linéaire basée sur la technique "strict-feedback du backstepping" (SFB) en force et en position, en y introduisant les notions des systèmes passifs. La contribution apportée est relative au développement des lois de commandes passives et adaptatives pour la commande en force et en position. Ces lois de commande ainsi conçues ont l'avantage d'être compatibles aux systèmes robotiques avec des contraintes holonomiques. La modélisation cinématique et la modélisation dynamique, ainsi que des simulations réalisées dans un plan, ont été effectuées à partir des données du robot expérimental. L'architecture de ce robot se caractérise par l'axe 1 qui est prismatique, n axes rotatifs pouvant avoir une structure redondante, et à l'extrémité, deux axes rotatifs (n+1 et n+2) matérialisant le tangage et le roulis. La modélisation cinématique a été réalisée en appliquant la théorie des paramètres de Danevit-Hartenberg (DH), tandis que le modèle dynamique a été l'application des équations de Lagrange. Les matrices des interties, des forces de Coriolis et le vecteur des termes de gravité, issus du modèle dynamique dans l'espace articulaire, ont ensuite été convertis dans le domaine cartésien, puis dans l'espace de la tâche, asortis d'un découplage en force et en position. Nous sommes assurés au préalable que la matrice M des inerties est symétrique et définie positive en rapport avec la matrice C des forces de Coriolis. Aussi, une contrainte en vitesse dans la direction z d'un système d'axes orthonormé, fixe par rapport à l'effecteur et perpendiculaire à la surface de contact, pour une architecture de quatre axes a été imposée au modèle dynamique. Pour atteindre l'objectif qui est celui d'obtenir une stabilité asymptotique globale du système, l'option de la conception de deux lois de commande non linéaires adaptatives hybrides par la technique SFB a été retenue. Un des avantages de ces conceptions et l'élaboration de leur algorithme de commande est celui d'imposer des propriétés de stabilité désirées en fixant ou en calculant respectivement des fonctions: mémoire, de sortie et stabilisatrice, à chaque étape récursive du système en cascade. À cette technique du SFB, nous considérons entre autre la théorie des systèmes passifs. La conception de ces deux lois de commande adaptatives correspond à trois méthodes distinctes pour l'adaptation des paramètres. Nous mettons en place par ce biais deux lois de commande ayant une flexibilité et qui regroupent en leur sein plusieurs propriétés que possèdent les lois de commande existantes. Les forces et les trajectoires désirées correspondent de toute évidence aux forces et aux trajectoires assignées avec des erreurs de poursuite acceptables, aussi bien pour le suivi des forces que pour celui des positions. Toute la méthodologie utilisée et tous les algorithmes de commande asssortis des résultats de simulation vous sont présentés dans cette thèse doctorale.

[EN] The four highly related family genes NGATHA (NGA), which encode transcription factors with a B3 DNA-binding domain, are functionally redundant in the development of the style and stigma in a dose-dependent manner. While the single mutants in the NGA genes only show very subtle or no defects in carpel morphology, the multiple mutants exhibit greater defects in the development of the apical part of the gynoecium, which is completely altered in the quadruple mutant. This phenotype is related with the lack of activation, in the apical part of the gynoecium, of the YUCCA genes, which encode enzymes involved in auxin synthesis. The phenotype of the nga mutants is very similar to the mutants in the SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) genes, and it has been shown that NGA and STY work together to promote style specification, directing the YUC-mediated auxin synthesis in the apical part of the gynoecium (Trigueros et al., 2009). In addition, the phenotypes of the nga mutants and of the plants over-expressing NGA, resemble those observed in genotypes with altered expression of genes with relevant functions in gynoecium morphogenesis. Thus, it can be inferred that the NGA genes have a key role in gynoecium morphogenesis, though their genetic interaction with the network of genes controlling this process is still unclear; therefore, in this thesis we have carried out a detailed genetic analysis to determine the position and role of NGA genes in this network. With this aim, our first approach has been to identify and characterize regulators of the expression of NGA genes. As the four NGA genes show almost identical expression patterns, it seemed likely that they shared common regulators. For that reason, we made a bioinformatic analysis of the promoter regions of the NGA genes looking for conserved regions. In this analysis we identified two conserved regions and we have used these conserved domains to carry out yeast one-hybrid screenings of Arabidopsis cDNA libraries. These screenings led to the identification of a transcription factor from the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family and three from the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, AND PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) family as candidates to regulate NGA expression. After the identification of these candidates, different molecular analysis have been carried out to confirm the binding of these transcription factors to the promoters of the NGA genes. To validate their genetic interaction we have also characterized mutants and over-expression lines of these candidates, as well as genetic combinations of these mutants with reporter and loss- and gain-of-function lines of the NGA genes. In addition, in this thesis we were interested in analyzing in detail the genetic interactions of NGA genes with other genes with a key role in the development of the gynoecium apical tissues. We had observed that over-expression lines of HEC1, HEC3 and NGA3, showed similar phenotypes in the fruit: reduced ovaries and enlarged apical regions and gynophores, similar phenotypes to those of mutants affected in auxin signaling. For that reason, a great part of our analysis has been focused to elucidate the regulatory hierarchy between both factors NGA and HEC. To study this we have carried out genetic analysis combining reporter lines of these genes with mutants in NGA or HEC or with their over-expression lines. We have also carried out several molecular assays which had allowed us to conclude that both factors act at the same level, forming part of a transcriptional complex with cooperative activity. Finally, though similar genetic and molecular analysis in which other genes of the bHLH transcription factor family have been included, we have inferred the participation of the NGA proteins in a high-order complex, possibly composed by NGA, HEC and the IND and SPT proteins, which would be required for correct auxin signaling during gynoecium morphogenesis and stigma development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
[ES] La familia de los genes NGATHA (NGA) está formada por cuatro genes que codifican factores de transcripción de tipo B3 (Álvarez et al., 2006). Los genes NGA son funcionalmente redundantes en el desarrollo del estilo y el estigma de una manera dosis-dependiente, mientras que los mutantes individuales no presentan defectos en la morfología del carpelo, los mutantes múltiples presentan defectos cada vez mayores en el desarrollo de la parte apical del gineceo que está completamente alterada en el cuádruple mutante. Este fenotipo mutante está relacionado con la falta de activación en el dominio apical del gineceo de los genes YUCCA (YUC), que codifican enzimas de la ruta de biosíntesis de auxinas. Los fenotipos mutantes de NGA son muy similares a los causados por las mutaciones en la familia SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) y se ha mostrado que NGA y STY promueven la especificación del estilo, dirigiendo la síntesis de auxinas mediada por YUC en el dominio apical del gineceo (Trigueros et al, 2009). Por otro lado, los fenotipos de los mutantes y de las líneas de sobreexpresión de NGA recuerdan a los fenotipos observados en fondos donde la expresión de otros genes con funciones relevantes en la morfogénesis del gineceo está alterada. Así, es posible inferir que los genes NGA tienen un papel clave en este proceso, aunque su relación genética con otros factores importantes en el mismo no está clara, por lo que en la presente tesis hemos pretendido realizar un análisis genético detallado para determinar su posición y papel en estas rutas. La primera aproximación que hemos abordado ha sido determinar posibles reguladores de estos genes. Como los genes NGA muestran patrones de expresión similares parecía probable que tuvieran reguladores comunes, por lo que mediante un análisis informático de los promotores de los genes NGA identificamos dos regiones conservadas en todos los promotores y hemos utilizado estos dominios conservados para llevar a cabo ensayos de híbrido simple en levadura identificando como posibles reguladores a un factor de la familia de los SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL), y a tres miembros de la familia TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, AND PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP). Tras la identificación de los reguladores candidatos, se han llevado a cabo análisis moleculares para confirmar la unión de estos a los promotores de los genes NGA. Y hemos caracterizado los mutantes y las líneas de sobreexpresión de estos posibles reguladores, así como las combinaciones genéticas de los mutantes correspondientes con las líneas reportadoras de NGA y con mutantes de pérdida y ganancia de función NGA para validar su interacción genética. Además en esta tesis doctoral nos interesaba profundizar en el análisis de las interacciones genéticas de NGA y otros factores clave en la morfogénesis de los tejidos apicales del gineceo. Habíamos observado que las líneas de sobreexpresión de HECATE1 (HEC1), HEC3 y NGA3 presentaban fenotipos similares en el fruto: ovarios reducidos, regiones apicales aumentadas y ginóforos largos, fenotipos similares a los de mutantes afectados en la señalización de auxinas. Para investigar la posible relación funcional entre NGA y HEC hemos llevado a cabo análisis genéticos combinando las líneas reportadoras de estos genes con los mutantes nga o hec, o con las líneas de sobreexpresión; y hemos realizado diferentes ensayos moleculares, mediante los cuales hemos comprobado que ambos factores actúan al mismo nivel formando parte de un complejo transcripcional con actividad cooperativa. Finalmente, mediante análisis genéticos y moleculares similares en los que hemos incluido otros genes de la familia bHLH, hemos deducido la necesaria participación de las proteínas NGA en un complejo de mayor orden formado por NGA, HEC y también los factores IND y SPT, que sería necesario para la correcta señalización de auxinas durante la morfogénesis del gine
[CAT] Els quatre gens NGATHA (NGA), que codifiquen factors de transcripció de tipus B3 (Álvarez et al., 2006), són funcionalment redundants en el desenvolupament de l'estil i l'estigma d'una manera dosi-depenent, mentre que els mutants individuals no presenten defectes en la morfologia del carpel, els mutants múltiples presenten defectes cada vegada majors en el desenvolupament de la part apical del gineceu que està completament alterada en el quàdruple mutant. Aquest fenotip mutant està relacionat amb la falta d'activació en el domini apical del gineceu dels gens YUCCA (YUC), que codifiquen enzims de la ruta de biosíntesi de auxines. Els fenotips mutants de NGA són molt similars als causats per les mutacions en la família SHORT INTERNODES / STYLISH (SHI / STY) i s'ha mostrat que NGA i STY promouen l'especificació de l'estil, dirigint la síntesi d'auxines mediada per YUC al domini apical del gineceu (Trigueros et al, 2009). D'altra banda, els fenotips dels mutants i les línies de sobreexpressió de NGA recorden als fenotips observats en fons on l'expressió d'altres gens amb funcions rellevants en la morfogènesi del gineceu està alterada. Així, és possible inferir que els gens NGA tenen un paper clau en aquest procés, encara que la seua relació genètica amb altres factors importants en el mateix no està clara, pel que en la present tesi hem volgut realitzar una anàlisi genètica detallat per determinar la seva posició i paper en aquestes rutes. La primera aproximació que hem abordat ha sigut determinar possibles reguladors d'aquests gens. Com els gens NGA mostren patrons d'expressió similars semblava probable que tinguessin reguladors comuns, pel que mitjançant una anàlisi informàtic dels promotors dels gens NGA identificarem dos regions conservades en tots els promotors i hem utilitzat aquests dominis conservats per dur a terme escrutinis de híbrid simple en llevat identificant com a possibles reguladors a un factor de la família dels SQUAMOSA PROMOTOR BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL), i a tres membres de la família TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, AND PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP). Després de la identificació dels reguladors candidats, s'han dut a terme anàlisis moleculars per confirmar la unió d'aquests als promotors dels gens NGA. I hem caracteritzat mutants i les línies de sobreexpressió d'aquests possibles reguladors, així com les combinacions genètiques dels mutants corresponents amb les línies reportadores de NGA i amb mutants de pèrdua i ganància de funció NGA per validar la seua interacció genètica. A més en aquesta tesi doctoral ens interessava aprofundir en l'anàlisi de les interaccions genètiques de NGA i altres factors clau en la morfogènesi dels teixits apicals del gineceu. Havíem observat que les línies de sobreexpressió de HECATE1 (HEC1), HEC3 i NGA3 presentaven fenotips similars en el fruit i que aquestos fenotips eren semblants als de mutants afectats en la senyalització de auxines. Per investigar la possible relació funcional entre NGA i HEC hem dut a terme anàlisis genètiques combinant les línies reportadoras d'aquests gens amb els mutants nga o hec, o amb les línies de sobreexpressió; i hem realitzat diferents assajos moleculars, mitjançant els quals hem comprovat que tots dos factors actuen al mateix nivell formant part d'un complex transcripcional amb activitat cooperativa. Finalment, mitjançant anàlisis genètiques i moleculars similars en què hem inclòs altres gens de la família bHLH, hem deduït la necessària participació de les proteïnes NGA en un complex de major ordre format per NGA, HEC i els factors IND i SPT, que seria necessari per a la correcta senyalització de auxines durant la morfogènesi del gineceu i la formació de l'estigma en Arabidopsis thaliana.
Ballester Fuentes, P. (2016). Los genes NGATHA: análisis genético y molecular de su papel en la morfogénesis del gineceo de Arabidopsis thaliana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/72867
TESIS

Thesis (M.A.) --University of Limpopo, 2012
The study deals with ubuntu as reflected in the selected novels of Magau, A.W and Maumela, E.T. Qualitative research method was employed. The study has discovered that ubuntu appears in many forms in Tshivenḓa such as respect for the dignity and worth of human beings, honesty, compassion, solidarity, generosity and forgiveness and reconciliation. The findings also reveal that Tshivenḓa puts more emphasis on activities which signify ubuntu than material wealth. The study also found that there are activities that are emical to ubuntu such as disrespect, dishonesty, cruelty, selfishness and greed and lack of forgiveness and reconciliation. Ubuntu occupies a central position amongst the Vhavenḓa and anyone who negates what ubuntu promotes and upholds has been regarded as non-human.

A travers notre recherche et nos travaux cliniques, nous avons observé deux phénomènes du traitement de la douleur parmi les populations bakongos d'Afrique Centrale. Le premier tient à l'insistance du symptôme (et à sa "vérité"), qui que les Bakongos ne croient plus au "pouvoir" du thérapeute traditionnel, le nganga (guérisseur-magicien) et préfèrent tourner maintenant vers la prière, le prêtre, le pasteur, dans une sorte "d'appel au père" inscrit dans un mouvement de christianisation de ces sociétés. Le deuxième phénomène est une inscription de l'enfant dans une position de ndoki, sorcier à pouvoir maléfique. Il s'ag donc d'apercevoir dans ces sociétés une structure inversée de la culpabilité où c'est l'enfant qui est inculpé d'une culpabilité familiale. Cet enfant africain, "cause" du malheur de la famille, devient aussi la source de sa rédemption. Notre travail a consisté à tenter de montrer de quelle manière s'effectue un virage de l'enfant ndoki (sorcier maléfique) l'enfant martyr dans ces sociétés africaines
Through our research and clinical work we observed two phenomena concerning of pain treatment, among the Central African bakongo populations. The first one is the symptom insistance (and its "truth"), that causes the bakongos no longer to believe in the traditional power of the nganga (healer magician) but to prefer now to turn to prayer, the priest or the pastor, in a kind of "call to the father" made as part of the movement Christianization of this society. The second observable phenomenon is the child being cast in the role of ndoki (evil power wizard). What should be notced in these African societies is an invented guilt structure where it is the child who bears the family guilt. This African child "cause" of the family misfortune thus becomes the origin of its redemption. In these studies, our work consisted of an attempt to show how the ndoki child (evil power wizard) is transformed into the child martyr, in these African societies

Public health ‘expert’ knowledge and technical ‘solutions’ to environment-related diseases are often embedded in biomedical perspectives that emphasise objectivity and rationality. However, such perspectives tend to sidestep the ways in which knowledge and solutions are shaped by social and cultural contexts. Public health interventions have therefore been evaluated in terms of the ‘failure’ of their intended recipients to ‘comply’ with them and in relation to public ‘misperceptions’ of risks to their health. This research was developed in an attempt to understandhow social and cultural beliefs and perceptions mediate health and the way that they contribute to, escalate or reduce risks to health. The study explores these attributes in the context of two issues: firstly, environment-related health risks pertaining to malaria and diarrheal diseases, and secondly residents’ perceptions and views of public health interventions and programmes. The research was carried out in two villages in rural northern Tanzania to explore the complexities of villagers’ behaviours in their everyday lives in order to help understand common public health concerns such as: why do some public health programmes succeed and others fail? Why do some individuals who know how to protect themselves against a particular disease choose not do so? And why are control and prevention of preventable infectious diseases problematic? The study employed an ethnographic approach based on a socio-cultural perspective. Focus groups and interviews were the main tools for data collection, and analysis was done inductively through development of key themes. Research findings show that social and cultural values, especially in relation to social capital, frame health-related risks in such a way as to shape the vulnerability and resilience of citizens to environment related illnesses. The thesis demonstrates a number of ways in which adherence to socio-cultural norms and practices takes precedence over potential concerns about risks to individual health.

ABSTRACT Background: The availability of resources is important in running a program. The implementation of the Non-Specialist Referral Policy has experienced many obstacles due to the lack of resource availability. This study aims to determine the availability of resources for the implementation of the Non-Specialist Outpatient Referral Policy in the National Health Insurance Era at the Public health center in Ngawi Regency, East Java. Subjects and Method: This study was a descriptive qualitative study conducted at Public Health Center in 2017, A total of 31 sources was selected by mapping and purposive sampling. The data were collected by means of triangulation of sources and in-depth interviews, observation, secondary document study. The data were analyzed by reduction, presentation and verification. Result: Obstacles stems from the absence of a recruitment decree from the regent and no funding from Public health center to recruit under the BLUD scheme. Health equipment available is only 43% to 60% of the need. The main obstacle is the regent approves the high price of equipment and not all budget estimates. Good medicine, if certain conditions are less spent than capitation funds. Finance is sufficient because the sources of funds vary, from capitation, DAK, DAU, BK, BOK, etc. Conclusion: The availability of medicine and finance is sufficient, but human resources and equipment are still lacking. It requires commitment and policies from Ngawi District Government, public health center policies and public health center commitments to realize the BLUD scheme to overcome resource shortages. Keywords: Resources, Non-Specialistic Referral, JKN, Public health center Correspondence: Maria Yeny Eskawati. Institute of Science and Health Technology Insan Cendekia Medika, Jombang, Jawa Timur. Email: mariayenyeskawati@gmail.com. Mobile: +6289796348186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.16