Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nexus Eau

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Academic literature on the topic 'Nexus Eau'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 21 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Nexus Eau"

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Janviere, Sindayihebura, and Uprasen Utai. "Foreign Capital Inflows and Financial Development Nexus: Case of EAC Countries." Journal of Industrial Economics and Business 36, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 795–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.22558/jieb.2023.10.36.5.795.

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Jeong, Junhui, Kyuin Lee, and Hyun Seung Choi. "Melanocytic Nevus in the External Auditory Canal with Keratin Accumulation." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2021 (March 24, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5539286.

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Nevus is a benign melanocytic neoplasm and the most common type of skin tumor. It may occur anywhere on the skin, but it is rare in the external auditory canal (EAC). We present a case of melanocytic nevus in the EAC with keratin accumulation. In microscopic surgery, the mass was excised completely, and the wax and keratin material medial portion of the EAC behind the mass was removed. In this patient, a melanocytic nevus in the EAC caused symptoms of hearing loss and wax and keratin buildup. For melanocytic nevus in the EAC, excision and pathologic confirmation should be performed if there are symptoms or when malignant transformation is suspected.
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Tang, Weiyuan, Xue Jiang, Kun Ding, Yi-Xin Xiao, Zhao-Qing Zhang, C. T. Chan, and Guancong Ma. "Exceptional nexus with a hybrid topological invariant." Science 370, no. 6520 (November 26, 2020): 1077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd8872.

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Branch-point singularities known as exceptional points (EPs), which carry a nonzero topological charge, can emerge in non-Hermitian systems. We demonstrate with both theory and acoustic experiments an “exceptional nexus” (EX), which is not only a higher-order EP but also the cusp singularity of multiple exceptional arcs (EAs). Because the parameter space is segmented by the EAs, the EX possesses a hybrid topological invariant (HTI), which consists of distinct winding numbers associated with Berry phases accumulated by cyclic paths on different complex planes. The HTI is experimentally characterized by measuring the critical behaviors of the wave functions. Our findings constitute a major advance in the fundamental understanding of non-Hermitian systems and their topology, possibly opening new avenues for applications.
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Kim, Yee-Hyuk. "Clinical characteristics of intradermal nevus in the external auditory canal." Medicine 103, no. 3 (January 19, 2024): e36765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000036765.

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Melanocytic nevus occurring in the external auditory canal (EAC) is uncommon. Therefore, in the absence of sufficient clinical experience, this disease may be challenging to be suspected even with a physical examination. Herein, clinical and demographic features of intradermal nevus in the EAC were investigated. Patients with an intradermal nevus on histopathological examination (n = 15; 2 men and 13 women; P = .005) were included from a pool of patients who underwent surgical resection for EAC tumors between November 2011 and March 2022. Data were retrospectively collected on their sex, appearance of the lesions, surgical method, and outcomes. Nine patients had a dome shape and 6 patients had a papillomatous shape. Ten patients had dark colors and 5 patients had pale colors. All pale colors appeared only in the dome-shaped nevus, and only dark colored papillomatous nevi were observed. A significant difference was noted in terms of the frequency of occurrence by colors (dark or pale) according to shape (dome or papillomatous) (P = .044). No patient showed recurrence or EAC stenosis after circumferential excision. In women, a dome-shaped or papillomatous mass with dark color in the EAC may likely be predicted as the nevus. However, it can also occur in men, and even if it is a pale color, in the case of a dome shape, taking the nevus into account is important. Moreover, successful treatment outcomes were achieved through circumferential excision.
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Hossain, Gazi Md Shakhawat, Shihab Kabir Shuvo, Najmul Hasan, Israt Zahan, Abdullah Al Masud, and Md Shahinur Rahman. "Nexus between human resource management practice and employees’ attitudes and behavior." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 12, no. 2 (March 25, 2023): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i2.2325.

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This study aims to evaluate the impact of human resource management practices (HRMPs) on employee attitudes and behavior (EAB). The population of this study was all employees of cement manufacturing firms (CMC) in the southern region of Bangladesh. Data was gathered using structured questionnaires following convenient sampling technique. The data was analyzed using SPSS-23 statistical package program. A robust and significant linear association between HRMPs and EAB was found. Further, HRM practices, including compensation & rewards (CR) and motivation (MV) were discovered to be dominant predictors of EAB. According to the study, variations in EAB of 77.10% were caused by independent predictors such as recruitment and selection (RS), training and development (TD), performance appraisals (PA), compensation and rewards (CR), motivation (MV), and maintenance (MT) in CMC in the southern part of Bangladesh. Nevertheless, it is apparent from the study's findings that manufacturing organizations that have implemented progressive HRM practices in a systematic and integrated manner are having an enormous influence on EAB. This study only focused on one industry and one type of organizational structure. According to the study, findings should not be extensively generalized. Future research should incorporate other aspects, such as organizational learning and organizational capacity, to construct a new model of HRM practices.
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THÉVENON, Marie-France, Kévin CANDELIER, and Jean-François TRÉBUCHON. "Printemps et Journées internationale et mondiale des forêts, du bois et de l’eau." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 359 (February 29, 2024): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2024.359.a37458.

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L’équinoxe de printemps, symbole de renouveau dans plusieurs régions du monde, se célèbre en mettant souvent à l’honneur des éléments de la nature. Le printemps annonciateur de jours longs, lumière, bourgeons et fleurs, se décline à l’envi selon les pays et on l’accueille de manière festive et différente : avec des couleurs (Holi) en Inde1 et au Népal ; des feux de joie, une table et une gastronomie toute particulière pour Nowrouz1 (jour de l’an) en Asie centrale ; en admirant les fleurs de cerisier (Hanami) au Japon, et avec tant de chants, de poèmes, toutes cultures confondues. C’est aussi en cette période de l’année que l’Organisation des Nations Unies a proclamé la Journée internationale des forêts2 et la Journée mondiale de l’eau3, les 21 et 22 mars respectivement, auxquelles s’est adossée la Journée mondiale du bois soutenue par la World Wood Day Foundation4 (reconnue par l’Organisation des Nations Unies), nous rappelant ainsi le nexus entre l’eau, la forêt et le bois. Aborder les liens complexes et multiples entre eau, forêt et bois, leurs différentes facettes, les variantes et variables associées, les changements, les modèles, les prévisions et prospectives, est un travail titanesque devant agglomérer des champs de compétences immenses et variés. Ces Journées internationale et mondiale ont vocation à donner de la visibilité à des enjeux majeurs en permettant une sensibilisation du plus grand nombre via les pouvoirs publics et la société civile. Chaque année, ces Journées internationale et mondiale abordent un thème et en 2024, « Forêts et innovation : de nouvelles solutions pour un monde meilleur » côtoiera « La diversité des bois dans la Culture » et « L’eau pour la paix ». Sans eau, pas de vie, pas de forêt et pas de bois, est un poncif. L’eau est nécessaire à la germination des graines, à la croissance des arbres et autres végétaux. Les arbres produisent, entre autres, du bois : un matériau utilisé depuis des temps immémoriaux, stock de carbone pendant sa durée de vie, recyclable et biodégradable. La forêt, quant à elle, assure des fonctions écosystémiques considérables : (1) un service de production de ressources multiples ; (2) un service de régulation (des sols, de l’air, du cycle de l’eau et des températures) permettant un bon fonctionnement de l’écosystème, le maintien de la biodiversité (photos 1), le stockage de CO2 et l’atténuation du réchauffement climatique ; (3) un service sociétal et culturel7. Les forêts couvrent 4,06 milliards d’hectares et contiennent plus de la moitié du stock de carbone (dans les sols et les végétaux), et les bassins versants forestiers et zones humides fournissent 75 % de l’eau douce accessible et dont plus de la moitié de la population mondiale est tributaire (Sarre, 2019). Outre ces faits à exposer et/ou à rappeler pendant ces Journées internationale et mondiale, l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture7 (FAO) a dégagé des messages clés à transmettre. Innovations et technologies développées ces dernières années : (1) permettent d’utiliser de nouveaux moyens importants de surveillance des forêts et de communiquer et d’échanger des informations à ce sujet ; (2) sont nécessaires pour mettre un terme à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts, en particulier lors des incendies ; (3) donnent des moyens aux populations autochtones de cartographier et protéger des terres coutumières (photo 2) ; (4) contribuent à trouver des solutions pour la restauration des écosystèmes, afin de limiter le réchauffement climatique. De plus, la recherche relative aux produits forestiers ligneux ou non, permettra de trouver des matériaux de construction, mais aussi de nouvelles molécules, fibres et solutions pour la chimie innovante de substitution ou non. Ces messages clés, se déclineront différemment selon les zones géographiques, les interlocuteurs et le niveau décisionnel des parties prenantes. À l’innovation technologique, qu’elle soit incrémentale, transformatrice ou disruptive, il faudra ajouter des considérations politiques, de formations et de rémunérations afin que ces innovations profitent aux innovateurs, ainsi qu’aux communautés et aux acteurs qui les mettront en œuvre (Nasi, 2024). Au regard des enjeux, des innovations, des gouvernances à venir, il apparaît crucial de publier les nouvelles connaissances relevant de questions scientifiques souvent socialement vives, en adoptant une évaluation rigoureuse et impartiale (Bergandi, 2018). En les partageant librement, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques et toute son organisation contribueront sans relâche à leur transmission et à la progression certaine du savoir. Ainsi, à l’issue du cycle inexorable des saisons, le printemps prochain et ces Journées internationale et mondiale seront sans doute annonciateurs de nouveautés et de découvertes qu’il nous faudra continuer à diffuser. 1 UNESCO, Patrimoine culturel immatériel, https://ich.unesco.org/ 2 Organisation des Nations Unies, Journée internationale des forêts, https://www.un.org/fr/observances/forests-and-trees-day 3 Organisation des Nations Unies, Journée mondiale de l’eau, https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day 4 World Wood Day Foundation, http://www.worldwoodday.org/foundation.php 5 Unesco, Convention du patrimoine mondial, https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/486 6 Organisation des Nations autochtones de Guyane (ONAG), https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Session13/submissions/LAC/2020-12-03-organisationdesnations-autochones-de-guayane-nag.pdf 7 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, International Day of Forest 2024, Key messages, https://www.fao.org/international-day-of-forests/key-messages/
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Aghababaei, Naser. "The Euthanasia-Religion Nexus: Exploring Religious Orientation and Euthanasia Attitude Measures in a Muslim Context." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 66, no. 4 (June 2013): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.66.4.d.

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Using religious orientation paradigm, this twofold study examined the relationship between euthanasia attitude and religiosity, and compared single-item and multi-item scales of euthanasia attitude. Three hundred students were asked whether they view euthanasia as moral. In addition, participants completed the Euthanasia Attitude Scale (EAS) and Religious Orientation Scale-Revised. Results indicated that intrinsic religiosity was the strongest correlate of negative attitudes toward euthanasia. This type of religiosity explained additional variance when added to the two types of extrinsic religiosity (social, personal), but the reverse was not the case. The fairly strong correlation of intrinsic religiosity with the EAS provides evidence of construct validity for the EAS and proved it to be a better measure for assessing euthanasia attitude, rather than the single-item scale.
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Yesbolova, Ainur, Gulzhanar Abdikerimova, Darikul Kulanova, Marat Seidakhmetov, and Bakhytzhan Moldabekov. "Assessment of the current state of economic integration of the member-states of the Eurasian economic union under food security." E3S Web of Conferences 474 (2024): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447401038.

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This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of the current state of economic integration among the member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union with a specific focus on its implications for food security. Established in 2015, the EAEU comprises Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia, and endeavors to create a common economic space to foster mutual cooperation. Against the backdrop of global challenges, the nexus between economic integration and food security within the EAEU emerges as a critical aspect warranting careful scrutiny. The study employs a multidimensional approach, analyzing trade patterns, agricultural policies, and collaborative initiatives among member-states to elucidate the existing dynamics of economic integration and their impact on the food security landscape. By examining the interplay between the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor, the research aims to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in achieving a resilient and sustainable food supply for the union’s populations. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the intricate relationship between economic integration and food security, offering insights that can inform policy decisions within the EAEU. In unraveling the complexities of this multifaceted nexus, the research seeks to guide the union toward a more secure and prosperous future, emphasizing the importance of nuanced strategies to address evolving global challenges. This paper serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders interested in the intersection of economic integration and food security within regional economic unions.
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Igbomor, Emmanuel, and Hycienth Chukwunalu Olisemenogor. "The Nexus between Employee Assistance Programs and Organizational Commitment." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. XII (2023): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7012001.

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An essential tool for helping employees deal with personal issues that can affect their dedication at work is the employee assistance program (EAP). Consequently, this study examined the nexus between employee assistance programs and organizational commitment of some selected banks in warri metropolis, Delta state, Nigeria. The study used a sample of one hundred and eighty four (184) employees from the population as the study participants. A total number of one hundred and seventy five (175) questionnaires were fully completed and retrieved. The study utilized correlation coefficients and regression analysis. Microsoft excel software was also used to create tables and perform data entry. Findings revealed that there is an insignificant effect of employee assistance programs (counseling programs, wellness assistance programs, financial management education programs) on organizational commitment.
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Al Aboud, Khalid Mohammad. "Becker nevus on the neck with ear involvement." Dermatology Reports 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/dr.2011.e3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nexus Eau"

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Saint-Bois, Amaya. "Méthodologie d'aide à la décision mutli-acteur et multi-échelles pour les systèmes nexus eau-énergie-alimentation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP084.

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Cette étude présente une méthodologie générique multi-acteurs et multi-niveaux pour la gestion des systèmes nexus eau-énergie-alimentation. Les systèmes nexus eau-énergie-alimentation sont des systèmes où l’eau, l’énergie et l’alimentation interagissent et présentent des synergies et des compromis à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Leur gestion est menée par des décideurs provenant de secteurs divers, qui interviennent à des niveaux de décision variés. Ces systèmes sont complexes et le niveau opérationnel ne peut être négligé pour concevoir des stratégies de gestion adéquates.Ce travail présente la première méthodologie destinée aux systèmes nexus eau-énergie-alimentation, qui combine des simulations opérationnelles et intégrées de systèmes multi-agents avec des méthodes d’aide à la décision stratégique. Les simulations à échelles opérationnelles alimentent des outils d’aide à la décision stratégique. La méthodologie a été appliquée à des problèmes d'utilisation des terres à l’échelle de la parcelle agricole. Pour chaque territoire étudié, le nombre de combinaisons possibles d'allocations de stratégies d'utilisation des terres aux parcelles est égal au nombre de stratégies d'utilisation des terres considérées pour chaque parcelle, exponentiel le nombre de parcelles du territoire. Des méthodes d’aide à la décision multicritères basées sur des simulations Monte Carlo ont été conçues afin de pouvoir trouver des solutions de gestion pour des grands territoires (plus de 1000 parcelles) pour lesquels plus de deux stratégies d’utilisation des terres sont considérées sur chaque parcelle. Une méthode d'optimisation multi-objectif a été conçue pour produire des scénarios d'utilisation des terres optimisés à l’échelle du territoire.La méthodologie a été appliquée à un territoire agricole d'environ 800 km² et 15224 parcelles situé en aval du bassin versant de l’Aveyron en France. Le bassin versant subit du stress hydrique et se trouve dans l'une des régions les plus ensoleillées de France. La production d'énergie renouvelable sur des terres agricoles apparaît comme un moyen de répondre aux objectifs nationaux de production d'énergie renouvelable et de progresser vers des systèmes et des régions agricoles durables. L'installation d'unités de production d'énergie renouvelable sur des terres agricoles confrontées au stress hydrique est une parfaite illustration d'un système nexus eau-énergie-alimentation pour lequel une approche holistique est requise. Les fonctionnalités de la plateforme multi-agents MAELIA (modélisation des systèmes socio-agro-écologiques pour l'évaluation intégrée des paysages), développée par des chercheurs français pour simuler des systèmes agro-hydrologiques complexes, ont été étendues et MAELIA a été utilisée pour simuler la dynamique des systèmes nexus eau-énergie-alimentation au niveau opérationnel. Trois méthodes qui combinent la procédure d’analyse hiérarchique (méthode de prise de décision multicritères) avec des simulations Monte Carlo ont été conçues. La première se base sur des indicateurs à l’échelle de la parcelle pour émettre des décisions locales ; elle sélectionne des stratégies d'utilisation des terres qui optimisent des indicateurs au niveau de la parcelle. Les deux autres méthodes basent leurs prises de décisions sur des indicateurs régionaux. La première identifie le meilleur scénario régional d'utilisation des terres parmi un ensemble de scénarios connus et la deuxième explore l’espace combinatoire des allocations de stratégies d'utilisation des terres à l’échelle de la parcelle et sélectionne une combinaison qui optimise les critères au niveau régional. Une méthode d'optimisation multi-objectif basée sur la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers mixtes (MILP) et la programmation par objectifs a été développée avec le logiciel IBM ILOG CPLEX pour produire des scénarios optimisés à l’échelle régionale, qui allouent des stratégies d’utilisation des terres à l’échelle de la parcelle
This study presents a generic multi-actor multi-level methodology to optimize the management of water-energy-food nexus systems. Water-energy-food nexus systems are systems where water, energy and food resources interact and present synergies and trade-offs at varied spatial and temporal scales and whose management is impacted by cross sector decision-makers and stakeholders that take action at varied decision levels. Water-energy-food nexus systems are complex and dynamic systems for which the operational level cannot be overlooked to design adequate management strategies.The novelty of this methodology lies in it being the first one to combine spatial operational multi-agent based integrated simulations of complete water-energy-food nexus systems with strategic multi-criteria decision-making methods and multi-objective optimization. The framework simulates nexus systems at temporal and spatial operational scales to derive strategic spatial allocations of resources. The framework is used to allocate land-use alternatives to parcels for agricultural territories. The number of possible combinations of land-use allocations to parcels equals the number of possible parcel land-use allocations explored for each parcel exponential the number of parcels in the territory considered. Multi-criteria decision-making methods based on exploratory Monte Carlo simulations have been designed to provide decision support for large territories (more than 1000 parcels) for which more than two land-use allocation alternatives are compared for each parcel. A multi-objective optimization method has been designed to produce optimized regional level land-use scenarios. The multi-objective optimization method is limited computationally and can face convergence issues when the number of possible combinations of land-use allocations to parcel explodes.The methodology has been applied to an agricultural watershed of approximately 800 km2 and 15224 parcels situated downstream the French Aveyron River. The watershed experiences water stress and is located in one of France’s sunniest regions. Renewable energy production in agricultural land appears as a means to meet national renewable energy production targets and to move towards autonomous sustainable agricultural systems and regions. The installation of renewable energy generation units in agricultural land facing water stress is a perfect illustration of a complex water-energy-food system for which a holistic approach is required. MAELIA (modelling of socio-agro-ecological systems for landscape integrated assessment), a multi-agent based platform developed by French researches to simulate complex agro-hydrological systems, has been extended and used to simulate dynamics of water-energy-food nexus systems at operational level. Three strategic multi-criteria decision-making methods that combine Monte Carlo simulations with the Analytic Hierarchy Process method have been designed. The first one is local; it selects land-use alternatives that optimize multi-sector parcel level indicators. The other two are regional; decisions are based on regional indicators. The first regional decision-making method identifies the best uniform land-use regional scenario from those known and the second regional decision-making method explores the possible combinations of land-use allocations to parcels and selects the one that optimizes multi-sector criteria at regional level. A multi-objective optimization method that combines MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) and goal programming has been implemented with IBM’s ILOG CPLEX optimization studio to find parcel level land-use allocations that optimize regional multi-sector criteria
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Peña-Torres, Daniel. "Vers une gestion durable des ressources : une approche d'ingénierie des systèmes de processus pour les interfaces eau-énergie-alimentation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP043.

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L'eau, l'énergie et l’alimentation sont des ressources essentielles pour l’être humain, et sont nécessaires pour garantir le développement économique et atteindre les objectifs de développement durable. La demande mondiale de ces ressources augmente régulièrement en raison de la croissance démographique et du changement climatique. Par rapport à 2012, la dépendance à l'eau, l'énergie et l'alimentation devrait augmenter respectivement de 40, 50 et 35% d'ici à 2050. Il est prévu que l'atmosphère continue à se réchauffer au cours du XXIe siècle, ce qui exercera une pression croissante sur l'utilisation de l'énergie, la disponibilité de l'eau et la production alimentaire. Ces pressions peuvent entraîner des conflits, comme la compétition pour l’accès à des terres et des ressources contestées. Afin de garantir un accès sécuritaire à l'eau, l'énergie et l’alimentation pour le développement humain, les parties prenantes et les décideurs politiques doivent considérer les différentes vulnérabilités lors de l'élaboration de stratégies visant à réduire les risques climatiques. En outre, l'eau, l'énergie et l’alimentation sont étroitement liées et leurs chaînes d'approvisionnement présentent à la fois des synergies et des compromis. Le lien entre ces trois ressources et l'étude de leur interdépendance a été désigné dans la littérature sous le nom de "Water Energy Food Nexus'' (WEFN). Cette thèse explore les systèmes eau-énergie-alimentation abordés sous l'angle de la communauté Procédés et Systèmes Industriels (PSI), en s’intéressant aux interdépendances complexes de ces systèmes et les potentiels conflits le long de leur chaîne d'approvisionnement
Water, energy, and food are critical resources required to meet basic human needs, ensure economic development, and achieve sustainable development goals. Global demand for these resources is steadily rising due to population growth and climate change. Compared to their 2012 values, reliance on water, energy, and food is projected to increase respectively by 40, 50, and 35 percent by the year 2050. In addition, it is expected that the atmosphere will continue to warm up during the twenty-first century, putting even more pressure on energy use, water availability, and food production. These pressures can result in conflicts, for example, over disputed land and resources. To ensure safe access to water, energy, and food for human development, it is important for planners and policy makers to incorporate various vulnerabilities when designing strategies to reduce climate risks. Moreover, water, energy, and food are highly interrelated, presenting both synergisms and trade-offs along their supply chains. The connection of these three resources and the study of their interdependencies has been referred to in the literature as the Water Energy Food Nexus (WEFN). This dissertation explores the Water Energy Food Nexus, examining the intricate interdependencies and potential conflicts along their supply chain.Within the challenges present in WEFN systems, effective decision-making tools are indispensable. Process Systems Engineering (PSE) tools offer promising avenues for managing WEFN systems. This thesis conducts a thorough literature review, identifying gaps in existing optimization models for WEFN management. Subsequently, a generic multi-objective optimization model is formulated and applied to a real-case study at a regional scale, with sensitivity analyses revealing diverse scenarios. Recognizing the roles of various agents and actors within WEFN systems, a multi-agent analysis, coupled with a multi-criteria decision analysis is executed. The tools and methodologies developed in this study not only contribute to the PSE community, but also provide benchmarks for a comparative analysis of WEFN systems. This research emphasizes the vital role of PSE in addressing complexities of WEFN systems, offering insights for planners and policymakers dealing with the critical interdependencies of water, energy, and food resources
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Hajipouran, Benam Cigdem. "Internal Security And The New Border Management Model Of The Eu: Migration-security Nexus." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613081/index.pdf.

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This is a thesis about the changing internal security conceptualizations and the new border management model of the European Union (EU), its effects on third countries and resultant power relations. Although migration is a fact as old as human history, the way the issue is represented varies in time. Especially after 1970s, with the influence of recession experienced in Europe, migration has been formulated as a tool that should be managed well, which otherwise would pose a serious problem for the host countries. Indeed, lately it has evolved to being a security &bdquo
problem
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Cao, Hui. "European Union Climate Change Policy: in the nexus of internal policy-making and itnernational negotiations." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1120.

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The aim of the dissertation is to examine the European Union s climate policy in the nexus of domestic policy-making and international negotiations. I firstly test the EU s internal climate policy-making by applying the rational choice institutionalism on the model of institution and preference affect EU s policy outcomes and conclude that: as the EU has a convergent preference, the EU s unique decision-making procedure, the entrepreneurship and EU s membership had been driving EU s climate policies into preferable outcomes. As the EU s preference is divergent, for instance, in the case of adopting the EU emission trading scheme (EU ETS) after the signature of the Kyoto Protocol, external factors affected the EU s divergent preferences and unified it to approve the ETS in the EU-wide. Second, I examined the relations of the EU s internal climate policy-making and international negotiations by applying the two-level game approach. I conclude that the Kyoto Protocol has a crucial impact on the development of EU s climate change policy in terms of driving the EU s internal climate policy-making into a regulatory, centralised and market-based instruments direction. In return, the sophisticated EU instruments, such as the EU ETS, are becoming more influential at the international climate negotiations since the aviation industry was included into the emission trading.
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Haiss, Peter, and Gerhard Fink. "The Finance-Growth-Nexus Revisited. New Evidence and the Need for Broadening the Approach." Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2006. http://epub.wu.ac.at/188/1/document.pdf.

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This report describes the aim, scope, underlying literature and results of the research project "The Nexus between the Financial and the Real Sector". We studied the contribution of the financial sector as a whole and its individual segments (bank credits, the issuance of bonds and shares) to real economic growth in EU Member and Candidate Countries, the United States and Japan. We supplement existing approaches with the inclusion of the bond market and of foreign direct investment in the banking sector, wherein for the first time, we provide empirical evidence for slightly positive effects thereof. Methodically, we extend previous research by the production-function approach and document the importance of the market microstructure. We recommend to include liberalisation and integration effects, the bond and insurance sector, and effects of foreign bank entry and investment into future research on the Finance-Growth-Nexus. (author's abstract)
Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Zhang, Chenchen. "Territory, rights and mobility: theorising the citizenship/migration nexus in the context of europeanisation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209346.

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The overarching objective of this dissertation is to conceptualise the spatiality of citizenship through an exposure to its various others – especially to mobile subjectivity. In particular, it examines the changing patterns of territorialising space, distributing rights and regulating mobility in the intertwined politics of citizenship and that of migration in the EU. Building on the approach of critical citizenship studies, it assumes that the practices and discourses of othering have been constituent of the very foundation of modern citizenship, and understands citizenship at the interface between the governing structure and the acts of the governed that rupture, resist or appropriate it. In this framework, the thesis first of all looks at the spatial configurations of national citizenship by analysing the trajectories in which the interrelated concepts of territory, rights and mobility participate, and are reshaped, in the project of making the citizen and her various others.

The main part of the thesis investigates the ways in which the interrelations between these spatial dimensions of citizenship are reconfigured in a multiplied citizenship-migration nexus under the process of Europeanisation. It first looks at two different notions of territory – a statist one and a networked one – that are visible in the official discourses, yet it highlights the fact that the technologies that are supposed to produce each type of territoriality often converge. Thus I read the politics of Eurostar and the Channel Tunnel project as one that involves competing patterns of territoriality and manifests the dynamics between facilitated and obstructed mobilities at a moving border. However, the permeability of this border is partly enabled by the uneven and ambiguous configurations of Schengenland itself, and draws attention to the excessive forms of mobility that challenge and break with the official formulation of free movement rights. Thus we turn to the intricate relationship between mobility and citizenship in Europe following our dialogical approach: focusing on the rationalities implied in the government of free movement on one hand, and the paths through which to redefine the right to mobility on the other. In the light of Rancière’s reconceptualisation of rights and democracy, I present two examples each employing different strategies to politicise and mobilise mobility: one is through appealing to the universal, the other legitimating the particular. The politics of mobility is also seen as an endeavour of producing alternative spaces against the territorialised state-centric space to which the imagination of citizenship is usually limited. In discussing a possible global ethics, however, I argue that the dynamics between rights and citizenship are not bound to an emancipatory end. While the juridical system of differentiated rights is constantly challenged by those who claim that they have the rights they are denied to, once the ‘achievements’ of rights-claims are re-appropriated in the juridico-political form of citizenship, this form continues to reproduce boundaries and differential inclusions which shall again be contested. A self-critical global ethics therefore should be conscious about the imperfectability of citizenship and the impossibility of community.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Sjölander, Victor. "Expecting the Unexpected : How can the nexus ’state sovereignty/integration’ explain the choice of Estonia and Hungary to go-it-alone or cooperation during the Migration crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443555.

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In recent years, the EU has been facing more crises than ever before, a trend that most likely will not be broken. Over the last few years, we have seen an economic crisis, migration crisis and a pandemic to name a few. With every new crisis where there is no set agenda on how to act member states are presented with a choice of either take the matter in their own hand and go-it-alone or pursue integration and cooperation. With each member state being able to chose there is potential for the cooperation to become strained. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to understand the choice of go-it-alone or integration in a context of the nexus of state sovereignty/integration. The nexus will be used to understand the choices of Estonia and Hungary during the Migration crisis and Covid-19 pandemic.  The study was conducted by making use of a qualitative comparative approach of Estonia and Hungary. To engage with the concept of sovereignty four criteria were established from previous theory, Intergovernmentalism and Neofunctionalism. Each perspective was constructed into a pole structured ideal type to allow for analysis based on official governmental material, such as press releases.  The results show that the nexus ’state sovereignty/integration’ can explain the choices made of Estonia and Hungary to either go-it-alone or cooperate. The results show that Estonia was more likely to, in times of crisis, approach integration, but only slightly. Hungary on the other hand was more likely to go-it-alone.
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Mahieu, Ron. "Agents of Change and Policies of Scale : A policy study of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise in Education." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet : Institutionen för svenska och samhällsvetenskapliga ämnen, Umeå universitet [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-830.

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Books on the topic "Nexus Eau"

1

Wilson, William R. The clinical handbook of ear, nose, and throat disorders. Boca Raton: Parthenon Pub. Group, 2002.

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Stevens, Lucy, and Mary Gallagher. Nexus Energie-Eau-Alimentation a des Echelles Decentralisees. Practical Action Publishing, 2015.

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Grover, Velma I., and Amani Alfarra. Water Sustainable Development and the Nexus. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Water, Sustainable Development and the Nexus: Response to Climate Change. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Grover, Velma I., and Amani Alfarra. Water, Sustainable Development and the Nexus: Response to Climate Change. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Grover, Velma I., and Amani Alfarra. Water, Sustainable Development and the Nexus: Response to Climate Change. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Grover, Velma I., and Amani Alfarra. Water, Sustainable Development and the Nexus: Response to Climate Change. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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R, Srinivasan, I. M. Mujtaba, and N. O. Elbashir. Water-Food-Energy Nexus: Processes, Technologies, and Challenges. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Water-Food-Energy Nexus: Processes, Technologies, and Challenges. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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R, Srinivasan, I. M. Mujtaba, and N. O. Elbashir. Water-Food-Energy Nexus: Processes, Technologies, and Challenges. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nexus Eau"

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Stevens, Lucy, and Mary Gallagher. "Le nexus énergie-eau-alimentation à des échelles décentralisées." In Le nexus énergie-eau-alimentation à des échelles décentralisées, 1–15. UK: Practical Action Publishing Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780448961.001.

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Ytterberg, Michael. "Robert Tavernor Smoot’s Ear: The Measure of Humanity." In Nexus Network Journal, 129–34. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8974-1_11.

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Shepherd, Alistair J. K. "CSDP and the internal–external security nexus." In The EU, Strategy and Security Policy, 87–103. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2016. | Series: Routledge studies in European security and strategy: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315707846-6.

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Viswanath, Raghavi, and Jessica Wiseman. "Eat the Rich: A Rethinking of the Heritage-Crime-Development Nexus." In Law and Visual Jurisprudence, 371–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47347-0_24.

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Niţoiu, Cristian. "Mapping Interaction Effects within the Media/Foreign Policy Nexus." In The EU Foreign Policy Analysis, 41–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137491985_3.

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Maguire, Mark. "Migrants in the Realm of Experts: The Migration-Crime-Terrorist Nexus after 9/11." In The Securitisation of Migration in the EU, 62–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137480583_4.

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Chen, Xuechen, and Xinchuchu Gao. "Exploring the Dynamic Nexus Between the European Union’s Trade and Foreign Policy Toward East Asia." In Global Politics and EU Trade Policy, 115–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34588-4_6.

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Garnizova, Elitsa. "Taking Its Rightful Place? Legitimising Discourse and EU Actorness in the Nexus of Trade and Regulation." In EU Global Actorness in a World of Contested Leadership, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92997-8_6.

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"Prelims - Le nexus énergie-eau-alimentation à des échelles décentralisées." In Le nexus énergie-eau-alimentation à des échelles décentralisées. UK: Practical Action Publishing Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780448961.000.

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Dawson, Mark, and Tomasz P. Woźniakowski. "How Differentiated is EMU Membership? The De Facto and De Jure Constraints of EU Economic Governance." In Redefining EU Membership, 41–56. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780191948145.003.0003.

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Abstract This chapter examines the degree to which the introduction of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has meaningfully differentiated membership of the European Union. Examining both de jure and de facto differentiation, the chapter argues that the distinctions between euro and non-eurozone members are less stark than often depicted. The nexus between EMU and political union, as well as the inevitable economic interdependencies between EU states, act as centripetal forces, making obligations in EMU more rather than less uniform (a trend the EU’s COVID-19 response may further cement). The argument will be demonstrated by examining the main legal arrangements applicable in EMU’s three main fields: monetary policy, fiscal policy, and prudential/banking supervision. This will be complemented by a more detailed study of parliamentary scrutiny of EU fiscal policy in one non-eurozone state: Poland. As that study will demonstrate, non-members of the eurozone may take equally seriously the obligations of the European Semester, and of European economic governance, as eurozone members.
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Conference papers on the topic "Nexus Eau"

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Rahman, Amni Zarkasyi, Fendy Eko Wahyudi, and Widiartanto Widiartanto. "Collaborative Nexus Between University-Industry-Government as an Innovation for Community Development." In International Conference on Emerging Media, and Social Science. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-12-2018.2281758.

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Alifah, Anisa, and Mahrus Kurniawan. "The Nexus Between Energy Consumption, Growth and Emission in Indonesia: An ARDL Approach." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Economics and Business, ICEB 2023, 2-3 August 2023, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. EAI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.2-8-2023.2341476.

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Abd Rahman, Dr Farah, and Mohd Mohd Yusof. "The Nexus of Resident’s Participation and Localization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Malaysia." In The Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Social Science and Education, ICSSED 2020, August 4-5 2020, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.4-8-2020.2302523.

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Reports on the topic "Nexus Eau"

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Estevadeordal, Antoni, Ekaterina Krivonos, and Robert Devlin. The Trade and Cooperation Nexus: How Does the MERCOSUR-EU Process Measure Up? Inter-American Development Bank, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008691.

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The objective of this study is to analyze the interaction between trade and non-trade cooperation in some of the today's major regional initiatives, particularly those between developing and industrialized countries. The study suggests a framework to explore what the paper calls a "trade and cooperation nexus". The modalities of this nexus can take different forms. For instance, non-trade cooperation may be an integral part of a formal trade or integration agreement, or may take place independently of such an agreement, as an ex-ante, ex-post or parallel agreement. This paper analyzes the EU approach, which proposes an unusually tight trade and cooperation nexus based on a three-pillar approach uniting political, economic and trade cooperation under a single umbrella agreement. Theoretically this approach should be attractive, especially in North-South agreements, because the promise of linking free trade with cooperation programs could enhance the benefits of the former for both parties. However, while innovative, the nexus is challenging in its construction and delivery. The paper will explore EU efforts in this area in the broader context of what is happening in other North-South initiatives.
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Abdullah, Hannah, Karim Elgendy, and Hanne Knaepen. Climate Resilience in Cities of the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood: Opportunities for the EU Green Deal. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc016.

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Cities in the Middle East and North Africa are already suffering the effects of climate change. Weak urban regulation, ineffective climate policies, limited decentralization and insufficient empowerment of local authorities and civil society further decrease urban resilience. Future climate scenarios and projected urban growth threaten the stability of the region; with potential negative knock-on effects on Europe. This CASCADES Spotlight Study examines climate vulnerabilities in urban areas in countries to the south of the EU and the wider Middle East and North Africa region and advocates for systemic approaches to addressing urban climate resilience by strengthening the water-energy-food nexus, as well as other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes with recommendations on how the European Green Deal can help cities in the region adapt to climate impacts, based on a water-energy-food nexus approach. Over the past two decades, the European Commission has stepped up its support for urban climate action and resilience. An increasing number of programmes financed under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) South have addressed urban climate resilience in response to the region’s rapid urbanization and the high climate vulnerability of cities. The number of urban dwellers in the wider Middle East and North Africa region is estimated to reach 527 million in 2050, an increase of 72% compared to 2020. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. The convergence of the region’s harsh climatic conditions with rapid, unsustainable urbanization and the associated socio-economic burdens can exacerbate existing political instability, conflict-induced migration and poverty. These developments could cascade into the EU, altering security, trade and diplomatic relations with the Southern Neighbourhood. The EU’s evolving approach to working with local authorities on urban infrastructure and climate governance is a first step towards addressing the region’s intertwined urban and climate crises. However, this approach is still in the early stages and there is a need to reflect on lessons learned and how urban spaces, climates and governance are evolving in the region. This study suggests that the EU’s overwhelming focus on supporting cities in the region with energy efficiency and the transition to sustainable energy systems is not enough to strengthen urban climate resilience. In cities of the Southern Neighbourhood, which typically struggle with resource management and scarcity, climate resilience will increasingly depend on local capacities to formulate and implement nexus approaches, especially in the water, energy and food sectors. Based on case studies of three small and intermediary urban areas, the study advocates for a systemic approach to addressing urban climate resilience in Southern Neighbourhood cities. Considering the established effectiveness of applying a water-energy-food nexus approach to improving climate resilience, the paper stresses the need for local governments to explore nexus opportunities between the water, energy and food sectors in order to achieve resilient and sustainable urbanism, while also highlighting other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes by exploring how future external action around the European Green Deal and its ambitions for systemic transformation could benefit from stepping up cooperation with cities in the Southern Neighbourhood around the water-energy-food nexus.
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Bremberg, Niklas, and Simone Bunse. Climate, Peace and Security in a Changing Geopolitical Context: Next Steps for the European Union. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lkcg6004.

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This policy brief analyses current initiatives and ways forward to address the nexus between climate change, peace and security within the European Union’s (EU) foreign, security and defence policies. Considering Sweden’s reputation and credibility in advancing international cooperation on climate security and in light of the 2023 Swedish presidency of the Council of the EU, there is an opportunity to address the current lack of alignment between the climate and conflict-sensitizing work of the European External Action Service (EEAS) and the climate adaptation and mitigation work of the European Commission. Closer collaboration between the EEAS, the European Commission and EU member states to align resources and tools would allow for a qualitative leap forward by fostering actions that are preventative rather than reactive to climate-related security risks in the short to medium term.
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Herbert, Siân. Recovery and Reconstruction Lessons for Ukraine. Institute of Development Studies, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.022.

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The rapid evidence review provides insights into global lessons applicable to Ukraine’s recovery and reconstruction. It emphasises the need for a holistic approach, considering various concepts like relief, recovery, reconstruction, and the development-humanitarian-peacebuilding nexus. The review suggests that reconstruction can begin during conflict and should involve rebuilding infrastructure and society in an integrated manner. It highlights Ukraine’s unique context, including its EU candidate status and the nature of its conflict. Key messages include ensuring local ownership, addressing corruption, fostering inclusion and equity, and leveraging private sector investment for a modernised economy. Governance of reconstruction should be agile, context-specific, and politically aware.
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Zilberman, Mark. 12345 test. MZB Standard Enterprise, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57098/scirev.biology.1.1.12345.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit, suspendisse enim justo orci ullamcorper montes fermentum, tellus tempus vulputate magnis nostra malesuada. Suspendisse himenaeos mi tempus netus sodales euismod justo in, quis cras orci mauris laoreet interdum eu, iaculis eros donec per curabitur sed ultricies. Ante quam bibendum augue rhoncus dictum etiam ligula facilisi volutpat, pellentesque fringilla mi vivamus varius aenean risus nascetur accumsan faucibus, taciti parturient placerat praesent montes nunc dictumst laoreet.
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Moro, Leben, Jennifer Palmer, and Tabitha Hrynick. Considérations clés : Répondre aux inondations au Soudan du Sud par le biais du Nexus Humanitaire- Développement-Paix. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.012.

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À l’instar de nombreux autres pays africains, la République du Soudan du Sud doit faire face à un nombre croissant d’inondations dévastatrices liées au changement climatique. Le dipôle de l’océan Indien (DOI) et le phénomène climatique El Niño régulent le climat de l’Afrique équatoriale orientale. En 2019, un réchauffement du dipôle dans l’ouest de l’océan Indien, aggravé par le changement climatique, a créé une évaporation supérieure à la moyenne au large de la côte africaines. Cette vapeur d’eau s’est abattue à l’intérieur des terres sous la forme de précipitations sur l’Éthiopie, la Somalie, le Kenya, le Soudan et le Soudan du Sud, en provoquant des inondations massives. Depuis lors, dans les zones humides du Sudd, au centre et au nord-est du Soudan du Sud, des pluies saisonnières s’abattent sur des terres déjà saturées et s’ajoutent aux eaux de crue. De vastes zones du pays ont été submergées durant toute l’année et des inondations soudaines ont fait leur apparition dans de nouvelles régions où elles ne sont pas habituelles. En parallèle, le Soudan du Sud peine à progresser vers la paix au lendemain de la guerre civile survenue en 2013-2018, avec de nombreux groupes armés qui poursuivent les combats et des conflits historiques avec le Soudan qui remontent à plusieurs décennies. L’impact des inondations sur l’environnement sécuritaire et la fragilité générale du Soudan du Sud a fait l’objet d’une attention prioritaire. Les graves inondations, conjointement avec des explosions de violence récurrentes, une gouvernance faible, la persistance de la pauvreté sous-jacente et l’insuffisance des infrastructures et des services de base, ont contribué à créer une crise humanitaire complexe et empêchent la jeune nation (qui a acquis son indépendance en 2011) de parvenir à une paix, une résilience et un développement durables et équitables. L’interdépendance de ces dynamiques et la nécessité d’aborder ces problèmes dans leur globalité sont de plus en plus reconnues par les acteurs de haut niveau dans le cadre de discussions relatives au nexus Humanitaire-Développement-Paix (HDP), parfois appelé le « triple nexus ». Cette note stratégique décrit les problèmes interconnectés du nexus HDP dans le contexte du Soudan du Sud en mettant l’accent sur les inondations. Cela revêt également une pertinence plus large pour d’autres pays au sein de la région, tels que la République démocratique du Congo et le Soudan, qui sont en proie à des cycles similaires d’auto-renforcement des crises humanitaires, de la paix et du développement, exacerbées par les inondations. En particulier, la note stratégique décrit les impacts multidimensionnels des inondations sur la paix, la santé, les moyens de subsistance et la gouvernance. Cette note stratégique fournit également un aperçu des initiatives et des innovations en matière de lutte contre les inondations, ainsi que des attitudes du public à leur égard. Elle met en évidence la nécessité d’établir un lien entre les interventions humanitaires à court terme et les initiatives de consolidation de la paix et de développement à long terme grâce à une collaboration significative entre les acteurs qui œuvrent au sein de ces espaces souvent cloisonnés.
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Wolfmaier, Susanne, Adrian Foong, and Christian König. Climate, conflict and COVID-19: How does the pandemic affect EU policies on climate-fragility? Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc018.

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Abstract:
The links between climate change and conflict have been well-documented in recent observations and academic literature: far from being causally direct, these links often depend on specific conditions and occur through certain pathways (Koubi, 2019). For example, conflicts have been found to be more likely in areas with poor access to infrastructure and facilities (Detges, 2016), or where government distrust and political bias are prevalent (Detges, 2017). As such, climate change has often been described as a ‘threat multiplier’, making it imperative for security and development actors to consider these fragility risks collectively in their policies and strategies. In addition to the expected impacts of climate change on the European Union (EU), such as increasing temperatures, extreme weather events or rising sea levels, climate change also has “direct and indirect international security impacts” for the EU’s foreign- and security policy (Council of the European Union, 2016). These affect for example migration, food security, access to resources and socio-economic factors that possibly contribute to disruptions (ibid.). The resulting fragility may affect the EU by contributing to changes in geopolitical power dynamics, whilst at the same time needs for support in neighbouring and partner countries could increase (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). The EU has increasingly acknowledged climate-fragility risks over the last years, as is evident from several key foreign policy strategies, agreements, and decisions. The European Green Deal, for example, aims to cushion climate and environmental impacts that may exacerbate instability (European Commission, 2019). At the regional level, individual policies underline the links between climate impacts and security in partner regions, such as for the Sahel (Council of the European Union, 2021a) and the Neighbourhood (EEAS, 2021a), stressing the importance in tackling those risks. To that end, the EU has been at the forefront in providing multilateral support for its partner regions, through its various instruments related to climate, environment, development, and security. According to official EU sources, EU funding for official development assistance (ODA) rose by 15% in nominal terms from 2019 to €66.8 billion in 2020 (European Commission, 2021a). Furthermore, the share dedicated to climate action is also growing: the EU initiative Global Climate Change Alliance Plus (GCCA+) received an additional €102.5 million for the period 2014-2020 compared to the previous phase 2004- 2014 (European Commission, n.d.). Looking ahead, the EU’s recently approved Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 is set to provide €110.6 billion in funding for external action and pre-accession assistance to its Neighbourhood and rest of the world (European Commission, 2021b). Despite the increased recognition of climate-related fragility risks in EU policies and the funding committed to climate action and international development, implementation of concrete measures to address these risks are lagging behind, with only a handful of EUfunded projects addressing climate-fragility risks (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). Compounding these challenges is the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the current vaccine rollout worldwide, and with some countries seeing a potential end to the health crisis, the pandemic has taken – and continues to take – its toll in many parts of the world. The unprecedented nature of COVID-19 could ultimately make it more difficult for the EU to address the impacts of climate change on fragility and security in its partner regions. In other words: How does the pandemic affect the EU’s ability to address climate-fragility risks in its neighbourhood? To answer this question, this paper will explore the implications of COVID-19 on relevant EU policies and strategies that address the climate security nexus, focusing on three regions: the Sahel, North Africa, and Western Balkans. These regions were chosen for geographical representativeness (i.e., being the EU’s southern and eastern neighbouring regions), as well as being priority regions for EU external action, and, in the case of the Western Balkans, for EU accession.1 The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 outlines, in general terms, the impacts of the pandemic on the political priorities and ability of the EU to address climate-fragility risks. Section 3 explores, for each focus region, how the pandemic affects key objectives of EU policies aiming at reducing climate-fragility risks in that region. Section 4 provides several recommendations on how the EU can better address the interlinking risks associated with climate-fragility and COVID-19.
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