Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Next Generation Optical Access network'

The ever increasing demands of Internet users caused by the introduction of new high bandwidth applications and online services as well as the growing number of users and devices connected to the Internet, bring many challenges for the operators, especially in the last mile section of the network. Next generation access architectures are expected to offer high sustainable bandwidth per user. They also need to support a much larger service areas to decrease number of current central offices and hence potentially save the network expenditures in the future. Obviously, it requires high capacity and low loss transmission and optical fiber technology is the only future proof candidates for broadband access. Although this technology has already been widely deployed in the core networks, it is hard to use the same expensive devices made for core segment to solve the last mile bottlenecks, due to the low number of users sharing the network resources (and deployment cost). Therefore, the next generation optical access (NGOA) networks need to be designed with consideration of cost efficiency in the first place.   Network reliability is also turning to be an important aspect for the NGOA networks as a consequence of long reach, high client count and new services requiring uninterrupted access. Consequently, new architectures not only need to be cost efficient but also they should fulfill the increasing reliability requirements.   Although several NGOA alternatives have been proposed in the literatures, there is not yet an agreement on a single architecture. As described earlier, network expenditure and reliability performance are the two main factors to be considered. Therefore, this thesis concentrates on finding a suitable alternative for future broadband access by evaluating the reliability performance and total cost of ownership for several NGOA candidates. In particular, in this thesis we analyze the tradeoff between the cost needed to deploy backup resources and the reliability performance improvement obtained by the provided survivability mechanism.   First, we identified the suitable NGOA candidates by comparing two main groups of optical access networks, namely passive optical networks (PONs) and active optical networks (AONs), in terms of cost, reliability performance and power consumption. The initial results have shown that wavelength division multiplexing PON (WDM PON) is the most promising alternative for the NGOA networks because of its high potential capacity, low cost and power consumption. So we continued our studies by investigating two WDM-based PON architectures regarding their cost and reliability performance. The study has also included a proposed fiber layout compatible with these two candidates aiming to minimize the required investment needed to offer protection. Our primary results confirmed that hybrid PON (HPON) is the best alternative for the NGOA networks. Therefore we further analyzed this candidate considering several variants of HPON. The most important components and sections of the HPON, which need to be protected to decrease the impact of each failure in the network have been identified. Based on these outcomes, two resilience architectures protecting the shared part of the HPON were proposed and their reliability performance parameters as well as cost of protection were evaluated. According to the results, using our proposed protection schemes a considerable improvement in reliability performance of the HPON variants can be provided at minor extra investment. We also introduced a cost efficient HPON architecture with different levels of protection for users with various reliability requirements, i.e. the protection of shared parts of the access network for all the connected users and end-to-end resilience scheme for some selected ones (e.g., business users). To gain an overall view on the cost efficiency of the proposed architecture, we evaluated the investment required for deploying these schemes considering several network upgrading paths towards a protected network. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis investigating the influence of network deployments time and the density of the users with higher availability requirements was presented.   In summary, we have shown that HPON is able to fulfill the main NGOA requirements such as high bandwidth per-user, large coverage and client count. The work carried out in the thesis has proved that HPON can also offer high reliability performance while keeping the network expenditures at an acceptable level. Moreover, low power consumption and high flexibility in resource allocation of this architecture, makes it a winning candidate for the NGOA networks. Therefore, HPON is a promising architecture to be deployed as NGOA network in the near future considering the fact that components are soon to be available in the market.

QC 20130530

FP7 EU project, Optical Access Seamless Evolution(OASE)

Doutoramento em Engenharia Eletrotécnica - Telecomunicações
The work presented herein, studies Next Generation Optical Access Networks (NG-OAN) economically (e.g. energy consumption) and technologically (e.g. rate, reach and dedicated/shared bandwidth). The work is divided into four main topics: energy efficiency in optical access architectures, novel spectrally efficient Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks (LR-PON), crosstalk impacts in heterogeneous and homogenous access networks and hybrid optical wireless transmissions. We investigate the impact of user profiles, optical distribution network topologies and equipment characteristics on resource sharing and power consumption in LR-PON. To have a clear vision on the energy consumption evolution of each part of NG-OAN, a model is proposed to evaluate the energy efficiency of optical access technologies. A spectrally efficient bidirectional Ultra-Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) PON architecture is developed using Nyquist shaped 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation, offering up to 10 Gb/s service capabilities per user or wavelength. Performance of this system in terms of receiver sensitivity and nonlinear tolerance under different network transmission capacity conditions are experimentally optimized. In bi-directional transmis-sion, using frequency up/down-shifting of Nyquist pulse shaped signal from optical carrier, a full bandwidth allocation and easy maintenance of UDWDM networks as well as reduction of Rayleigh back-scattering are achieved. Moreover, self-homodyne detection is used to relax the laser linewidth requirement and digital signal processing complexity at the optical network unit. Simplified numerical model to estimate the impact of Raman crosstalk of multi-system next generation PONs in video overlay is proposed. Coexistence of considered G.98X ITU-T series and coherent multi-wavelength systems is considered and assessed. Additionally, the performances of bidirectional hybrid optical wireless coherent PONs over different optical distribution network power budgets and hybrid splitting ratios are evaluated.
O trabalho aqui apresentado estuda redes óticas de acesso de próxima geração (NG-OAN) nas vertentes económica (consumo de energia) e tecnológica (taxa, alcance e largura de banda dedicada/partilhada). O trabalho está dividido em quatro grandes temas de investigação: a eficiência energética em arquiteturas de acesso ótico, as redes óticas passivas de longo alcance (LR-PON) com nova eficiência espetral, o impacto da diafonia em redes de acesso heterogéneas e homogéneas e as transmissões ópticas híbridas com tecnologias sem fio. Investiga-se o impacto dos perfis dos utilizadores, as tipologias da rede de distribuição ótica, as características do equipamento de partilha de recursos e o consumo de energia em LR-PON. Para se ter uma visão clara sobre o consumo de energia de cada parte das NG-OAN, é proposto um modelo para avaliar a eficiência energética das tecnologias de acesso óticas. Desenvolve-se uma arquitetura PON bi-direcional com elevada eficiência espetral, recorrendo a multiplexagem por divisão de comprimento de onda ultra-densa (UDWDM), modulação de amplitude em quadratura com formato de impulso de Nyquist, oferecendo até 10 Gb/s por utilizador/comprimento de onda. O desempenho deste sistema em termos de sensibilidade do recetor e da tolerância à resposta não linear do canal de comunicação, sob diferentes condições de transmissão, é avaliado experimentalm-ente. Em transmissão bi-direcional, utilizando desvio de frequência (cima/baixo) do impulso com formato de Nyquist relativo à portadora ótica conseguiu-se uma alocação de largura de banda completa e uma manutenção mais simplificada de redes UDWDM, bem como a redução do espalhamento de Rayleigh. Além disso, a deteção auto-homodina é usada para relaxar o requisito de largura de linha do laser e a complexidade do processamento digital de sinal nas unidades da rede ótica. Propõe-se um modelo numérico simplificado para estimar o impacto da diafonia de Raman em sistemas PON de próxima geração, com sobreposição do sinal de vídeo. É analisada a coexistência da série G.98X ITU-T e são considerados e avaliados sistemas coerentes multi-comprimento de onda. Adicionalmente avaliam-se os desempenhos de PONs bi-direcionais híbridas, considerando tecnologia coerente e propagação por espaço livre, para diferentes balanços de potência e taxas de repartição na rede ótica de distribuição.

It would be unaffordable if the WDM-PON technologies were directly applied for massive deployment. Hence, the potential WDM-PON is to be integrated and improved in order to adapt it for NGPON and the future 5G. The UDWDM-PON can be considered as an ultimate solution for the next-generation access network capable of providing unlimited bandwidth for each user, thanks to the coherent detection. Plenty of scientists have believed that it is crucial to increase the operating speed and maximum reach of WDM-PON, while it has no sense if people achieve them without a ordable cost. In order to apply them cost-effciently, the system should require colorless ONUs and bidirectional systems. It is desired that the whole system use modulators on a low bias consumption, even limit the number of amplifiers. However, for bidirectional transmission the backscattering effects would limit the performance if we want to reuse the carrier from OLT. So, we should design a method to separate the wavelength between upstream and downstream. The traditional UDWDM-PON uses 2 laser at ONU, in this thesis, the single-DFB based ONUs are presented with integrated devices. What is the most plausible configuration? The photonic devices such as RSOA, DEML, FML with advanced configurations are presented in this thesis with different applications. The proposed thesis includes these parts: key devices for WDM-PON and the chirp parameters of these integrated photonic devices are measured, the polarization independent RSOA with different applications is also included, demonstration of dual output DEML with bidirectional coherent UDWDM-PON transmission, mitigating residual AM of DEML for phase modulation, and fast tuning for the UDWDM channel via FML are described.
Por sus altos requerimientos técnicos, sería inasumible aplicar las tecnologías WDM-PON directamente para el despliegue masivo de Fiber-to-the-Home de nueva generación. Por lo tanto, el potencial se WDM-PON se debe integrar y mejorar con el fin de adaptarlo para NGPON y el futuro 5G. Hoy dia, operadores, usuarios y científicos, ven crucial augmentar la velocitat de funcionament y el alcance de las redes de acceso PON, si bien no tiene sentido conseguirlo con un coste inasequible. El UDWDM-PON puede considerarse como una solución definitiva para la red de acceso de próxima generación, capaz de proporcionar ancho de banda ilimitado para cada usuario, gracias a la detección coherente, por lo que en esta tesis se aborda su realización con un coste e integración prácticos. Con el fin de aplicarlos de manera rentable, el sistema debería exigir a las ONU que sean idénticas, si láseres preseleccionados o incoloros, y ser bidireccionales. Se desea que el conjunto de moduladores del sistema tengan en un bajo consumo, e incluso limitar el número de amplificadores. Sin embargo, para la transmisión bidireccional los efectos de retrodispersión limitarían el rendimiento si queremos volver a utilizar la portadora generada en la OLT. Por lo tanto, debemos diseñar un método para separar la longitud de onda en las transmisiones de bajada y de retorno del usuario a la central. El tradicional UDWDM-PON utiliza 2 láseres en la ONU; en esta tesis, las ONUs usan dispositivos integrados basados en un sólo DFB. ¿Cuál es la configuración más plausible? Los dispositivos fotónicos como RSOA, DEML, FML con configuraciones avanzadas se presentan en esta tesis con diferentes aplicaciones, que resuelven distintos problemas técnicos. La tesis incluye las siguientes partes: análisis y medida de dispositivos fotónicos clave para WDM-PON con modulación de fase, la independencia a la polarización de RSOA con diferentes aplicaciones, demostración de DEML con doble salida para transmisión bidireccional coherente UDWDM-PON, mitigación de AM residual de DEML para la modulación de fase, y la sintonía rápida de canal de UDWDM a través de FML.

This thesis investigates the generation and radio-over-fibre (RoF) transport of unlicensed 60 GHz millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequency band. The investigated benefits of transmission schemes applicable for the mm-wave generation include optical carrier suppression (OCS), optical frequency multiplication (OFM) and remote heterodyne detection (RHD). For the in-door cabling of the mm-wave transmission, a low-cost polymer optical fibre (POF) along with bend-insensitive single mode fibre (BI-SMF) has been investigated for short-range networks. Transporting mm-wave generated signals over POF and BI-SMF cables based on OCS scheme showed results with the highest spectral efficiency and least inter-symbol interference over a 2.5 Gbit/s data delivery. Based on this thesis analysis, OCS simulation of POF showed the most reliable power penalty performance and receiver sensitivity at 30-m whilst the BI-SMF fiber produced equal observations at 150-m and more. In observing the free space links of delivering the RoF signal, the attenuation on the received signal power for both POF and BI-SMF was insignificant but expected, as the simulation assumed complete and total collimation of the light beams onto the aperture of the photodetector. OCS scheme for mm-wave generation and transport was explored based on the cost effectiveness of using one external modulator compared to other generation schemes that utilised more than one external modulator. OFM scheme was simulated to transport LTE and Wi-Fi signals along with 60 GHz RF band through both SMF and MMF-POF/BI-SMF cables. OFM transport scheme produced the highest attenuation on LTE, Wi-Fi and mm-wave signals carrying 100 Mbit/s data as simulated POF lengths increased. The best performance POF length was observed at 10-m. The application of offset launch technique at the coupling of SMF and POF showed insignificant improvement on signal bandwidth. The free space OFM transmission also demonstrated negligible change to the received signal power. This reinforces the attributes of deploying OWC system in an in-door environment. In other investigation, the simulated successful delivery of mm-wave signal using RHD scheme modulated and transported 10 Gbit/s data signal over POF and BI-SMF cables. Additional observed unrecorded result also showed BI-SMF cable maintained a 2% reduction of received power for 450-m fiber cable from 150-m. The attributes to RHD includes its low operating power system application and delivery of localised 60 GHz signal for uplink RoF transmission. The conceptualised design of Gigabit data delivery for indoor customer applications either through POF or BI-SMF cable, transporting various wireless channels has been presented in this thesis for the design of a robust next generation Broadband access network to reinforce the fiber-inside-the-home (FiTH) deployment.

Wireline telecommunications infrastructure in the customer access network or CAN is undergoing a veritable technological and commercial revolution. The paired-copper CAN is being modernised with optical fibre deployed ever closer to customers, culminating soon with fibre-to-the-home networks or some variant thereof. Although bandwidth ceases to be a scarce commodity, the underlying natural monopoly will most likely be strengthened. National competition policy desires open access to multiple service providers yet commercial pressure calls for closure. This has been the recent experience with the hybrid fibre coaxial networks delivering pay television and Internet access. This research asks the question: What are the factors that prevent open access to the broadband services of next generation wireline infrastructure? How can these obstacles be overcome? A particular focus is given to non-price considerations which come to the fore due to the unique strategic and technological characteristics of optical fibre in the access network. The methodological approach involves data gathering via three case studies - that of the Telstra/Foxtel pay television network, the TransACT broadband network and fibre-to-the-home networks in general. Although the ultimate focus is on the research question above, these cases are discussed in a holistic way with consideration of a number of contextual factors. The research also examines the relationship between the concepts of 'open access' and 'network neutrality', visiting the concept of 'common carriage' in doing so. Several findings are reached that illuminate the field of telecommunications access regulation as applied to infrastructure capable of delivering truly next generation broadband services. Since 1993, our politicians have only paid lip service to the importance of competition and have deferred to the demands of the dominant builder of telecommunications infrastructure. From the viewpoints of end-users and access seekers, the access regime is found to be incapable of dealing with the technical and commercial bottlenecks arising from optical fibre in the CAN. It is concluded that communication between users should be recognised as the prime purpose of telecommunications and that the regulatory regime should not reward discriminatory practices detracting from the development of a networked information economy. It is also concluded that dominant players should never be rewarded with access holidays which could otherwise entrench market dominance through the creation of new bottlenecks. Access regulation is ill-equipped to cope with optical fibre in the CAN until it also recognizes the strategic potential of such infrastructure.

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações
O Crosstalk de Raman na camada de vídeo está em focus. A coexistência é simulada em laboratório e analisada com sinais 4-PAM e UDWDM com modulação QPSK e DP-QPSK. Pulso rectangular (mais conhecido como NRZ) e pulso de Nyquist. A densidade espectral de potência é analisada como um elemento notável que afecta o Crosstalk.
Raman Crosstalk on Video Overlay is in focus. Coexistence is simulated in laboratory and analysed with 4-Pulse Amplitude Modulation (4-PAM) and Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) with Quaternary- Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) and Dual Polarization - Quaternary-Phase-Shift Keying (DP-QPSK) signal. Rectangular (Or also known as Non-Return-to- Zero (NRZ)) pulse shaping and Nyquist pulse shaping. Power Spectral Density (PSD) is analysed as a noticeable element a ecting crosstalk.

Nowadays, Fiber-to-the-Home is one of the most promising solutions to provide broadband services in access networks. However, the fiber is inefficiently used as most of the deployed systems are still based on Time Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (TDM-PONs) providing shared transmission capacities up to 2.5 Gb/s down and 1.25 Gb/s up, among multiple users. Research on high-speed electronics and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) has allowed the emergence of what is known as the second generation PON (NG-PON2), which specify aggregated capacities up to 40 Gb/s, stacking four channels at symmetric data rates of 10 Gb/s each, for residential scenarios. Nevertheless, the capacity per channel is still shared between multiple users due to the use of TDM. Moreover, the optical spectrum efficiency is low because channels are widely spaced (50 to 100 GHz). In addition, the sensitivity, reach and number of users is limited as consequence of using direct detection (DD) systems. In consequence, and due to the increase in bandwidth demands of new multimedia applications, it is necessary to propose solutions that cope with this tendency and, even more important, that can coexist with legacy systems, being one of the major requirements of network operators to guarantee a smooth and non-disruptive technology migration. In this thesis, a breakthrough technology such as Ultra-Dense WDM (UDWDM) that allows to allocate a large number of channels spaced only by a few GHz is used. This approach consent to envision the concept of Wavelength-to-the-User, where each costumer can be served with dedicated bandwidth links. The key technologies are based on coherent systems, with inherent wavelength selectivity and improved sensitivity compared to DD systems, thanks to the booster action of a tunable local oscillator (LO) laser. Because of cost is the main constraint in access networks, especially at the customer premises equipment (Optical Network Unit - ONU), in this thesis, a new class of coherent transceivers, based on low-cost direct modulated lasers and simplified receiver schemes, are proposed and experimentally tested. Moreover, the issue of coexistence is investigated through theoretical studies and real-time implementations, demonstrating full compatibility with legacy systems. Between the proposed solutions, a simple technique to adjust digitally the direct phase modulation of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser is presented to support flexible transmission rates. Next, several multilevel phase modulation formats for achieving higher transmission rates and better spectral efficiency are experimentally compared. Subsequently, the topic of photonic integration is addressed, demonstrating for the first time an 8-ary hybrid amplitude and phase modulated transmitter (Tx), by using a low-cost, small-footprint and energy efficient dual electro-absorption modulated laser (DEML). Finally, two novel proposals, to reduce the complexity of heterodyne and intradyne detection, are provided to face the typical issue of complexity and high-cost of coherent systems. The former explores the possibility of using only one DFB laser as LO and Tx at the ONU. The later demonstrates for the first time, a novel phase time diversity technique alternating phase modulation at each complex component (in-phase - I and quadrature - Q) achieving a 10 Gb/s' transmission with polarization independence.
En la actualidad, la Fibra hasta el Hogar es una de las soluciones más prometedoras para proporcionar servicios de banda ancha en las redes de acceso. Sin embargo, la fibra se usa de manera poco eficiente, ya que la mayoría de los sistemas implementados todavía están basados en redes ópticas pasivas de multiplexación por división en el tiempo (TDM-PON) que brindan capacidades de transmisión compartidas entre múltiples usuarios de hasta 2.5 Gb/s y 1.25 Gb/s. La investigación en electrónica de alta velocidad y la multiplexación por división de longitud de onda (WDM) ha permitido el surgimiento de lo hoy se conoce como PON de segunda generación (NG-PON2), que especifica capacidades agregadas de hasta 40 Gb/s, apilando cuatro canales a velocidades de datos simétricas de 10 Gb/s cada uno, para escenarios residenciales. Sin embargo, la capacidad por canal todavía se comparte entre múltiples usuarios debido al uso de TDM. Además, la eficiencia en el uso del espectro óptico es baja porque los canales están muy separados (50 a 100 GHz). Asimismo, la sensibilidad, el alcance y el número de usuarios están limitados debido al uso de sistemas de detección directa. En consecuencia, y debido al aumento de las demandas de ancho de banda de las nuevas aplicaciones multimedia, es necesario proponer soluciones que respondan a esta tendencia y, lo que es más importante, que puedan coexistir con sistemas heredados, siendo uno de los principales requisitos de los operadores de red para garantizar una migración de tecnología fluida y sin interrupciones. En esta tesis, se utiliza una tecnología de vanguardia, como la multiplexación por división ultra densa de longitud de onda (UDWDM) que permite distribuir un gran número de canales espaciados solo por unos pocos GHz. Este enfoque permite vislumbrar el concepto de longitud de onda para el usuario, donde cada cliente puede usar enlaces de ancho de banda dedicados. Las tecnologías clave están basadas en los sistemas coherentes, con selectividad de longitud de onda inherente y sensibilidad mejorada en comparación con los sistemas de detección directa, gracias al efecto de amplificación óptica de un láser oscilador local (LO) sintonizable. Debido a que el costo es la principal restricción en las redes de acceso, especialmente del equipo en las instalaciones del cliente (unidad de red óptica - ONU), en ésta tesis, una nueva clase de transceptores coherentes, basados en láseres de bajo coste modulados directamente y esquemas de recepción simplificados, son propuestos y probados experimentalmente. Además, el problema de la coexistencia es investigado a través de estudios teóricos y experimentos en tiempo real, demostrando compatibilidad total con los sistemas heredados. Entre las soluciones propuestas, se presenta una técnica simple para ajustar digitalmente la modulación de fase directa de un láser de retroalimentación distribuida (DFB), y admitir velocidades de transmisión flexibles. Acto seguido, se comparan experimentalmente varios formatos multinivel de modulación de fase, para lograr tasas de transmisión más altas y una mejor eficiencia espectral. Posteriormente, se aborda el tema de la integración fotónica, demostrando por primera vez un transmisor (Tx) con modulación híbrida de fase y amplitud de ocho puntos, mediante el uso de un dispositivo pequeño, de bajo coste y eficiente energéticamente, como lo es el láser dual de electro-absorción modulada (DEML). Finalmente, se presentan dos propuestas novedosas para reducir la complejidad de la detección heterodina e intradina, afrontando el problema típico de la complejidad y alto coste de los sistemas coherentes. La primera explora la posibilidad de usar solo un láser DFB en la ONU, como LO y Tx. La segunda, demuestra por primera vez, una nueva técnica de diversidad fase en el tiempo, que alterna la modulación de fase en cada componente del plano complejo (fase-I y cuadratura-Q) logrando una transmisión de 10 Gb / s / λ con independencia de polarización

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE DOUTORADO SANDUÍCHE NO EXTERIOR
Para suportar os requisitos das redes móveis de 5a geração (5G), os sistemas de comunicação óptica serão usados nas redes de acesso. Isso ocorre porque a evolução das RAN (Radio Access Networks) incluem a centralização do equipamento mais crítico para implantar pontos de acesso móveis de baixa potência, como DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) e Small Cells. Os serviços emergentes solicitam a implantação de tecnologias de rádio sobre fibra com ênfase na eficiência de largura de banda, eficiência energética e alta confiabilidade. Neste âmbito, um monitoramento eficiente da camada física é imperativo para a operação dessas redes. O sistema de monitoramento deve fornecer uma localização de falhas em serviço, econômico, centralizado e com impacto mínimo para a transmissão de dados. Esta tese propõe vários sistemas de monitoramento incorporado no transceptor utilizando reflectometria óptica no domínio do tempo. Os sistemas de monitoramento são testados em diferentes sistemas de transmissão de dados e arquiteturas de rede, onde é apresentada uma validação simulada e outras experimentais.
In order to support the requirements for 5th generation mobile networks (5G), optical communication systems will be used in the access part of the network. This is because the evolution of radio access networks includes the centralization of the most critical equipment in order to deploy low power mobile access points, like distributed antenna systems and small cells. The emerging services call for the deployment of radio over fibre technologies with emphasis on bandwidth efficiency, energy efficiency and high reliability. Within this scope, an efficient monitoring of the physical layer would become essential for the operation of these networks. The monitoring system should provide in-service, cost efficient and centralized fault localization with minimum impact on data transmission. This thesis proposes several transceiver-embedded optical time domain reflectometry monitoring systems. The monitoring systems are tested over different data transmission systems and network architectures, where one architecture was simulated and several others experimentally validated.

Optical fibre has become the dominant theme of transmission in long haul, high data rate communication systems due to its tremendous bandwidth and low loss. Radio over Fibre (RoF) technology facilitates the seamless integration between wireless and optical communication systems and found to be the most promising solution to meet the exponential bandwidth demands expected for the upcoming years. However, the main bit-rate/distance limitation in RoF systems is the chromatic dispersion. In this thesis, the two generations of RoF technologies, namely Analogue RoF (ARoF) and Digital RoF (DRoF) are investigated. The overall aim of this research is to optimise the optical bandwidth utilisation of these two approaches for a typical transmission of the fronthaul link proposed in the next generation Centralised Radio Access Network (C-RAN). Consequently, a number of physical layer design scenarios for the optimised transmission of the Radio Frequency (RF) signals over a Standards Single Mode Fibre (SSMF) are demonstrated. Firstly, for an ARoF transmission, where the analogue RF signals are transported over SSMF using an optical carrier, a bidirectional link transmitting four Downlink/Uplink channels in a chromatic dispersion limited scenario is designed. Simulation results have shown a clear constellation diagram of a 2.5 Gb/s RF signal transmission over 120 km fibre length. Secondly, a DRoF system with reduced optical bandwidth occupancy is proposed. This system employs an optical Duobinary transmission to the digitised RF signal at the transmitter side to reduce its spectrum and to address the chromatic dispersion effect, simultaneously. Simulation results demonstrate the capability of the proposed system to maintain high-quality transmission of the digitised signals over 70 km of fibre distance without dispersion compensation requirements. Finally, an advanced DRoF transmission link based on integrating digital Optical Single Sideband (OSSB) transmission with Duobinary encoding scheme is designed. Simulation results have clearly verified system's robustness against transmission impairments and have better performances in terms of the obtained BER and EVM with respect to the 3GPP standardised values. Moreover, the results show that both transmission distance and power budget are furtherly improved in comparison with two other digital transmission scenarios.

The Next Generation Passive Optical Network (NG-PON) is currently being standardised and developed, with a goal to achieve higher bandwidth at 10Gb/s, greater capacity at thousands of users and longer backhaul reach at 60km or 100km. The aim is to provide cost effective solutions for telecom operators to vastly deploy optical access networks, enabling customers with the benefit of the greater bandwidth and wider range of services. This thesis presents research that has identified and addressed various design issues relating to next generation access networks. Interferometric noise may be present in future, ring based, access networks which utilise WDM and OADMs. Simulation and experiment results are presented which studies the performance tolerance to not-precisely-defined wavelength, in the presence of interferometric noise. The impact of receiver electrical filtering was also investigated. The next generation access network will, in the upstream direction, use burst transmission and are likely to need a large tolerance to wavelength drift due to the low cost equipment used at the customer’s premises. A demonstration of optical burst equalisation was presented, based on SOAs. This study also explores the possibility of reducing the SOA saturation induced non-linear distortions through simulations and experiments. As an extension to the optical burst equaliser and to remedy the saturation induced distortions, an intermediate site optical processing system was proposed. This solution not only performs burst-mode wavelength conversion at 10 Gb/s, but also pre-chirps the signal to allow long-reach transmission and suppressed level fluctuation to ease the requirements on the burst-mode receiver. As a result, a proof of concept 10Gb/s Wavelength Converting Optical Access Network (WCOAN) with up to 62km DWDM backhaul is experimentally demonstrate. It is designed to consolidate drifting wavelengths, generated with an uncooled laser in the upstream direction, into a stable wavelength channel for DWDM long backhaul transmission.

The significant advances in fiber-optic technology have broadened the optical network\'s reach into end-user business premises and even homes, allowing new services and technologies to be delivered to the customers. The next wave of innovation will certainly generate numerous opportunities provided by the widespread popularity of emerging solutions and applications such as tactile Internet, telemedicine and real time 3-D content generation, making them part of everyday life. Nevertheless, to support such an unprecedented and insatiable demand of data traffic, higher capacity and security, flexible bandwidth allocation and cost-efficiency have become crucial requirements for technologies candidate for future optical access networks. To this aim, optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) technology is considered as a prospective candidate, particularly due to features like asynchronous transmissions, flexible as well as conscious bandwidth resource distribution and support to differentiated services at the physical layer, to name but a few. In this context, this thesis proposes new mathematical formalisms for bit error rate, packet throughput and packet delay to assess the performance of flexible OCDMA networks capable of providing multiservice multirate transmissions according to users\' requirements. The proposed analytical formalisms do not require the knowledge a priori of the users\' code sequences, which means that the network performance can be addressed in a simple and straightforward manner using the code parameters only. In addition, the developed analytical formalisms account for a general number of distinct users\' classes as well as general probability of interference among users. Hence, these formalisms can be successfully applied for performance evaluation of flexible OCDMA networks not only under any number of users\' classes in a network, but also for most spreading codes with good correlation properties. The packet throughput expression is derived assuming Poisson, binomial and Markov chain approaches for the composite packet arrivals with the latter defined as benchmark. Then, it is shown via numerical simulation the Poisson-based expression is not appropriate for a reliable throughput estimate when compared to the benchmark (Markov) results. The binomial-based throughput equation, by its turn, provides results as accurate as the benchmark. In addition, the binomial-based throughput is numerically more convenient and computationally more efficient than the Markov chain approach, whereas the Markov-based one is computationally expensive, particularly if the number of users is large. The bit error rate (BER) expressions are derived considering gaussian and binomial distributions for the multiple-access interference and it is shown via numerical simulations that accurate performance of flexible OCDMA networks is only obtained with the binomial-based BER expression. This thesis also proposes and investigates a network architecture for Internet protocol traffic over flexible OCDMA with support to multiservice multirate transmissions, which is independent of the employed spreading code and does not require any new optical processing technology. In addition, the network performance assumes users transmitting asynchronously using receptors based on intensity-modulation direct-detection schemes. Numerical simulations shown that the proposed network performs well when its users are defined with high-weight code or when the channel utilization is low. The BER and packet throughput performance of an OCDMA network that provides multirate transmissions via multicode technique with two codes assigned to each single user is also addressed. Numerical results show that this technique outperforms classical techniques based on multilength code. Finally, this thesis addresses a new breakthrough technology that might lead to higher levels of security at the physical layer of optical networks. This technology consists in the generation of deterministic chaos from a commercial free-running vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The chaotic dynamics is generated by means of mechanical strains loaded onto an off-the-shelf quantum-well VCSEL using a simple and easily replicable holder. Deterministic chaos is then achieved, for the first time, without any additional complexity of optical feedback, parameter modulation or optical injection. The simplicity of the proposed system, which is based entirely on low-cost and easily available components, opens the way to the widespread use of commercial and free-running VCSEL devices for chaos-based applications. This off-the-shelf and cost-effective optical chaos generator has the potential for not only paving the way towards new security platforms in optical networks like, for example, successfully hiding the user information in an unpredictable, random-like signal against eventual eavesdroppers, but also for influencing emerging chaos applications initially limited or infeasible due to the lack of low-cost solutions. Furthermore, it leads the way to future realization of emerging applications with high-integrability and -scalability such as two-dimensional arrays of chaotic devices comprising hundreds of individual sources to increase requirements for random bit generation, cryptography or large-scale quantum networks.
Os avanços relacionados a tecnologia fotônica ampliaram o alcance das redes de comunicação óptica tanto em instalações de estabelecimentos comerciais quanto em residências, permitindo que novos serviços e tecnologias fossem entregues aos clientes. A próxima onda de inovação certamente gerará inúmeras oportunidades proporcionadas pela popularidade de soluções emergentes e aplicações como a Internet tátil, a telemedicina e a geração de conteúdo 3-D em tempo real, tornando-os parte da vida cotidiana. No entanto, para suportar a crescente demanda de tráfego atual, uma maior capacidade e segurança, alocação flexível de largura de banda e custo-eficiência tornaram-se requisitos cruciais para as tecnologias candidatas a futuras redes de acesso óptico. Para este fim, a tecnologia de acesso múltiplo por divisão de código óptico (OCDMA) é considerada um candidato em potencial, particularmente devido a características como transmissões assíncronas, distribuição flexível de banda larga e suporte a serviços diferenciados na camada física, para citar apenas alguns. Neste contexto, esta tese propõe novos formalismos matemáticos para a taxa de erro de bits, taxa de transferência de pacotes e atraso de pacotes para avaliar o desempenho de redes OCDMA flexíveis capazes de fornecer transmissões em múltiplas qualidades de serviço (QoS) de acordo com as necessidades dos usuários. Os formalismos analíticos propostos não requerem o conhecimento a priori das sequências de código dos usuários, o que significa que o desempenho da rede pode ser abordado de forma simples e direta usando apenas os parâmetros de código. Além disso, os formalismos analíticos desenvolvidos representam um número geral de classes de usuários distintos, bem como a probabilidade geral de interferência entre os usuários. Portanto, esses formalismos podem ser aplicados com sucesso na avaliação de desempenho de redes OCDMA flexíveis não apenas em qualquer número de classes de usuários em uma rede, mas também para a maioria dos códigos de espalhamento com boas propriedades de correlação. A expressão de taxa de transferência de pacotes é derivada assumindo aproximações de Poisson, binomial e de cadeia de Markov para as chegadas de pacotes compostos, com a última definida como benchmark. Em seguida, é mostrado via simulação numérica que a expressão baseada em Poisson não é apropriada para uma estimativa confiável de taxa de transferência quando comparada aos resultados de benchmark (Markov). A equação de taxa de transferência binomial, por sua vez, fornece resultados tão precisos quanto o benchmark. Além disso, a taxa de transferência binomial é numericamente mais conveniente e computacionalmente eficiente quando comparada com abordagem de Markov, enquanto esta última é computacionalmente dispendiosa, particularmente se o número de usuários é grande. As expressões de taxa de erro de bit (BER) são derivadas considerando distribuições gaussianas e binomiais para a interferência de acesso múltiplo e é mostrado por meio de simulações numéricas que o desempenho exato de redes OCDMA flexíveis é obtido somente com a expressão binomial de BER. Esta tese também propõe e investiga uma arquitetura de rede para o tráfego de protocolo de Internet sobre OCDMA flexível com suporte a transmissões de QoS e de múltiplas taxas, que é independente do código de espalhamento empregado e não requer qualquer nova tecnologia de processamento óptico. Além disso, o desempenho da rede assume que os usuários transmitem de forma assíncrona usando receptores baseados em esquemas de detecção direta de modulação de intensidade. As simulações numéricas mostraram que a rede proposta possui melhor desempenho quando seus usuários são definidos com peso de código alto ou quando a utilização do canal é baixa. O desempenho da BER e da taxa de transferência de pacotes de uma rede OCDMA que fornece transmissões de múltiplas taxas por meio de uma técnica multi-código com dois códigos atribuídos a cada usuário é também abordado. Os resultados numéricos mostram que esta técnica supera as técnicas clássicas baseadas no código de comprimento múltiplo. Finalmente, esta tese aborda uma nova tecnologia que pode levar a níveis mais elevados de segurança na camada física de redes ópticas. Esta tecnologia consiste na geração de caos determinístico a partir de um laser de emissão superficial com cavidade vertical (VCSEL). A dinâmica caótica é gerada através da aplicação de forças mecânicas em um VCSEL comercial usando um suporte simples e facilmente replicável. O caos determinístico é então alcançado, pela primeira vez, sem qualquer complexidade adicional de realimentação óptica, modulação de parâmetros ou injeção óptica. A simplicidade do sistema proposto, o qual se baseia inteiramente em componentes de baixo custo e que são facilmente encontrados, abre o caminho para o uso de dispositivos VCSEL comerciais para aplicações baseadas em caos. Este gerador de caos óptico tem o potencial não só de pavimentar o caminho para novas plataformas de segurança em redes ópticas, como, por exemplo, ocultar com êxito as informações do usuário em um sinal imprevisível e aleatório contra eventuais invasores, como também tem o potencial de influenciar aplicações de caos emergentes inicialmente limitadas ou inviáveis devido à falta de soluções de baixo custo. Além disso, ele conduz o caminho para a realização futura de aplicações emergentes com alta integridade e escalabilidade, tais como matrizes bidimensionais de dispositivos caóticos que compreendem centenas de fontes individuais para aumentar as necessidades de geração de bit aleatória, criptografia ou redes quânticas de grande escala.

The objective of the thesis research is to design such vertical handoff decision algorithms in order for mobile field workers and other mobile users equipped with contemporary multimode mobile devices to communicate seamlessly in the NGWN. In order to tackle this research objective, we used fuzzy logic and fuzzy inference systems to design a suitable handoff initiation algorithm that can handle imprecision and uncertainties in data and process multiple vertical handoff initiation parameters (criteria)
used the fuzzy multiple attributes decision making method and context awareness to design a suitable access network selection function that can handle a tradeoff among many handoff metrics including quality of service requirements (such as network conditions and system performance), mobile terminal conditions, power requirements, application types, user preferences, and a price model
used genetic algorithms and simulated annealing to optimise the access network selection function in order to dynamically select the optimal available access network for handoff
and we focused in particular on an interesting use case: vertical handoff decision between mobile WiMAX and UMTS access networks. The implementation of our handoff decision algorithm will provide a network selection mechanism to help mobile users select the best wireless access network among all available wireless access networks, that is, one that provides always best connected services to users.

La presenta Tesis Doctoral encuentra su ámbito de aplicación en redes de acceso ópticas de fibra hasta el hogar o FTTH (del inglés fibre-to-the-home). Las redes FTTH han sido ampliamente desplegadas en todo el mundo y se prevé que evolucionen hasta arquitecturas de multiplexación por división en longitud de onda o WDM(dle inglés wavelength division multiplexing). Conforme los requerimientos de capacidady ancho de banda por usuario para servicios de comunicación de banda ancha se incrementan continuamente, tecnologías tales como hybrid wireless-optical, radio de banda ultra ancha o UWB(del inglés ultra-wideband), y radio de onda milimétrica se están investigando como soluciones viables para proporcionar tasas de datos excediendo Gigabit por segundo por usuario. Las redes híbridas inalámbrico-óptico pueden proporcionar backhaul más simple y se prevé que desempeñen un papel importante en redes de acceso de próxima generación que requerirán despliegue flexible, alta capacidad, habilidad de ampliación, escalable en número de usuarios y demanda, y factible económicamente. Las técnicas radio sobre fibra combinadas con sistemas inalámbricos multigigabit que proporcionen capacidades comparables a sistemas de comunicaciones de fibra óptica se ve como una solución rápidamente desplegable y efectiva en coste para proporcionar acceso transparente cableado/inalámbrico integrado a servicios de banda ancha para el usuario final. Los sistemas inalámbricos UWB y de onda milimétrica son capaces de proporcionar comunicaciones multigigabit. UWB en particular permite un uso eficiente del esprectro 3.1-10.6 GHz debido a sus características únicas de coexistencia y tiene madurez de mercado. Sin embargo, la tecnología UWB está restringida por regulación en todo el mundo. Esta restricción de regulación hace de gran interés a la radio de onda milimétrica en 60 GHz debido al aproximadamente 7 GHz de ancho de banda regulado consistentemente en todo el mundo, sin restricciones de coexistencia.
Beltrán Ramírez, M. (2012). Photonic Techniques for Next-Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultra-Wideband Radio / Técnicas Fotónicas para Redes Ópticas Integradas de Próxima Generación Basadas en Radio de Banda Ultra Ancha [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/15576
Palancia

The thesis sums up the traffic parameters for the evaluation of next-generation access networks. There are mentioned parameters for service quality management and parameters for measuring the quality of experience. The EU regulation on High Speed Internet in the Czech Republic is analyzed. The practical part compares the results between the implementation of the quality management of services and without implementation. Also there is comparing theoretical and practical transmission rates of physical ports. Part of the thesis is a questionnaire focused on the quality of experience of the video sequence.

Two research topics in next-generation optical networks with wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technologies were investigated: (1) scalability of network management and control, and (2) resilience/reliability of networks upon faults and attacks. In scalable network management, the scalability of management information for inter-domain light-path assessment was studied. The light-path assessment was formulated as a decision problem based on decision theory and probabilistic graphical models. It was found that partial information available can provide the desired performance, i.e., a small percentage of erroneous decisions can be traded off to achieve a large saving in the amount of management information. In network resilience under malicious attacks, the resilience of all-optical networks under in-band crosstalk attacks was investigated with probabilistic graphical models. Graphical models provide an explicit view of the spatial dependencies in attack propagation, as well as computationally efficient approaches, e.g., sum-product algorithm, for studying network resilience. With the proposed cross-layer model of attack propagation, key factors that affect the resilience of the network from the physical layer and the network layer were identified. In addition, analytical results on network resilience were obtained for typical topologies including ring, star, and mesh-torus networks. In network performance upon failures, traffic-based network reliability was systematically studied. First a uniform deterministic traffic at the network layer was adopted to analyze the impacts of network topology, failure dependency, and failure protection on network reliability. Then a random network layer traffic model with Poisson arrivals was applied to further investigate the effect of network layer traffic distributions on network reliability. Finally, asymptotic results of network reliability metrics with respect to arrival rate were obtained for typical network topologies under heavy load regime. The main contributions of the thesis include: (1) fundamental understandings of scalable management and resilience of next-generation optical networks with WDM technologies; and (2) the innovative application of probabilistic graphical models, an emerging approach in machine learning, to the research of communication networks.

The next generation of mobile telecommunication, 5G, will be specified in the near future. One of the proposed changes relative to the previous generation, 4G,is the inclusion of a new system control plane (SCP). The purpose of the SCP is to improve system scalability, forward compatibility, peak performance and to enable a higher degree of support for advanced antenna techniques. This is done by logically separating data transmitted explicitly from and to the user, the dynamic transmissions, from the broadcasted transmissions that remain constant regardless of user activity, the static transmissions, and by then redesigning the static part to make it more lean. This is expected to have several positive effects such as considerably more free resources, resulting in energy savings and potentially increased usage of MIMO. Knowing what effect the SCP has upon aspects such as random access is of importance when designing the solution that will go into the standard. Simulations show that there is potential in the inclusion of the new SCP. While the simulated 5G candidate systems that include the SCP have an increased delay when running the random access procedure, some aspects of the procedure have been improved. The main differences relative to the simulated 4G system are the performance of the first message in the procedure, which increased, and the performance of the second message in the procedure, which decreased. The deficiencies found in the handling of the second message, however, can be alleviated by using a more proper algorithm and channel design than what was used in this study.

There is an increasing demand for internet services by mobile subscribers over the wireless access networks, with limited radio resources and capacity constraints. A viable solution to this capacity crunch is the deployment of heterogeneous networks. However, in this wireless environment, the choice of the most appropriate Radio Access Technology (RAT) that can Tsustain or meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of users' applications require careful planning and cost efficient radio resource management methods. Previous research works on access network selection have focused on selecting a suitable RAT for a user's single call request. With the present request for multiple calls over wireless access networks, where each call has different QoS requirements and the available networks exhibit dynamic channel conditions, the choice of a suitable RAT capable of providing the "Always Best Connected" (ABC) experience for the user becomes a challenge. In this thesis, the problem of selecting the suitable RAT that is capable of meeting the QoS requirements for multiple call requests by mobile users in access networks is investigated. In addressing this problem, we proposed the use of Complex PRoprtional ASsesment (COPRAS) and Consensus-based Multi-Attribute Group Decision Making (MAGDM) techniques as novel and viable RAT selection methods for a grouped-multiple call. The performance of the proposed COPRAS multi-attribute decision making approach to RAT selection for a grouped-call has been evaluated through simulations in different network scenarios. The results show that the COPRAS method, which is simple and flexible, is more efficient in the selection of appropriate RAT for group multiple calls. The COPRAS method reduces handoff frequency and is computationally inexpensive when compared with other methods such as the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Multiplicative Exponent Weighting (MEW). The application of the proposed consensus-based algorithm in the selection of a suitable RAT for group-multiple calls, comprising of voice, video-streaming, and file-downloading has been intensively investigated. This algorithm aggregates the QoS requirement of the individual application into a collective QoS for the group calls. This new and novel approach to RAT selection for a grouped-call measures and compares the consensus degree of the collective solution and individual solution against a predefined threshold value. Using the methods of coincidence among preferences and coincidence among solutions with a predefined consensus threshold of 0.9, we evaluated the performance of the consensus-based RAT selection scheme through simulations under different network scenarios. The obtained results show that both methods of coincidences have the capability to select the most suitable RAT for a group of multiple calls. However, the method of coincidence among solutions achieves better results in terms of accuracy, it is less complex and the number of iteration before achieving the predefined consensus threshold is reduced. A utility-based RAT selection method for parallel traffic-streaming in an overlapped heterogeneous wireless network has also been developed. The RAT selection method was modeled with constraints on terminal battery power, service cost and network congestion to select a specified number of RATs that optimizes the terminal interface utility. The results obtained show an optimum RAT selection strategy that maximizes the terminal utility and selects the best RAT combinations for user's parallel-streaming for voice, video and file-download.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California
The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) Multiple Access (MA) Return Service provides a communication path that originates at a customer platform (either a spacecraft or other type of emitter) and is routed through a geosynchronous Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) back to a customer control center or data acquisition location. Conventional operations provide Space Network (SN) customers with MA Service based on a schedule generated from user requests. The MA Service currently provides return link telemetry services to customer platforms with real-time, playback, and science data rates up to 100 kbps. This paper describes an integrated approach, using state-of-the-art technology and fault-tolerant architecture, to develop the next generation of TDRSS MA beamforming equipment. New designs will result in significant reduction in beamformer size and cost by at least an order of magnitude relative to the current MA equipment. This new equipment will provide the potential for increased usage of TDRSS MA services. The paper describes the in-development Demand Access (DA) Return Service that provides a new class of service using next generation technology.

This thesis proposes a detailed design layout for the next generation optical metropolitan network to be equipped with Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) subsystems. It demonstrates the key features of ROADM subsystems including the development of ring-to-ring interconnection in optical domain. Simulation models are developed for the ROADM subsystems that can easily be configured according to the devices' available specification sheet. The developed simulation models have been verified with experimental measurements obtained from a reconfigurable all-optical metro network testbed. Such simulation modules will be valuable in planning and designing the next generation metro optical networks. Combining the outcome of the research results presented in the thesis, a hybrid reconfigurable add/drop module is proposed. The proposed hybrid architecture can achieve lower loss among the existing 3rd generation ROADM modules. The functionality of ROADMs can also be improved by an Intelligent ROADM subsystem proposed for the next generation dynamically provisioned wavelength network.

Todays supercomputers employ the fastest processors incorporating the latest VLSI technology. Unfortunately, usable system performance is often limited by excessive interprocessor latency. To overcome this bottleneck, this thesis explores the use of all-optical path interconnection networks using a new topology defined by Coke Reed [31]. This work overcomes limitations of previous optical networks through a novel use of defection routing to minimize latency and allow more processors to collaborate on the same application and dataset. In this thesis research, the data vortex is formally characterized and tested for performance. Extra angles serve as virtual buffers to provide required system performance, even under asymmetric mode operation. The data vortex is compared to two well-known interconnection networks (omega and butterfly) using metrics of average latency and message acceptance rate. The data vortex is shown to outperform the comparison networks, with a 20-50% higher acceptance rate and comparable average latency. The impact of angle size is also studied, and a new, synchronous mode of operation is proposed where additional angles are added to increase the virtual buffering of the network. The tradeoff between virtual buffering and angle resolution backpressure is explored, and an optimal point is found at the 1:6 I/O to non-I/O (virtual buffering) angle ratio. The new mode and optimal angle count are used to form data vortex networks that perform as well as larger networks with fewer total nodes. Finally, hierarchical layering with data vortex clusters is proposed and compared to a single-level data vortex. In todays technology, similar performance is attained at high network communication locality loads (> 2/3), and a 19% latency reduction is obtained at the highest locality loads (> 95%) for current optical switching technology. For projected future technology, the clustered system is shown to yield up to a 55% reduction in latency for applications with 2/3 or better locality.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Dr. Henry L. Owen III, Committee Member ; Dr. David Keezer, Committee Member ; Dr. D. Scott Wills, Committee Chair.

El estudio e investigación en el campo de las redes ópticas de acceso han sido fomentadas en años recientes debido a la continua migración de Servicios multimedia que son ofrecidos a través de Internet. Aunque los dispositivos utilizados para implementar Fiber-to-the-Home (fibra a casa), que reemplazan las soluciones tradicionales basadas en cable de cobre, están basadas aún en micro-óptica, se puede prever una evolución hacia integración fotónica. Todavía queda la pregunta acerca de los diseños necesarios para este paso importante de integración, que debe ser optimizado en términos del desempeño de transmisión, eficiencia energética y costo con el fin de lograr todos los requerimientos de las redes fotónicas de siguiente generación. Como elemento más crítico en las redes de acceso ópticas es el equipo en los clientes, este trabajo se centra en éste. Los temes cubiertos abarcan una gama amplia e incluyen: el reciclado de longitudes de onda para transmisión de datos en full-dúplex a través de una sola frecuencia óptica; la generación de formatos de modulación avanzados con moduladores semiconductores de bajo costo y factor pequeño de integración; soporte de amplificación óptica a través de técnicas de sembrado y el soporte de funcionalidades de capes superiores en la capa física. Después de la prueba principal de las técnicas propuestas, se resaltan los beneficios, impedimentos y caminos de reemplazo hacia sistemas fotónicos multifuncionales a través de casos de estudio. Por su parte, los diseños más representativos se profundizan más sobre todo por su posibilidad de ser integrados fotónicamente.
Optical access technology has experienced a boost in the last years, thanks to the continuously migrating multimedia services that are offered over the internet. Though the devices used for deploying Fiber-to-the-Home instead of traditional copper-based solutions are still based on micro-optics, an evolution towards photonic integration can be foreseen. What remains is the question about the exact designs for this important step of integration, which should be optimized in terms of transmission performance, energy efficiency and cost to address all requirements of next-generation photonic networks. As the most critical element in optical access, the customer premises equipment is in primary focus of this discussion. The covered topics span over a wide range and include wavelength recycling for full-duplex data transmission on a single optical frequency, the generation of advanced modulation formats with low-cost semiconductor modulators with small form factor, support for optical amplification by means of seeding techniques and the support of higher layer functionality at the physical layer. Next to the principal proof of the proposed techniques, the benefits, impediments and upgrade paths towards multifunctional photonic systems are highlighted in different case studies, while the most representative designs are further discussed in their capability of being photonically integrated.

Die Verfügbarkeit von Breitbandnetzen wird für die Sicherung und Weiterentwicklung des Wirtschafts-, Technologie- und Tourismusstandortes Sachsen immer wichtiger. Eine gute Nachricht gleich zu Beginn: Das Land Sachsen stellt seit Ende letzten Jahres Fördermittel für den Aufbau von Breitbandnetzen auch für die zukunftsfähigen Next-Generation-Access-Netze (NGA) zur Verfügung. Zuwendungsempfänger sind neben Gemeinden, Landkreisen, Verwaltungsgemeinschaften und Gemeindeverbände auch Eigenbetriebe und Zweckverbände. Das ließ viele Zuhörer auf der Informationsveranstaltung „Breitband und Straßen als kommunale Herausforderung“ am 26. März 2015 in Leipzig aufhorchen.

In the evolving scenario of 5G networks, resource allocation algorithms for the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) model have proven to be the key for managing ever increasing Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating Expenditure (OPEX) for mobile networks while ensuring high Quality of Service (QoS). In Chapter 1 a brief overview of the main elements of the C-RAN and of the methodologies that are employed in this work is provided. In Chapter 2, an exact scalable methodology for a static traffic scenario, based on lexicographic optimization, is proposed for the solution of a multi-objective optimization problem to achieve, among other goals, the minimization of the number of active nodes in the C-RAN while supporting reliability and meeting latency constraints. The optimal solution of the most relevant objectives for networks of several tens of nodes is obtained in few tens of seconds of computational time in the worst case. For the least relevant objective a heuristic is developed, providing near optimal solutions in few seconds of computing time. In Chapter 3, an optimization framework for dynamic C-RAN reconfiguration is developed. The objective is to maintain C-RAN cost optimization, while minimizing the cost of virtual network function migration. Significant savings in terms of migrations (above 82% for primary virtual BBU functions and above 75% for backup virtual BBU functions) can be obtained with respect to a static traffic scenario, with execution time of the optimization algorithm below 20 seconds in the worst cases, making its application feasible for dynamic scenarios. In Chapter 4, an alternative Column Generation model formulation is developed, and the quality of the computed lower bounds is evaluated. Further extensions from this baseline (e.g. Column Generation based heuristics, exact Branch&Price algorithms) are left as future work. In Chapter 5, the main results achieved in this work are summarized, and several possible extensions are proposed.

The enabling technologies and the issues of next-generation millimeter-wave wireless access network and 100G long-haul optical transport network were developed and identified. To develop a simple and cost-effective millimeter-wave optical-wireless system, all-round research on the technical challenges of optical millimeter-wave generation, transmission impairments compensation, and simple base station design were discussed. Several radio-over-fiber systems were designed to simultaneously deliver multi-band wireless services on a single optical infrastructure, enabling converged system control and quality maintenance in central office. For the 100G optical transport network, the issues related to successful implementations of transmitter, fiber link, and receiver of a 112-Gb/s polarization-division multiplexing-quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK) system were comprehensively explored. The experimental results based on the constructed 112-Gb/s testbed indicated that careful dispersion management can effectively increase nonlinearity tolerance. Furthermore, the special emphasis on the two impairments of the 100G network with reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers: passband narrowing and in-band crosstalk, was studied. The results demonstrated that these impairments can be readily predicted with proper experimental and simulation efforts.

Orientador: Rangel Arthur
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T06:36:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hoshino_FelipeKojiGodinho_M.pdf: 3730881 bytes, checksum: d6cd57d6d8286fe95b3166c35de77d73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O aumento exponencial no tráfego mundial de dados tem imposto inúmeros desafios para os sistemas de telecomunicações. Há um compromisso entre o interesse das operadoras de telecomunicações, de aumentar a receita líquida, e dos clientes, de aumentar a taxa de transmissão de dados. Com isso, diversas soluções têm sido discutidas no âmbito das comunicações ópticas. Uma das propostas estudadas é a aplicação mais intensa do processamento digital de sinais. Dessa forma, neste trabalho foi estudado e simulado o uso da modulação OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) nas redes ópticas de nova geração. Também foi simulado um modem OFDM em linguagem VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) sendo esta uma etapa do projeto de novos equipamentos. Como prova de conceito, analisou-se o desempenho de redes ópticas por meio do software OptiSystem. De maneira geral, os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios para demonstrar a viabilidade da modulação OFDM em redes ópticas de nova geração
Abstract: The exponential increase in global data traffic has imposed many challenges for telecommunication systems. There is a trade-off between the interest of telecom operators to increase the net revenue and the customers to increase the transmission data rate. Several solutions have been discussed in optical communications field. One approach is the more intense application of the digital signal processing. Thus, in this work is presented a review and simulations of OFDM modulation (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) in the next generation networks. It was also simulated a OFDM modem in VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) which for a new equipment design. The performance of optical networks has been examinated with OptiSystem software as o proof of concept. In general, the results obtained were satisfactory to show the feasibility of OFDM modulation in the next generation networks
Mestrado
Tecnologia e Inovação
Mestre em Tecnologia

Esta tesis doctoral aborda el problema de la definición de movimientos rápidos sin interrupciones (seamless handoffs) en redes heterogéneas de próxima generación (NGNs) mediante definición de un proceso de distribución de claves seguro, que habilite un proceso de re-autenticación rápida a la vez que un acceso autenticado anónimo y que no se pueda trazar. Concretamente, el sistema de control de acceso desarrollado ofrece un conjunto de características que, hasta la fecha, no han confluido en una misma solución: (1) aplicable a las futuras redes NGN basadas en EAP; (2) reducción de la latencia introducida por el proceso de autenticación en entornos móviles, con independencia del tipo de handoff realizado por el usuario; (3) que el proceso cumpla fuertes requisitos de seguridad; (4) fácil despliegue en redes existentes; (5) compatibilidad con las actuales tecnologías estandarizadas; y (6) soporte de protección de privacidad del usuario.
This PhD thesis deals with the problem of defining fast movements without interruptions (seamless handoffs) in the next generation of heterogeneous networks. This objective is achieved through a secure key distribution process, which enables a fast re-authentication process providing both user anonymity and untraceability. The developed access control system offers a set of features not covered so far by a single solution: (1) applicable for EAP-based NGNs; (2) reduction of the authentication latency in mobile environments irrespective of the type of handoff performed by the user; (3) provision of strong security properties; (4) easy deployment in current networks; (5) compatibility with current standardized technologies; and (6) user privacy support.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Física
In this work several techniques to monitor the performance of optical networks were developed. These techniques are dedicated either to the measurement of the data signal parameters (optical signal to noise ratio and dispersion) or to the detection of physical failures on the network infrastructure. The optical signal to noise ratio of the transmitted signal was successfully monitored using methods based on the presence of Bragg gratings imprinted on high birefringent fibres that allowed the distinction of the signal from the noise due to its polarization properties. The monitoring of the signal group-velocity dispersion was also possible. In this case, a method based on the analysis of the electric spectrum of the signal was applied. It was experimentally demonstrated that this technique is applicable on both amplitude and phase modulated signals. It was also developed a technique to monitor the physical infrastructure of an optical access network. Once again, the application of Bragg gratings (this time imprinted on standard single mode fibres) was the basis of the developed method.
Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas diversas técnicas que permitem a monitorização de desempenho das redes de comunicações ópticas. Estas técnicas dedicam-se quer à determinação de parâmetros do próprio sinal de dados (como a relação sinal ruído óptico e a dispersão), quer à detecção de eventuais falhas físicas na infra-estrutura da rede. Relativamente à monitorização da relação sinal-ruído óptico foram desenvolvidos métodos baseados na aplicação de redes de Bragg gravadas em fibras birrefringentes que permitiram distinguir o sinal do ruído através das suas propriedades de polarização. A monitorização da dispersão cromática sofrida pelo sinal durante a sua propagação também foi possível. Neste caso foi testada uma técnica baseada na análise do espectro eléctrico do sinal. Demonstrou-se que esta técnica pode ser aplicada quer em sinais modulados na amplitude quer em sinais modulados na fase. Foi também desenvolvida uma técnica para a monitorização da infra-estrutura física de uma rede de acesso. Mais uma vez, aqui foi utilizado um método baseado na presença de redes de Bragg, desta vez gravadas em fibras monomodo que são utilizadas como pontos de monitorização em locais estratégicos da rede.

博士
國立交通大學
光電工程研究所
103
In this dissertation, we study the Rayleigh backscattering (RB) noise in the carrier-distributed wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) passive optical network (PON) and propose a method by using carrier suppressed single sideband non-return-to-zero (CS-SSB-NRZ) modulation to mitigate RB noise. For optical light source, we also propose optical transmitters based on Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) or reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) with external injection or self-injection technique, and analyze the transmission performance in the optical fiber network. For wired and wireless convergence of optical access network, we propose a mm-wave generator based on two distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and a FP-LD with heterodyne beating at photo-diode. Finally, we propose and demonstrate different self-protected optical access networks including self-protected ring and tree-typed TDM-PON, and self-protected tree-typed WDM-PON to reroute and reconnect the signal via the protecting fiber when the fiber fault occurs in the optical network.

By 2020 there will be 50 billion connected devices over the Internet. With the fast-increasing data traffic demand in both fixed and mobile networks, network operators need to migrate networks towards next generation solutions. The network migration requires the enormous investment in equipment and infrastructure, while the revenues are not expected to grow significantly. Therefore, one of the main challenges for network operators is to find out a proper cost-effective optical network solution that can match future high capacity demand and flexibly support multiple network services on a common network infrastructure. The first part of the thesis addresses the Active Optical Network (AON) and its migration strategies towards Next Generation Optical Access (NGOA) solutions. Several migration strategies are proposed from the perspective of network topology, data plane and control plane. A general methodology for Techno-Economic analysis has been developed and applied to the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) calculation of different NGOA solutions. The thesis provides a complete cost evaluation of AON migration paths, which can be used by network operators to assess the economic feasibility of network migration. A converged Optical Transport Network (OTN) that can serve both fixed and mobile network services is beneficial from the cost-saving perspective. However, the different types of services, require different network performance. The second part of the thesis focuses on the investigation of the converged OTN that can be flexibly and timely adjusted to satisfy varying service conditions. A programmable OTN featured with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) in the data plane and Software Defined Networking (SDN) in control plane has been proposed. To demonstrate the benefits of the converged OTN, the thesis also provides a multi-domain orchestration architecture for the multiple network services.  The resource orchestration, across three network domains: OTN, mobile network and cloud, enables agile service creation and optimized resource allocation among the multiple domains.

QC 20170512

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
光電工程系研究所
100
Recent year, in order to achieve increase utilized bandwidth efficiently at limited bandwidth. So, technique of digital modulation is very important gradually, optical fiber transmission imported technique from electrical communication system. Especially, it imported technique of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which lead to optical communication has better developmental than conventional. In this thesis, first architectures we use cable television (CATV) transmitter to simultaneous modulate and transmit both CATV and OFDM signals through optical fiber. Without using any wavelength conversion or bridge circuit between 20 km single mode fiber (SMF) and 25 m graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF) connection, error free transmissions with sufficient low bit error rate (BER) values as well as good performances of carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), composite second-order (CSO), and composite triple beat (CTB) are obtained for CATV one. In this thesis, second architectures we propose a simultaneous transmission of CATV and OFDM signals for long leach passive optical network (LR-PON). Both signals are combined in the electric domain, and external modulated with the CATV transmitter. Then use the two-stage optical amplifier to compensate 60 km SMF transmission. In the local exchanging, up to 8 clients of the splitting ratio is achieved, and transmit to each client through 25 m POF. Moreover, both CATV and OFDM signals are all satisfy the requirement of CATV systems.

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) has emerged as an optimized optical next-generation access network that is capable of providing high speed Internet to the ever increasing end-users carrying applications such as, voice communications (VoIP), standard and high-definition video, video conferencing (interactive video) and data traffic, at the minimum cost. However, although standardized, EPON presents network designers with several challenges. In this thesis, we address many of these issues and we propose appropriate solutions that we believe can be adopted by EPON designers. First, we introduce the technologies currently deployed and we motivate our work. Next, we overview the EPON technology along with its related work, and highlights the challenges it carries. Our main contributions start when we investigate the fairness issue in EPON. Here, a new intra-ONU scheduler is presented in order to provide every class of service (CoS) of every ONU with a fair access to the bandwidth allocated by the OLT. We then present the first admission control (AC) framework with all its rules and functionalities along with a new dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) designed especially for the application of AC. This framework will resolve the bandwidth guaranteed matter that stems from the lack of QoS flows protection. In our next main contribution, we discuss a possible upgrade of the current time division multiple access (TDMA) PON to a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) PON. This upgrade is evident with the continuous growth of Internet users, that makes traditional EPONs not capable of coping with this increase. Here, we present novel dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation schemes (DWBAs) to arbitrate the transmission of ONUs over multiple wavelengths. We then present three new DWBAs to support quality of service (QoS) in the new WDM-PON. We validate all the proposed models and schemes by conducting comprehensive experiments and extensive simulations, where performance is evaluated. Finally, we conclude our work and presents suggested future work

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
A notável evolução das redes de acesso, tanto fixas como móveis, tem sido impulsionada pelos crescentes requisitos de largura de banda. Com o aumento contínuo de tráfego e estagnação das receitas dos operadores, a próxima geração de redes de acesso enfrenta o desafio de suportar elevadas capacidades a baixo custo, indo ao encontro das necessidades dos operadores e dos utilizadores. Esta tese identifica métodos e propostas para melhorar o desempenho destas redes. A primeira parte desta tese é dedicada às redes ópticas de acesso de elevado débito. O impacto das limitações físicas destes sistemas, tais como os efeitos não-lineares da fibra e a largura espectral das fontes ópticas multi-modais, é avaliado, mostrando que é importante dimensionar correctamente os vários parâmetros do sistema para garantir um desempenho em conformidade com as especificações. O impacto destas limitações no desempenho do sistema é significativamente minorado com a introdução de códigos correctores de erros, e é confirmado que esquemas de igualização de potência, responsáveis por reduzir o efeito pertolonge característico de redes ópticas passivas, produzem melhorias substanciais. Com base neste facto, é desenvolvido um método de igualização de potência para aplicação em sistemas de transmissão em modo de rajada, totalmente óptico e com benefícios significativos. A convergência de redes fixas e redes sem fios é o tópico investigado na segunda parte desta tese, onde é incluída uma análise técnica e económica de arquitecturas ópticas para suporte distribuído de antenas remotas. O dimensionamento de protocolos de transmissão digital de sinais de rádio em termos de capacidade requerida mostra que, actualmente, sistemas de baixo custo devem optar pelo uso de métodos de transmissão analógicos. Neste contexto, é modelado um sistema analógico com capacidade para suportar sinais de rádio com elevada largura de banda, mostrando que estes sistemas são adequados aos requisitos futuros.
The remarkable evolution of access networks, both wired and wireless, has been mainly impelled by ever-growing bandwidth demands. In view of the continuous traffic growth and stagnating operator revenues, next generation access networks face the challenge of costeffectively providing higher capacities to meet both customer and operator needs. The present thesis is focused on identifying methodologies and improvement approaches for such systems. The first part of this work is devoted to optical access networks exploiting high data rates. The performance impact caused by the main physical layer limitations of these systems, which include the effect of fibre nonlinearities and the impact of the spectrum of multimode optical sources, is assessed, showing that design rules should be carefully derived to assure a compliant performance. The introduction of correction codes is proven to have a significant benefit on minimizing the influence of such limitations, and burst-mode power equalization is shown to be a fundamental feature to effectively overcome the near-far effect characteristic of typical passive optical access systems. This is the basis for a proposal of an all-optical burstmode equalization scheme, which is shown to significantly improve the system performance. The convergence of wired and wireless domains in the access landscape is the focus of the second part of this thesis, which comprises a technical and economical analysis of optical architectures adequate to support a distributed network of remote antennas. Digital radio transmission protocols are dimensioned in terms of required capacity, showing that nowadays the choice of analogue radio transmission allows the deployment of lower-cost systems. An analogue fibre link designed to carry high bandwidth radio systems is modelled, proving the suitability of such systems to support legacy and future wireless transmission protocols.

The present work aims the production and characterization of cost-effective photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to encounter green photonics goals, namely in the optical communications and sensing fields. Therefore, organic-inorganic hybrids (di-ureasil and tri-ureasil), doped with zirconium propoxide stabilized with methacrylic acid, were synthesized by the versatile sol-gel methodology, at room temperature, as planar waveguides processed in the form of monoliths, with controlled shape and size, and films with variable thickness (10−5-10−6 m) in vitreous or silicon oxide substrates. They exhibit stable and tunable properties, mechanical and thermal stability resulting from the synergy between the organic and inorganic counterparts. Their main feature is the heavily facilitated control of the surface optical properties by the inherent flexibility offered by these materials that are easily self-patterned by direct UV laser writing, and the refractive index tuning through chemical doping. The influence of different concentrations of zirconia-based clusters (20-60 mol%) in the local structure of di-ureasils and tri-ureasils was studied through X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance of 13C and 29Si atoms, infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform, Raman spectroscopy by Fourier transform and thermogravimetry analysis. The relevant optical features for applications in PICs were determined, showing acceptable attenuation values (∼1-5 dB·cm−1) for low dimension circuits, and reduced insertion losses arising from the fibre-device similar refractive index (1.49-1.52). Taking advantage of the material photosensibility, direct UV laser writing was used to pattern the desired optical architecture on the surface of organic-inorganic hybrids. In what concerns optical communications, passive and active devices were produced: a thermo-optic integrated variable wave plate device to control the state of polarization of an optical signal, showing a linear retardation coefficient of 17±1 °/°C; a 90° hybrid coupler to demodulate a 20 Gb/s quadrature phase shift keying transmission over 40 km of fibre, yielding a 2.5 dB power penalty, relatively to back-to-back; an electro-optic phase modulator based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a voltage shift required for a π phase change of 2.9±0.3 V; an optical amplifier in the blue spectral region for visible light communications with a maximum optical gain efficiency of 1.62±0.02 cm∙μJ−1. In the sensing field, the development of portable low-cost PICs based biosensors for lab-on-a-chip devices are of great interest. Thus, a biosensor based on an MZI was produced to monitor the growing concentration of bacteria in a liquid medium, presenting a sensitivity of 2×10−4 RIU and limit of detection of 2.0 pg·mm−3.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivos a produção e caracterização de circuitos de ótica integrada (OI) eficientes e de baixo custo, no contexto dos requisitos de fotónica sustentável, nomeadamente na área das comunicações óticas e dos sensores. Para isso, híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos (di-ureiasil e tri-ureiasil), dopados com propóxido de zircónio estabilizado com ácido metracrílico, foram sintetizados pela metodologia sol-gel, à temperatura ambiente, como guias de onda planares processados na forma de monólitos, com forma e tamanho controlados, ou filmes de espessura variável (10−5-10−6 m), em substratos vítreos e de silício oxidado. Estes materiais exibem propriedades óticas estáveis e ajustáveis, estabilidade mecânica e térmica resultantes da sinergia entre os componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos. A sua principal propriedade é o fácil controlo das propriedades óticas devido à inerente flexibilidade dos materiais que são auto-padronizados pela escrita direta por radiação ultravioleta (UV), e o controlo do índice de refração por dopagem química. A influência de diferentes concentrações de aglomerados de zircónio (20-60 mol%) na estrutura local dos di-ureails e tri-ureasils foi analisada através de difração de raio-X, ressonância magnética nuclear dos átomos de 13C e 29Si, espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, espectroscopia Raman por transformada de Fourier e análise termogravimétrica. As características óticas relevantes para aplicações em OI foram determinadas, revelando coeficientes de atenuação aceitáveis (∼1-5 dB·cm−1) para circuitos de baixas dimensões, e baixas perdas de inserção devido à similaridade entre os índices de refração do dispositivo-fibra (1,49-1,52). Tomando partido da fotossensibilidade do material, foi utilizada a escrita direta por radiação UV para padronizar a arquitetura ótica desejada na superfície de híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos. No que respeita às comunicações óticas, foram produzidos dispositivos passivos e ativos: controlador de polarização termo-ótico para monitorizar o estado de polarização de um sinal ótico, apresentando um coeficiente de retardamento linear de 17±1 °/°C; um acoplador híbrido de 90° para demodular uma transmissão de quadratura de chaveamento de fase com 20 Gb/s em 40 km de fibra, resultando numa penalidade de potência de 2,5 dB comparativamente à configuração sem fibra; um modulador de fase eletro-ótico baseado num interferómetro Mach-Zehnder (MZI) com uma diferença de potencial para uma variação de fase de π de 2,9±0,3 V; amplificador ótico na região espectral do azul para comunicações óticas no visível com uma eficiência máxima de ganho ótico de 1,62±0,02 cm∙μJ–1. Na área dos sensores, o desenvolvimento de biosensores portáteis de baixo custo baseados em OI para dispositivos é de grande interesse. Sendo assim, um biosensor baseado na arquitetura de um MZI foi produzido para monitorizar a concentração de bactérias num meio líquido, apresentando uma sensibilidade de 2×10−4 RIU e um limite de deteção de 2,0 pg·mm−3.
Programa Doutoral em Telecomunicações

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Seamless mobility is the missing ingredient needed to address the inefficient communication problems faced by the field workforces of service companies that are using field workforce automation solutions to streamline and optimise the operations of their field workforces in an increasingly competitive market place. The key enabling function for achieving seamless mobility and seamless service continuity is seamless handoffs across heterogeneous wireless access networks. A challenging issue in the multi-service next generation wireless network (NGWN) is to design intelligent and optimal vertical handoff decision algorithms, beyond traditional ones that are based on only signal strength, to determine when to perform a handoff and to provide optimal choice of access network technology among all available access networks for users equipped with multimode mobile terminals. The objective of the thesis research is to design such vertical handoff decision algorithms in order for mobile field workers and other mobile users equipped with contemporary multimode mobile devices to communicate seamlessly in the NGWN. In order to tackle this research objective, we used fuzzy logic and fuzzy inference systems to design a suitable handoff initiation algorithm that can handle imprecision and uncertainties in data and process multiple vertical handoff initiation parameters (criteria); used the fuzzy multiple attributes decision making method and context awareness to design a suitable access network selection function that can handle a tradeoff among many handoff metrics including quality of service requirements (such as network conditions and system performance), mobile terminal conditions, power requirements, application types, user preferences, and a price model; used genetic algorithms and simulated annealing to optimise the access network selection function in order to dynamically select the optimal available access network for handoff; and we focused in particular on an interesting use case: vertical handoff decision between mobile WiMAX and UMTS access networks. The implementation of our handoff decision algorithm will provide a network selection mechanism to help mobile users select the best wireless access network among all available wireless access networks, that is, one that provides always best connected services to users

The increase in services provided by mobile network operators, as well as traffic over wireless networks (WiFi), has intensely exploited the available radio frequency (RF) spectrum. The fixed telecommunications network that connects radio antennas, Wi-Fi access points, or other technologies (eg, Wimax) supports new services that require higher transmission rates and connections, such as cloud computing, HDTV, Internet of Things (IoT) or Machine-to- Machine (M2M) communication. Silicon single-mode fiber optic (SMF) has been chosen as a means of transporting data on the fixed network as it offers higher bandwidths and transmission rates. In a desirable ubiquitous and transparent optical network context, there are still several bottlenecks in the network structure, whether due to the characteristics of SMF or economical from a cost/return perspective. Besides, current access networks based on SMF cable or RF connections are subject to interruptions and should therefore be able to provide alternative transmission paths. On the other hand, the expected increase in information traffic in the near future leads to the establishment of new spectral allocation protocols for SMF. The ITU-T G.989 standard thus emerges to promote next-generation (NGPON2) networks that seek to exploit the spectrum available in SMFs through point-to-multipoint Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks as well as in UDWDM (Ultra-Dense WDM) in a point to point configuration, addressed to the end-user. In this context, plastic optical fiber (POF) appears as an alternative transmission medium to the SMF and promising in the short-range network. The implementation of the POF extends to the telecommunications operators' access network, the residential / building telecommunications network, transport vehicles or the rapid re-establishment of communications in accidentprone optical networks. Free Space Optical Transmission (FSO) is also a promising means of communication and alternative for short-range RF or SMF connections. FSO connections can be applied to the telecom operator's access network, standby connections between GSM antennas, the connection between an institution's buildings, point-to-multipoint wireless communications, or the quick re-establishment of a cable optical device accidentally interrupted. Thus, the POF and FSO transmission media will be studied here, exploring new spectral limits and transmission capabilities involving GPON and NGPON2 network protocols. Coherent reception and data retrieval through software-defined receivers for real-time digital signal processing will be explored.
O aumento dos serviços prestados pelas operadoras de rede móvel, assim como do tráfego nas redes-sem-fios (WiFi) têm explorado intensamente o espectro de radiofrequência (RF) disponível. A rede fixa de telecomunicações que conecta as antenas rádio, pontos de acesso WiFi ou outras tecnologias (ex. Wimax), suporta novos serviços que exigem maiores taxas de transmissão e conexões, como por exemplo a computação na nuvem, HDTV, Internet das Coisas (IoT) ou a comunicações de Máquina-a-Máquina (M2M). A fibra óptica monomodo em silício (SMF) tem sido a escolhida como o meio de transporte de dados na rede fixa, uma vez que disponibiliza maiores larguras de banda e taxas de transmissão. Num contexto desejável de rede óptica ubíqua e transparente, subsistem variados estrangulamentos na estrutura da rede, sejam devido às características da SMF, sejam económicos numa perspectiva de custo/retorno. Além disso, as actuais redes de acesso, baseadas em cabos de SMF ou em ligações RF, estão sujeitas a interrupções e, portanto, devem poder contemplar caminhos de transmissão alternativos. Por outro lado, o aumento esperado no tráfego de informações no futuro próximo leva ao estabelecimento de novos protocolos de alocação espectral para a SMF. O padrão ITU-T G.989 surge, assim, para promover as redes de próxima geração (NG-PON2) que procuram explorar o espectro disponível em SMFs através de redes WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) pontomultiponto, bem como através de redes em UDWDM (Ultra-Dense WDM) numa configuração ponto a ponto, endereçado ao utilizador final. Neste contexto, a fibra óptica plástica (POF) surge como um meio de transmissão alternativo à SMF e promissor na rede de curto alcance. A implementação da POF estende-se à rede de acesso das operadoras de telecomunicações, à rede de telecomunicações residencial/predial, aos veículos de transporte ou no rápido restabelecimento das comunicações em redes ópticas propensas a acidentes. A transmissão óptica de espaço livre (FSO) também é um meio promissor de comunicação e uma alternativa nas conexões em RF ou SMF de curto alcance. As conexões FSO podem ser aplicadas à rede de acesso do operador de telecomunicações, às conexões em reserva entre as antenas dos operadores móveis, à conexão entre os edifícios de uma instituição, às comunicações sem fio ponto-multiponto ou no rápido restabelecimento de um cabo óptico interrompido acidentalmente. Assim, os meios de transmissão POF e FSO serão aqui estudados, explorando-se novos limites espectrais e capacidades de transmissão envolvendo os protocolos de redes GPON e NG-PON2. Serão exploradas a recepção coerente e a recuperação de dados através de receptores definidos por software, para o processamento de sinais digitais em tempo real.
Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Eletrotécnica

碩士
國立交通大學
顯示科技研究所
100
In my thesis, we had studied three issues which are significant for passive optical network (PON). They are protection PON, radio over fiber and the power consumption respectively. In the chapter two, we propose two self-healing fiber protection PON and show up our scheme and the experiment result. We also calculate the reliability and compare it with other protection system. In the chapter three, we use three Mach-Zehnder modulators to create the optical wire and wireless signal with a high spatial efficiency, explaining the principle of our architecture and how we demodulate the signal with the arranged eye diagram. In chapter four, based on the Ethernet PON, we do the power consumption simulation about the future 40Gb/s PON transmission and calculate the power consumption. The final chapter is my conclusion and the future work.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
95
Due to the advances in content distribution and data center technologies, the traffic inside metropolitan area network (MAN) becomes more and more distributed. The current MAN architecture that only plays the role of bridge becomes insufficient to handle such new traffic patterns. Hence, the demand for a new MAN architecture is inevitable. It is expected to be both efficient and cost-effective. In this thesis, we proposed Optical Buffer Ring (OBR) as the solution of next generation MAN. It combines both OBS''s low end-to-end delay and RPR''s low loss rate. And compared to more advanced network architectures based on optical packet switching, OBR is of lower cost and thus more feasible in the near future. To evaluate the performance of OBR, we conducted simulation study over large set of parameters. According to the results, the performance of OBR indeed coincides with our expectation. Furthermore, OBR scales better than both OBS and RPR in that the end-to-end delay of OBR decreases as network size increases while the loss rate increases little with network size. Index Terms－MAN, WDM, OBS, OBR, RPR, HORNET, LightRing, Diffserv, optical packet switching.

碩士
國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
84
In this thesis, we first specify the architecture of the digitalremote antenna system, and discuss the related analog-to- digital technology,including IF sampling, Analog-to-Digital- Converter and Digital-to-Analog-Converter. Furthemore, we investigate the BER (Bit Error Rate) in digitaltransmission from digital remote antenna port to basestation and constructthe propagation model to estimate the required dynamic range of the remoteantenna system with specified blocking probability. We have actually implemented the digital remote antenna system for CT-2 signals with satisfactory the system's performance.

碩士
國立交通大學
光電工程研究所
101
In order to meet the demand of broadband multimedia services in the near future, FSAN (Full Service Area Network) selected TWDM as a primary solution to next-generation passive optical network (NGPON), named NGPON2, which can provide 40Gbps capacity to support 1-Gbps data rate for each optical network unit (ONU). After NG-PON2, 100Gbps capacity is most likely seen as the next generation standard. And Optical OFDM PON with intensity modulation and direction (IMDD), which offer high spectral efficiency and flexible bandwidth allocation, is very suitable for 100-Gbps system. A cost-effective 10-GHz IMDD OFDM system has already achieved 40-Gbps capacity over 100km SSMF transmission. However, it needs to further improve the data rate to 100-Gbps. This thesis presents a cost-effective system combining multicarrier with IMDD OFDM system, and theoretically compares the multicarrier conversion efficiency of PM and MZM. We demonstrate a multicarrier IMDD OFDM system using phase modulator and successfully reach 100-Gbps over 20-km SSMF transmission.

This document presents the developed work, in the scope of the implementation of next generation passive optical networks (PON), options and feasibility assessment. With the development of the Fifth Generation of Mobile Networks (5G), new challenges arose for PON networks, namely: a cost competitive solution, with bit rates of 25 Gbps and 50 Gbps. Through time, the growth and increase of quality of service to the final consumer have been pushing the necessity of development of new solutions and technologies related to PON networks. Considering several aspects such as: increase of bit rates, cost minimization and coexistence with previous technologies, NG-PON2 (Next Generation Passive Optical Network 2) was created and developed. Therefore, this thesis focus on the study of proposed 25 Gbps implementations, simulating different technological approaches, for the transmitter, involving EML (Externally Modulated Laser) and DML (Directly Modulated Laser), and receivers, PIN (Positive Intrinsic Negative) and APD (Avalanche Photodiode). Thus, the limits and advantages of each solution were accessed. The modeling of real 25 Gbps receivers was made, with success. Additionally, a study of NG-PON2 was conducted and laboratory tests were done involving transceivers of this technology. Finally, a characterization of a SFP28 transceiver was made, this one with a characteristic bit rate of 25Gbps. This work, demonstrates the viability of the use of O-band wavelengths and DML transmitters with bit rate of 25 Gbps and SMF (Single Mode Fiber) reach of 40 km. Highlighting the importance of the biasing and modulation currents and ER (Extinction Ratio), in the performance optimization. Also the laboratory characterization of a SFP28 transceiver was done with success.
Este documento apresenta o trabalho realizado, no âmbito da implementação de redes óticas passivas (PON) de próxima geração, opções tecnológicas e avaliação de viabilidade. Com o desenvolvimento da Quinta Geração de Redes Móveis (5G), surgiram novos desafios para as redes PON, nomeadamente: uma implementação de custo competitivo, com ritmos de transmissão a tender para 25 Gbps e 50 Gbps. Ao longo do tempo, o crescimento e aumento da qualidade de serviços tem implicado a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas soluções e tecnologias em redes PON. Tendo em vista vários aspetos como: o aumento do ritmo de transmissão, minimização do custo e coexistência com tecnologias anteriores, a norma NG-PON2 (Next Generation Passive Optical Network 2) foi criada e desenvolvida. No seguimento, esta dissertação foca-se no estudo de implementações de PON a 25 Gbps, com a simulação de diferentes tecnologias para os transmissores, nomeadamente EML (Externally Modulated Laser), DML (Directly Modulated Laser) e recetores, PIN (Positive Intrinsic Negative) e APD (Avalanche Photodiode). Desta maneira, pretendeu-se entender os limites e vantagens de cada opção. A modelização de recetores reais para 25 Gbps, foi feito com sucesso. Adicionalmente fez-se um estudo da tecnologia NG-PON2 e testes laboratoriais com transceivers da mesma. Por fim realizou-se a caracterização de um transceiver SFP28, com ritmo de transmissão de 25Gbps. Este trabalho demonstra a viabilidade do uso de comprimentos de onda da O-band e transmissores DML a velocidades de 25 Gbps com alcance de 40 km de SMF (Single Mode Fiber). Demonstrando a importância da escolha de parâmetros como as correntes de polarização e modulação e ER (Extintion Ratio), para otimização do desempenho do sistema. Também se caracterizou laboratorialmente, com sucesso, um transceiver SFP28.
Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações

碩士
國立中興大學
電機工程學系所
99
Due to the ever increasing demands on data communication bandwidth for services such as High Definition video and audio broadcast, on-line gaming, distance learning, and so on, traditional wired networks have failed to provide satisfactory services. In face of these emerging applications requiring high-data rate, real-time and multi-users services, Next-generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs), due to its spectral efficiency and cost effective implementation, is regarded as a promising solution. 　　In this thesis, the baseband transceiver design for the NG-PON is investigated. The NG-PON platform can be divided into the electrical and the optical sections. For the optical section, we assume an IMDD (intensity modulation and direct detection) optoelectronics architecture is adopted. No optical amplification and chromatic dispersion compensation measures are employed to reduce the system cost on the optical section. Instead, the optical network impairments are tackled in the electrical domain where the DSP solution is considered much less expensive than the counterpart in the optical domain. To further reduce the bandwidth, which is proportional to the cost of the opto-electrical conversion devices such as laser diode and photon detector, we adopt an OFDM architecture to enhance the spectrum efficiency. The OFDM architecture also provides an easy solution to the effects of chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion and other fiber distortion. A uniform 64QAM modulation format is used in each tone and a data rate as high as 8.667Gbps can be delivered occupying a frequency bandwidth less than 2GHz. Starting with a network specs, the link budget is first calculated and baseband performance specs are derived accordingly. The system operates at a sampling frequency of 4GHz and an 8-way parallel baseband architecture working at 500MHz is developed to meet the computing demands. In the baseband module designs, we develop efficient parallel synchronization schemes covering packet detection, FFT boundary detection, sampling frequency offset compensation. A 8-way parallel 64-point FFT processor and a simple one-tap equalizer performed in the frequency domain using zero forcing strategy are also developed. The developed baseband transceiver design is implemented on a Xilinx Virtex 5 LTX rapid prototyping platform equipped with high speed serial links RocketIO. The implementation results show that the design can operate at 331MHz and the critical path delay is bounded by the FFT module. As FFT is the most computation intensive module in the baseband design, it is further implemented in chip using UMC 90nm process. The design occupies a 1.64 x 1.64 mm2 chip area and consumes 54 mW at the clock rate of 500 MHz.

博士
國立臺灣大學
電機工程學研究所
89
Abstract First portion of this thesis presents a design method of optical frequency modulation method (FM) sub-carrier (with super carrier) transmission modem. The nonideal link characteristics, including laser chirping, fiber dispersion, voltage control oscillator (VCO) phase noise, relative intensity noise (RIN) and equivalent network model of laser diode of such system that may bring about signal distortion are discussed first. We then propose a hierarchical method to establish the system equivalent model. Finally this FM modem is applied to a GSM wireless system, in which multi-channel signal are transmitted over fiber between radio port and basestation, and system performance is appraised by its dynamic range. It is found that optical FM sub-carrier (with super carrier) transmission technique can improve the system dynamic range, compared with the intensity modulation direct detection (IMDD) method, and this is an economical and efficient method. In the second portion, we use PCM optical transmission method to overcome the nonlinear effect of laser diode. Then we apply this PCM optical modem to a GSM wireless system. The following analysis shows that if the resolution of ADC (and DAC) is over 16 bits and the gain of RF front end is over 47dB, dynamic range of such system is over 60dB. This analysis shows that this is a very an economical method and we can combine many kinds of signal from different media into one optical cable to reduce the cost.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
光電科學研究所
106
Next generation technology, NG-PON2 , can provide integrated network services, for example, 5G the backhaul connection for wireless communication. However, NG-PON2 has not entered the commercial phase because of many technical problems. This thesis investigates related technical issues by prototyping of the NG-PON2 with focus on the thermally tuned mechanisms. For the case of transmitter, by controlling the temperature of the DFB LD, we successfully demonstrate the tuning of wavelength for C-band channels, 1532.68 nm, 1533.47 nm, 1534.25 nm, and 1535.04 nm, and for the receiver demonstrate, the pass-band transmission spectrum is adjusted to ITU-defined downstream wavelengths, i.e., 1959.34 nm, 1597.19 nm, 1598.04 nm, and 1598.89 nm, through controlling the temperature of the etalon filter integrated on the receiver. In the stability evaluation of the transceiver module operation, although the ambient temperature causes wavelength drift of the transceiver module, the wavelength drift can be compensated by adjusting the controlling temperature with additionl compensation temperature. After compensation, we achieve about ±1 GHz for the transmitter and ±5 GHz for the receiver in wavelength control under different operating temperatures. For the evaluation of NG-PON2 wavelength switching speed, this study attempts to achieve class 3 (25 ms~1 s) control by a modified PID algorithm. Switching time of the transmitter can reach about 300 ms (±5 GHz) . However, the receiver settling time is longer than 1 s (about 15 s) . Since the ramp-up time to the target temperature is less than 1 s, we believe further improvement to reach switching time less than 1 s is possible. In order to evaluate the wavelength drift of the transmitter under burst mode operation, we use a signal generator to simulate different burst periods and observes the wavelength drift of the transmitter within the burst transmission period. After the first sampling point (about 20 ns) , due to the thermal effect, the burst duration of 40 μs, 59 μs, 88 μs, the wavelength drifts 13 GHz, 11 GHz, 8 GHz, respectively.