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Journal articles on the topic 'Newts sexual behaviour'
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1
Zerani, Massimo, and Anna Gobbetti. "NO sexual behaviour in newts." Nature 382, no. 6586 (July 1996): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382031a0.
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Zuiderwijk, Annie. "Sexual strategies in the newts Triturus Cristatus and Triturus Marmoratus." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 60, no. 1 (1990): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06001003.
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Courtship display characteristics are described and compared for the newts Triturus cristatus and T. marmoratus and patterns of male competitive behaviour are recognized. In interpreting the data, the operational sex ratio has to be taken into account, which was highly biased towards males in both species, more in T. marmoratus than in T. cristatus. When sexual active, males of cristatus had more encounters than males of marmoratus, whereas the latter spent more time residing mating places. The male’s display towards a female differed in time structure, variability and in behaviour characteristics. T. marmoratus display follows a fixed pattern; males succeeded better in restraining a female than males cristatus did. Courting males cristatus allowed other males to intrude. Malemale encounters were longer and playful in T. cristatus, more violent in T. marmoratus. Comparison with data from the literature indicates that courtship of T. marmoratus has more features in common with that of T. vittatus than it has with the courtship of T. cristatus. It is suggested that in the course of evolution T. marmoratus adopted a strategy of Sexual Defense by means of territoriality and overt fighting, whereas T. cristatus in contrast adopted a strategy of Sexual Interference by female mimicry. Male display components that played a major role during the adaptation of competitive strategy are identified as the “whip” behaviour in T. marmoratus and the “rocking” behaviour in T. cristatus.
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Sparreboom, Max, and Bas Teunis. "The courtship display of the marbled newt." Amphibia-Reptilia 11, no. 4 (1990): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853890x00041.
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AbstractThe sexual behaviour of the marbled newt (Triturus marmoratus) is similar to that of the crested newt (T. cristatus), but differs from it by a different temporal patterning of a number of display behaviours. Furthermore there are differences in frequency/intensity of certain displays. 'Rocking' is virtually absent in the marbled newt behaviour, whereas in the crested newt this is the most developed form of courtship movement. The marbled newt shows a less extreme 'catbuckle' display than the crested newt and a higher frequency of 'tail-lashes'. The courtship display of the marbled newt is then described in more detail and compared with that of T. cristatus and T. vittatus.
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Mouta Faria, Manuel. "Sexual behaviour of Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai." Amphibia-Reptilia 14, no. 2 (1993): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853893x00336.
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AbstractThe sexual behaviour of Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai is characterized by an extended phase of static display, during which tail fanning is the main display. This behaviour is similar to that of another species, T. italicus. During the static display phase males may also push the females' throat with the snout, and perform tail flicking movements. Unlike the other small-bodied Triturus species, T. boscai males receive very little or no indication on the part of the female signalling them to begin the spermatophore transfer phase, and do not perform retreat display. As in T. italicus, the tail-touch behaviour by the female of T. boscai appears to be less stereotyped than in the T vulgaris-helveticus-montandoni group. Spermatophore transfer success was highest at the beginning of the sexual encounters, the so-called early sequences. These sequences had little or no fanning behaviour before the spermatophore transfer. Luring behaviours are often performed, mainly during the spermatophore transfer phase.
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Giacoma, Cristina, and Max Sparreboom. "On the Sexual Behaviour of the Italian Newt, Triturus Italicus (Caudata: Salamandridae)." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 57, no. 1 (1987): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05701002.
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The sexual behaviour of the Italian Newt Triturus italicus is characterized by an extended phase of static display. Tail fanning is the predominant movement during this stage. Shortly before creeping, a flicking tail movement is inserted in the display. Occasionally the male retreats in front of the female before turning to the spermatophore transfer phase. This behaviour is comparable to the retreat display of the T. vulgaris-helveticus-montandoni group. The long phase of static display resembles the behaviour of another species, T. boscai. In T. italicus, behaviours like retreat and tail touch by the female appear to be less stereotyped than in the T. vulgaris-helveticus-montandoni group.
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Kopecký, Oldřich, and Jiří Šichtař. "Sex differences in ventral side colouration of Alpine newts." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 60, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2014.937078.
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Sexual selection based on visual stimuli was recently studied in several amphibian species with permanent or temporary dichromatism. The Alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) is a Caudate species with prominent sexual dichromatism during the breeding period. We focused on the intersexual differences in the orange, carotenoid-base ventral colouration of this widespread European species. We used an image analysis approach to compare the content of the red colour and saturation of the belly in 80 male and 62 female aquatic adult newts captured during spring migration in two localities in the Czech Republic. Both studied colour parameters of the ventral side of the Alpine newt are connected with sex. Males have significantly higher values of saturation on both localities, but the relationship with red content was not so clear. Individual characteristics (body condition, body length) affect colour variables of males and females similarly. Effect of body condition on colour variables was not demonstrated. Therefore we presume that the pronounced colouration of males is a cue facilitating detection, localisation or interspecies identification, rather than a direct component of male quality as assessed by females.
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Manyarara, Barbara C. "GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ’S USE OF NARRATIVE AND LITERATURE TO PORTRAY HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR." Latin American Report 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1236.
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Critical examinations of sexualities in Gabriel García Márquez’s work have often been metaphoric in nature and intended to highlight the experience of colonial oppression and other embedded postcolonial experiences. The current article refers to five selected works to situate García Márquez’s work in lived experience as opposed to allegory. The focus is on the concrete realities of such key issues as prostitution and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. The representations of specific sexual practices in their social contexts and drawn from the five novels discussed clarify this aspect of García Márquez’s work, an aspect that has been largely silenced. The article examines previously unremarked-upon concerns such as brothel life, legal issues versus social practice, the link between labour and capital, child commercial sexual exploitation (including by women), the lack of social safety nets, ‘risky’ sex and sexually transmitted infections and the absence of serious reflection on HIV and AIDS. The reflections on prostitution and child exploitation are placed at the core of the present analysis to counteract the more recent common dismissal of some of García Márquez’s works as pornographic. Through a vigorous analysis of the selected works, the article offers a complex and shifting take on the traditional views of García Márquez’s apparent championing of sexual freedom.
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Verrell, Paul A. "Predation and the Evolution of Precopula in the Isopod Asellus Aquaticus." Behaviour 95, no. 3-4 (1985): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00127.
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Abstract1. The predatory behaviour of the smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris) on the isopod Asellus aquaticus was studied and the typical predatory sequence described. 2. Male Asellus in precopula experience a reduced risk of predation relative to single males. They seem to show an antipredator behaviour which 'confuses' the newt. 3. Precopula was probably influenced by both natural and sexual selection during the course of its evolution in this isopod.
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Ibhakewanlan, John Okoria. "EVOLVING A CONSENT-BASED SEXUAL ENCOUNTER." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss2pp107-117.
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Recently, the news media have been saturated with reports of sexual assault of women by men of high social status. In this article, the author examines sexual abuse from an evolutionary and socio-psychological perspective. The piece is based on a desk research (as opposed to a field research). It draws upon evolution as well as literature on human and animal behaviour, so as to re-examine how men may have evolved psychological mechanisms that compel them to sexually dominate women. Of particular concern to the author is the mating game apparently inherited from the lower animals. The article questions the persistence in modern society of such primitive attitude towards sexual relationship between men and women. Finally, it calls for further discussion and research enquiry about the human socialization process as a way of deconstructing the prehistoric mating game. While the issues highlighted in this paper are global in nature, they are pertinent to the Asian context – where there have been widespread reports of sexual abuse against women. It is important for readers in the South East Asian region to be informed of such transnational perspective on this world-wide phenomenon.Keywords: Gender, mating game, rape, sex in animals, sexual abuseCite as: Ibhakewanlan, J.O. (2017). Evolving a consent-based sexual encounter. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 107-117.
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Veiga, José P., and Vicente Polo. "Feathers in the spotless starling nests: a sexually selected trait?" Behaviour 148, no. 11-13 (2011): 1355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x608684.
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AbstractThe carrying of feathers to adorn the nest has been recently described as a female behaviour that indicates quality in a passerine bird — the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) —, but the consequences that the variability of this trait may have on breeding success are still unknown. The feather-carrying behaviour is a sexual behaviour that is performed in response to a male display: the carrying of green plants. In this paper we explore whether foreign feathers affect male investment on chick rearing or reinforce the pair mating bonds. The experimental addition of feathers to nests caused an increase in clutch size and a reduction of nestling mortality, although it did not affect feeding rates or the removal of faecal sacs by males or females. Nest feathers did not increase the frequency with which females laid a second clutch in the same nest and with the same male. Thus, our results do not support the sexual selection hypothesis for the evolution of the carrying feathers behaviour. An alternative hypothesis that deserves to be addressed in specifically designed studies is that foreign feathers may be taken to nests as a sort of chemical warfare against nest parasites. The sexual selection and the chemical defence hypotheses are, however, not mutually exclusive and future research should evaluate whether the pre-existence of a behavioural trait arising by natural selection may drive the evolution of a signalling trait.
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Gill, Lisa F., Jaap van Schaik, Auguste M. P. von Bayern, and Manfred L. Gahr. "Genetic monogamy despite frequent extrapair copulations in “strictly monogamous” wild jackdaws." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz185.
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Abstract “Monogamy” refers to different components of pair exclusiveness: the social pair, sexual partners, and the genetic outcome of sexual encounters. Avian monogamy is usually defined socially or genetically, whereas quantifications of sexual behavior remain scarce. Jackdaws (Corvus monedula) are considered a rare example of strict monogamy in songbirds, with lifelong pair bonds and little genetic evidence for extrapair (EP) offspring. Yet jackdaw copulations, although accompanied by loud copulation calls, are rarely observed because they occur visually concealed inside nest cavities. Using full-day nest-box video surveillance and on-bird acoustic bio-logging, we directly observed jackdaw sexual behavior and compared it to the corresponding genetic outcome obtained via molecular parentage analysis. In the video-observed nests, we found genetic monogamy but frequently detected forced EP sexual behavior, accompanied by characteristic male copulation calls. We, thus, challenge the long-held notion of strict jackdaw monogamy at the sexual level. Our data suggest that male mate guarding and frequent intrapair copulations during the female fertile phase, as well as the forced nature of the copulations, could explain the absence of EP offspring. Because EP copulation behavior appeared to be costly for both sexes, we suggest that immediate fitness benefits are an unlikely explanation for its prevalence. Instead, sexual conflict and dominance effects could interact to shape the spatiotemporal pattern of EP sexual behavior in this species. Our results call for larger-scale investigations of jackdaw sexual behavior and parentage and highlight the importance of combining social, sexual, and genetic data sets for a more complete understanding of mating systems.
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Syahirah, Sharifah, Syarifah Fathynah, Bahiyah H, Habibah I, and Fadilah P. "Eliminating Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sports: Recommendations from Malaysian Perspective." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(155).
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Sexual harassment is identified as a gratifying problem in sport and defined it as "behaviour towards an individual or group that involves sexualized verbal, non-verbal or physical behaviour that is considered by the victim or a bystander to be unwanted or coerced". Despite the effort to combat this problem, the prevalence of sexual harassment in sports has been repetitively reported by the media. One of the shocking news was during the Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast Australia whereby a team official from Mauritius has been charged with the sexual assault of a 26 year-old athlete. This article attempts to discuss issues concern on the existence of sexual harassment and abuse among Malaysian sports practitioners. There were many glaring cases of sexual harassment in sports reported in the media. Unfortunately, most of these cases end up without any redress to the victor or punishment against the perpetrator. It is deeply disturbing to realise the vicious cycles of sexual harassment report led to double victimization of the victims particularly by criticizing victims' behaviour, outfit and choice instead of focusing on the perpetrators. Hence, this article aims discuss best practices and recommendations made by various Malaysian stakeholders to prevent and eliminate these cases from repetitively occur. Keywords: Sexual Harassment, Sports, Best Practices and Recommendations
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Mouta Faria, Manuel, and Max Sparreboom. "Sexual behaviour of the Chinese fire-bellied newt, Cynops orientalis." Amphibia-Reptilia 18, no. 1 (1997): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853897x00288.
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AbstractThe courtship of the Chinese fire-bellied newt, Cynops orientalis (David 1873), resembles that of Japanese congeneric taxa but shows significant temporal differences: the tail-fanning and creeping stages are of relatively short duration and one spermatophore is deposited a few seconds after the male starts to creep. The female loses interest in the male soon after the first spermatophore deposition. Instances of prolonged biting after spermatophore deposition are recorded. Successful insemination was a relatively rare event. In encounters with a potential rival present, a male may slightly alter the timing of his courtship. Observed behaviour patterns are compared to the sexual behaviour of other species of Cynops and Triturus.
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Faria, Manuel Mouta. "A field study of reproductive interactions in Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai." Amphibia-Reptilia 16, no. 4 (1995): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853895x00442.
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AbstractObservations of a free-living population of Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai, show that courtship behaviour in nature is similar to the behaviour observed in earlier laboratory studies. Complementary evidence was obtained on the behaviour called flick, which is sometimes inserted at the end of the static display phase, and may be viewed as an equivalent behaviour to the retreat display of the other small-bodied newt species. Sexual interference in the natural population was mainly caused by males. Two characteristic male behaviour patterns were recognised, the waiting position and the push-tail. Females tend to withdraw from situations of interference. Courtship sequences solely consisting of orientation and spermatophore transfer phases, so-called short-circuit sequences, may be interpreted as a male strategy to avoid the very severe male-to-male interference that exists in a wild population.
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GOLDSCHMIDT, TOM, KANTO NISHIKAWA, SHIMPEI F. HIRUTA, TOBIAS PFINGSTL, JIAN-PING JIANG, and SATOSHI SHIMANO. "Systematics, distribution and morphology of the newt parasitic water mites of the subgenus Lurchibates Goldschmidt & Fu, 2011 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae, Hygrobates Koch, 1837), including the description of four new species and a key to all so far known species." Zootaxa 4985, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4985.1.1.
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Four new water mite species of the genus Hygrobates, subgenus Lurchibates (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) are described. Hygrobates (Lurchibates) macrochela sp. nov. Goldschmidt, Nishikawa & Shimano is described in male and female; Hygrobates (Lurchibates) malosimilis sp. nov. Goldschmidt, Nishikawa & Shimano is described in male, both new water mite species were collected from newts of the species Pachytriton inexpectatus Nishikawa, Jiang, Matsui & Mo, 2011; Hygrobates (Lurchibates) incognitus sp. nov. Goldschmidt, Nishikawa & Shimano is described in female collected from newts of the species Paramesotriton guangxiensis (Huang, Tang and Tang, 1983); Hygrobates (Lurchibates) fragmentarius sp. nov. Goldschmidt, Nishikawa & Shimano is described in a single severely fragmented specimen (sex could not be determined) collected from a newt of the species Paramesotriton yunwuensis Wu, Jiang, and Hanken, 2010. Principal differences between the subgenus Lurchibates and the nominal subgenus Hygrobates s. str. are illustrated and discussed as well as the sexual dimorphism of Lurchibates. Morphometric analyses confirmed the morphological differences of ten out of the eleven so far described species (H. (L.) fragmentarius could not be included in the analysis); two morphological groups became evident mainly based upon the shape of the anterior coxae. These analyses as well provide an idea of possible phylogenetic relationships among the species. A key to all currently known species of the subgenus Lurchibates is given. So far the subgenus is restricted to SE-Asia, a map showing the distribution of all species is presented.
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Bukowski, Todd C., and Leticia Avilés. "Asynchronous maturation of the sexes may limit close inbreeding in a subsocial spider." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-220.
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We studied the temporal patterns of maturation and sexual receptivity of a subsocial spider, Anelosimus cf. jucundus, in southern Arizona. In subsocial spiders, sibling males and females share a common nest for a large portion of their life cycle, often only dispersing short distances close to the mating season. We found that, on average, male A. cf. jucundus matured 9 days earlier than females and that females did not become sexually receptive until 10 days following their final molt to maturity. The periods of sexual receptivity of sibling males and females, therefore, would be separated in time by a significant fraction of an adult male's life cycle. We also found significant asynchrony in maturation dates across nests and nest clusters at the two collection localities. We suggest that these temporal patterns may limit the opportunities for sibling males and females to mate with each other, thus explaining the apparent absence of mechanisms to discriminate against kin as mates in this species.
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Amalia, Mia. "KEJAHATAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL (PERKOSAAN) TERHADAP ANAK DAMPAK DAN PENANGANANNYA DI WILAYAH HUKUM KABUPATEN CIANJUR." Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia 2, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jhmj.v2i1.563.
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The rise of news about the sexual abuse of children is enough to make people shocked . This is due to most of the children who are victims of sexual violence are reluctant to report . Sexual abuse of children will go a long way in addition to result in health problems later in life is also associated with the trauma of prolonged even into adulthood . If not dealt with serious sexual abuse of children can cause social impact in the community . In providing protection for children need their systems approach that includes social welfare system for children and families, the judicial system in accordance with international standards and mechanisms to encourage appropriate behavior in society. Keywords: Sexual Abuse , Child , Impact , Handling.
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Yustiari, Yustiari, and Syahrianti Syahrianti. "HUBUNGAN PAPARAN PORNOGRAFI MELALUI TELEVISI DENGAN PERILAKU SEKSUAL REMAJA SMA NEGERI 2 KENDARI." Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36990/hijp.v10i2.125.
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The use of technology nowadays increasingly facilitates communication without being limited by space and time. At present print and electronic media is an environment that is close to teenagers. Television is an electronic media that is easily accessible to teenagers because of the large amount of information and news broadcast. This study aims to determine the relationship of exposure to pornography through television with teenage sexual behavior of SMAN 2 Kendari. Type of research is analytical, with the research design used is the Cross Sectional Study. The research sample was 69 people. With the inclusion criteria willing to take part in the study by signing the consent sheet and being a teenager attending school at SMAN 2 Kendari. Most respondents 36 people (53.1%) had exposure to pornography from low television media. Mild sexual behavior of 60 respondents (86.96%). The majority of sexual behavior that respondents often do when their boyfriend is holding hands 40 (57.9%). A total of 5 respondents (7.2%) did kisses involving the tongue during dating. Most respondents have peer behavior that is low (57.9%). Based on the results of the study there is a significant relationship between exposure to pornography from television media and teenage sexual behavior (p<0.05).
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Koller, Pavel, and Petr Darida. "Emotional Behavior with Verbal Violence: Problems and Solutions." Interdisciplinary Journal Papier Human Review 1, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijphr.v1i2.41.
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The aims of the paper is to identify the problems and solutions about emotional behavior with verbal violences. Emotional behavior have a lot of influence on other psychic functions, such as observation, response, thinking, and will. Individuals will be able to make good observations if accompanied by good emotions. Violence is generally classified into four types. According to Lowson, violence is classified into four forms, namely physical abuse (physical abuse) is violence perpetrated by someone until someone grows up, emotional abuse occurs when someone is in need of attention but is ignored, verbal abuse occurs when someone giving humiliation, harassment, labeling the pattern of communication, sexual violence (sexual abuse) occurs when someone forces sexual relations. All of the problems in those cases have a discussion and solutions which is (1) avoiding hoax news; (2) instilling habits of good behavior from an early age (parents must be careful when speaking in front of their children); (3) making persuasion advertising a form of strengthening social relations; (4) accustom positive criticism; (5) respect the privacy of others; (6) always use communication tools proportionally; (7) maintaining communication ethics; and (8) avoiding racist and racist content.
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Pecio, Anna, and Jan Rafiński. "Sexual behaviour of the Montandon's newt, Triturus montandoni (Boulenger) (Caudata: Salamandridae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 6, no. 1 (1985): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853885x00146.
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AbstractIn its general pattern the sexual behaviour of Triturus montandoni most resembles that of Triturus helveticus. The courtship consists of three phases: orientation, static display and retreat display, followed by a spermatophore transfer phase. During display the male performs three tail movements: the fan, the whip, and the wave. The relative frequencies of tail movements and the duration of fanning bouts are the main difference between T montandoni, T. helveticus, and T. vulgaris. The phylogenetic relationships between these three species are discussed.
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Petrauskaitė, Gabija, and Ksenija Čunichina. "Effects of a Perpetrator’s Physical Attractiveness, Socioeconomic Status and Gender on Behaviour Perception of the Participants of Sexual Harassment Situations." Psichologija 60 (December 20, 2019): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2019.9.
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Sexual harassment is still a widespread problem in today’s modern society. Therefore, it is important to identify extralegal factors that shape society’s attitudes towards sexual harassment cases and why, sometimes, the victim of sexual harassment is being blamed for the situation. Most of the previous studies do not explore the causal relationship between the characteristics of the accused and the attitudes towards the cases. Moreover, the results of many existing studies are contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of sex, physical attractiveness and socioeconomic status (SES) of the perpetrator on the attitudes towards sexual harassment situations. A hundred seventy-nine respondents participated in the study. During the research, a fictional news report and situation assessment scale were used. It was found that only a perpetrator’s physical attractiveness and socioeconomic status had a statistically significant impact on the appraisal of the perpetrator and victim’s behavior in the situation. The physical attractiveness of the perpetrator resulted in a statistically significant positive appraisal of his behavior and a more negative appraisal of the victim’s behavior. SES only had a statistically significant impact on the appraisal of perpetrator’s behavior: when the perpetrator was of high SES, his behavior in a sexual harassment situation was perceived more negatively than that of low SES. Results of this research not only emphasize the importance of extralegal factors on the attitudes toward the sexual harassment victims and perpetrators among younger adults, but also indicates possible societal changes – diminished gender and opposite SES effects on the attitudes toward the aforementioned situations.
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Fabre, N., F. Oliva, E. García-Galea, and D. Vinyoles. "Plasticity in secondary sexual characteristics in male freshwater blennies (Salaria fluviatilis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 6 (June 2014): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0233.
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Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) driven by environmental factors are common among fish. However, the flexibility of fish to adopt distinct tactics in response to the characteristics of their environment has received little attention. The aim of the present work was to study phenotypic plasticity in the adoption of dominant behaviour (“bourgeois tactic”) by male freshwater blennies (Salaria fluviatilis (Asso, 1801)). For this purpose, two simultaneous experiments in aquaria were performed to examine the effect of social cues and nest abundance on the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics (SSCs). Experiments were conducted with small (individuals without SSCs), medium-sized (1-year-old individuals), and large older dominant males (more than 2 years old), all collected in the wild. In experiment 1, the three sizes of males were combined to compare the development of SSCs depending on intrasexual context. In experiment 2, the effect of nest abundance (two nests vs. six nests) was tested for each size of male. Medium-sized males showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the environmental conditions simulated in the two experiments. The absence of larger dominant males was found to be the main factor enhancing SSCs and the onset of parental behaviour. Nest shortage also influenced the degree of cephalic crest development among medium-sized males. This knowledge helps to understand how the population of freshwater blennies still persists when it is reduced to young individuals during the summer droughts in Mediterranean streams.
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Burrell, Darrell Norman, Rajanique Modeste, Amalisha Sabie Aridi, Dawn DiPeri, Denise Jones, and Leonard Clay. "Addressing Workplace Sexual Harassment in a Government Contracting Company Through Organizational Consulting." International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseus.2021010102.
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Sexual harassment and workplace hostility towards women have significant implications for an organization's employees to collaborate and trust each other. Recent news reports highlighting prominent figures accused of unwanted and inappropriate behavior towards women and men in the workplace has brought a much-needed awareness of what has been an ongoing and often silent issue of sexual harassment. Although one has witnessed what seemingly appears to be an unprecedented number of claims of sexual harassment with the rise of the #MeeToo movement, it is surprising that the Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has estimated 75% of individuals who are harassed in the workplace do not file a complaint. This paper explores a case study of an organizational consulting intervention around workplace sexual harassment.
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Gong, Yuzhou, Guocheng Shu, Feng Huang, Liuyang He, Cheng Li, and Feng Xie. "Courtship behaviour and male sexual competition of the Taliang crocodile newt, Liangshantriton taliangensis." Amphibia-Reptilia 39, no. 3 (2018): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-17000136.
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Abstract The Taliang crocodile newt, Liangshantriton taliangensis, which is endemic to south-western China, is a rare salamandrid species with a distinct evolutionary history. Using combined field observations and captive experiments, we studied the courtship behaviour and male sexual interference of this species and composed a complete ethogram of its courtship behaviour. Unlike previous reports on sperm transfer, male L. taliangensis did not deposit spermatophores during ventral amplexus and females did not pick up sperm masses in this courtship phase. Sperm transfer was only performed during arm-hooking pin-wheel circling, which distinguishes L. taliangensis from Tylototriton species and supports the validity of genus Liangshantriton. Whether L. taliangensis shows bimodality in sperm transfer needs to be explored in additional populations. In the presence of sexual competitors, male L. taliangensis adjusted the duration of their behaviour. We found that males with longer snout-vent length, heavier mass, and higher tailfins may have an advantage in intrasexual competition.
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Ganetz, Hillevi, and Lisa Lindqvist. "Brave women sound the alarm – representations of men and women in the Swedish media coverage of #MeToo." Journalistica, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 14–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/journalistica.v14i1.123504.
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In autumn 2017 in Sweden, the #MeToo movement and sexual assault became a focus of broad debate. Swedish media coverage of the movement was centred around the many petitions made by anonymous groups of women to illuminate the extent of the problem of sexual assault, as well as a few cases of accusations against well-known and powerful men in both the culture and media industries. In order to elicit common representations of men and their female accusers, this study applies critical discourse analysis (CDA) to news media coverage and Facebook comments of three of those accused men: TV personality Martin Timell, journalist Fredrik Virtanen and culture personality Jean-Claude Arnault. The results indicate that representations of women as both witnesses and heroines work to reinforce notions of female responsibility as a means to halt sexual assault, while representations of men as sexual predators build on demarcations of illegal and mere misogynistic or “bad” behaviour, which in turn reinforce notions of male victimhood. These representations point to legal discourse as hegemonic, as it seems to limit the discussion and only present individual solutions, such as women bearing witness, to the structural problem of sexual assault. Simultaneously, the results indicate that the #MeToo movement and other feminist discourse have also had an effect on news media representations of sexual assault by broadening the concept beyond the consent/rape dichotomy.
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Lindqvist, Lisa, and Hillevi Ganetz. "Brave women sound the alarm – representations of men and women in the Swedish media coverage of #MeToo." Journalistica, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 14–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/journalistica.v14i1.123510.
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In autumn 2017 in Sweden, the #MeToo movement and sexual assault became a focus of broad debate. Swedish media coverage of the movement was centred around the many petitions made by anonymous groups of women to illuminate the extent of the problem of sexual assault, as well as a few cases of accusations against well-known and powerful men in both the culture and media industries. In order to elicit common representations of men and their female accusers, this study applies critical discourse analysis (CDA) to news media coverage and Facebook comments of three of those accused men: TV personality Martin Timell, journalist Fredrik Virtanen and culture personality Jean-Claude Arnault. The results indicate that representations of women as both witnesses and heroines work to reinforce notions of female responsibility as a means to halt sexual assault, while representations of men as sexual predators build on demarcations of illegal and mere misogynistic or “bad” behaviour, which in turn reinforce notions of male victimhood. These representations point to legal discourse as hegemonic, as it seems to limit the discussion and only present individual solutions, such as women bearing witness, to the structural problem of sexual assault. Simultaneously, the results indicate that the #MeToo movement and other feminist discourse have also had an effect on news media representations of sexual assault by broadening the concept beyond the consent/rape dichotomy.
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Machuki, Ondicho, and Joan Mutua. "Mobile Phone Influence on Sexual Behaviour of Undergraduate Students: A Case Study of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya." International Journal of Communication and Public Relation 6, no. 2 (August 18, 2021): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijcpr.1344.
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Purpose: The study sought to examine the influence of mobile phone use on sexual behaviour of university students: a case study of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya. The study specifically, sought to examine the effect of characteristics of mobile phones users, uses and gratification of mobile phones and the frequency of using mobile phones on sexual behaviour of university students in Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya.
Methodology: The research design that was adopted was descriptive in nature. The study also used both quantitative and qualitative data obtained from the respondents using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) guides. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires while qualitative data was collected using Focus Group Discussions. The study adopted a stratified random sampling technique to select the sample size from the three strata, which are the various Faculties in JKUAT. The study then used Fisher’s formula to arrive at an adequate scientific sample size of 384 students who were targeted using convenient sampling, that is those that are ready to respond to the questionnaires and the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The quantitative data in this research was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using SPSS v22.0.
Results: It was concluded that male students are more likely to use protection consistently compared to female students. In addition, the findings imply that consistency in condom use is a factor that is dependent on the age of the individual. In addition, relationship status is a contributor to the behaviour of the students sexually. For those that are in serious relationships, their use of protection declines due to the build-up of emotional and intimate trust towards each other. The findings likewise indicate that the student’s usage of mobile phones correlates significantly with the consistent use of protection for safe sex. Those students who have had their phones since they joined Campus are more likely to practice safe sex. In addition, heavy users of mobile phones are likely to practice safe sex including those who browse the internet for news updates.
Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study recommends the media practitioners need to step up the production of morally acceptable media content and offer a platform for advertising and campaigning for sexual conduct by encouraging and stressing the use of protection. The Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education should actively involve the undergraduate students in reproductive information awareness campaigns for ensuring positive attitudes towards responsible sexual behaviour and promoting best sexual practices.
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Spooner, Angela, Stanislav Pribil, and Jaroslav Picman. "Why do Gray Catbirds destroy eggs in nests of other birds? Experimental tests of alternative hypotheses." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-186.
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Although Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) are known to destroy eggs of other birds, the function of their egg-destroying behavior is unknown. The behavior may (1) provide nutrients (consumption hypothesis), (2) reduce competition for limited resources (competition hypothesis), (3) reduce the chances of predation on catbird nests (predator-avoidance hypothesis), (4) prevent brood parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater (antiparasitism hypothesis), or (5) serve in the acquisition of mates (sexual selection hypothesis). The goal of our study was to test predictions of these five hypotheses in a series of field and laboratory experiments. In the experiments, we examined catbird responses to experimental nests and eggs. We found that catbirds (i) break eggs in experimental nests throughout their nesting cycle, (ii) destroy eggs in heterospecific nests more frequently than in conspecific nests, (iii) destroy cowbird eggs rather than conspecific eggs when both are presented in the same nest, (iv) peck eggs rather than young when both are presented in the same nest, (v) consume broken eggs, (vi) avoid pecking eggs that are unpalatable, (vii) start pecking eggs soon after fledging. These results are most consistent with the consumption and antiparasitism hypotheses and indicate that catbirds break eggs to consume their contents and to prevent brood parasitism of their own nests.
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Wingelmaier, Katja, Erwin Nemeth, and Hans Winkler. "Reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) males sing an 'all-clear' signal to their incubating females." Behaviour 144, no. 2 (2007): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907779947319.
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AbstractWhile sexual functions of birdsong have been intensively investigated, non-sexual functions have received less attention. After pair formation males may sing to communicate with their established mates. Song aimed at incubating and feeding females could serve as an 'all-clear' signal, showing that there is no risk of predation and that it is safe for the female to exit the nest or to feed the young. Females should therefore preferentially leave nests when mates are singing nearby. Additionally, a vigilant male near the nest site could protect the brood from potential risks like predation and females could stay away longer for foraging. In this study, we investigated aspects of male singing activity of reed buntings (Emberiza schoeniclus) during incubation and feeding of nestlings after pair formation. Exits of incubating females from the nest occurred significantly more often than expected during male song output. When their mates were singing at high rates, females stayed away longer for incubation breaks. During the nestling period we found a high variation in male song output. Males that sang more fed their young significantly less. This suggests that time devoted to singing limits other activities such as feeding of offspring. Male reed buntings could choose different strategies for paternal investment: They either feed at high rates or they sing more to signal their vigilance. Another reason for this trade-off might be a conflict between paternal investment and territory defence or extrapair behaviour. However, even if male song after pairing has additional sexual functions, we suggest that non-sexually selected functions may be more common than expected.
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Nader, Karim. "DATING THROUGH THE FILTERS." Social Philosophy and Policy 37, no. 2 (2020): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052521000133.
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AbstractIn this essay, I explore ethical considerations that might arise from the use of collaborative filtering algorithms on dating apps. Collaborative filtering algorithms can predict the preferences of a target user by looking at the past behavior of similar users. By recommending products through this process, they can influence the news we read, the movies we watch, and more. They are extremely powerful and effective on platforms like Amazon and Google. Recommender systems on dating apps are likely to group people by race, since they exhibit similar patterns of behavior: users on dating platforms seem to segregate themselves based on race, exclude certain races from romantic and sexual consideration (except their own), and generally show a preference for white men and women. As collaborative filtering algorithms learn from these patterns to predict preferences and build recommendations, they can homogenize the behavior of dating app users and exacerbate biased sexual and romantic behavior.
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Green, Andy J. "The Sexual Behaviour of the Great Crested Newt, Triturus cristatus (Amphibia: Salamandridae)." Ethology 83, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00524.x.
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Pavignano, I., C. Sacchetto, and C. Giacoma. "Field observations of the sexual behaviour of the smooth newt,Triturus vulgaris." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 3 (September 1993): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1993.9523069.
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Wisenden, Brian, Shireen Alemadi, Thomas P. Dye, Katie Geray, Jodi Hendrickson, Courtney Rud, Michael Jensen, Goodwin Sonstegard, and Michelle Malott. "Effects of nest substrate on egg deposition and incubation conditions in a natural population of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 5 (May 2009): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-022.
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Fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820) occur commonly in small lakes across the prairie region of North America. Males establish nests, court females, and tend the eggs. In our study population in Minnesota, males choose between two distinct nest substrates that differ in exposure to abiotic conditions affecting egg development: the underside of pond-lily (genus Nuphar Sm.) pads or the underside of submerged sticks. We found that lily pad nests contained more eggs, more clutches of different ages, and eggs distributed over a larger area than nests under submerged sticks. The difference in egg incubation temperatures between lily pad nests and stick nests varied diurnally with air–water temperature gradients. Proximity to the surface allowed lily pad nests to be significantly warmer during the day but only slightly cooler at night than nests under submerged sticks, resulting in about 10 h shorter time to hatch. The availability of lily pads for nests may greatly alter selection on sexual behaviour by males in competing for limiting nest sites of high quality, and female opportunity to exercise choice of mate. Moreover, availability of lily pads changes the role of abiotic conditions. In warm weather, males that nest under lily pads may achieve greater reproductive success than males that nest under sticks.
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DEVICHE, P. "Opioid ?-receptor agonists suppress sexual behaviors in male rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa)." Hormones and Behavior 21, no. 3 (September 1987): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0018-506x(87)90021-3.
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Obiyan, Mary O., Atinuke O. Olaleye, Macellina Y. Ijadunola, and Morenike O. Folayan. "The body cannot be cheated: sexual practices and modern contraceptive use among street-involved young people in two South West States in Nigeria." AAS Open Research 4 (August 4, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13241.1.
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Background: Young people aged 10-24 years constitute about one-third of the total population of Nigeria. Street-involved young people (SIYP) face a double burden of living condition instability and lack of adequate parental monitoring. This leaves them vulnerable to poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) choices and behaviour. Risky sexual behaviour with poor access to SRH information and interventions increases their vulnerability to adverse SRH outcomes. This study explored the use of modern contraceptives and sexual practices among male and female SIYP (10-24 years) in Nigeria. Methods: This qualitative study used an exploratory research design to guide the development of the focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview (IDI) guides. Participants were asked questions on background information, lived experiences and SRH practices. The FGDs were stratified by sex and age. Both FGD discussions and IDI interviews were recoded; transcripts were transcribed and translated from local dialect into English language. Content analysis was conducted thematically with the aid of NVivo. Results: In total, 17 IDIs and 11 FGDs were conducted among SIYP aged 10-24 years. The total number of respondents interviewed was 109. There is high awareness of modern contraceptives among SIYP; the commonly known method was condom with a few also aware of emergency contraceptives pills. However, participants reported low use of modern contraceptives. The common reasons alluded for not using condoms were reduced sexual pleasure, cost and associated myths. The five themes that emerged under sexual practices of SIYP included early age at first sexual encounter, multiple sex partners, transactional sex, same-sex relationships, and transactional sex. Conclusions: There is low utilization of contraceptives by SIYP against the background of their high-risk sexual practices. SIYP would benefit from free contraceptive education, social safety nets and interventions to dissuade them from transactional sex and other unhealthy sexual practices.
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Ferrero, Richard C., and William A. Walker. "Age, growth, and reproductive patterns of the Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) taken in high seas drift nets in the central North Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-185.
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Biological data were collected from 341 Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens; 171 males and 170 females) taken in high seas drift nets in the central North Pacific Ocean in June–September of 1990 and 1991. Age was determined for 149 dolphins (73 males and 76 females) by counting dentinal growth layer groups and measuring postnatal dentine thickness. Reproductive status was determined for 76 females and 71 males. Ten females were sexually mature (3 pregnant and 7 lactating), as were 11 males. The estimated average length at birth was 91.8 cm (SE = 0.4787 cm; n = 4). The estimated gestation period was 11 – 12 months. The sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1. The youngest sexually mature male was 10 years of age and the oldest sexually immature male 11 years. The youngest sexually mature female was 8.3 years of age and the oldest sexually immature female 11 years. The average length at sexual maturation was 173.7 cm (SE = 0.8953 cm) for males and 177.5 cm (SE = 1.5 cm) for females. Males and females reached an estimated asymptotic length of 184 and 177 cm, respectively. Estimates of early postnatal growth rates were complicated by poor growth model fit; however, both sexes appeared to grow about 4.5 cm/month during the first half year. A calving period preceded sampling during late winter and spring.
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Massey, Adrianne. "Sexual interactions in red-spotted newt populations." Animal Behaviour 36, no. 1 (February 1988): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80263-x.
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Gomes, Angela Maria S., Cláudia Inês da Silva, Arianne Moreira Cavalcante, Epifânia Emanuela M. Rocha, and Breno Magalhães Freitas. "Bionomy and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Epanthidium tigrinum (Schrottky, 1905) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Trap-Nests." Sociobiology 67, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v67i2.4759.
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About 85% of pollinating bees are solitary, but few are used for agricultural pollination. The Anthidiini tribe looks very promising in Brazil, in the light of ecosystem utility, but it is still a species with poorly scientific research[EdM1] . To fill this gap studies on the bionomics of this species may collaborate on future studies on use of Epanthidium tigrinum as pollinator. Presented research results aims to describe the bionomy and the biological cycle of the bee E. tigrinum (SCHROTTKY, 1905) in pre-existing cavities. Conventional trap-nests inserted in wooden blocks were placed in covered spaces and daily observations of spontaneous nesting as well as individually tagged bees and nests incubated in B.O.D. were carried out during 11 months in Fortaleza-CE. The results showed that the competition with other species of bees for the pre-existing cavities and the lack of food resources or nest building materials are limiting factors for the establishment of E. tigrinum populations. However, once these problems were remedied, the bees showed multivoltine behavior, nesting throughout the experimental period. Data from 16 nests studied showed that bee foraging began on average at 7:50 a.m., foragers collected pollen in the morning and resin in the afternoon, took on average 15 days to complete a nest and there was a negative correlation with the temperature for the number of nests and for the number of cells constructed. The offspring took 43 days for the emergency, presented sexual ratio of 1.2: 1 (n = 66 emerged bees) and a mortality rate of 18.5%. The number of nests constructed per female ranged from 1 to 4 with an average size of 7.97 mm. It is concluded that E. tigrinum shows potential to rational rearing in trap nests aiming crop pollination. [EdM1]
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Charmaraman, Linda, Rachel Hodes, and Amanda M. Richer. "Young Sexual Minority Adolescent Experiences of Self-expression and Isolation on Social Media: Cross-sectional Survey Study." JMIR Mental Health 8, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): e26207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26207.
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Background Early adolescent years are marked by pervasive self- and peer-regulation regarding gender and sexuality norms, which can affect the mental well-being of sexual minority youth. During this developmental period, social media use is also emerging as a dominant mode of communication with peers, allowing for both risk and resilient behaviors that can impact well-being. Objective This exploratory study aims to examine how sexual minorities in middle school use social media, who they are connected to and for what purposes, and the associations between these behaviors and mental well-being compared with their heterosexual peers. Methods In our cross-sectional survey study of 1033 early adolescents aged between 10 and 16 years (average age 12.7, SD 1.21 years) from 4 middle school sites in the Northeastern United States, we conducted an exploratory study comparing sexual minorities (212/873, 24.3% of sample with known sexual orientation) with their heterosexual peers (n=661), obtaining an 84.46% (1033/1223; total possible) response rate. Results Sexual minorities reported having smaller networks on their favorite social media website (β=−.57; P<.001), less often responded positively when friends shared good news (β=−.35; P=.002), and less often tried to make friends feel better when they shared bad news (β=−.30; P=.01). However, sexual minorities more often reported joining a group or web-based community to make themselves feel less alone (β=.28; P=.003), unlike heterosexual youth. Sexual minorities had higher averages of loneliness and social isolation (β=.19; P<.001) than heterosexual students. Sexual minorities were also twice as likely to have tried to harm themselves in the past (β=.81; odds ratio [OR] 2.24, 95% CI 1.64-3.06; P<.001) and were more likely to have symptoms that reached the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression definition of depression (β=.15; OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08-1.25; P<.001). About 39.1% (83/212) of sexual minorities had no one to talk to about their sexual orientation. Sexual minorities were 1.5 times more likely to have joined a social media website their parents would disapprove (β=.41; OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.14-1.97; P=.004) and more likely to report seeing videos related to self-harm (β=.33; OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.06-1.83; P=.02) on the web than heterosexual youth. Conclusions Given previous reports of supportive and safe web-based spaces for sexual minority youth, our findings demonstrated that sexual minority youth prefer to maintain small, close-knit web-based communities (apart from their families) to express themselves, particularly when reaching out to web-based communities to reduce loneliness. Future longitudinal studies could determine any bidirectional influences of mental well-being and social media use in sexual minorities during this difficult developmental period.
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Horner, John R. "Dinosaur behavior and growth." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000695x.
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Geological and paleontological data derived from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana indicates that at least some dinosaur species exhibited complex social behaviors comparable to many living birds. Two species of duck-billed dinosaurs, a hypsilophodontid and a troodontid, nested in colonies and attended their respective young. Duckbilled dinosaurs had altricial young, whereas the hypsilophodontid and troodontid had precocial young. Morphological evidence indicates that several of the cranial elements of the nestling duckbills experienced retarded development, and a retention of juvenile features. Following their respective nesting periods duck-billed and horned dinosaurs aggregated into large herds, and apparently migrated seasonally. Cranial ornamentations possessed by duck-billed and horned dinosaurs were most likely used for sexual display and mate recognition.Osteohistological data indicates that the duck-billed dinosaurs hatched from their eggs at .50 to .75 meters in length, and exited their nests at 1.5 to 2 meters in length, at an age of about one month. These dinosaurs reached 3 to 4 meters in length their first year, and 7 to 8 meters in length after about 5 years. Growth and metabolic rates decreased substantially upon reaching adult size.
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Leitão, Ana V., Michelle L. Hall, and Raoul A. Mulder. "Female and male plumage color is linked to parental quality, pairing, and extrapair mating in a tropical passerine." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 3 (February 16, 2021): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa154.
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Abstract Sexual selection has been proposed to drive the evolution of elaborate phenotypic traits in males, which often confer success in competition or mating. However, in many species, both males and females display such traits. Studies examining how selection acts on both sexes are scarce. In this study, we investigated whether plumage ornamentation is sexually selected in females and males lovely fairy-wren Malurus amabilis, a cooperatively breeding songbird. We found that female and male plumage color was correlated with parental quality but not with individual quality or survival. We also found evidence of positive assortative mating based on plumage color. Microsatellite analyses of paternity indicated that the lovely fairy-wren has high levels of extrapair paternity (EPP), with 53% of offspring (in 58% of broods of 57% of females) resulting from extrapair (EP) mating. Female and male plumage color did not predict reproductive success or the proportion of EP offspring in their own nest, but less colorful males obtained higher EPP when paired with more colorful females and gained overall higher total paternity (own nest and other nests). We argue that plumage color may be under sex-specific selection, highlighting the importance of looking at both sexes in studies of sexual selection and ornament evolution. The current findings together with the previous study suggest that plumage color in female and male lovely fairy-wrens appears to be an honest signal relevant in both intrasexual and intersexual competition contexts.
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Tomás, Gustavo, Santiago Merino, Juan Moreno, Juan J. Sanz, Judith Morales, and Sonia García-Fraile. "Nest Weight and Female Health in the Blue Tit (Cyanistes Caeruleus)." Auk 123, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 1013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.4.1013.
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Abstract We explored two hypotheses that may explain intraspecific variability in nest size. The “thermoregulatory” hypothesis states that species adjust nest size to maintain egg temperature and minimize temperature fluctuations in the nest. Recently, the suggestion has been made that nest size may reflect the health status or phenotypic quality of the builder, potentially making it a sexually selected trait (“sexual selection” hypothesis). For two years, we weighed nests of Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) at initiation of reproduction in a nest-box breeding population in central Spain. We recorded laying date, clutch size, incubation period, and hatching success. We measured and took blood samples of adult females when nestlings reached three days of age. General regression models controlling for potential variables that could affect nest weight revealed that prevalence of Trypanosoma avium and immunoglobulin levels in females were significantly related to nest weight in only one of the study years. Females not infected with Trypanosoma avium built heavier nests than infected ones, whereas female immunoglobulin levels were negatively associated with nest weight. Hatching success and duration of the incubation period were not related to nest weight in either year. Thus, our results do not support the thermoregulatory hypothesis and show that certain measures of female health are related to nest-building effort in some years, probably depending on environmental conditions. Peso del Nido y Estado de Salud de la Hembra en el Cyanistes caeruleus
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Chutter, Christopher M., Lucas J. Redmond, Nathan W. Cooper, Amy C. Dolan, Deborah Duffield, and Michael T. Murphy. "Paternal behaviour in a socially monogamous but sexually promiscuous passerine bird." Behaviour 153, no. 4 (2016): 443–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003359.
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We documented parental behaviour and paternity of eastern kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) to test the predictions that paternal care would decline with increasing loss of paternity, increasing nesting density (a proxy for probability of paternity loss), male quality, and number of fertile females available in the population. Extra-pair young were found in 58% of 45 nests for which behaviour was recorded and a higher proportion of young were extra-pair as nesting density increased. Male feeding rate declined with increasing nesting density and male quality, but neither feeding rate nor a composite measure of paternal behaviour varied with number of fertile females or paternity. Although alternative explanations exist, one interpretation of the reduced paternal care at high nesting density was that it was a response to perceived threats of paternity loss. The ultimate basis for the lower paternal effort of higher quality males is unclear but we discuss several possible explanations.
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Stoehr, Andrew M., Paul M. Nolan, Geoffrey E. Hill, and Kevin J. McGraw. "Nest mites (Pellonyssus reedi) and the reproductive biology of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 2126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-157.
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We investigated the effects of a hematophagous nestling mite (Pellonyssus reedi, Acari: Macronyssidae) on the reproductive biology of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) in east-central Alabama, U.S.A. Mites were absent from nests for the first half of the breeding season, but after their initial appearance they increased in number and were present in almost all nests. High nest-mite levels were associated with decreased nestling mass and hematocrit, but not with decreased nestling tarsus length. Experimental elimination of mites from some nests confirmed that the effects observed were mite-induced, not seasonal. The plumage colour of breeding adult male house finches was not correlated with nest-mite levels, nor did it appear that redder males' offspring suffered less from the effects of mites. Adult house finches fed nestlings from highly parasitized nests less often than those from nests with few or no mites. It appears unlikely that mites are directly involved in the sexual selection of bright male plumage coloration in this population of house finches. However, it is known that early-nesting females preferentially pair with redder males, therefore the benefit of nesting early and avoiding mite infestations is greater for redder male house finches.
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Zheng, Yuchi, Shuqiang Li, Jinzhong Fu, and Duncan Deng. "Aspects of the breeding biology of the Omei mustache toad (Leptobrachium boringii): polygamy and paternal care." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 2 (2010): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810791069092.
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AbstractThe Omei mustache toad, Leptobrachium boringii, has a male biased sexual size dimorphism, which may be associated with either male-male combat behaviour or parental care. The breeding biology of this species was studied during the 2004, 2006, and 2007 breeding seasons in a population at Mount Omei in western China. The size and sex ratio of this breeding population fluctuated over the years. Males constructed nests under large rocks in mountain streams and a single “resident” male typically occupied one nest and remained in the same nest for the entire study periods with rare exceptions. Males with egg masses in their nests stayed in their nests for many days after oviposition, with few or no additional matings during this period, suggesting that males were possibly providing paternal care rather than waiting for more mating opportunities. Furthermore, males lost a significant amount (7.3%) of their body mass during the breeding season. In 2006 and 2007, we also found a positive correlation between the body size of the resident male and the number of egg masses in his nest. However, parentage analysis using microsatellite DNA loci indicated that resident males were not necessarily the fathers of all eggs in their nests. Both polygyny and polyandry occur in this species. Overall, evidence suggests that Omei mustache toads provide paternal care and larger males have higher mating success.
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Verrell, P., and Norah McCabe. "Field observations of the sexual behaviour of the smooth newt,Triturus vulgaris vulgaris(Amphibia: Salamandridae)." Journal of Zoology 214, no. 3 (March 1988): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb03758.x.
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Kilner, R. M. "FAMILY CONFLICTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF NESTLING MOUTH COLOUR." Behaviour 136, no. 6 (1999): 779–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501568.
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AbstractA variety of family conflicts can influence provisioning behaviour at the passerine nest. There can be sexual and parent-offspring conflict over the amount of food provided for young, and sibling conflict over how food is allocated among the brood. Whatever the type of conflict, its resolution may be determined by nestling begging displays, and its intensity will vary between species with variation in % EPY. Begging intensity is therefore predicted to vary with % EPY. One component of the begging display, that varies widely between species, is nestling mouth colour. Recent empirical work on canaries and great tits has shown that parents prefer to feed young with redder mouths, even if offspring naturally possess yellow gapes. I use comparative analyses to explain the diversity of nestling mouth colour between species in terms of the various family conflicts. In species where there are high rates of % EPY, and sibling and sexual conflicts are more intense, offspring that are reared in well-lit nests display redder mouths. Offspring reared in dark nests, however, show no such relationship and have yellower mouths generally. A comparison of Cuculinae species and host nestling mouth colour showed that cuckoo young have the redder mouths, which might be the result of more intense parent-offspring conflict. I suggest that nestling mouth colour reflects the intensity of family battles waged in the past, but only at nests where there is sufficient light for such visual displays to be perceived by parents. The diversity of nestling mouth colour can therefore be explained by both 'strategic' and 'tactical' influences on signal design. I conclude by discussing how variation in the choice of nest site within species might cause family differences in conflict resolution.
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Pietrzak, Jarosław. "Akademickie niestatki, czyli o niechlubnym żywocie polskich studentów w podróżach edukacyjnych po Europie Zachodniej od XVI do XVII wieku." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 32 (February 12, 2019): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2014.32.1.
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Initially, the article describes the perfect educational tour for a young nobleman in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the ideal, as exemplified by the instructions and advice of parents, was in stark contrast with the actual behaviour of the students. Their excesses, triggered by leaving their family nests, their youth and pride in their heritage, took many forms. Among them were laziness, lack of respect for teachers, scuffles with other Poles or foreign students, drinking, gambling and fornicating. Such behaviour disgraced the young noblemen and led to them being expelled from universities, being incarcerated, or having to pay fines. Sometimes, the young men caught venereal diseases as a result of their sexual promiscuity, or sired illegitimate offspring. A number of them died due to excessive drinking and eating, or during street duels. The lives of Polish students have been described in numerous accounts from the universities of Padua, Bologna, Rome, Leiden and Altdorf.
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Poon, June M. L. "The love-smitten director: workplace romance or sexual harassment?" Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 4, no. 7 (November 26, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2014-0104.
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Subject area Human resource management Study level/applicability This case is suitable for use for advanced-level undergraduate students (e.g. in their third or fourth year of study) and graduate-level students enrolled in human resource management, industrial relations, organizational behavior and legal courses (e.g. business law and ethics, employment law). It can be used also in training courses and sexual harassment workshops for employees, particularly those with supervisory responsibilities or who are involved in personnel, training, or industrial relations activities. The case has been class tested with MBA students enrolled in a course on organizational behavior. Case overview In March 2014, William Wong, the CEO of Zejaya Corporation faced a dilemma. He had just been told some disturbing news about Larry Pang, his executive director, which may or may not have legal implications for the company in relation to sexual harassment. Two of his managers had confided in him that Linda Tan, one of his managers who had recently resigned, had asked them to tell him about Pang's repeated attempts to court her in the past several months. He was undecided on how he should handle the problem. Expected learning outcomes This case was developed for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The case provides students the opportunity to learn about the potential ethical and legal issues surrounding workplace romance and sexual harassment at work. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Magrath, Michael J. L., Lyanne Brouwer, Arnoud Van Petersen, Mathew L. Berg, and Jan Komdeur. "Breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size-dimorphic brown songlark, Cinclorhamphus cruralis." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 5 (2003): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03034.
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The Australian endemic brown songlark, Cinclorhamphus cruralis, is one of the most sexually size-dimorphic of all birds, and yet its breeding ecology remains poorly documented. Here we redress this situation by describing the breeding activities of brown songlarks over three years (1998–2000) in the semi-arid grasslands of south-western New South Wales. Study populations of this nomadic species were selected in late August of each year on the basis of high adult abundance. Adult males at these sites were, on average, 2.3 times heavier than females. Over the three seasons, nesting activities started in early to late August and continued until early November or December. Males were highly polygynous and, on average, occupied territories of about 4.0 ha. Nests were well concealed at the base of small shrubs and grass tussocks or in thick herbage. Clutches ranged in size from 2 to 5 eggs (mean 3.2) and were incubated exclusively by the female for 11–13 days (mean 12.1). Nestlings received a range of invertebrate prey, mainly from the female, for 10–14 days (mean 11.5) before leaving the nest. Only 17% of nesting attempts were estimated to be successful, and each of these nests produced an average of 2.7 fledglings. Predators, including foxes, Vulpes vulpes, and brown snakes, Pseudonaja textilis, were the main cause of nest failure. Some females produced replacement clutches following nest failure, while others laid second clutches after the success of an earlier brood. We speculate that extreme size dimorphism has evolved in this species because (i) males compete physically for breeding territories, and (ii) habitat heterogeneity and excellent visibility of their surroundings allow some males to defend territories of sufficient size to support nesting by multiple females.