Academic literature on the topic 'News media bargaining code'
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Journal articles on the topic "News media bargaining code"
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Balasingham, Baskaran, and Tai Neilson. "Digital Platforms and Journalism in Australia: Analysing the Role of Competition Law." World Competition 45, Issue 2 (June 1, 2022): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2022011.
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News media businesses compete with search engines and social media networks for advertising revenue but at the same time depend on the latter to reach and interact with audiences. The Digital Platforms Inquiry (DPI) completed by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) found that media businesses’ dependency on digital platforms gives companies like Google and Facebook substantial bargaining power over Australian news media businesses. This development over the past decade has caused negative repercussions for the choice and quality of news available to Australians. In response to thegse findings, Australia’s News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code 2021 extends the application of competition law into digital news and advertising markets. The reform is intended to address the impact of digital platforms on the commercial viability of Australian news companies. In this article, we assess the application of competition law to the relationship between news media and digital platforms, including the strength of the DPI findings and the appropriateness of the resulting reforms. We argue that after decades of deregulation of the media sector in Australia the News Media Bargaining Code is a hybrid legislation, which introduces news media industry regulations under the guise of competition law. While we see a continued role for competition law in digital platform markets, this article indicates the challenges posed by digital platforms on media pluralism and the limitations of a market-driven approach to news media policy. news media businesses, digital platforms, advertising, regulation, media policy, Australian competition law, market power, media pluralism, Digital Platforms Inquiry, News Media Bargaining Code
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Wilding, Derek. "Regulating News and Disinformation on Digital Platforms." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 11–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v9n2.415.
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In February 2021 two initiatives for regulating digital platforms in Australia were implemented. The News Media Bargaining Code (“News Code”) attracted international attention as a legislative means of forcing platforms to pay for news content, while the Australian Voluntary Disinformation and Misinformation Code (“Disinformation Code”) was modelled on an international initiative. Both were developed to meet Government policy formulated in response to Australia’s Digital Platforms Inquiry. Whereas the Inquiry recommended the use of co-regulation, Government policy switched to voluntary codes for both, then to a legislative scheme for the News Code. This article examines the schemes and critiques the policy on which they are based. It applies a conceptual framework to assess the optimum conditions for the use of co-regulation and self-regulation. It finds that a self-regulatory scheme of voluntary codes was never a suitable approach for the News Code, and that the close involvement of the regulator on the Disinformation Code — without a suitable remit or enforcement powers — distorts the self-regulatory model. This can in part be explained by the failure to address well-recognised flaws in the co-regulatory framework for telecommunications and broadcasting, the consequences of which are now being seen in attempts to regulate digital platforms.
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Bossio, Diana, Terry Flew, James Meese, Tama Leaver, and Belinda Barnet. "Australia's News Media Bargaining Code and the global turn towards platform regulation." Policy & Internet 14, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poi3.284.
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Lee, Karen, and Sacha Molitorisz. "The Australian News Media Bargaining Code: lessons for the UK, EU and beyond." Journal of Media Law 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2021.1963585.
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Firima, Laude. "CODE MIXING IN WRITING OPINION ON MEDIA INDONESIA NEWSPAPER." BAHTERA : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 17, no. 1 (February 8, 2018): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.171.8.
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ABSTRACTIn comuniction and social interaction process appear a speaker to use language variation, like: code switching and code mixing. This research only focused in code mixing. Code-mixing was mixing foreign language elements in to the structure of main language. The purpose of this research was to describe the form, background and function of the use of code-mixing in the opinion writing of Media Indonesia News paper. This study used qualitative research. Based on the data analysis, obtainsed descriptions of the use of code mixing form of phrases, words, baster and clauses, description of the background of code- mixing that used outer code- mixing ie. ie using English. The description of the use of code- mixing which serves to identify the role, identification of diversity, and the desire to explain and interpret.Keyword : code mixing, writing opinion, news paper.
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Asmarita Sari, Sururuddin, Usrial Husein, and Agus Slamet Nugroho. "Implementasi Etika Foto Jurnalistik Berita Hukum dan Kriminal pada Media Jambiupdate.co." MAUIZOH: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah dan Komunikasi 4, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/mauizoh.v4i1.26.
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This research is motivated by the problem of photojournalism that is not in accordance with the rules contained in the Journalistic Code of Ethics. The aim of this research is to find out how the Code of Ethics is applied to the Legal and Criminal News Photo in Jambiupdate.co itself. The research method used is qualitative with data analysis using Charles Sanders Peirce semiotics. The results of the study show that in general there are journalists who are not in accordance with the Code of Ethics. Likewise with the Journalistic Code of Ethics which regulates the ethics of journalists and the media in broadcasting photos in a news story. Jambiupdate.co online media, like other online media, will certainly try to apply the Photojournalism Code of Ethics in every news story, but the implementation is certainly not as easy as expected, because it is the principle of news speed which sometimes does not pay attention to the Code of Ethics itself and the lack of communication between journalists in the field. with the editorial team. In addition, violations of the photojournalism code of ethics are negligence or forgetting to blur photos that contain sadistic elements and the victim or perpetrator is a woman and a minor who is protected by the photojournalism code of ethics law.
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Ullah, Zia, Rooh Ul Amin Khan, and Bin Yamin Khan. "Prime Time News Bulletins: Exploring the Status of PEMRA Code of Ethics." Global Digital & Print Media Review V, no. I (March 30, 2022): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdpmr.2022(v-i).10.
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Media ethics is a debatable issue among scholars and researchers. This study has examined the media ethics being practiced by Pakistani media outlets through a comparative analysis of defamatory,violence, indecency, hate speech and privacy in the news bulletins (9 pm) of three private news channels i.e. Geo news, ARY news and 24 news over a period of three months. The study also examines if the code of conduct enacted by the Private Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA)had any relevance to these channels. Using the content analysis research technique, the researchers found that each news channel carried indecent,defamatory, violent, hate speech and privacy content in its nine pm news bulletins. ARY news had more instances of defamatory. It was revealed that PEMRA's code of conduct had little relevance to these channels as they were found involved in an overt breach of its regulations.
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Muhammad, Shafi, and Nishad V. H. "Developing Quality Management Measures In Print and Visual Media: Challenges Ahead." Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol. 1(4) 2013 1, no. 4 (October 20, 2013): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2013.1.4(6).
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Objective - The study aims to explore the opportunities of quality measurement concepts in print and visual media. Methodology/Technique - The study focuses the key issues and concerns related to quality dilution and total quality damage of news and information. Findings - The primary issues are identified as agenda setting, framing, lobbying, politicization, paid news syndrome and absence of code of ethics and value based professional education. Novelty - The study describes the importance of quality measurement standards, and standardization, role of ombudsman, positive news framing and agenda setting, citizen journalism etc. Type of Paper: Review Keywords : News quality, agenda setting, framing, lobbying, politicization, paid news, code of ethics, ombudsman
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Realgo, Bryan R. "Ilokano Journalists’ Adherence To Code Of Ethics And Their Values And Challenges In News Management." Journal of Media,Culture and Communication, no. 12 (October 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jmcc12.1.5.
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The community needs to be informed on what is happening around as this might in a way affect its people. The news delivered by the media is vital for the people to be updated on social, political, ecological, economic, cultural, and technological issues among others. People commonly rely on the media to be updated on the latest news, that is why it is always expected for a journalist to practice the profession with the right competence, standards, culture, professional excellence, and values. This study was conducted to determine the Ilokano Journalists’ adherence to the code of ethics and their values and challenges in news management using a mixed-method research design. It was found out that the participants from the print media and broadcast media have high adherence to the code of ethics. However, there are instances when participants both from the print and broadcast media violated some articles of the code such as single-source stories, news with lack or no attribution, and inclusion of personal opinions. The participants also identified the values they are using and the challenges they are experiencing in the news management process. These include both personal and operational.
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Realgo, Bryan R. "Ilokano Journalists’ Adherence To Code Of Ethics And Their Values And Challenges In News Management." Journal of Media,Culture and Communication, no. 12 (October 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jmcc12.1.15.
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The community needs to be informed on what is happening around as this might in a way affect its people. The news delivered by the media is vital for the people to be updated on social, political, ecological, economic, cultural, and technological issues among others. People commonly rely on the media to be updated on the latest news, that is why it is always expected for a journalist to practice the profession with the right competence, standards, culture, professional excellence, and values. This study was conducted to determine the Ilokano Journalists’ adherence to the code of ethics and their values and challenges in news management using a mixed-method research design. It was found out that the participants from the print media and broadcast media have high adherence to the code of ethics. However, there are instances when participants both from the print and broadcast media violated some articles of the code such as single-source stories, news with lack or no attribution, and inclusion of personal opinions. The participants also identified the values they are using and the challenges they are experiencing in the news management process. These include both personal and operational.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "News media bargaining code"
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Hjorth, Patric. "Stop spreading the news! : How disinformation spreads on social media and what politicians are doing about it." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283750.
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Following the rise of social media, the world has found itself in a hyperconnected state. Through the press of a button, it is today possible to reach every corner of the world. This has brought opportunities for freedom and liberation, but in the past years it has also become a danger for these ideas. The rise of disinformation has been declared a major threat to democracy and our society by several major institutions, one of them being the European Union. They have also made it clear that the tech companies, through whose products disinformation primarily spreads, not only inadequately prevent it, but also question if they have enough incentive to do so. The executive branch of the EU, the European Commission, has therefore put forth an action plan in which they outline their work going forward in mitigating the crisis. Comparing with previous research on the vital parts of disinformation, there are heavy indications that the EU’s work will focus on reactionary measures; discovery and sharing of data on ongoing disinformation campaigns between neighbouring and Member States, as well as societal media literacy efforts. For now, due to what seems to be a fear of over-regulating freedom of expression, the responsibility to battle creation and spread is left to the Code of Practice on Disinformation, a plan created by tech companies that hold the platforms that are center in the spread of disinformation. After a first yearassessment, the EU indicates that the results of this Code of Practice is unsatisfactory, and further action might be needed.Med uppkomsten av sociala medier så befinner sig världen nu i ett hyperuppkopplat tillstånd. Genom ett simpelt knapptryck är det idag möjligt att nå hela världen. Med detta har vi sett möjligheter till en förhöjd frihet, men under de senaste åren finns det också exempel på när just idéer som dessa har satts under hård press. Ökningen av desinformation har förklarats ett stort hot mot demokrati och dagens samhälle av flera stora institutioner, en av dem den Europeiska Unionen. De har gjort tydligt att stora teknikbolag, genom vilkas produkter desinformation i synnerhet sprids, inte bara gör för lite för att förhindra det, men också ifrågasätter ifall de har tillräckligt med incitament för att göra det. EU:s verkställande gren, Europeiska Kommissionen, har därför satt fram en handlingsplan där de redogör för sitt arbete för att hantera krisen. I en jämförelse med tidigare forskning om de mest vitala delarna av desinformation så finns det tunga indikationer att EU:s arbete kommer att fokusera på reaktionära åtgärder: upptäckande och delning av data mellan grannländer och medlemsstater om pågående desinformationskampanjer, samt ansträngningar för samhällskunskap så som källkritik. I vad som verkar vara en rädsla för överreglering av yttrandefrihet lämnas ansvaret för bekämpningen av skapande och spridning till en desinformationspraxis skapad av de teknikföretag som har de plattformar som är centrala i spridningen av desinformation. Efter en första årsutvärdering indikerar dock EU att resultaten dittills ej är tillfredsställande, och att ytterligare åtgärder kan vara nödvändiga.
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Hájková, Anna. "Přístup k sociálním sítím Facebook a Twitter ve vybraných českých zpravodajských redakcích." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347356.
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The thesis is concerned with the presence of news journalists and news institutions on social media sites. Mentioned modern technology had large effect on the development of the field as well as everyday journalistic routine. Social media not only brought brand new possibilities, it was also accompanied by modern age dilemmas and ethical conundrums that journalists have to face. Most of the Czech news institutions however still ignore the option of internal regulation via ethical code of any sorts which alienates them from the western media current praxis. In the sake of requiring information necessary to describe functioning of social media content production in Czech news media, the author carried out a qualitative research questioning members of social media departments of mentioned institutions. Based on the research, the thesis answers questions about personnel responsibilities in managing company social media profiles and introduces ethical codes and official internal rules they have to follow whereas the conclusion is that most of Czech news institution haven't implemented any of those yet.
Books on the topic "News media bargaining code"
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Jennings, Kenneth M. Labor relations at the New York Daily news: Peripheral bargaining and the 1990 strike. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1993.
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Strike: The Daily news war and the future of American labor. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
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Vigilante, Richard. Strike: The Daily News War and the Future of American Labor. Simon & Schuster, 1994.
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Llano, Samuel. A New Order? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199392469.003.0010.
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This chapter describes how organilleros, in spite of all the nuisance that they caused, played a key role in the formation of a middle-class lifestyle in Madrid. Organilleros represented everything that the rising middle classes rejected, such as coarseness and lack of refinement. The middle classes used organilleros as an Other against which to define themselves. Parallel to the legal persecution of organilleros in the 1890s, the press circulated news of crimes and murders allegedly committed by organilleros. There was a common narrative structure in all these news, namely, one in which an organillero killed his partner in a fit of jealousy. The media accused organilleros of misappropriating the centuries-long honor code that was endorsed in the 1870 Penal Code and that provided legitimacy for males to use violence against their wives to restore honor damaged through adultery.
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Bucher, Taina. If...Then. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190493028.001.0001.
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IF … THEN provides an account of power and politics in the algorithmic media landscape that pays attention to the multiple realities of algorithms, and how these relate and coexist. The argument is made that algorithms do not merely have power and politics; they help to produce certain forms of acting and knowing in the world. In processing, classifying, sorting, and ranking data, algorithms are political in that they help to make the world appear in certain ways rather than others. Analyzing Facebook’s news feed, social media user’s everyday encounters with algorithmic systems, and the discourses and work practices of news professionals, the book makes a case for going beyond the narrow, technical definition of algorithms as step-by-step procedures for solving a problem in a finite number of steps. Drawing on a process-relational theoretical framework and empirical data from field observations and fifty-five interviews, the author demonstrates how algorithms exist in multiple ways beyond code. The analysis is concerned with the world-making capacities of algorithms, questioning how algorithmic systems shape encounters and orientations of different kinds, and how these systems are endowed with diffused personhood and relational agency. IF … THEN argues that algorithmic power and politics is neither about algorithms determining how the social world is fabricated nor about what algorithms do per se. Rather it is about how and when different aspects of algorithms and the algorithmic become available to specific actors, under what circumstance, and who or what gets to be part of how algorithms are defined.
Book chapters on the topic "News media bargaining code"
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Meese, James, and Edward Hurcombe. "Global Platforms and Local Networks: An Institutional Account of the Australian News Media Bargaining Code." In Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, 151–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4_8.
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AbstractIn recent years, researchers have scrutinised the power of digital platforms in the news industry. However, while digital platforms are powerful actors, there is a tendency to emphasise this power at the expense of other institutions. In this chapter we examine the critical role that government, regulatory authorities and the news media played in developing the Australian News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code. We explore how long-standing relationships between sections of the media and the government, and the regulatory activism of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, influenced the final form of the Code. In doing so, we offer a nuanced account of platform power that contextualises their actions in relation to the residual institutional power of local actors.
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Su, Chunmeizi. "Regulating Chinese and North American Digital Media in Australia: Facebook and WeChat as Case Studies." In Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, 173–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4_9.
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AbstractAs the Australian government has legislated for a ‘News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code’ to compel Google and Facebook to pay for news content, platform regulation in Australia has prompted a heated discussion worldwide. Questionable business practices have incited issues such as anti-competition behaviour, online harms, disinformation, algorithmic advertising, trade of data, privacy breaches and so on. Consequently, these technology tycoons are reinscribing industries and societies alike, posing a threat to digital democracy. This chapter examines how Facebook and WeChat are (or should be) regulated in Australia, the current regulatory frameworks, and the overall effectiveness of self-regulation. Through the lenses of comparative research, this study is focused on infrastructuralisation, techno-nationalism (censorship), and civil society (media diversity), to identify distinct features and common themes in platform regulation and explore possible solutions to regulating global platforms in Australia.
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Hine, Emmie. "The Impact of Australia’s News Media Bargaining Code on Journalism, Democracy, and the Battle to Regulate Big Tech." In The 2021 Yearbook of the Digital Ethics Lab, 63–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09846-8_5.
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"The Iranian Hostage Crisis, The News Code, and Mediated Diplomacy." In The Media Syndrome, 55–72. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315532974-8.
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Carlson, Matt, Sue Robinson, and Seth C. Lewis. "Journalistic Moralities." In News After Trump, 145–76. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197550342.003.0006.
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This chapter questions the degree to which a professionalized adherence to objectivity has led journalists to engage in false equivalencies rather than identify Donald Trump’s statements as being lies or racist. This rhetorical void allows powerful actors—such as Trump, polarizing pundits, and other partisans—to shape political lies into “facts” by maligning the press. Journalists have publicly debated how they should respond, with some prominent journalists advocating for the traditional values that have propped up journalism for the past century, and others arguing that journalists need to be more willing to render moral judgments explicitly to avoid being the handmaidens of Trump and other anti-journalism leaders. These debates reveal larger fissures about how journalism ought to operate in a changing media culture and in response to constant political critiques. These political, cultural, and rhetorical fissures open up space to imagine how journalism might operate differently, with a moral code premised not on detached objectivity but on engaged problem-solving with communities, an assertive defense of democracy, and a willingness to challenge structural harms and inequities in society.
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Wyburn, Mary. "Copyright and Ethical Issues in Emerging Models for the Digital Media Reporting of Sports News in Australia." In Digital Rights Management, 290–309. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2136-7.ch014.
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The chapter examines the copyright and ethical issues raised by emerging models for the digital media reporting of sports news in Australia. In particular, it explores the use by news organisations of a defence in copyright law that provides protection against an infringement action for the reporting of news and the use by sports organisations of journalist accreditation to limit, by way of contract, the uses made of copyright material generated at sports events. It briefly outlines some proposed responses to these issues, including amending copyright law or establishing an industry code of conduct for the accreditation of news organisations accessing and reporting on sports events in the digital media. These matters were raised in a 2009 Senate inquiry. The inquiry attracted submissions from international news organisations concerned that a more restricted access regime established by sports organisations in Australia might influence the terms negotiated in other countries. The conflicts arising in this industry sector are a small part of a much larger international landscape in which new digital communications technologies are offering greater business opportunities but at the same time challenging existing commercial relationships.
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"8. How the Criminal Code “Protects” Sexual Assault Complainants from Themselves and Constrains Their Participation in the News Media." In The Unfulfilled Promise of Press Freedom in Canada, 132–45. University of Toronto Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487510848-010.
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Dowd, Cate. "The backend of news as a juxtaposition of data and human costs." In Digital Journalism, Drones, and Automation, 32–55. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655860.003.0003.
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Indexing and semantic code in news draw on a base of well-defined vocabulary from classification systems used by news editors for search tags, but journalism also uses leaked data, mobile metadata logs, and datasets for visualisations. The tagging systems in news, like NewsCode, are embedded in CMS and help to bind data for cross-referencing purposes. The defined concepts have an ontological base that relate to “news” and they are structured in hierarchical and logical ways. For many years social media tags were unstructured, but folksonomy approaches do not exclude semantic methods, and vice versa. Media cloud tools can also be used by journalists to generate lightly interactive graphic visualisations or to integrate data onto maps. However, data and metadata should also be used to develop new semantic systems to better protect journalists in conflict zones and to embed the values and ethics of journalism into algorithms for journalism training systems.
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Gulzar, Unanza. "A Critical Appraisal of Crime Over Social Networking Sites in the Context of India." In Advances in Multimedia and Interactive Technologies, 93–112. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1041-4.ch006.
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An inescapable part of our everyday lives, visual communication is a key driver of engagement on social media. These are redesigned their news feed to allow greater emphasis on visual content, resulting in greater interaction. This chapter discusses the current scenario of cyber and social media crime in India and how the government has incorporated the necessities to fight against it. It will also include the types of social media crime enumerating the provisions of Information Technology Act, Indian Penal Code. Through this chapter, the author discusses the various types of cybercrimes, which are cyber defamation, cyber pornography, cyber stalking, fraudulent transaction and misrepresentation, hacking. The author laid emphasis on what legislations are in action to deal with such crimes and how strictly the offenders are punished. The author also discusses the competency of the present legislation and how the loopholes, if any, can be filled to make the virtual world a better place for everyone.
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Arora, Manpreet. "Post-Truth and Marketing Communication in Technological Age." In Handbook of Research on Innovations in Technology and Marketing for the Connected Consumer, 94–108. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0131-3.ch005.
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The way by which the communication is done depends upon the purpose of the communication. The complex technology-driven environment is affected by a syndrome called post-truth. Post-truth scenario is marred with a situation where there are spread of lies, rumors, propaganda, and deceit. Human perception is distorted by the spread of lies and fake news. We struggle hard to decide whether any communication which we read, or listen to, or share is true or untrue. The strategic advancements aspired by any company are based more or less on the marketing tactics of the product or service. Many strategies of the organisations are based on the communicative interactions of the corporate world with the consumers. The era of post-truth is based on emotions, opinions, and distorted facts. False advertising tactics are hitting the emotions and sentiments of the public at large. Many social media players in the move to curb the menace of false news, misinformation, and false advertisements have opted for a voluntary code of ethics.This chapter analyses the marketing communication in the era of post-truth.
Conference papers on the topic "News media bargaining code"
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Beppler, Tamy, Natalia Yada, Luis Carlos De Bona, and André Grégio. "Notícias Falsas, Dano Real: Levantamento, Análise e Discussão de Phishing, Malware e Fake News sobre COVID-19." In Computer on the Beach. São José: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v12.p080-087.
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Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has been one of the most trendingtopics in 2020’s overall media. The virus’ first registers dateback to December 2019 in China, and its spread has affected morethan 50 million people around the world. Since social distance is themost advisable recommendation by health organizations, companiesmassively adopted remote work. The Internet became a hugeallied for several jobs maintenance, but it also increased social engineeringattacks based on the COVID-19 topic to steal sensitiveinformation and/or spread malicious code. In this paper, we reviewthe literature about phishing, malware and fake news that takeadvantage of COVID-19 to distress users and organizations in orderto accomplish cyber attacks, and discuss their implications.
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Soņeca, Viktorija. "Tehnoloģiju milžu ietekme uz suverēnu." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.1.18.
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In the last two decades, we have seen the rise of companies providing digital services. Big Tech firms have become all-pervasive, playing critical roles in our social interactions, in the way we access information, and in the way we consume. These firms not only strive to be dominant players in one market, but with their giant monopoly power and domination of online ecosystems, they want to become the market itself. They are gaining not just economic, but also political power. This can be illustrated by Donald Trump’s campaigns, in which he attempted to influence the sovereign will, as the sovereign power is vested in the people. The Trump campaigns' use of Facebook's advertising tools contributed to Trump's win at the 2016 presidential election. After criticism of that election, Facebook stated that it would implement a series of measures to prevent future abuse. For example, no political ads will be accepted in the week before an election. Another example of how Big Tech firms can effect the sovereign is by national legislator. For example, Australia had a dispute with digital platforms such as Facebook and Google. That was because Australia began to develop a News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Code. To persuade the Australian legislature to abandon the idea of this code, Facebook prevented Australian press publishers, news media and users from sharing/viewing Australian as well as international news content, including blocking information from government agencies. Such action demonstrated how large digital platforms can affect the flow of information to encourage the state and its legislature to change their position. Because of such pressure, Australia eventually made adjustments to the code in order to find a compromise with the digital platform. Also, when we are referring to political power, it should include lobbying and the European Union legislator. Tech giants are lobbying their interests to influence the European Union’s digital policy, which has the most direct effect on member states, given that the member states are bound by European Union law.