Journal articles on the topic 'Newborn infants Diseases Prevention'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Newborn infants Diseases Prevention.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Newborn infants Diseases Prevention.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Cotton, M., S. Kim, H. Rabie, J. Coetzee, and S. Nachman. "A window into a public program for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: Evidence from a prospective clinical trial." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 10, no. 4 (December 14, 2009): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v10i4.257.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives
To evaluate efficacy of the antenatal, intra-partum and post-natal antiretroviral components of a public service Prevention of Mother to Child (MTCT) program in infants.
Design
Analysis of prospectively collected screening data of demographic and MTCT-related interventions and HIV-infection status of infants identified through HIV-specific DNA polymerase chain reaction.
Setting
Tygerberg Children’s Hospital, Western Cape Province, South Africa.
Subjects
HIV-infected women and their infants identified through participation in a public service MTCT program were referred for possible participation in a prospective study of isoniazid prophylaxis.
Interventions
Key components of the Program include voluntary counselling and testing, zidovudine to the mother from between 28 and 34 weeks gestation and to the newborn infant for the first week, single dose nevirapine to the mother in labour and the newborn shortly after birth and free formula for 6 months.
Main Outcome Measures
Number and percentage of HIV-infected infants and extent of exposure to antenatal, intrapartum and post-natal antiretrovirals.
Results
Of 656 infants with a median age of 12.6 weeks, screened between April 1st 2005 through May 2006, 39 were HIV-infected giving a transmission rate of 5.9% (95% CI: 4.4% - 8.0%). Antenatal prophylaxis was significantly associated with reduced transmission (OR: 0.43 (95% CI: 0.21 - 0.94)) as opposed to intrapartum and postpartum components (p=0.85 and p=0.84, respectively). In multivariable analysis the antenatal component remained significant (OR=0.40 (95% CI 0.19 - 0.90)).
Conclusions
The antenatal phase is the most important antiretroviral component of the MTCT program, allowing most opportunity for intervention.
2
Varghese, Suma Elcy, Rana Hassan Mohammad El Otol, Fatma Sultan Al Olama, and Salah Ahmad Mohamed Elbadawi. "The Importance of Early Detection of Genetic Diseases." Dubai Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (March 23, 2021): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514215.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Early detection of diseases in newborn may help in early intervention and treatment, which may either cure the disease or improve the outcome of the patient. Dubai’s Health Authority has a newborn screening program which includes screening for metabolic and genetic conditions, for hearing and vision, and for congenital heart disease. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The objectives of this study are to assess the outcome of the newborn genetic screening program, to correlate the association between the outcome of the program and demographic variables and to find out the percentage of the number of infants who were confirmed to have the genetic disease (by confirmatory tests) out of the total infants who had positive screening test results. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> During the period of the study from January 2018 to December 2018, a total of 7,027 newborns were tested in Dubai Health Authority facilities by the newborn genetic screening program (known as the “Step One Screening”). Blood samples were collected by heel prick on a collection paper. All samples were transported to PerkinElmer Genomics in the USA where the tests were done. The genetic disorders identified were correlated with different variables like gender and nationality. The data were entered in an excel sheet and analyzed by using SPSS software. All infants aged 0–3 months who have done newborn genetic screening at Dubai Health Authority facilities between January and December 2018 were included. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The incidence of screened disorders was 1:7,027 for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1:1,757 for congenital hypothyroidism, 1:1,757 for inborn errors of metabolism, 1:2,342 for biotinidase deficiency, 1:1,171 for hemoglobinopathies, 1:12 for hemoglobinopathy traits, and 1:10 for different genetic mutations of G6PD deficiency. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> There is a high incidence of different genetic diseases detected by newborn screening. These results justify unifying the program in the UAE and preventive programs like premarital screening and genetic counseling.
3
Feldman, Amy G., and Ronald J. Sokol. "Neonatal Cholestasis: Updates on Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Prevention." NeoReviews 22, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): e819-e836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.22-12-e819.
Full textAbstract:
Cholestatic jaundice is a common presenting feature of hepatobiliary and/or metabolic dysfunction in the newborn and young infant. Timely detection of cholestasis, followed by rapid step-wise evaluation to determine the etiology, is crucial to identify those causes that are amenable to medical or surgical intervention and to optimize outcomes for all infants. In the past 2 decades, genetic etiologies have been elucidated for many cholestatic diseases, and next-generation sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing now allow for relatively rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of conditions not previously identifiable via standard blood tests and/or liver biopsy. Advances have also been made in our understanding of risk factors for parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis/liver disease. New lipid emulsion formulations, coupled with preventive measures to decrease central line–associated bloodstream infections, have resulted in lower rates of cholestasis and liver disease in infants and children receiving long-term parental nutrition. Unfortunately, little progress has been made in determining the exact cause of biliary atresia. The median age at the time of the hepatoportoenterostomy procedure is still greater than 60 days; consequently, biliary atresia remains the primary indication for pediatric liver transplantation. Several emerging therapies may reduce the bile acid load to the liver and improve outcomes in some neonatal cholestatic disorders. The goal of this article is to review the etiologies, diagnostic algorithms, and current and future management strategies for infants with cholestasis.
4
Hernandez-Alvarado, Nelmary, Ryan Shanley, Mark R. Schleiss, Jensina Ericksen, Jenna Wassenaar, Lulua Webo, Katherine Bodin, Katelyn Parsons, and Erin A. Osterholm. "Clinical, Virologic and Immunologic Correlates of Breast Milk Acquired Infections in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Setting." Viruses 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101897.
Full textAbstract:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections acquired by very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants are incompletely characterized. To examine CMV transmission in VLBW infants, we evaluated maternal DNAlactia, infant DNAemia, and presence of clinical disease in a blinded study in VLBW infants in our newborn intensive care unit (NICU). To examine these issues, 200 VLBW infants were enrolled in a surveillance study, with weekly breast milk and infant whole blood samples collected, as available. Virologic (breast milk and infant whole blood real time PCR) and immunologic (IgG, IgM, and IgG avidity) correlates were evaluated. A chart review examined whether infants had symptoms compatible with CMV disease. DNAlactia was identified in 65/150 (43%) of lactating mothers. Nine CMV infections were identified in 9/75 CMV-exposed infants (12% of exposed infants). A higher median breast milk viral load (DNAlactia) correlated with an increased likelihood of DNAemia (p = 0.05). Despite potential symptoms compatible with CMV infection, clinicians had not considered the diagnosis of CMV in 6/9 cases (66%). All of these infants had chronic lung disease at discharge. There was no correlation between IgG antibody titer or IgG avidity index and the likelihood of transmission or CMV disease. In conclusion, in VLBW infants receiving milk from seroposi-tive mothers, CMV infections are commonly acquired, and are frequently unrecognized. Future studies are needed to determine whether routine surveillance for CMV of either breast milk or infant plasma is beneficial in preventing or recognizing infection.
5
Egeljić-Mihailović, Nataša, and Zvezdana Rajkovača. "Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Republika Srpska / Prevencija kongenitalnog hipotireoidizma u Republici Srpskoj." SESTRINSKI ŽURNAL 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/sez0114005e.
Full textAbstract:
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a syndrome hipometabolizma with insufficient production or inadequate action of thyroid hormones. Most infants with normal CH looks and show no signs of hypothyroidism. Unrecognized and not treated in time CH has serious consequences in the psycho-physical development of the newborn are included in the form of mental and physical retardation of varying degrees. CH is not common, the incidence of her 1 / 3000-4000 newborns, but it is important to detect it in time and prevent its consequences. In terms of prevention and early detection in many countries introduced newborn screening at the CH. Screening involves a systematic search of the entire population of newborns specific regions or entire countries, for the diseases that are accessible treatment, which can not be clinically recognized early enough. In Republika Srpska neonatal screening for congenital hipotireize (NSCH) was introduced for all newborns since 2007. In the world, in order to implement different protocols NSCH concentration measurements Tireo stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) in blood. Measurement of TSH is more specific in the diagnosis of KH, while the more sensitive measurement of T4, but more expensive and less specific in frequent false-positive findings in premature infants and infants with low birth weight. In the Republika Srpska in order to NSCH determines the concentration of TSH in the blood of newborn structural differences of 3-5. days after birth. A retrospective study of data NS CH in Republika Srpska for the period 2007-2012. year showed that in 24 out of 58 680 infants found elevated TSH, which is a further clinical trial demonstrated the existence of CH. The incidence of CH in Republika Srpska 1/2445, but the ratio is 2: 1 in favor of males, with an unequal representation in municipalities. By introducing timely saplementne therapy (thyroxine) in neonates with CH provided them a normal psychological and physical development, which confirms the importance of NS in diagnosing congenital hypothyroidism.
6
D’Angelo, Gabriella, Roberto Chimenz, Russel J. Reiter, and Eloisa Gitto. "Use of Melatonin in Oxidative Stress Related Neonatal Diseases." Antioxidants 9, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060477.
Full textAbstract:
Reactive oxygen species have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of perinatal diseases. Exposure to inflammation, infections, or high oxygen concentrations is frequent in preterm infants, who have high free iron levels that enhance toxic radical generation and diminish antioxidant defense. The peculiar susceptibility of newborns to oxidative stress supports the prophylactic use of melatonin in preventing or decreasing oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Melatonin, an effective direct free-radical scavenger, easily diffuses through biological membranes and exerts pleiotropic activity everywhere. Multiple investigations have assessed the effectiveness of melatonin to reduce the “oxygen radical diseases of newborn” including perinatal brain injury, sepsis, chronic lung disease (CLD), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Further studies are still awaited to test melatonin activity during perinatal period.
7
Burrin, Douglas, and Valeria Melendez Hebib. "137 Standing in the gap of Neonatal Microbe-Host Barrier Function." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.124.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The provision of mammary secretions in the form of colostrum and mature milk for newborns is an essential survival function that has evolved over millennia in mammalian species. Colostrum serves a vital function for neonates by providing nutrients for energy and growth as they transition from placental nutrition to oral ingestion of more complex macromolecules, including lactose, proteins, and triglycerides. Colostrum also provides critical immune protection from colonizing commensal and pathogenic microbes that supports neonatal immunity until maturation of the immune system. This concept of homologous passive immunity conferred by colostrum is well known in farm animal species and has been largely attributed to immunoglobulins transferred from mother to offspring. Heterologous passive immunity is also an approach whereby bovine colostrum obtained from normal or hyperimmunized cows is used therapeutically to prevent specific GI diseases in swine and human infants. The critical importance of colostrum to survival of newborn farm animals also holds true in the prevention of intestinal diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), in hospitalized premature infants. In preterm infants, mother’s own milk may not always be available and infants are instead fed donor human milk, which provides effective protection against NEC. Whether the benefits of human milk in the prevention of NEC are due to immunoglobulins is not well established. These scenarios whereby colostrum from different species or different mothers within a species protect the neonatal gut point to common elements of host protection. New experimental approaches and tools are being applied to understanding the molecular mechanism of how components of maternal milk impact gut microbial colonization and interaction with the host immune system.
8
Aleksi-Meskhishvili, V. V., and Yury A. Kozlov. "SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OPEN DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS IN PREMATURE INFANTS." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 22, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9510-2018-22-3-148-154.
Full textAbstract:
The open arterial duct (OAD) means the maintenance of the OAD patency in the postnatal period within 48-72 hours after birth. OAD in preterm infants is of particular importance and often determines their survival. The presence of OAD significantly reduces chances of premature babies to recover, as it contributes to the emergence and aggravation of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), renal dysfunction, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), cerebral palsy and, often, the death of a newborn. From this point of view, there is appeared the importance of diagnosis and treatment of OAD in premature newborns to improve the prognosis of life in this category of patients. Until today, there is no generally accepted strategy for treating OAD in premature infants. As a result, in various neonatal centers, even within the same country, doctors adhere to different tactics in the treatment of OAD in premature infants. Surgical correction of the hemodynamically significant OAP is indicated for premature infants dependent on artificial ventilation of the lungs, with lack of the effect of the drug therapy or inability to introduce medication. In this scientific review, 3 technologies of surgical treatment of OAD are discussed: open surgery, thoracoscopy, and endovascular treatment. Special attention is paid to postoperative management of patients and prevention of complications.
9
Patel, Sweta M., Sabelle Jallow, Sefelani Boiditswe, Shabir A. Madhi, Kristen A. Feemster, Andrew P. Steenhoff, Tonya Arscott-Mills, et al. "Placental Transfer of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antibody Among HIV-Exposed, Uninfected Infants." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 9, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piz056.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with lower placental transfer of antibodies specific to several childhood pathogens. Our objective for this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal HIV infection on the placental transfer of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-neutralizing antibodies. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of mothers and their newborn infants at a tertiary hospital in Gaborone, Botswana, between March 2015 and December 2015. We measured serum RSV antibody levels by using a microneutralization assay. We used multivariable linear regression to evaluate the effect of maternal HIV infection on maternal RSV antibody levels, placental transfer of RSV antibodies, and newborn RSV antibody levels. Results Of 316 mothers, 154 (49%) were infected with HIV. The placental transfer ratios for RSV antibodies to HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed, uninfected infants were 1.02 and 1.15, respectively. The geometric mean titer (95% confidence interval) of RSV-neutralizing antibodies was 2657 (2251–3136) among HEU newborns and 2911 (2543–3331) among HIV-unexposed, uninfected newborns. In multivariable analyses, maternal HIV infection was associated with lower placental transfer of RSV antibodies (P = .02) and a lower level of RSV antibodies among newborns (P = .002). Among HEU newborns, higher birth weight (P = .004) and an undetectable maternal antenatal viral load (P = .01) were associated with more effective placental transfer of RSV antibodies. Conclusions Maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with lower mother-to-fetus transfer of serum RSV-neutralizing antibodies. HEU infants should be prioritized for preventive interventions for RSV. Maternal viral suppression through combination antiretroviral therapy has the potential to improve immunity to RSV among HIV-exposed infants.
10
Meberg, Alf, and Rolf Schøyen. "Hydrophobic Material in Routine Umbilical Cord Care and Prevention of Infections in Newborn Infants." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 22, no. 6 (January 1990): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365549009027128.
Full text
11
Lifigao, Maxson, Titus Nasi, Carol Titiulu, Steven Lumasa, and Trevor Duke. "Congenital Syphilis in Honiara, Solomon Islands." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 66, no. 6 (May 3, 2020): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmaa017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Congenital syphilis remains a significant cause of newborn mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental problems in some low- and middle-income countries. This study was done in Honiara, Solomon Islands to determine the incidence of babies born to mothers with a positive venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test and a positive Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA); to determine the VDRL status of newborns and features of congenital syphilis; and to estimate the proportion of stillbirths associated with syphilis. Methodology All neonates born to VDRL-positive mothers, including stillbirths were included between April and July 2019. Neonates were examined, investigated and treated. Results Among 1534 consecutive births, 1469 were live births and 65 (4.2%) were stillbirths. One hundred and forty-three neonates were born to VDRL-positive mothers: 130 (90.1%) were live infants and 13 (8.9%) stillbirths. Of the 130 VDRL-exposed live-born infants, 72 (55%) had reactive VDRL and a positive TPHA and 7 (9.7%) had clinical signs of congenital syphilis. Five of the infants with clinical signs of syphilis infection had a 4-fold higher VDRL titre than their mother. Four infants of VDRL-positive mothers died during admission, all of whom had clinical signs of syphilis. Ninety percent of affected infants were born to mothers who were not treated or only partially treated during pregnancy. Conclusions In this study, 1:210 live-born babies had clinical and serological evidence of congenital syphilis, and evidence of Treponema infection was found disproportionately in stillbirths. In a setting where Treponema infections are common, an empirical approach to prevention may be needed.
12
Dluholucký, S., and M. Knapková. "Newborn Screening in Slovakia – From 1985 Till Today / Novorodencký skríning na Slovensku – od roku 1985 doposiaľ." Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae 60, Supplementum-VIII (March 1, 2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2013-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Regular newborn screening enables detection of severe disorders in their asymptomatic early phase and thus allows the start of early treatment and prevention of long-term sequelae. This concept is in full accordance with care for so called rare diseases. Recently, the national NBS in Europe are under the supervision of ISNS and EUNENBS to ensure the quality control and unified approach. NBS in Slovak Republic has been provided for the whole population as a governmentally guaranteed activity since 1985. The first screened disorder was congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Patients have been screened for phenylketonuria (PKU) since 1995, for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) since 2003, and for cystic fibrosis (CF) since 2009. The organizational network of NBS ensures more than 98% coverage of the population of newborns. Between 1985 and 2011, the newborn screening centre (NSC SK) examined 3,239 068 newborn infants and confirmed 413 cases of CH (1: 4 128), 157 cases of PKU (1:5 908), 51 cases of CAH (1:8 677) and 26 CF cases (1:6 315). In 2012, the expanded NBS (ENBS) was introduced. It used tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) to detect other nine hereditary metabolic disorders (HMDs), defect of beta-oxidation of fatty acids, carnitine disorders, and organic acidurias. Four month pilot study revealed 12 positive cases in 25 000 screened newborns as well as other HMDs not included in the screening - in “peripheral view” of ms/ms. Since 1. January, ENBS has been performed as a regular NBS in the whole population. In January, fifteen new cases were detected (prevalence even 1:763).
13
Zenebe, Mengistu Hailemariam, Zeleke Mekonnen, Eskindir Loha, and Elizaveta Padalko. "Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infections Mother-Newborn Pair Study in Southern Ethiopia." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (December 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4646743.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is a common cause of neurodevelopmental delays and sensorineural hearing loss of infants, yet the prevalence of cCMV and the associated factors in Ethiopia are not studied. Hence, this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of cCMV in Southern Ethiopia. Methodology. A mother-newborn pair cross-sectional study was conducted at Hawassa University Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. Newborn’s saliva sample was tested for cCMV using Alethia CMV molecular assay. Mothers’ serum was tested serologically for anti-CMV IgM and IgG by EUROIMMUN ELISA. Pregnant women responded to a questionnaire about their previous and current obstetric history and sociodemographic characteristics. The chi-square (χ2) test and independent-sample t-test were used to determine the associations between infections and possible risk factors; then, potential variables were screened for multivariable analysis. Results. A total of 593 mother-newborn pairs were assessed. CMV was detected in 14 of 593 newborn saliva swabs (2.4%; 95% CI 1.2–3.7). As assessed by CMV IgM-positive results, maternal CMV seropositivity was 8.3% (49/593); thus, the rate of mother-to-child transmission of CMV was 28% (14/49) among CMV IgM-positive women. Congenital CMV infection was significantly associated with maternal exposure through nursery school children in the household, women sharing a feeding cup with children, and any of the detected curable STIs during pregnancy. Birth weight was negatively associated with CMV infection. Maternal age, gravidity, level of education, and sharing of children feeding utensils were not associated with cCMV infection. Conclusion. A high rate of cCMV infection in the absence of awareness demands further in-depth investigation in Ethiopia. Thus, policymakers must take appropriate action through the antenatal care system for prevention strategies and put in place a constant health education and awareness creation of pregnant women about the causes of infection and hygienic measures.
14
Hanson, Lars Å. "Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005654.
Full textAbstract:
The newborn receives, via the placenta, maternal IgG antibodies against the microbes present in its surroundings, but such antibodies have a pro-inflammatory action, initiating the complement system and phagocytes. Although the host defence mechanisms of the neonate that involve inflammatory reactivity are somewhat inefficient, this defence system can still have catabolic effects. Breast-feeding compensates for this relative inefficiency of host defence in the neonate by providing considerable amounts of secretory IgA antibodies directed particularly against the microbial flora of the mother and her environment. These antibodies bind the microbes that are appearing on the infant's mucosal membranes, preventing activation of the pro-inflammatory defence. The major milk protein lactoferrin can destroy microbes and reduce inflammatory responses. The non-absorbed milk oligosaccharides block attachment of microbes to the infant's mucosae, preventing infections. The milk may contain anti-secretory factor, which is anti-inflammatory, preventing mastitis in mothers and diarrhoea in infants. Numerous additional factors in the milk are of unknown function, although IL-7 is linked to the larger size of the thymus and the enhanced development of intestinal Tγδ lymphocytes in breast-fed compared with non-breast-fed infants. Several additional components in the milk may help to explain why breast-feeding can reduce infant mortality, protecting against neonatal septicaemia and meningitis. It is therefore important to start breast-feeding immediately. Protection is also apparent against diarrhoea, respiratory infections and otitis media. There may be protection against urinary tract infections and necrotizing enterocolitis, and possibly also against allergy and certain other immunological diseases, and tumours. In conclusion, breast-feeding provides a very broad multifactorial anti-inflammatory defence for the infant.
15
Alexieva, B., Tz Markova, and E. Nikolova. "bovine colostrum – the promising nutraceutical." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, No. 2 (November 16, 2011): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3409-cjfs.
Full textAbstract:
Colostrum is the first milk produced after birth and is particularly rich in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors. It is important for the nutrition, growth, and development of newborn infants and contributes to the immunologic defence of neonates. Recent studies suggest that bovine colostrum or some of its constituents may be useful for the prevention and, to some extent, for the treatment of various infectious diseases. A variety of colostral based preparations have been used as feed supplements or colostrum substitutes for neonate calves and pigs. Numerous recent studies suggest that oral administration of bovine colostrum preparations may contribute to human health care both as part of health promoting diet and as an alternative or a supplement to the medical treatment of specified human diseases.
16
GENESCÀ, JOAN, JUAN I. ESTEBAN, and RAFAEL ESTEBAN. "Hepatitis B Immunoprophylaxis of Low-Birth-Weight Infants." Pediatrics 76, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.76.6.1020.
Full textAbstract:
To the Editor.— In a recent statement by the Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics (Pediatrics 1985;75:362-364) of prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in newborns, a point was made about the lack of data on immunogenic capacity of hepatitis B vaccine on low-birth-weight infants (< 2,000 g). In a prospective study on the value of vaccine for prevention of HBV infection in newborns from hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers, carried out at our institution on 111 infants, two of the vaccinees were twins who weighed 1,800 g each.
17
Bateman, Caroline M., Alison Kesson, Madeleine Powys, Melanie Wong, and Emily Blyth. "Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies." Viruses 13, no. 10 (October 5, 2021): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102001.
Full textAbstract:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a human herpes virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed children. CMV primary infection causes a clinically mild disease in healthy children, usually in early childhood; the virus then utilises several mechanisms to establish host latency, which allows for periodic reactivation, particularly when the host is immunocompromised. It is this reactivation that is responsible for the significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. We review CMV infection in the primary immunodeficient host, including early identification of these infants by newborn screening to allow for CMV infection prevention strategies. Furthermore, clinical CMV is discussed in the context of children treated with secondary immunodeficiency, particularly paediatric cancer patients and children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Treatments for CMV are highlighted and include CMV immunotherapy.
18
Pluzhnikova, Tetiana V., Oksana I. Krasnovа, Svitlana S. Kasinets, Svitlana M. Tanyanskaya, Natalia V. Yaroshenko, and Iryna A. Kolenko. "ANALYSIS OF MORBIDITY AND CAUSES OF INFANT MORTALITY IN POLTAVA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 5 (2019): 1136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201905235.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Providing high-quality health care to the newborn is part of the national health system. The number of healthy children in Ukraine decreases annually. One of the main directions of development of the pediatric service is reduction of indicators of child mortality, increase of birth rate and strengthening of children’s health. The aim: To analyze the dynamics of morbidity and causes of infant mortality in the city of Poltava. Materials and methods: Medical and statistical - for collecting, processing and analyzing data, (descriptive and analytical statistics for determining relative indicators, absolute growth indicators), a systems approach and system analysis. Review: According to a study in the city of Poltava, there is a negative absolute increase in the birth rate of children. In the structure of the causes of death of the child population in the first place are the diseases of the period of birth of the newborn, in the second place - congenital anomalies of development. The third place in the structure of causes of death is occupied by diseases of the central nervous system. There is a clear decrease in the incidence of hemolytic disease, anemia, cardiac disorders, intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxiation. In the structure of birth injuries in newborns occupy closed clavicle fractures, plexitis of the newborn. Conclusions: Analysis of the incidence and causes of infant mortality in the city of Poltava suggests that in recent years there has been a decrease in fertility rates, an increase in morbidity rates. The reform should be aimed at improving the state of the pediatric service and the prevention of preterm labor.
19
Ulubaş Işık, Dilek, Ahmet Yagmur Bas, Ferit Kulali, Beyza Ozcan, Sezin Unal, Husniye Yucel, and Nihal Demirel. "Nosocomial Infection Outbreak with Enterobacter aerogenes at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Its Outcomes." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 14, no. 05 (May 28, 2019): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691780.
Full textAbstract:
Objective Health care associated infections (HAIs) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Enterobacter aerogenes, a gram-negative bacterium, rarely causes HAI in the pediatric and NICUs. We report the case of a HAI outbreak of E. aerogenes in an NICU and discuss the clinical spectrum and outcome of the affected preterm newborns and successful prevention measures. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a level III NICU of Etlik Zubeyde Hanım Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital. The infants with blood cultures positive for E. aerogenes during the outbreak were enrolled. Perinatal risk factors, laboratory findings, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis were recorded. Clinical applications and prevention measures were identified. Results A preterm infant of 27 weeks of gestation who was diagnosed on the eighth postnatal day was the initial case of the reported outbreak of health care associated E. aerogenes infection. Subsequently, 12 more infants were diagnosed in the next 3 months. Infants' mean gestational age was 27.1 ± 2.3 weeks, and mean birthweight was 902 ± 161 g. The clinical symptoms at presentation were respiratory distress, sclerema, circulatory failure, and shock, which appeared at a mean age of 7.6 ± 5.8 days. Analysis of E. aerogenes strains revealed that all strains were of the same clonal type. Eight patients died in follow-up due to E. aerogenes septicemia during this outbreak. The mean interval between the onset of symptoms and death was 1.5 ± 1 days. Conclusion Outbreaks of health care associated E. aerogenes infection result in a high mortality rate among very low birthweight infants. Awareness of adjustable risk factors and preventive measures to control the outbreak decreases both morbidity and mortality.
20
Evsyukova, Inna I. "Premature newborns: Actual problems of raising and prevention of adverse consequences." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 70, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd65228.
Full textAbstract:
The review summarizes the literature data on the perinatal pathology of premature infants, the frequency of their development in the following months and years of life of neuropsychiatric and somatic diseases. The results of experimental and clinical studies are presented, revealing the general pathogenetic mechanism oxidative stress, underlying bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, periventricular leukomalacia, open ductus arteriosus and persistent pulmonary hypertension. The interrelation of the processes of inflammation and oxidative stress, which play a leading role in the brain damage of the fetus and newborn, is considered. The literature data on the possibility of preventing severe complications in the antenatal period of development with the timely use of surfactant, magnesium sulfate and acetylcysteine are presented, It is emphasized that the first hours of a premature baby's life are a critical period for an individual approach to resuscitation, the beginning and effectiveness of drug therapy aimed at suppressing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, which is confirmed by modern trends in optimizing the care of premature babies using pentoxifylline, erythropoietin, cortexin and melatonin.
21
Savicheva, Alevtina M. "Perinatal infections in the Russian Federation. Screening strategies: problems and prospectives." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 62, no. 3 (June 15, 2013): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd62370-76.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes principal problems of the diagnosis and prevention of perinatal infections in the Russian Federation. Data on the prevalence of infectious diseases in pregnant women, the ways of transmission of infection from mother to fetus and newborn infant, as well as adverse effects are discussed. Possible ways of solving the current problems are suggested, such as the development of standards and algorithms of diagnosis and prevention of infections during pregnancy planning and early pregnancy terms.
22
Belova, Anastasiya V., O. R. Astsaturova, N. S. Naumenko, and A. P. Nikonov. "GENITAL HERPES AND PREGNANCY." V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/2313-8726-2017-4-3-124-130.
Full textAbstract:
Herpes simplex virus of two types - HSV-1 and HSV-2, which can manifest as a primary and recurrent infection is the etiological factor of genital herpes. Herpes simplex virus is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, in connection with which there is an increase in physical and psychological morbidity, which often remains an underestimated medical problem. With the vertical transmission of HSV during labor, diseases that are dangerous to the life and health in newborns can occur. Pregnant women with a primary infection of genital herpes belong to the high-risk group for the transmission of HSV to the newborn. Prophylaxis and prevention of vertical transmission of HSV are implemented in three directions: prevention of the recurrence of maternal genital HSV infection; prevention of transmission of the virus during pregnancy and childbirth; puerperal prophylaxis of the disease in a neonate infant born of a mother belonging to a high-risk group. This review focuses on such important aspects as laboratory diagnosis of HSV, antiviral therapy and prevention of viral infection during pregnancy, delivery and in the early neonatal period.
23
Adhikari, M., P. Jeena, R. Bobat, M. Archary, K. Naidoo, A. Coutsoudis, R. Singh, and N. Nair. "HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in the Newborn and Young Infant." International Journal of Pediatrics 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/354208.
Full textAbstract:
Each year, approximately 250 000 women die during pregnancy, delivery, or postpartum. Maternal mortality rates due to tuberculosis (TB) and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa now supersede obstetric-related causes of mortality. The majority of cases occur in population-dense regions of Africa and Asia where TB is endemic. The vertical transmission rate of tuberculosis is 15%, the overall vertical transmission rate of HIV in resource-limited settings with mono- or dual-ARV therapy varies from 1.9% to 10.7%. If the millennium development goals are to be achieved, both HIV and TB must be prevented. The essential aspect of TB prevention and detection in the newborn is the maternal history and a positive HIV status in the mother. Perinatal outcomes are guarded even with treatment of both diseases. Exclusive breast feeding is recommended. The community and social impact are crippling. The social issues aggravate the prognosis of these two diseases.
24
Marsden, Deborah, and Harvey Levy. "Newborn Screening of Lysosomal Storage Disorders." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.141622.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Newborn screening is a state-based public health program established as a means for the early detection and treatment of certain medical conditions to minimize developmental disability and mortality. The program was initiated more than 40 years ago to detect and prevent phenylketonuria. Recent technological advances have expanded the scope of newborn screening to include more than 30 inborn errors of metabolism. Consideration is now being given to inclusion of screening for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Content: Some lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) express early in infancy or childhood and are treatable. Initiation of treatment in presymptomatic patients or in syptomatic patients before important symptoms are present may improve the long-term outcome. Therefore, early diagnosis is critical. Based on the availability of therapy and development of a screening method, 6 of the more than 40 known LSDs are candidates for newborn screening in the US: Gaucher disease, Pompe disease, Fabry disease, Niemann-Pick disease, mucopolysaccharidosis I, and Krabbe disease. This report reviews the history of newborn screening, the technology that has allowed for expanded screening during the last decade, LSDs and their treatment, and the evolving methods that might allow additional expansion of newborn screening to include certain LSDs. Summary: Recent and evolving technological advances may be implemented for newborn screening for LSDs. This screening will identify presymptomatic newborns, allowing for early treatment and prevention or limitation of morbidity otherwise associated with these inherited rare diseases.
25
Fowler, Karen, Jacek Mucha, Neumann Monika, Witold Lewandowski, Magdalena Kaczanowska, Elvira Schmidt, Andrew Natenshon, Carla Talarico, Philip Buck, and John D. Diaz-Decaro. "1190. Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Among Newborns/Infants < 2 Years of Age From 2010 to 2020." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S686—S687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1382.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is a leading cause of preventable congenital birth defects worldwide. In the United States, approximately 1 in 200 infants are born with cCMV and about 10% exhibit symptoms at birth; of those, 40-60% experience long-term sequelae including sensorineural hearing loss and developmental delays. As routine newborn surveillance is universally absent, it is difficult to assess the absolute burden of cCMV and demonstrate the need for CMV treatment and prevention. Here we describe the global epidemiologic burden of cCMV from 2010-2020 by performing a systematic review of the literature. Methods Publications from 2000-2020 on CMV-related epidemiologic, economic, and humanistic burden across all ages were identified using Medline, Embase, and LILACS. Epidemiologic burden estimates of cCMV in at-risk age groups (newborns [≤ 1 month] and infants [2 months to 2 years]) were extracted from recent studies published from 2010-2020, excluding previous systematic literature reviews, chart reviews, case series, gray literature, and studies in immunosuppressed populations. The primary outcome measure was seroprevalence, defined by CMV-specific immunoglobulin G titer or confirmed by CMV polymerase chain reaction in saliva or urinary samples. Results Of 8970 records on CMV epidemiologic burden across all ages, 3600 were screened (Fig. 1). Records were excluded based on study population, outcome, design, or other reason, yielding 157 articles; 24 reported cCMV infection in newborns/infants in 13 countries (Fig. 2). cCMV seroprevalence estimates differed based on type of screening (Fig. 3). cCMV seroprevalence ranged from 0.28-67.2% among publications reporting on universal screening (n=6), 0.6-29.2% among publications reporting on targeted screening (n=17) based on hearing loss, low birth weight, or small for gestational age, and 36.0% in one publication reporting on prenatal screening. Figure 1. Study selection for epidemiological burden cCMV, congenital cytomegalovirus Figure 2. Global map of the location and number of included studies Figure 3. cCMV seroprevalence and 95% confidence interval* by universal, targeted, and prenatal screening methods *Confidence intervals shown when available. cCMV, congenital cytomegalovirus Conclusion There is a worldwide lack of cCMV epidemiologic data with heterogeneity in seroprevalence, influenced by inconsistent and varied screening efforts. Implementation of consistent screening methods is essential to accurately describe the burden of cCMV, justify future vaccine (or other prevention or treatment) introduction, and measure impact. Disclosures Jacek Mucha, MS, Certara (Employee) Neumann Monika, Information Specialist, Certara (Employee) Witold Lewandowski, MD, BA, Certara (Other Financial or Material Support, Former employee during abstract development)Tata Consultancy Services (Employee) Magdalena Kaczanowska, MPH, Certara (Employee) Elvira Schmidt, MSc, Certara (Employee) Andrew Natenshon, MA, Moderna, Inc. (Employee) Carla Talarico, MPH, PhD, Moderna, Inc. (Employee) Philip Buck, MPH, PhD, Moderna, Inc. (Employee) John D. Diaz-Decaro, MS, PhD, Moderna, Inc. (Employee)
26
Pisaniak, Paulina, Dominika Piękoś, Katarzyna Bąk, Patryk Stokłosa, and Dorota Ozga. "The battle with uneven opponent – Sudden Infant Death Syndrome." Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pielxxiw-2019-0013.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSIDS is one of the biggest problems of modern medicine. In the diagnosis of SIDS, we take into account all possible diseases that may be the cause of death, as well as factors indicating an accident or murder. The etiology of SIDS is not yet known. There are several pathogenetic concepts, most of which refer to pathophysiological changes associated with nervous system hypoplasia. The most important risk factors include the effects of tobacco smoke, obstetric history, and incorrect sleep position. The role of risk factors in the pathogenesis of SIDS and their interdependence is still the subject of many studies. There are many theories developed on this subject, but none have been supported by scientific research and which is extremely difficult to carry out in this group of newborns. In most cases, medical help finds a newborn already dead, so it is difficult to say what is the main cause or marker of cot death. A considerable success in preventing the onset of sudden infant death syndrome turned out to be educational campaigns for parents - in order to follow up, an information leaflet was prepared with the basic recommendations in the prevention of SIDS. Among the parents of newborn children there are still many controversial opinions about risk factors in the onset of sudden infant death syndrome, the article contains and explains the meaning of individual activities that are considered to predispose to SIDS.
27
Bührer, Christoph, Ömer Erdeve, Dirk Bassler, and Benjamin Bar-Oz. "Oral propranolol for prevention of threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROPROP): protocol of a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e021749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021749.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease observed in extremely premature infants characterised by visioning-threatening retinal vessel proliferation. Propranolol, a drug used for decades in newborn infants with heart diseases, hypertension and thyrotoxicosis and licenced for infantile haemangiomas, may be effective in halting progression of ROP to severe stages, as suggested by preliminary data from small studies.Methods and analysisROPROP is an investigator-initiated, multicentre, placebo-controlled double-blind, randomised controlled trial aiming to assess the safety and efficacy of orally administered propranolol to reduce the risk of threshold ROP (stage 3) in extremely preterm infants at 48 weeks postmenstrual age (primary objective) and the rate of infants requiring local interventions for severe ROP (secondary objective). Key inclusion criteria: gestational age <28 weeks, birth weight <1250 g, postmenstrual age ≥31 and <37 weeks, incipient ROP (stage 1 or 2, with or without plus disease) and written informed consent by parents or legal guardian. Key exclusion criteria: requirement for open-label propranolol treatment, major congenital malformations (including those with cerebrovascular malformations), known chromosomal anomalies, colobomas and other eye malformations, atrioventricular block grade 2 or 3 and comedication with antiarrhythmics, clonidine, insulin (pharmacodynamic interaction), phenobarbital or rifampicin (pharmacokinetic interaction). The intervention consists of oral propranolol-hydrochloride (1.6 mg/kg/day in three to four divided dosages) or placebo until discharge, for a maximum of 10 weeks. Analysis is by intention to treat.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol has received ethical and regulatory approval. Results will be published after peer review irrespective of the study outcome.Trial registration numbersNCT03083431, EudraCT# 2017‐002124‐24 (EUCTR), 00013730 (DRKS); Pre-results.
28
Aminova, A. I., P. A. Bobkova, E. I. Belova, N. V. Zaytseva, A. S. Antishin, Z. F. Gumbatova, T. Yu Eryushova, and Yu L. Osovetskaya. "Enteral feeding strategy for newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis." Voprosy detskoj dietologii 18, no. 4 (2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1727-5784-2020-4-17-28.
Full textAbstract:
Study objective. To optimize the recommendations on the strategy of enteral feeding for newborn babies with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Patients and methods. A single-centre, observational, prospective, analytical, cohort study of 186 infants aged from 2 days to 2 months (96 boys, 90 girls) with the verified diagnosis of NEC of varied severity, who were treated at the neonatal pathology department of Moscow G.N.Speransky Children’s City Clinical Hospital No 9 in 2016-2018. The patients were divided into 2 groups, depending on disease staging according to the Walsh and Kliegman classification: group I – 124 (66.7%) newborns with mild NEC (stage 1A, B and 2A) and group II – 62 (33.3%) patients with a severe course (stages 2B and 3A, B). Results. As has been found, maternal risk factors for the development of severe forms of NEC in newborns are: maternal age over 40 years (OR = 1.40, 95% CI 0.83–2.17), assisted reproductive technologies (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.79–3.66), bad obstetrical-gynaecological history (OR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.03–2.97), infectious diseases during pregnancy (OR = 1.37, 95% CI 0.69–1.90). The ranking of the risk factors present in babies themselves permitted to find a causative relation with such factors as bacteriological contamination of biological media (OR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.3–4.0), bacteremia, viremia (OR = 5.80, 95% CI 2.99–7.13), gestational age 30–32 wks (OR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.01–3.94), which were significant only for mild forms of NEC. A minimal number of severe cases was diagnosed for a combination of breastfeeding and parenteral nutrition (16.7%), development of severe NEC was more often noted when feeding was started within 5 days: breastfeeding (26.3%), formula feeding (33.3 %), mixed breast and formula feeding (5%), or in infants who did not receive feeding due to their severe condition after birth (33%) (р < 0.05). The minimal number of severe NEC cases was found among babies who remained on breast (11.1%) and mixed (11.1%) feeding after the 5th day (р < 0.05), the maximal number – in infants who started from enteral feeding and were transferred to formula feeding (50%). Prolonged enteral feeding was three times more often associated with a severe course of NEC (р < 0.001). Conclusion. As has been found, the frequency of developing severe NEC depends on the character of the first feed after birth. A risk of developing severe forms of NEC decreases in newborns on breast- or mixed feeding, in combination of breast feeding and parenteral nutrition, short courses of enteral pauses, alternation of enteral feeding and enteral pauses. The results might be used in the clinical practice of neonatologists and paediatricians for prevention and management of NEC and its possible complications in newborn infants. Key words: necrotising enterocolitis, enteral pause, enteral nutrition, neonatology, birth weight, gestational age, premature infants
29
Jourdain, Marine, Mehdi Benchaib, Dominique Ploin, Yves Gillet, Etienne Javouhey, Come Horvat, Mona Massoud, et al. "Identifying the Target Population for Primary Respiratory Syncytial Virus Two-Step Prevention in Infants: Normative Outcome of Hospitalisation Assessment for Newborns (NOHAN)." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050729.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory infection- related hospitalisations in infants (RSVh). Most of these infants are younger than 6 months old with no known risk factors. An efficient RSVh prevention program should address both mothers and infants, relying on Non-Pharmaceutical (NPI) and Pharmaceutical Interventions (PI). This study aimed at identifying the target population for these two interventions. Methods: Laboratory-confirmed RSV-infected infants hospitalised during the first 6 months of life were enrolled from the Hospices Civils de Lyon birth cohort (2014 to 2018). Clinical variables related to pregnancy and birth (sex, month of birth, birth weight, gestational age, parity) were used for descriptive epidemiology, multivariate logistic regression, and predictive score development. Results: Overall, 616 cases of RSVh in 45,648 infants were identified. Being born before the epidemic season, prematurity, and multiparity were independent predictors of RSVh. Infants born in January or June to August with prematurity and multiparity, and those born in September or December with only one other risk factor (prematurity or multiparity) were identified as moderate-risk, identifying the mothers as candidates for a first-level NPI prevention program. Infants born in September or December with prematurity and multiparity, and those born in October or November were identified as high-risk, identifying the mothers and infants as candidates for a second-level (NPI and PI) intervention. Conclusions: It is possible to determine predictors of RSVh at birth, allowing early enrollment of the target population in a two-level RSV prevention intervention.
30
CARVALHEIRO, C. G., M. M. MUSSI-PINHATA, A. Y. YAMAMOTO, C. B. S. DE SOUZA, and L. M. Z. MACIEL. "Incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis estimated by neonatal screening: relevance of diagnostic confirmation in asymptomatic newborn infants." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 3 (February 16, 2005): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880400353x.
Full textAbstract:
Congenital toxoplasmosis is rarely identified by routine clinical examination. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of the disease in the region of Ribeirão Preto, south-eastern Brazil. A definitive diagnosis was made on the basis of the persistence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies beyond 1 year of age. Blood samples obtained from 15162 neonates and adsorbed onto filter paper were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. Fifteen samples gave positive results. A definitive diagnosis was confirmed in five of the 13 infants (38·5%) who completed follow-up. These five infants presented with serum IgM and/or IgA antibodies, and clinical abnormalities. Disease incidence was estimated to be 3·3/10000 (95% CI 1·0–7·7), indicating the need for preventive measures. Neonatal screening is feasible, but screening tests with a better performance are required; positive screening results must be carefully confirmed.
31
Shlemkevich, O., and M. Kiselоva. "ISSUES OF THE TEAM OF DOCTORS INVOLVED IN ASSISTANCE AN EXTREMELY PREMATURE INFANT WITH CONGENITAL SCOLIOSIS (CLINICAL CASE)." Neonatology, surgery and perinatal medicine 12, no. 1(43) (May 8, 2022): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-4260.xii.1.43.2022.13.
Full textAbstract:
The number of newborns who already have various malformations at birth is, according to WHO data, 2.5- 3%. Almost 1% of them are manifestations of monogenic diseases, about 0.5 % - chromosomal diseases, 1.5-2 % are caused by congenital malformations (СМ) caused by the influence of adverse factors of exogenous and endogenous origin. The frequency of СМ increases by the end of the first year of a child's life and reaches 5-7 % due to the manifestations of undiagnosed malformations of vision, hearing, nervous and endocrine systems at birth. The estimate of the incidence of congenital spinal abnormalities in the general population is 0.13-0.5 / 1000 newborns. About 10-12 % of children have scoliosis. In some children, this pathology is congenital and refers to complex neonatal pathologies of spinal malformations.The relevance and priority of issues of prevention and early treatment of congenital scoliosis are due to the development of severe deformities, disorders in the internal organs, as well as cosmetic defects.The article describes a clinical case of congenital scoliosis in a prematurely born child with another congenital pathology specific to the perinatal period, which was detected and confirmed before the end of the first week of the child's life: respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III, signs of periventricular leukomalacia with discrete hemorrhages in the spinal cord, dimorphic syndrome, anemia of premature babies, metabolic disorders (hyperkalemia), prematurity is 28 weeks.The description of this clinical case raised topical questions that inevitably arose from a team of doctors who were involved in the medical care of a child with extremely low birth weight. The components of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of the development of hereditary pathology are identified, both at the stage of pregnancy planning and in the prenatal period. The defining role in the complex of measures for the Prevention of congenital and hereditary diseases today belongs to prenatal diagnostics, which makes it possible to prevent the birth of children with severe uncontrolled malformations, socially significant fatal genes, and chromosomal diseases. When providing medical care to children with severe congenital, combined pathology, it is important to discuss the issue of providing palliative care to children.An integral part of making therapeutic decisions about the type and method of medical care for a child is to consider the will of the parents, provided that the opinion of the parents is conscious and based on the comprehensive information received about all possible actions of medical professionals, indicating not only conducive but also adverse consequences in the long term of the life of the sick newborn.
32
Christakis, Dimitri A., Eric Harvey, Danielle M. Zerr, Chris Feudtner, Jeffrey A. Wright, and Frederick A. Connell. "A Trade-off Analysis of Routine Newborn Circumcision." Pediatrics 105, Supplement_2 (January 1, 2000): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.s2.246.
Full textAbstract:
Background. The risks associated with newborn circumcision have not been as extensively evaluated as the benefits. Objectives. The goals of this study were threefold: 1) to derive a population-based complication rate for newborn circumcision; 2) to calculate the number needed to harm for newborn circumcision based on this rate; and 3) to establish trade-offs based on our complication rates and published estimates of the benefits of circumcision including the prevention of urinary tract infections and penile cancer. Methods. Using the Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System for Washington State, we retrospectively examined routine newborn circumcisions performed over 9 years (1987–1996). We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes to identify both circumcisions and complications and limited our analyses to children without other surgical procedures performed during their initial birth hospitalization. Results. Of 354 297 male infants born during the study period, 130 475 (37%) were circumcised during their newborn stay. Overall 287 (.2%) of circumcised children and 33 (.01%) of uncircumcised children had complications potentially associated with circumcision coded as a discharge diagnosis. Based on our findings, a complication can be expected in 1 out every 476 circumcisions. Six urinary tract infections can be prevented for every complication endured and almost 2 complications can be expected for every case of penile cancer prevented. Conclusions. Circumcision remains a relatively safe procedure. However, for some parents, the risks we report may outweigh the potential benefits. This information may help parents seeking guidance to make an informed decision.
33
Hu, Yali, Xinwei Dai, Yi-Hua Zhou, and Huixia Yang. "A knowledge survey of obstetrics and gynecology staff on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 05 (May 13, 2013): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2915.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: This survey was designed to investigate the knowledge awareness of obstetrics and gynaecology staff (Obs/Gyn staff) on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methodology: Obs/Gyn staff from 21 of the 31 Chinese mainland provinces, who attended medical meetings or training classes from July to October 2011, were invited to complete a questionnaire regarding PMTCT of HBV. The questionnaire included the clinical implications of HBV serologic markers and PMTCT preventive measures for both pregnant women and infants. Results: A total of 828 questionnaires were distributed, 617 (74.5%) Obs/Gyn staff participated in the survey, and 559 (90.6%) questionnaires met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 90% of participants correctly determined the positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as infectious, but up to 27.5% mistakenly considered the presence of anti-HBe and/or anti-HBc with negative HBsAg as infectious. In total, 96.3% respondents knew that pregnant women should be screened for HBV infection, and 95.3% realized that infants of HBsAg-positive mothers should be injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin and vaccine. On the other hand, with the available immunoprophylaxis, 13.8% participants mistakenly believed caesarean section may prevent HBV mother-to-child transmission, and only 13% correctly answered that newborns of HBsAg positive mothers may be breastfed. Conclusion: Obs/Gyn staff in China have mastered the strategies of HBV PMTCT, but there is obvious insufficiency in details of the application. Intensified efforts to train the Obs/Gyn staff are required to improve the current suboptimal medical service in HBV-exposed infants and to control mother-to-infant transmission of HBV.
34
Hirekerur, Vikram L., Atul A. Kulkarni, and Tanvi V. Hirekerur. "A study of newborn on prelacteal feeds." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20170069.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Infants are often prescribed prelacteal feeds after birth. We studied 50 such cases. Most prescriptions were written on day one. Maternal problems were the commonest reasons cited. However maternal and neonatal diseases severe enough to affect lactation are rarely encountered. On counselling breastfeeding was initiated. The seeds of lactation failure are sown on day one of life. The best chance of preventing it is on day one.Methods: 50 newborn babies born between August 2015 and July 2016 in Ashwini Rural Medical College and Hospital, Kumbhari, Solapur, Maharashtra, India and who were prescribed prelacteal feeds were included in the study. Approval from ethical committee was taken. Results: Most mothers did not have any medical or pregnancy related diseases. Antenatal counselling was not done in 18 (36 %) mothers. In 48 (96%) cases prelacteal feeds were initiated on day one. Maternal problems 19 (38%) were the commonest reasons cited for prelacteal feeds. In majority of cases 45 (90 %) there was no neonatal reason for prelacteal feeds. 22 (44 %) mothers initiated breastfeeding on recovery from their medical problems. In 17 (34%) cases, counselling was done and was effective.Conclusions: Prelacteal feeds are commonly prescribed in postnatal wards. Maternal problems were the commonest reasons cited though most of the mothers did not have medical or pregnancy related disease. Proper counselling was effective in convincing mothers. Maternal and neonatal diseases severe enough to affect lactation are rarely encountered. Antenatal counselling is an effective way to initiate breastfeeding on day one.
35
Whitsett, Jeffrey A. "Review: The intersection of surfactant homeostasis and innate host defense of the lung: lessons from newborn infants." Innate Immunity 16, no. 3 (March 29, 2010): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425910366879.
Full textAbstract:
The study of pulmonary surfactant, directed towards prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants, led to the identification of novel proteins/genes that determine the synthesis, packaging, secretion, function, and catabolism of alveolar surfactant. The surfactant proteins, SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D, and the surfactant lipid associated transporter, ABCA3, play critical roles in surfactant homeostasis. The study of their structure and function provided insight into a system that integrates the biophysical need to reduce surface tension in the alveoli and the innate host defenses required to maintain pulmonary structure and function after birth. Alveolar homeostasis depends on the intrinsic, multifunctional structures of the surfactant-associated proteins and the shared transcriptional regulatory modules that determine both the expression of genes involved in surfactant production as well as those critical for host defense. Identification of the surfactant proteins and the elucidation of the genetic networks regulating alveolar homeostasis have provided the basis for understanding and diagnosing rare and common pulmonary disorders, including respiratory distress syndrome, inherited disorders of surfactant homeostasis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
36
Bozzi Cionci, Nicole, Loredana Baffoni, Francesca Gaggìa, and Diana Di Gioia. "Therapeutic Microbiology: The Role of Bifidobacterium breve as Food Supplement for the Prevention/Treatment of Paediatric Diseases." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2018): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111723.
Full textAbstract:
The human intestinal microbiota, establishing a symbiotic relationship with the host, plays a significant role for human health. It is also well known that a disease status is frequently characterized by a dysbiotic condition of the gut microbiota. A probiotic treatment can represent an alternative therapy for enteric disorders and human pathologies not apparently linked to the gastrointestinal tract. Among bifidobacteria, strains of the species Bifidobacterium breve are widely used in paediatrics. B. breve is the dominant species in the gut of breast-fed infants and it has also been isolated from human milk. It has antimicrobial activity against human pathogens, it does not possess transmissible antibiotic resistance traits, it is not cytotoxic and it has immuno-stimulating abilities. This review describes the applications of B. breve strains mainly for the prevention/treatment of paediatric pathologies. The target pathologies range from widespread gut diseases, including diarrhoea and infant colics, to celiac disease, obesity, allergic and neurological disorders. Moreover, B. breve strains are used for the prevention of side infections in preterm newborns and during antibiotic treatments or chemotherapy. With this documentation, we hope to increase knowledge on this species to boost the interest in the emerging discipline known as “therapeutic microbiology”.
37
Khamidulina, R. M., M. G. Katyagina, I. S. Zolotova, and L. E. Ziganshina. "Assessing the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission." Kazan medical journal 102, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2021-176.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. To analyze the outcomes of a set of interventions to prevent vertical transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Republic of Mari El.
Methods. A retrospective analysis of temporary registration forms Notifications of the termination of pregnancy in an HIV-infected woman and Notifications of a newborn born by an HIV-infected mother, case histories and outpatient medical records of HIV-infected women who gave birth in 20002018 was carried out. The study included all children born in the Republic of Mari El to HIV-positive women registered with the Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, as well as children whose HIV status is detected after birth as a result of epidemiological investigations. The assessment of the risks of transmission as an outcome of the three-step preventive interventions has been carried out. A comparative analysis of the results of perinatal prevention of HIV transmission in the Republic of Mari El and other regions of the Russian Federation was performed.
Results. A total of 299 HIV-infected pregnant women and 368 children born to these women during the study period were registered in the region; 63 (21.7%) of these women had more than one child. Over the entire study period, 18 (4.8%) children with confirmed HIV infection were registered. The most common factor associated with infant HIV infection is late maternal HIV diagnosis: (1) several years after childbirth in the absence of antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis and the infants were breastfeeding (11 cases, 64.7%); (2) during or shortly after childbirth, when the patient did not receive entire three-step antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy and childbirth (6 cases, 29.4%); (3) in the third trimester of pregnancy (1 case, 5.5%). An important limitation for the successful prevention of vertical transmission of HIV was the lack of routine HIV testing, which is required by women and their partners before and at various stages during pregnancy. A single case of self-infection indicates the need to introduce preventive measures from early adolescence among children.
Conclusion. Due to the late maternal HIV diagnosis, during or after delivery, HIV transmission events occurred either with limited or no limited antiretroviral prophylaxis.
38
Tamrazova, Olga B., Nataliya F. Dubovets, Anait V. Tamrazova, and Sergey P. Seleznev. "Role of emollients in the prevention of skin diseases in young children." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-1-158-166.
Full textAbstract:
Epidermis plays an important role in protecting the body from negative environmental influences. The horny layer plays a special role in carrying out these functions. Skin defense mechanisms are multistage and include 5 protective barriers responsible for maintaining the integrity and performing the main functions of the skin. The first one is a microbial barrier – determined by commensal flora which prevents contamination of pathogenic microorganisms; the second one is a physical barrier preventing mechanical skin damage, penetration of allergens and microorganisms; the third one is a chemical barrier achieved by forming pH and components of natural moisturizing factor as well as epidermal lipids; the fourth one – immune barrier – Langerhans cells, tissue basophils, lymphocytes etc.;the fifth is the neurosensory barrier – numerous nerve endings transmitting signals of skin integrity damage and controlling metabolic processes and homeostasis maintenance. Epidermal barrier of newborns and infants is imperfect and differs in its structure and functional activity from that of adults. Children’s skin is prone to excessive dryness, irritation, allergic reactions and inflammation. For young children, it is very important to minimize the risk of these manifestations. Individual selection and use of emollients in the basic care of infants promotes the functional stability of five protective «frontiers» of the epidermal barrier: prevents skin damage when exposed to unfavorable environmental factors, reduces TEWL, supports the normal microbiome, has antipruritic and anti-inflammatory action. Modern emollients restore the hydrolipidic layer of the epidermis and prevent the development of dermatitis and skin infection in children. An important role when choosing an emollient is played by its texture, which can be represented by a lotion, cream, balm, ointment. Chemically, creams, lotions and balms are emulsions, i.e. they consist of two immiscible components – fat (oil) and water. In this case, one of the components is in the other in the form of tiny droplets. Most skin diseases faced by young children are related to the integrity of the epidermis, which is why daily care should be primarily focused on protecting the skin barrier
39
Endesfelder, Stefanie, Evelyn Strauß, Ivo Bendix, Thomas Schmitz, and Christoph Bührer. "Prevention of Oxygen-Induced Inflammatory Lung Injury by Caffeine in Neonatal Rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (August 8, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3840124.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Preterm birth implies an array of respiratory diseases including apnea of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Caffeine has been introduced to treat apneas but also appears to reduce rates of BPD. Oxygen is essential when treating preterm infants with respiratory problems but high oxygen exposure aggravates BPD. This experimental study is aimed at investigating the action of caffeine on inflammatory response and cell death in pulmonary tissue in a hyperoxia-based model of BPD in the newborn rat. Material/Methods. Lung injury was induced by hyperoxic exposure with 80% oxygen for three (P3) or five (P5) postnatal days with or without recovery in ambient air until postnatal day 15 (P15). Newborn Wistar rats were treated with PBS or caffeine (10 mg/kg) every two days beginning at the day of birth. The effects of caffeine on hyperoxic-induced pulmonary inflammatory response were examined at P3 and P5 immediately after oxygen exposure or after recovery in ambient air (P15) by immunohistological staining and analysis of lung homogenates by ELISA and qPCR. Results. Treatment with caffeine significantly attenuated changes in hyperoxia-induced cell death and apoptosis-associated factors. There was a significant decrease in proinflammatory mediators and redox-sensitive transcription factor NFκB in the hyperoxia-exposed lung tissue of the caffeine-treated group compared to the nontreated group. Moreover, treatment with caffeine under hyperoxia modulated the transcription of the adenosine receptor (Adora)1. Caffeine induced pulmonary chemokine and cytokine transcription followed by immune cell infiltration of alveolar macrophages as well as increased adenosine receptor (Adora1, 2a, and 2b) expression. Conclusions. The present study investigating the impact of caffeine on the inflammatory response, pulmonary cell degeneration and modulation of adenosine receptor expression, provides further evidence that caffeine acts as an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory drug for experimental oxygen-mediated lung injury. Experimental studies may broaden the understanding of therapeutic use of caffeine in modulating detrimental mechanisms involved in BPD development.
40
Bekker, A., H. S. Schaaf, H. I. Seifart, H. R. Draper, C. J. Werely, M. F. Cotton, and A. C. Hesseling. "Pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid in Low-Birth-Weight and Premature Infants." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 4 (February 3, 2014): 2229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01532-13.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIsoniazid (INH) is recommended for use as posttuberculosis exposure preventive therapy in children. However, no pharmacokinetic data are available for INH treatment in low-birth-weight (LBW) infants, who undergo substantial developmental and physiological changes. Our objectives in this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of INH at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight/day and to define its pharmacokinetics relative to the arylamineN-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) genotype. An intensive prospective pharmacokinetic sampling study was conducted at Tygerberg Children's Hospital, South Africa, in which we measured INH blood plasma concentrations at 2, 3, 4 and 5 h postdose. Twenty LBW infants (14 male, 16 exposed to HIV) were studied. The median birth weight was 1,575 g (interquartile range, 1,190 to 2,035 g) and the median gestational age was 35 weeks (interquartile range, 34 to 38 weeks). TheNAT2acetylation statuses of the infants were homozygous slow (SS) (5 infants), heterozygous intermediate (FS) (11 infants), and homozygous fast (FF) (4 infants). Using a noncompartmental analysis approach, the median maximum drug concentration in blood serum (Cmax) was 5.63 μg/ml, the time after drug administration to reachCmaxTmax) was 2 h, the area under the concentration-time curve from 2 to 5 h (AUC2–5) was 13.56 μg · h/ml, the half-life (t1/2) was 4.69 h, and the elimination constant rate (kel) was 0.15 h−1. The alanine aminotransferase levels were normal, apart from 2 isolated values at two and three times above the normal levels. Only the three-times-elevated value was repeated at 6 months and normalized. All LBW infants achieved target INH blood plasma concentrations comparable to the adult values. Reduced elimination was observed in smaller and younger infants and in slow acetylators, cautioning against higher doses. The safety data, although limited, were reassuring. More data, however, are required for newborn infants.
41
Smirnov, A. K., and G. A. Fedyashev. "Conjunctival microbiota of newborns: Current state of the problem and clinical perspectives." Pacific Medical Journal, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2022-3-5-9.
Full textAbstract:
The species composition of the conjunctival microbiota of newborns and first-year infants informs the selection of an optimal management tactics for the prevention of inflammatory responses. The effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy depends on the availability of susceptibility testing. The most common types of bacteria found in first-year infants include Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. These bacterium types are most sensitive to fluoroquinolones. The bacterial culture of neonates born naturally most frequently contain coagulase-negative staphylococci, Propionibacterium spp, and Corynebacterium spp., while that in neonates born by caesarean section feature coagulasenegative staphylococci, Propionibacterium spp, and Staphylococcus aureus. An examination of infants with neonatal dacryocystitis revealed a high incidence of inflammatory, fungal, and infectious diseases of the genital tract in their mothers. A correlation was established between the bacterial species obtained from conjunctival and cervicovaginal fluid samples. The microflora composition in older infants is characterized by higher complexity compared to that in younger infants. No significant environmental impact is observed in the group of infants under 6 months old. A more complex ocular surface microbiome in childhood is consistent with alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiome. No alterations in the ocular surface microbiome were observed in infants that underwent ophthalmic surgery. The abundance and composition of microflora was found to depend on the geographical location and individual specifics. The conducted research supports the development of a system for monitoring the conjunctival microbiota composition of newborns in obstetric and maternity hospitals.
42
Balla, György, and Miklós Szabó. "Chronic morbidities of premature newborns." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 38 (September 2013): 1498–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29709.
Full textAbstract:
The most important chronic morbidities of premature newborns, deeply influencing quality of life, are retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia. Since the rate of premature birth has not decreased in recent years in Hungary, and treatments of these end stage disorders are extremely difficult, prevention gains tremendous significance. Effective prevention is based on detailed knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms of these special diseases having multifactorial nature sharing several common risk factors, and one is the pathological angiogenesis. This sensitive system is affected by several stress situations which are the consequences of prematurity leading to abnormal vascular growth. After birth, relative hyperoxia, compared to intrauterine life, and decreasing concentrations of vascular growth factors result in vascular injury, moreover, may cause vessel apoptosis. The consequence of this phenomenon is the activation of hypoxia responsible genes resulting in robust pathological neovascularization and organ damage during the later phase. Saving normal angiogenesis and inhibiting reactive neovascularization may lead to better quality of life in these premature infants. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1498–1511.
43
Buchwald, Andrea G., Boubou Tamboura, Sharon M. Tennant, Fadima C. Haidara, Flanon Coulibaly, Moussa Doumbia, Fatoumata Diallo, et al. "Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Newborns in Bamako, Mali." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz157.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Few studies describe the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) burden in African populations, and most have utilized hospital-based surveillance. In Mali, no community-based studies exist of the incidence or epidemiology of RSV infection. This study provides the first estimates of RSV incidence in Mali. Methods In a cohort of infants enrolled in a clinical trial of maternal influenza vaccination, we estimate incidence of RSV-associated febrile illness in the first 6 months of life and identify risk factors for RSV infection and progression to severe disease. Infants (N = 1871) were followed from birth to 6 months of age and visited weekly to detect pneumonia and influenza-like illness. Baseline covariates were explored as risk factors for RSV febrile illness and RSV pneumonia or hospitalization. Results Incidence of RSV illness was estimated at 536.8 per 1000 person-years, and 86% (131/153) of RSV illness episodes were positive for RSV-B. RSV illness was most frequent in the fifth month of life and associated with having older mothers and with lower parity. The incidence of RSV-associated hospitalizations was 45.6 per 1000 person-years. Among infants with RSV illness, males were more likely to be hospitalized. The incidence of RSV pneumonia was 29 cases per 1000 person-years. Conclusions In the first 6 months of life, Malian infants have a high incidence of RSV illness, primarily caused by RSV-B. Prevention of early RSV will require passive protection via maternal immunization in pregnancy. Mali is the first country where RSV-B has been identified as the dominant subtype, with potential implications for vaccine development.
44
Ngo-Giang-Huong, Nicole, Charline Leroi, Dahlene Fusco, Tim R. Cressey, Nantawan Wangsaeng, Nicolas Salvadori, Natedao Kongyai, et al. "Lack of Association between Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Zika Antibodies among Pregnant Women in Thailand between 1997 and 2015." Viruses 13, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081423.
Full textAbstract:
Data about Zika virus infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Southeast Asia are scarce. We conducted an unmatched case-control study of Zika virus (ZIKV) serology in pregnant women enrolled in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) perinatal prevention trials between 1997 and 2015 in Thailand. Case and control groups included women with and without adverse pregnancy outcomes. Plasma samples collected during the last trimester of pregnancy were tested for ZIKV IgG/IgM and Dengue IgG/IgM (Euroimmun, AG, Germany). Case newborn plasma samples were tested for ZIKV IgM and ZIKV RNA (Viasure, Spain). The case group included women with stillbirth (n = 22) or whose infants had microcephaly (n = 4), a head circumference below the first percentile (n = 14), neurological disorders (n = 36), or had died within 10 days after birth (n = 11). No women in the case group were positive for ZIKV IgM, and none of their live-born neonates were positive for ZIKV IgM or ZIKV RNA. The overall ZIKV IgG prevalence was 29%, 24% in the case and 34% in the control groups (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.13), while the dengue IgG seroprevalence was 90%. Neither neonatal ZIKV infections nor ZIKV-related adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed in these women with HIV and/or HBV during the 18-year study period.
45
Mushtaq, Naseem, Maria B. Redpath, J. Paul Luzio, and Peter W. Taylor. "Prevention and Cure of Systemic Escherichia coli K1 Infection by Modification of the Bacterial Phenotype." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 5 (May 2004): 1503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.5.1503-1508.2004.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is a common cause of meningitis and sepsis in the newborn infant, and the large majority of isolates from these infections produce a polysialic acid (PSA) capsular polysaccharide, the K1 antigen, that protects the bacterial cell from immune attack. We determined whether a capsule-depolymerizing enzyme, by removing this protective barrier, could alter the outcome of systemic infection in an animal model. Bacteriophage-derived endosialidase E (endoE) selectively degrades the PSA capsule on the surface of E. coli K1 strains. Intraperitoneal administration of small quantities of recombinant endoE (20 μg) to 3-day-old rats, colonized with a virulent strain of K1, prevented bacteremia and death from systemic infection. The enzyme had no effect on the viability of E. coli strains but sensitized strains expressing PSA to killing by the complement system. This study demonstrates the potential therapeutic efficacy of agents that cure infections by modification of the bacterial phenotype rather than by killing or inhibition of growth of the pathogen.
46
Hohenfellner, Katharina, Ewa Elenberg, Gema Ariceta, Galina Nesterova, Neveen A. Soliman, and Rezan Topaloglu. "Newborn Screening: Review of its Impact for Cystinosis." Cells 11, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071109.
Full textAbstract:
Newborn screening (NBS) programmes are considered to be one of the most successful secondary prevention measures in childhood to prevent or reduce morbidity and/or mortality via early disease identification and subsequent initiation of therapy. However, while many rare diseases can now be detected at an early stage using appropriate diagnostics, the introduction of a new target disease requires a detailed analysis of the entire screening process, including a robust scientific background, analytics, information technology, and logistics. In addition, ethics, financing, and the required medical measures need to be considered to allow the benefits of screening to be evaluated at a higher level than its potential harm. Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a very rare lysosomal metabolic disorder. With the introduction of cysteamine therapy in the early 1980s and the possibility of renal replacement therapy in infancy, patients with cystinosis can now reach adulthood. Early diagnosis of cystinosis remains important as this enables initiation of cysteamine at the earliest opportunity to support renal and patient survival. Using molecular technologies, the feasibility of screening for cystinosis has been demonstrated in a pilot project. This review aims to provide insight into NBS and discuss its importance for nephropathic cystinosis using molecular technologies.
47
Cavigioli, Francesco, Francesca Viaroli, Irene Daniele, Michela Paroli, Luigi Guglielmetti, Elena Esposito, Francesco Cerritelli, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, and Gianluca Lista. "Neonatal Early Onset Sepsis (EOS) Calculator plus Universal Serial Physical Examination (SPE): A Prospective Two-Step Implementation of a Neonatal EOS Prevention Protocol for Reduction of Sepsis Workup and Antibiotic Treatment." Antibiotics 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081089.
Full textAbstract:
Current neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) guidelines lack consensus. Recent studies suggest three different options for EOS risk assessment among infants born ≥35 wks gestational age (GA), leading to different behaviors in the sepsis workup and antibiotic administration. A broad disparity in clinical practice is found in Neonatal Units, with a large number of non-infected newborns evaluated and treated for EOS. Broad spectrum antibiotics in early life may induce different short- and long-term adverse effects, longer hospitalization, and early mother-child separation. In this single-center prospective study, a total of 3002 neonates born in three periods between 2016 and 2020 were studied, and three different workup algorithms were compared: the first one was based on the categorical risk assessment; the second one was based on a Serial Physical Examination (SPE) strategy for infants with EOS risk factors; the third one associated an informatic tool (Neonatal EOS calculator) with a universal extension of the SPE strategy. The main objective of this study was to reduce the number of neonatal sepsis workups and the rate of antibiotic administration and favor rooming-in and mother–infant bonding without increasing the risk of sepsis and mortality. The combined strategy of universal SPE with the EOS Calculator showed a significant reduction of laboratory tests (from 33% to 6.6%; p < 0.01) and antibiotic treatments (from 8.5% to 1.4%; p < 0.01) in term and near-term newborns. EOS and mortality did not change significantly during the study period.
48
Bertrando, Sara, and Pietro Vajro. "NAFLD at the Interface of the Mother-Infant Dyad." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 10 (April 24, 2020): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200122153055.
Full textAbstract:
: This review aims to focus the links existing between several aspects of the mother-child dyad in the intricate playground of obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), including its hepatic component, the Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). In recent years human and animal model studies have shown that dietary interventions in mothers and offspring can be successful in reducing the risk of NAFLD development. Evidences also concern the new concept of a real intergenerational transmission of predisposition to metabolic disorders. Certain genes, such as SIRT1 and PNPLA3, and some epigenetic modifications, including micro RNAs function, seem to be responsible for fetal reprogramming in the setting of maternal obesity. These modifiers appear to be potential therapeutic targets to reduce the risk of future metabolic dysfunctions. : Controlling antepartum hyperglycemia, preventing gestational diabetes, and avoiding excessive weight gain during pregnancy can help reduce the relentless epidemic of childhood obesity and NAFLD. Also, the composition of the intestinal microbiota seems to be related to the development of metabolic disorders in the offspring. Several studies show that breastfed infants have a microbial signature different from formula-fed infants. Much interestingly, prolonged breastfeeding is beneficial not only for the newborn and his health in adult life, but also for the mothers’ health. Maternal benefits include reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction and NAFLD as well. : In conclusion, all above mechanisms appear to intervene synergistically and may act as modifiable risk factors for infant and mother NAFLD.
49
Gantenberg, Jason, Nicole Zimmerman, Andrew R. Zullo, Brendan Limone, Clarisse Demont, Sandra S. Chaves, William V. La Via, et al. "1337. Medically Attended (MA) Illness Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection among Infants in the United States during the 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, and 2019–20 RSV Seasons: The Need for All-Infant Protection." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1529.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization. Most studies of RSV have focused on infants with underlying comorbidities, including prematurity. The purpose of this analysis is to describe the burden of RSV LRTI across all medical settings and in all infants experiencing their first RSV season. Methods Using de-identified claims data from two commercial (MarketScan Commercial, MSC; Optum Clinformatics, OC) and one public (MarketScan Medicaid, MSM) insurance database, we estimated the prevalence of MA RSV LRTI among infants born between April 1, 2016 and June 30, 2019 in their first RSV season. Estimates were made by gestational age, presence/absence of comorbidities, and setting (inpatient, emergency department and outpatient). Due to limited laboratory testing, we defined MA RSV LRTI using two sets of ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes: a specific definition (identifying RSV explicitly) and a sensitive definition that included unspecified bronchiolitis. The first specific diagnosis triggered a search for another MA RSV LRTI diagnosis (either specific or sensitive) within the next 7 days. In the sensitive analysis, the first diagnosis was allowed to meet the sensitive definition. Setting was recorded as the highest level of care attached to a MA RSV LRTI diagnosis within this 7-day period. Results Using the specific (sensitive) definitions, 4.2% (12.2%), 6.8% (16.8%), and 2.7% (7.2%) of newborns had an MA RSV LRTI diagnosis during their first respiratory season across the MSC, MSM, and OC datasets (Table 1). Term infants without comorbidities accounted for 77% (83%), 79% (86%), and 80 (81%) of all MA RSV LRTI, and 21% (10%), 19% (10%), and 21% (10%) of all infants with MA RSV LRTI had an inpatient hospital stay (Table 2). Term infants without comorbidities accounted for 69% (68%), 67% (79%), and 73% (73%) of all MA RSV LRTI inpatients (Table 2). Conclusion In commercial and public claims data, during their first RSV season, term infants without comorbidities accounted for a sizable majority of inpatient, emergency room, and outpatient encounters for RSV LRTI in the US. To address the burden of RSV LRTI, future RSV prevention efforts should target all infants. Funding Sanofi Pasteur, AstraZeneca Disclosures Jason Gantenberg, MPH, Sanofi Pasteur (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support) Nicole Zimmerman, MS, IBM Watson Health (Employee, Nicole Zimmerman is an employee of IBM, which was compensated by Sanofi to complete this work.)Sanofi (Other Financial or Material Support, Nicole Zimmerman is an employee of IBM, which was compensated by Sanofi to complete this work.) Andrew R. Zullo, PharmD, PhD, ScM, Sanofi Pasteur (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support) Brendan Limone, PharmD, PharmD, Sanofi Pasteur (Other Financial or Material Support, IBM was contracted by Sanofi to perform analysis) Clarisse Demont, n/a, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee, Shareholder) Sandra S. Chaves, MD, MSc, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) William V. La Via, MD, AstraZeneca (Shareholder)Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Christopher Nelson, PhD, Epidemiology, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Christopher Rizzo, MD, Sanofi (Employee) David A. Savitz, PhD, Sanofi Pasteur (Grant/Research Support) Robertus Van Aalst, MSc, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee, Shareholder)
50
Bell, Thomas A., J. Thomas Grayston, Marijane A. Krohn, and Richard A. Kronmal. "Randomized Trial of Silver Nitrate, Erythromycin, and No Eye Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Conjunctivitis Among Newborns Not at Risk for Gonococcal Ophthalmitis." Pediatrics 92, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.6.755.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. To compare the efficacy of commonly used forms of eye prophylaxis for newborns with no prophylaxis in the prevention of nongonococcal conjunctivitis. Design. Randomized doubly masked clinical trial. Setting. University of Washington Hospital and affiliated clinics, Seattle, between 1985 and 1990. Subjects. The medical records of 8499 women were evaluated for possible participation; 2577 were eligible. Of the 758 enrolled, the infants of 630 were evaluable. Intervention. Comparison of silver nitrate, erythromycin, and no eye prophylaxis given at birth for the prevention of conjunctivitis. Main outcome measures. Conjunctivitis during the first 60 days of life and nasolacrimal duct patency in the first 2 days of life. Results. The frequency of impatent tear ducts at the 30- to 48-hour examination did not differ significantly by prophylaxis group. Among the 630 infants randomized and observed, 109 (17%) developed mild conjunctivitis. Sixty-nine (63%) of the cases appeared during the first 2 weeks of life. After 2 months of observation, infants allocated to silver nitrate eye prophylaxis at birth had a 39% lower rate of conjunctivitis (hazard ratio = 0.61, 95% confidence interval = 0.39 to 0.97), and those allocated to erythromycin had a 31% lower rate of conjunctivitis (hazaid ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval = 0.44 to 1.07), than did those allocated to no prophylaxis. Conclusion. Silver nitrate eye prophylaxis caused no sustained deleterious effects and even provided some benefit to infants born to women without Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, the effect was modest and against microorganisms of low virulence. The results suggest that parental choice of a prophylaxis agent including no prophylaxis is reasonable for women receiving prenatal care and who are screened for sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy.